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CBS EYE ON THE WORLD WITH JOHN BATCHELOR 1900 KYIV THE SHOW BEGINS IN THE DOUBTS THAT CONGRESS IS CAPABLE OF CUTTING SPENDING..... 10-8-25 FIRST HOUR 9-915 HEADLINE: Arab Intellectuals Fail Palestinians by Prioritizing Populism and Victimhood Narrative in Gaza ConflictGUEST NAME: Hussain Abdul-Hussain SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Hussain Abdul-Hussain about Hamas utilizing the power of victimhood to justify atrocities and vilify opponents. Arab and Muslim intellectuals have failed Palestinians by prioritizing populism over introspection and self-critique. Regional actors like Egypt prioritize populist narratives over national interests, exemplified by refusing to open the Sinai border despite humanitarian suffering. The key recommendation is challenging the narrative and fostering a reliable, mature Palestinian government. 915-930 HEADLINE: Arab Intellectuals Fail Palestinians by Prioritizing Populism and Victimhood Narrative in Gaza ConflictGUEST NAME: Hussain Abdul-Hussain SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Hussain Abdul-Hussain about Hamas utilizing the power of victimhood to justify atrocities and vilify opponents. Arab and Muslim intellectuals have failed Palestinians by prioritizing populism over introspection and self-critique. Regional actors like Egypt prioritize populist narratives over national interests, exemplified by refusing to open the Sinai border despite humanitarian suffering. The key recommendation is challenging the narrative and fostering a reliable, mature Palestinian government. 930-945 HEADLINE: Russian Oil and Gas Revenue Squeezed as Prices Drop, Turkey Shifts to US LNG, and China Delays Pipeline GUEST NAME: Michael Bernstam SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Michael Bernstam about Russia facing severe budget pressure due to declining oil prices projected to reach $40 per barrel for Russian oil and global oil surplus. Turkey, a major buyer, is abandoning Russian natural gas after signing a 20-year LNG contract with the US. Russia refuses Indian rupee payments, demanding Chinese renminbi, which India lacks. China has stalled the major Power of Siberia 2 gas pipeline project indefinitely. Russia utilizes stablecoin and Bitcoin via Central Asian banks to circumvent payment sanctions. 945-1000 HEADLINE: UN Snapback Sanctions Imposed on Iran; Debate Over Nuclear Dismantlement and Enrichment GUEST NAME: Andrea Stricker SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Andrea Stricker about the US and Europe securing the snapback of UN sanctions against Iran after 2015 JCPOA restrictions expired. Iran's non-compliance with inspection demands triggered these severe sanctions. The discussion covers the need for full dismantlement of Iran's nuclear program, including both enrichment and weaponization capabilities, to avoid future conflict. Concerns persist about Iran potentially retaining enrichment capabilities through low-level enrichment proposals and its continued non-cooperation with IAEA inspections. SECOND HOUR 10-1015 HEADLINE: Commodities Rise and UK Flag Controversy: French Weather, Market Trends, and British Politics GUEST NAME: Simon Constable SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Simon Constable about key commodities like copper up 16% and steel up 15% signaling strong economic demand. Coffee prices remain very high at 52% increase. The conversation addresses French political turmoil, though non-citizens cannot vote. In the UK, the St. George's flag has become highly controversial, viewed by some as associated with racism, unlike the Union Jack. This flag controversy reflects a desire among segments like the white working class to assert English identity. 1015-1030 HEADLINE: Commodities Rise and UK Flag Controversy: French Weather, Market Trends, and British Politics GUEST NAME: Simon Constable SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Simon Constable about key commodities like copper up 16% and steel up 15% signaling strong economic demand. Coffee prices remain very high at 52% increase. The conversation addresses French political turmoil, though non-citizens cannot vote. In the UK, the St. George's flag has become highly controversial, viewed by some as associated with racism, unlike the Union Jack. This flag controversy reflects a desire among segments like the white working class to assert English identity. 1030-1045 HEADLINE: China's Economic Contradictions: Deflation and Consumer Wariness Undermine GDP Growth ClaimsGUEST NAME: Fraser Howie SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Fraser Howie about China facing severe economic contradictions despite high World Bank forecasts. Deflation remains rampant with frequently negative CPI and PPI figures. Consumer wariness and high youth unemployment at one in seven persist throughout the economy. The GDP growth figure is viewed as untrustworthy, manufactured through debt in a command economy. Decreased container ship arrivals point to limited actual growth, exacerbated by higher US tariffs. Economic reforms appear unlikely as centralization under Xi Jinping continues. 1045-1100 HEADLINE: Takaichi Sanae Elected LDP Head, Faces Coalition Challenge to Become Japan's First Female Prime Minister GUEST NAME: Lance Gatling SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Lance Gatling about Takaichi Sanae being elected head of Japan's LDP, positioning her to potentially become the first female Prime Minister. A conservative figure, she supports visits to the controversial Yasukuni Shrine. Her immediate challenge is forming a majority coalition, as the junior partner Komeito disagrees with her conservative positions and social policies. President Trump praised her election, signaling potential for strong bilateral relations. THIRD HOUR 1100-1115 VHEADLINE: DeepSeek AI: Chinese LLM Performance and Security Flaws Revealed Amid Semiconductor Export Circumvention GUEST NAME: Jack Burnham SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Jack Burnham about competition in Large Language Models between the US and China's DeepSeek. A NIST study found US models superior in software engineering, though DeepSeek showed parity in scientific questions. Critically, DeepSeek models exhibited significant security flaws. China attempts to circumvent US export controls on GPUs by smuggling and using cloud computing centers in Southeast Asia. Additionally, China aims to dominate global telecommunications through control of supply chains and legal mechanisms granting the CCP access to firm data.E V 1115-1130 HEADLINE: DeepSeek AI: Chinese LLM Performance and Security Flaws Revealed Amid Semiconductor Export Circumvention GUEST NAME: Jack Burnham SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Jack Burnham about competition in Large Language Models between the US and China's DeepSeek. A NIST study found US models superior in software engineering, though DeepSeek showed parity in scientific questions. Critically, DeepSeek models exhibited significant security flaws. China attempts to circumvent US export controls on GPUs by smuggling and using cloud computing centers in Southeast Asia. Additionally, China aims to dominate global telecommunications through control of supply chains and legal mechanisms granting the CCP access to firm data. 1130-1145 HEADLINE: Taiwanese Influencer Charged for Threatening President; Mainland Chinese Influence Tactics ExposedGUEST NAME: Mark Simon SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Mark Simon about internet personality Holger Chen under investigation in Taiwan for calling for President William Lai's decapitation. This highlights mainland Chinese influence operations utilizing influencers who push themes of military threat and Chinese greatness. Chen is suspected of having a mainland-affiliated paymaster due to lack of local commercial support. Taiwan's population primarily identifies as Taiwanese and is unnerved by constant military threats. A key propaganda goal is convincing Taiwan that the US will not intervene. 1145-1200 HEADLINE: Sentinel ICBM Modernization is Critical and Cost-Effective Deterrent Against Great Power CompetitionGUEST NAME: Peter Huessy SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Peter Huessy about the Sentinel program replacing aging 55-year-old Minuteman ICBMs, aiming for lower operating costs and improved capabilities. Cost overruns stem from necessary infrastructure upgrades, including replacing thousands of miles of digital command and control cabling and building new silos. Maintaining the ICBM deterrent is financially and strategically crucial, saving hundreds of billions compared to relying solely on submarines. The need for modernization reflects the end of the post-Cold War "holiday from history," requiring rebuilding against threats from China and Russia. FOURTH HOUR 12-1215 HEADLINE: Supreme Court Battles Over Presidential Impoundment Authority and the Separation of Powers GUEST NAME: Josh Blackman SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Josh Blackman about Supreme Court eras focusing on the separation of powers. Currently, the court is addressing presidential impoundment—the executive's authority to withhold appropriated funds. Earlier rulings, particularly 1975's Train v. City of New York, constrained this power. The Roberts Court appears sympathetic to reclaiming presidential authority lost during the Nixon era. The outcome of this ongoing litigation will determine the proper balance between executive and legislative branches. 1215-1230 HEADLINE: Supreme Court Battles Over Presidential Impoundment Authority and the Separation of Powers GUEST NAME: Josh Blackman SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Josh Blackman about Supreme Court eras focusing on the separation of powers. Currently, the court is addressing presidential impoundment—the executive's authority to withhold appropriated funds. Earlier rulings, particularly 1975's Train v. City of New York, constrained this power. The Roberts Court appears sympathetic to reclaiming presidential authority lost during the Nixon era. The outcome of this ongoing litigation will determine the proper balance between executive and legislative branches. 1230-1245 HEADLINE: Space Force Awards Contracts to SpaceX and ULA; Juno Mission Ending, Launch Competition Heats UpGUEST NAME: Bob Zimmerman SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Bob Zimmerman about Space Force awarding over $1 billion in launch contracts to SpaceX for five launches and ULA for two launches, highlighting growing demand for launch services. ULA's non-reusable rockets contrast with SpaceX's cheaper, reusable approach, while Blue Origin continues to lag behind. Other developments include Firefly entering defense contracting through its Scitec acquisition, Rocket Lab securing additional commercial launches, and the likely end of the long-running Juno Jupiter mission due to budget constraints. 1245-100 AM HEADLINE: Space Force Awards Contracts to SpaceX and ULA; Juno Mission Ending, Launch Competition Heats UpGUEST NAME: Bob Zimmerman SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Bob Zimmerman about Space Force awarding over $1 billion in launch contracts to SpaceX for five launches and ULA for two launches, highlighting growing demand for launch services. ULA's non-reusable rockets contrast with SpaceX's cheaper, reusable approach, while Blue Origin continues to lag behind. Other developments include Firefly entering defense contracting through its Scitec acquisition, Rocket Lab securing additional commercial launches, and the likely end of the long-running Juno Jupiter mission due to budget constraints.
HEADLINE: Taiwanese Influencer Charged for Threatening President; Mainland Chinese Influence Tactics ExposedGUEST NAME: Mark Simon SUMMARY: John Batchelor speaks with Mark Simon about internet personality Holger Chen under investigation in Taiwan for calling for President William Lai's decapitation. This highlights mainland Chinese influence operations utilizing influencers who push themes of military threat and Chinese greatness. Chen is suspected of having a mainland-affiliated paymaster due to lack of local commercial support. Taiwan's population primarily identifies as Taiwanese and is unnerved by constant military threats. A key propaganda goal is convincing Taiwan that the US will not intervene. 1906
LIBERTY Sessions with Nada Jones | Celebrating women who do & inspiring women who can |
Irene Chen is the co-founder of Parker Thatch, a California-based functional luxury accessories brand. With a background in fashion product development, including roles at Donna Karan and Calvin Klein, Irene brings decades of industry experience to the brand she co-founded with her partner and husband, Matthew Grenby. Together, they have grown Parker Thatch from its origins as an e-stationery company in 2001 to a profitable, eight-figure business known for its stylish and functional handbags, like the Charlie carryall and the Mimi tote. A key moment in the brand's journey came in 2015 when handbag legend Kate Spade, a former customer-turned-mentor, encouraged the duo to focus on handbags and accessories—a decision that would propel the company's growth. Irene is passionate about building a brand that resonates with women across generations, offering functional luxury with customizable options that meet the needs of self-expression and modern life. Irene and Matt reside in the Bay Area with their two children, Parker and Thatcher. In today's episode, Nada talks with Irene about the original Parker Thatch handbag design, and the local dry cleaner that kick-started the brand we know today. Irene's enthusiasm is contagious and provides just the dose of energy you need to kick-start whatever's next for you. To find out more about Parker Thatch, check out their website. Follow on Instagram: @parkerthatch. Please follow us at @thisislibertyroad on Instagram; we want to share and connect with you and hear your thoughts and comments. Please rate and review this podcast. It helps to know if these conversations inspire and equip you to consider your possibilities and lean into your future with intention.
Can high-precision radiation change how we treat metastatic prostate cancer? In this episode, I'm joined by Ronald C. Chen, MD, MPH—radiation oncologist, national guideline author (AUA/ASCO), and clinical-trial leader with 170+ publications—to unpack stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for disease that has spread to lymph nodes, bones, and beyond. We get practical about who benefits, where SBRT shines, and how to balance treatment intensity with quality of life.SBRT offers highly focused, short-course radiation that can control limited (“oligo-”) metastatic prostate cancer and delay systemic therapy for many men. Dr. Chen explains when to treat individual nodes/bone lesions versus comprehensive nodal fields, how anatomy determines dose/fraction choices (often 3–5 treatments), and why modern SBRT sometimes reduces the need for concurrent hormone therapy. We cover salvage options after prior radiation (brachytherapy seeds, HIFU, cryo, repeat SBRT, or salvage prostatectomy), the role and limits of PSMA PET, fracture risk and bone health (DEXA), and the evolving data—including the large NRG-GU013 trial—for higher-risk disease. Throughout, we emphasize shared decision-making, realistic expectations, and considering clinical trials when data are evolving.00:00 – Can SBRT change metastatic prostate cancer care? Meet Dr. Ron Chen.01:00 – Disclaimer: Views are Dr. Geo's and guests'—independent of NYU Langone.07:00 – Recurrence scenarios: prostate-only, nodal, or bone/other; why catching early matters.12:00 – Five salvage options after prostate radiation: seeds (brachytherapy), HIFU, cryo, SBRT (focal or whole-gland), or salvage prostatectomy.19:00 – Nodal relapse: treat all pelvic nodes + ADT ± abiraterone vs. SBRT to a few nodes only—how patient priorities drive the plan.26:30 – Oligometastasis: SBRT alone can control disease for many men ~2+ years on average, delaying hormones.30:00 – Fractions: why 3–5 treatments is typical and how adjacent bowel/organ anatomy sets the pace.31:00 – SBRT in 2 fractions for select primary cases looks promising; high-risk SBRT under study (NRG-GU013).37:00 – Bone mets: SBRT preferred; understanding fracture risk (tumor size, dose, shrinkage).40:00 – DEXA before ADT; spine SBRT can spare the spinal cord with modern planning.48:00 – Clavicle/hilar nodes: SBRT near lung/heart/esophagus—safe with careful dose constraints.56:00 – Why clinical trials matter for “how long on hormones?” and other open questions.57:00 – Soft-tissue mets (liver/brain): SBRT can help, often alongside systemic therapy.59:00 – Parting advice: early detection, close follow-up, and hopeful trajectory of care.___________________________________
Fluent Fiction - Mandarin Chinese: Moonlit Revelations: Mei's Bold Journey in Beijing Find the full episode transcript, vocabulary words, and more:fluentfiction.com/zh/episode/2025-10-04-07-38-20-zh Story Transcript:Zh: 北京的秋天，天空高远，空气中弥散着桂花和月饼的香味。En: Autumn in Beijing is marked by a vast sky, with the air filled with the fragrance of osmanthus and mooncakes.Zh: 繁忙的市场在一片红红绿绿的灯笼光影中，充满了节日的气氛。En: The bustling market, awash with red and green lantern lights, is brimming with a festive atmosphere.Zh: 美是这个城市里的一名独立女性，她每天在快节奏的都市中努力工作。En: Mei is an independent woman living in this city, diligently working every day in the fast-paced urban environment.Zh: 生活在这里有时候很累，但她享受这种自我掌控的感觉。En: Life here can be tiring at times, but she enjoys the sense of control over her own life.Zh: 今天，美走在市场中，周围是一片喧嚣。En: Today, Mei walked through the market, surrounded by noise and clamor.Zh: 摊贩们吆喝着，各种各样的商品琳琅满目，人群擦肩而过。En: Vendors were shouting, a variety of goods dazzled the eye, and people brushed past each other.Zh: 就在这一片繁华中，美站住了。En: Amidst this bustling scene, Mei stopped.Zh: 她手中拿着一份检查报告，心情复杂。En: She held a medical report in her hand, feeling a mix of emotions.Zh: 这意外来临的怀孕打乱了她一切的计划。En: This unexpected pregnancy had disrupted all of her plans.Zh: 她想着，家人会怎么说呢？En: She thought, what would her family say?Zh: 朋友会怎么看呢？En: How would her friends perceive her?Zh: 社会期待她辞去工作，专心做一个传统的母亲。En: Society expected her to quit her job and focus on being a traditional mother.Zh: 但她不想放弃自己的事业，她也不想成为别人期望中的样子。En: But she didn't want to give up her career, nor did she want to become what others expected of her.Zh: 美的心中充满了不安和犹豫。En: Her heart was filled with anxiety and hesitation.Zh: 正当她想着，殷红的灯笼下忽然传来熟悉的声音。En: As she was lost in thought, a familiar voice suddenly came from beneath the crimson lanterns.Zh: 那是她的伴侣，晨，他穿过人群，微笑着向她走来。En: It was her partner, Chen, who walked through the crowd, smiling at her.Zh: 看到他，美的心稍微安定了一些。En: Seeing him brought a bit of calm to Mei's heart.Zh: “你看，今夜的月亮多美。”晨指向天空，明亮的满月挂在那儿。En: "Look, how beautiful the moon is tonight," Chen pointed to the sky, where a bright full moon hung.Zh: 在这个团圆的夜晚，美决定，她该说出心中的秘密了。En: On this night of reunion, Mei decided it was time to reveal the secret she held inside.Zh: 她带着晨穿过市场，来到一个安静的小角落。En: She led Chen through the market to a quiet little corner.Zh: “我怀孕了。”美终于鼓起勇气说道。En: "I'm pregnant," Mei finally mustered the courage to say.Zh: 晨愣了一下，然后微笑着握住她的手。En: Chen was stunned for a moment, then smiled and held her hand.Zh: “太好了，我们会一起面对一切。”他的声音温暖而坚定。En: "That's wonderful, we will face everything together." His voice was warm and resolute.Zh: 在这一刻，美体会到了一种从未有过的轻松。En: In that moment, Mei experienced a sense of unparalleled relief.Zh: 从不安到释然，美意识到，虽然前路未知，她并非孤单。En: From anxiety to ease, she realized that, though the future was unknown, she was not alone.Zh: 她不再只是独立奔波的女子，而是一个可以依靠、可以与之共享的一半。En: She was no longer just an independent, bustling woman, but someone who had a partner to rely on and share life with.Zh: 市场里的灯笼随着微风轻轻摇曳，月光洒在他们的脸上。En: The lanterns in the market gently swayed in the breeze, moonlight pouring over their faces.Zh: 美心中的重量似乎被这份理解与支持溶解掉了。En: The weight in Mei's heart seemed to dissolve with this understanding and support.Zh: 重新投入了喧闹的人流中，他们开始了一段新的旅程，无论何处，他们将携手共进。En: Immersed again in the bustling crowd, they embarked on a new journey, hand in hand, wherever it might lead. Vocabulary Words:autumn: 秋天vast: 高远fragrance: 香味bustling: 繁忙festive: 节日independent: 独立diligently: 努力cluttered: 琳琅满目disrupted: 打乱anxiety: 不安hesitation: 犹豫reveal: 说出courage: 勇气resolute: 坚定unparalleled: 从未有过ease: 释然weights: 重量swayed: 摇曳moonlight: 月光cluttered: 琳琅满目pouring: 洒familiar: 熟悉composure: 安定traditional: 传统perceive: 看phase: 阶段endeavor: 尽力dashed: 消散complex: 复杂support: 支持
Send us a textJoin hosts Alex Sarlin and Ben Kornell as they dive into the latest headlines shaping the future of education technology, from AI tutors and Gallup polls to new VR career pathways and the impact of phone bans in schools. ✨ Episode Highlights: [00:03:38] Mashable compares AI tutors from OpenAI, Google, and Anthropic[00:10:45] Gallup poll shows confidence in K-12 at all-time low [00:15:48] CZI launches Learning Commons open-source AI infrastructure [00:20:41] CZI + Anthropic partnership expands AI tools for edtech [00:23:31] Kahoot unveils new AI-powered study tools [00:26:26] Phone bans spread in U.S. schools with positive results [00:29:53] Higher ed faces declining international applications and demographic cliff Plus, special guests: [00:36:24] Nick Chen, Founder of PlayMath.org, on educational gaming and product lessons [01:00:40] Jamie Candee, CEO of Edmentum, on career pathways, durable skills, and VR workforce prep
As well as Pods Like Us, Marv is a co-host on two music related podcasts in the form of the Beatles centric show When They Was Fab, and the Beatles adjacent show Toppermost of the Poppermost, where they discuss the US and UK charts month by month from sixty years ago. In this shorter episode, Marv's co-host on both of these shows, Ed Chen, talks about the baseball related podcast Endless Blummer, which excited Marv as a Brit that loves baseball.
The Daoist hermit who supposedly lived to 118 years old and profoundly influenced Confucian philosophy.Support the show
Carey Chen is a world-traveled marine artist and lifelong fisherman who turned a passion for blue water into a career—painting billfish from memory and chasing giants with some of the best crews on earth. Born in Los Angeles to Jamaican parents, raised in Jamaica, and later based in Miami, Carey went from motorcycles and video stores to fishing tournaments across the Caribbean, licensing deals, and live painting at world-class events. In this conversation, we get into how a first sailfish on a kite lit the fuse, why sonar is changing offshore fishing (and why he thinks it'll soon be on every boat), what it's like to fish with the Bad Company program, and how a lifetime of travel turned into 3,000+ paintings “stuck in his head.” Some of the moments I found most meaningful in this conversation were: The first sailfish on a kite off Miami—and how one fish can change your life From fisherman to painter: leaving retail, painting live, and getting “discovered” at boat shows Fishing the world with Bad Company: Mag Bay marlin numbers that sound impossible until you see them The sonar debate: why new tech doesn't replace skill—but rewards crews who master it Big-fish mindset: chasing granders, tagging programs, and letting the big breeders go Seychelles, Cape Verde, Madeira: what “no-pressure” fisheries really feel like Growing up around legends—boxing promoters, Bob Marley, and the value of giving back through art Timestamps 00:00 Intro & who is Carey Chen 01:35 Jamaica → Miami → first sailfish on a kite 05:10 From fisherman to artist: the boat show breakthrough 10:42 Touring the Caribbean tournaments & live painting 15:28 Bad Company stories: Mag Bay marlin madness 21:40 Sonar, strategy, and the “is it cheating?” debate 28:05 Chasing granders: Africa, Cape Verde, Madeira 34:20 Seychelles & the magic of low-pressure fisheries 40:55 Flats talk: triggers, bumpheads, bonefish, Andros 47:10 Art from memory: anatomy, light, and getting it right 52:25 Business today: licensing, dropship, 3,000+ pieces 57:30 Growing up around champions & giving back 1:02:10 Final thoughts on passion → profession
Credits: 0.25 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ CME/CE Information and Claim Credit: https://www.pri-med.com/online-education/podcast/frankly-speaking-cme-452 Overview: The healthcare landscape is undergoing a sea change, significantly impacting established, evidence-based recommendations. Media coverage suggests that the HHS Secretary plans to release a report linking acetaminophen use during pregnancy with an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring as well as linking maternal folate deficiency with ASD—associations that have not been supported by evidence. If promoted by public health agencies, such discrepancies pose a dilemma for clinicians who have relied on and trusted that guidance reflects evidence and is grounded in scientific methods. Join us to review the evidence on acetaminophen and ASD risk and learn strategies to ensure your practice is based on valid findings. Episode resource links: Ahlqvist VH, Sjöqvist H, Dalman C, et al. Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy and Children's Risk of Autism, ADHD, and Intellectual Disability. JAMA. 2024;331(14):1205–1214. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.3172 Damkier, P., Gram, E. B., Ceulemans, M., Panchaud, A., Cleary, B., Chambers, C., Weber-Schoendorfer, C., Kennedy, D., Hodson, K., Grant, K. S., Diav-Citrin, O., Običan, S. G., Shechtman, S., & Alwan, S. (2025). Acetaminophen in Pregnancy and Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Obstetrics and gynecology, 145(2), 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000005802 Ji Y, Azuine RE, Zhang Y, et al. Association of Cord Plasma Biomarkers of In Utero Acetaminophen Exposure With Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Childhood. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(2):180–189. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3259 Hirota T, King BH. Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review. JAMA. 2023;329(2):157–168. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.23661 Liu, X., Zou, M., Sun, C., Wu, L., & Chen, W. X. (2022). Prenatal Folic Acid Supplements and Offspring's Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 52(2), 522–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04951-8 DSM-5-TR: Neurocognitive Disorders Supplement; October 2022. https://psychiatryonline.org/pb-assets/dsm/update/DSM-5-TR_Neurocognitive-Disorders-Supplement_2022_APA_Publishing.pdf https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2025/09/06/nx-s1-5532143/hhs-responds-to-report-about-autism-and-acetaminophen Guest: Susan Feeney, DNP, FNP-BC, NP-C Music Credit: Matthew Bugos Thoughts? Suggestions? Email us at FranklySpeaking@pri-med.com
Credits: 0.25 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ CME/CE Information and Claim Credit: https://www.pri-med.com/online-education/podcast/frankly-speaking-cme-452 Overview: The healthcare landscape is evolving rapidly, and clinicians are navigating conflicting guidance on established, evidence-based recommendations. Recent news suggest acetaminophen use during pregnancy causes autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is not the consensus of medical experts based on available data. When guidance from various sources conflicts with established research, clinicians face challenges in providing evidence-based care. Join us to review the current evidence on acetaminophen and ASD risk. Episode resource links: Ahlqvist VH, Sjöqvist H, Dalman C, et al. Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy and Children's Risk of Autism, ADHD, and Intellectual Disability. JAMA. 2024;331(14):1205–1214. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.3172 Damkier, P., Gram, E. B., Ceulemans, M., Panchaud, A., Cleary, B., Chambers, C., Weber-Schoendorfer, C., Kennedy, D., Hodson, K., Grant, K. S., Diav-Citrin, O., Običan, S. G., Shechtman, S., & Alwan, S. (2025). Acetaminophen in Pregnancy and Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Obstetrics and gynecology, 145(2), 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000005802 Ji Y, Azuine RE, Zhang Y, et al. Association of Cord Plasma Biomarkers of In Utero Acetaminophen Exposure With Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Childhood. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(2):180–189. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3259 Hirota T, King BH. Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review. JAMA. 2023;329(2):157–168. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.23661 Liu, X., Zou, M., Sun, C., Wu, L., & Chen, W. X. (2022). Prenatal Folic Acid Supplements and Offspring's Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 52(2), 522–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04951-8 DSM-5-TR: Neurocognitive Disorders Supplement; October 2022. https://psychiatryonline.org/pb-assets/dsm/update/DSM-5-TR_Neurocognitive-Disorders-Supplement_2022_APA_Publishing.pdf https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2025/09/06/nx-s1-5532143/hhs-responds-to-report-about-autism-and-acetaminophen Guest: Susan Feeney, DNP, FNP-BC, NP-C Music Credit: Matthew Bugos Thoughts? Suggestions? Email us at FranklySpeaking@pri-med.com
"The River That Holds Our Hands", a film exploring the Teochew diaspora, blends documentary and fiction to capture cultural identity, memory and a dreamlike reality. The post “The River That Holds Our Hands”, interview with Director Jianhang Chen and Producer Lin Ziyang appeared first on Fred Film Radio.
What comes after vibe coding? Maybe vibe researching.OpenAI's Chief Scientist, Jakub Pachocki, and Chief Research Officer, Mark Chen, join a16z general partners Anjney Midha and Sarah Wang to go deep on GPT-5—how they fused fast replies with long-horizon reasoning, how they measure progress once benchmarks saturate, and why reinforcement learning keeps surprising skeptics.They explore agentic systems (and their stability tradeoffs), coding models that change how software gets made, and the bigger bet: an automated researcher that can generate new ideas with real economic impact. Plus: how they prioritize compute, hire “cave-dweller” talent, protect fundamental research inside a product company, and keep pace without chasing every shiny demo. Timecodes: 0:00 Introduction & Goals of Automated Researcher0:43 The Evolution of Reasoning in AI1:46 Evaluations: From Benchmarks to Real-World Impact5:15 Surprising Capabilities of GPT-56:56 The Research Roadmap: Next 1, 2, 5 Years7:46 Long-Horizon Agency & Model Memory9:44 Reasoning in Open-Ended Domains11:18 The Role and Progress of Reinforcement Learning13:14 Reward Modeling & Best Practices14:21 The New Codex: Real-World Coding16:20 AI vs. Human Coding: The New Default20:07 What Makes a Great Researcher?21:14 Persistence, Conviction, and Problem Selection26:00 Building and Sustaining a Winning Research Culture31:45 Balancing Product and Fundamental Research39:00 The Importance of Compute and Physical Constraints45:50 Maintaining Speed and Learning at Scale47:18 Trust and Collaboration at OpenAI Resources: Find Jakub on X: https://x.com/merettmFind Mark on X: https://x.com/markchen90Find Sarah on X: https://x.com/sarahdingwangFind Anjney on X: https://x.com/AnjneyMidha Stay Updated: If you enjoyed this episode, be sure to like, subscribe, and share with your friends!Find a16z on X: https://x.com/a16zFind a16z on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/a16zListen to the a16z Podcast on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5bC65RDvs3oxnLyqqvkUYXListen to the a16z Podcast on Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/a16z-podcast/id842818711Follow our host: https://x.com/eriktorenbergPlease note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see a16z.com/disclosures. Stay Updated:Find a16z on XFind a16z on LinkedInListen to the a16z Podcast on SpotifyListen to the a16z Podcast on Apple PodcastsFollow our host: https://twitter.com/eriktorenberg Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see a16z.com/disclosures. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.
Can you truly engage students in active learning when facing hundreds of faces in a lecture hall? We explore this challenge with Justin Shaffer, Founder of Recombinant Education, Associate Dean for Undergraduate Studies, and Teaching Professor in Chemical and Biological Engineering and Quantitative Biosciences and Engineering at the Colorado School of Mines.Dr. Shaffer shares insights on managing the intensity of teaching to "880 eyeballs" and reveals how highly structured course design transforms large classroom experiences. Together, we examine backwards design principles, effective assessment techniques, and practical classroom activities that enable educators to foster deeper student learning, even at scale.Learn more about Dr. Shaffer's work in his publication - High Structure Course Design.Other materials referenced in this episode include:S. Freeman, S.L. Eddy, M. McDonough, M.K. Smith, N. Okoroafor, H. Jordt, & M.P. Wenderoth, Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111 (23) 8410-8415, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1319030111 (2014).E.J. Theobald, M.J. Hill, E. Tran, S. Agrawal, E.N. Arroyo, S. Behling, N. Chambwe, D.L. Cintrón, J.D. Cooper, G. Dunster, J.A. Grummer, K. Hennessey, J. Hsiao, N. Iranon, L. Jones, H. Jordt, M. Keller, M.E. Lacey, C.E. Littlefield, A. Lowe, S. Newman, V. Okolo, S. Olroyd, B.R. Peecook, S.B. Pickett, D.L. Slager, I.W. Caviedes-Solis, K.E. Stanchak, V. Sundaravardan, C. Valdebenito, C.R. Williams, K. Zinsli, & S. Freeman, Active learning narrows achievement gaps for underrepresented students in undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and math, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117 (12) 6476-6483, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916903117 (2020).M.T. Owens, S.B. Seidel, M. Wong, T.E. Bejines, S. Lietz, J.R. Perez, S. Sit, Z. Subedar, G.N. Acker, S.F. Akana, B. Balukjian, H.P. Benton, J.R. Blair, S.M. Boaz, K.E. Boyer, J.B. Bram, L.W. Burrus, D.T. Byrd, N. Caporale, E.J. Carpenter, Y.M. Chan, L. Chen, A. Chovnick, D.S. Chu, B.K. Clarkson, S.E. Cooper, C. Creech, K.D. Crow, J.R. de la Torre, W.F. Denetclaw, K.E. Duncan, A.S. Edwards, K.L. Erickson, M. Fuse, J.J. Gorga, B. Govindan, L.J. Green, P.Z. Hankamp, H.E. Harris, Z. He, S. Ingalls, P.D. Ingmire, J.R. Jacobs, M. Kamakea, R.R. Kimpo, J.D. Knight, S.K. Krause, L.E. Krueger, T.L. Light, L. Lund, L.M. Márquez-Magaña, B.K. McCarthy, L.J. McPheron, V.C. Miller-Sims, C.A. Moffatt, P.C. Muick, P.H. Nagami, G.L. Nusse, K.M. Okimura, S.G. Pasion, R. Patterson, P.S. Pennings, B. Riggs, J. Romeo, S.W. Roy, T. Russo-Tait, L.M. Schultheis, L. Sengupta, R. Small, G.S. Spicer, J.H. Stillman, A. Swei, J.M. Wade, S.B. Waters, S.L. Weinstein, J.K. Willsie, D.W. Wright, C.D. Harrison, L.A. Kelley, G. Trujillo, C.R. Domingo, J.N. Schinske, & K.D. Tanner, Classroom sound can be used to classify teaching practices in college science courses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114 (12) 3085-3090, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618693114 (2017).A.M. Hermundstad, D.S. Bassett, K.S. Brown, E.M. Aminoff, D. Clewett, S. Freeman, A. Frithsen, A. Johnson, C.M. Tipper, M.B. Miller, S.T. Grafton, & J.M. Carlson, Structural foundations of resting-state and task-based functional connectivity in the human brain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 (15) 6169-6174, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219562110 (2013).
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Alexandre Chen, cofondateur de PikkoPay, était l'invité de François Sorel dans Tech & Co, la quotidienne, ce mercredi 24 septembre. Il s'est penché sur le concept de PikkoPay et son pari du sans caisse dans les magasins en France, sur BFM Business. Retrouv
Connect with Lillian:https://www.linkedin.com/in/lilianchen-re/ Click to Access the Southwest Airlines 100,000 Point OfferEmail Jonathan with comments or suggestions:podcast@thesourcecre.comOr visit the webpage:www.thesourcecre.com*Some or all of the show notes may have been generated using AI tools.
Long hold times, missed calls, and frustrated customers are growth killers in the trades. In this episode, Chad sits down with Tyson Chen of Avoca and Matt Pozda of Call Dad to talk about how AI is transforming the way service companies handle call volume, book jobs, and keep CSRs motivated. They break down how trades leaders can strategically use AI to reduce turnover, increase booking rates, and keep technicians focused on high-value opportunities. More importantly, they show why AI isn't about replacing people—it's about optimizing them. From overcoming skepticism about customer experience, to training AI agents like team members, to leveraging data for smarter scheduling, this episode will challenge how you think about growth in HVAC, plumbing, and beyond.
Studying abroad offers life-changing opportunities for students, but international travel also comes with health risks that universities must address. In this episode, Dr. Wilbur Chen, infectious disease physician and vaccine researcher at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, joins us to discuss the role of travel medicine in higher education. From essential vaccines and preventive measures to equity in access for students, Dr. Chen explores how institutions can prepare students, faculty, and staff for safe, healthy, and successful experiences abroad. Additional Resources: CITI Program's Campus Health and Wellbeing Series: https://about.citiprogram.org/series/campus-health-and-wellness/
Last time we spoke about the battle of Nanjing. In December 1937, as the battle for Nanjing unfolded, terror inundated its residents, seeking safety amid the turmoil. General Tang Shengzhi rallied the Chinese forces, determined to defend against the advancing Japanese army. Fierce fighting erupted at the Gate of Enlightenment, where the determined Chinese soldiers resisted merciless assaults while tragedy loomed. By mid-December, the Japanese made substantial advances, employing relentless artillery fire to breach Nanjing's defenses. Leaders called for strategic retreats, yet amid chaos and despair, many young Chinese soldiers, driven by nationalism, continued to resist. By December 13, Nanjing succumbed to the invaders, marking a tragic chapter in history. As destruction enveloped the city, the resilience of its defenders became a poignant tale of courage amidst the horrors of war, forever marking Nanjing as a symbol of enduring hope in the face of despair. #168 The Nanjing Massacre Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. So obvious disclaimer, today we will be talking about, arguably one of if not the most horrific war atrocities ever committed. To be blunt, it may have been worse than some of the things we talked about back during the fall of the Ming Dynasty, when bandit armies raped and pillaged cities. The Nanjing Massacre as its become known is well documented by both Chinese and foreign sources. There is an abundance of primary sources, many well verified. Its going to be extremely graphic, I am going to try and tell it to the fullest. So if you got a weak stomach perhaps sit this one out, you have been warned. Chen Yiding began evacuating his troops from the area surrounding the Gate of Enlightenment before dawn on December 13. En route to Xiaguan, he took the time to visit a dozen of his soldiers housed in a makeshift hospital located in an old cemetery. These men were too severely injured to participate in the evacuation, and Chen had to leave them with only a few words of encouragement. Little did he know, within days, they would all perish in their beds, victims of the Japanese forces. Upon arriving in Xiaguan later that morning, Chen was met with grim news: his divisional commander had crossed the Yangtze River with his chief of staff the previous afternoon. Now, he was on his own. He didn't linger near the riverside chaos, quickly realizing there was nothing he could do there. Instead, he chose to move downstream, hoping to find a secure spot for himself and his soldiers to wait out the next few days before devising an escape from the war zone. He was fortunate, for soon the Japanese would live up to their notorious reputation developed during their advance from Shanghai; they were not inclined to take prisoners. That afternoon, several hundred Chinese soldiers arrived at the northern end of the Safety Zone. The committee responsible for the area stated that they could offer no assistance. In a misguided attempt to boost morale, they suggested that if the soldiers surrendered and promised not to engage in combat, the Japanese would likely show them "merciful treatment." This optimism was woefully misplaced. Later that same day, Japanese troops entered the zone, dragging out 200 Chinese men, the majority of them soldiers, for execution just outside the city. On December 13, Japanese soldiers started patrolling the riverbank, shooting at anything and anyone floating downstream. Their comrades aboard naval vessels in the river cheered them on, applauding each time they struck another helpless victim in the water. Civilians were not spared either. While traveling through downtown Nanjing as the battle concluded, Rabe observed dead men and women every 100 to 200 yards, most of them shot in the back. A long line of Chinese men marched down the street, numbering in the hundreds, all destined for death. In a cruel twist, they were compelled to carry a large Japanese flag. They were herded into a vacant lot by a couple of Japanese soldiers and as recalled by American correspondent Archibald Steele "There, they were brutally shot dead in small groups. One Japanese soldier stood over the growing pile of corpses, firing into any bodies that showed movement." The killings commenced almost immediately after the fall of Nanjing. The victorious Japanese spread out into the city streets, seeking victims. Those unfortunate enough to be captured faced instant execution or were taken to larger killing fields to meet a grim fate alongside other Chinese prisoners. Initially, the Japanese targeted former soldiers, whether real or imagined, but within hours, the scope of victims expanded to include individuals of all age groups and genders. By the end of the first day of occupation, civilian bodies littered the streets of downtown Nanjing at a rate of roughly one per block. The defenseless and innocent were subjected to murder, torture, and humiliation in a relentless spree of violence that persisted for six harrowing weeks. At the time of the attack, Nanjing felt eerily abandoned, houses stood boarded up, vehicles lay toppled in the streets, and the once-ubiquitous rickshaws had vanished. However, hundreds of thousands remained hidden indoors, seeking refuge. The most visible sign of the city's new rulers was the display of the Japanese flag. On the morning of December 14, the Rising Sun flag was hoisted across the city, seen in front of private homes, businesses, and public buildings. Many of these flags were hastily made, often a simple white sheet with a red rag affixed, hoping to be spared. As the days progressed, horrifying accounts of violence began to emerge. A barber, the sole survivor among eight people in his shop when the Japanese arrived, was admitted to a hospital with a stab wound that had nearly severed his head from his body, damaging all muscles at the back of his neck down to his spinal canal. A woman suffered a brutal throat wound, while another pregnant woman was bayoneted in the abdomen, resulting in the death of her unborn child. A man witnessed his wife being stabbed through the heart and then saw his child hurled from a window to the street several floors below. These are but a few stories of individual atrocities committed. Alongside this there were mass executions, predominantly targeting young able-bodied men, in an effort to weaken Nanjing and deprive it of any potential resistance in the future. American professor, Lewis Smythe recalled “The disarmed soldier problem was our most serious one for the first three days, but it was soon resolved, as the Japanese shot all of them.” On the evening of December 15, the Japanese rounded up 1,300 former soldiers from the Safety Zone, binding them in groups of about 100 and marching them away in silence. A group of foreigners, permitted to leave Nanjing on a Japanese gunboat, accidentally became witnesses to the ensuing slaughter. While waiting for their vessel, they took a brief walk along the riverbank and stumbled upon a scene of mass execution, observing the Japanese shooting the men one by one in the back of the neck. “We observed about 100 such executions until the Japanese officer in charge noticed us and ordered us to leave immediately”. Not all killings were premeditated; many occurred impulsively. A common example was when Japanese soldiers led lines of Chinese POWs to holding points, tightly bound together with ropes. Every few yards, a Japanese soldier would stand guard with a fixed bayonet aimed at the prisoners as they trudged forward. Suddenly, one of the prisoners slipped, causing a domino effect as he fell, dragging down the men in front of and behind him. The entire group soon found themselves collapsed on the ground, struggling to stand. The Japanese guards lost their patience, jabbing their bayonets into the writhing bodies until none remained alive. In one of the largest massacres, Japanese troops from the Yamada Detachment, including the 65th Infantry Regiment, systematically executed between 17,000 and 20,000 Chinese prisoners from December 15 to 17. These prisoners were taken to the banks of the Yangtze River near Mufushan, where they were machine-gunned to death. The bodies were then disposed of by either burning or flushing them downstream. Recent research by Ono Kenji has revealed that these mass killings were premeditated and carried out systematically, in accordance with orders issued directly by Prince Asaka. A soldier from the IJA's 13th Division described killing wounded survivors of the Mufushan massacre in his diary “I figured that I'd never get another chance like this, so I stabbed thirty of the damned Chinks. Climbing atop the mountain of corpses, I felt like a real devil-slayer, stabbing again and again, with all my might. 'Ugh, ugh,' the Chinks groaned. There were old folks as well as kids, but we killed them lock, stock, and barrel. I also borrowed a buddy's sword and tried to decapitate some. I've never experienced anything so unusual”. Frequently, the Japanese just left their victims wherever they fell. Corpses began to accumulate in the streets, exposed to the elements and onlookers. Cars constantly were forced to run over corpses. Corpses were scavenged by stray dogs, which, in turn, were consumed by starving people. The water became toxic; workers in the Safety Zone discovered ponds clogged with human remains. In other instances, the Japanese gathered their machine-gunned or bayoneted victims into large heaps, doused them in kerosene, and set them ablaze. Archibald Steele wrote for the Chicago Daily News on December 17th “I saw a grisly scene at the north gate, where what was once a group of 200 men had become a smoldering mass of flesh and bones, so severely burned around the neck and head that it was difficult to believe he was still human.” During the chaos in the beginning, whereupon the Japanese had not yet fully conquered the city, its defenders scrambled desperately to escape before it was too late. Individually or in small groups, they sought vulnerabilities in the enemy lines, acutely aware that their survival hinged on their success. Months of conflict had trained them to expect no mercy if captured; previous experiences had instilled in them the belief that a swift death at the hands of the Japanese would be a fortunate outcome. On December 12, amid intense artillery fire and aerial bombardment, General Tang Sheng-chi issued the order for his troops to retreat. However, conflicting directives and a breakdown in discipline transformed the ensuing events into a disaster. While some Chinese units successfully crossed the river, a far greater number were ensnared in the widespread chaos that engulfed the city. In their desperation to evade capture, some Chinese soldiers resorted to stripping civilians of their clothing to disguise themselves, while many others were shot by their own supervisory units as they attempted to flee.Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of individual escape stories emerged from this period. In some rare instances, entire units, even up to divisional strength, successfully infiltrated Japanese lines to reach safety. For others, such as the 156th Division, there were detailed plans outlining escape routes from Nanjing. Several soldiers and officers adhered to this three-day trek, skillfully evading Japanese patrols until they reached Ningguo, located south of the capital. Nonetheless, these cases were exceptions. The vast majority of soldiers from China's defeated army faced significant risk and were more likely to be captured than to escape. Some of Chiang Kai-shek's most elite units suffered near total annihilation. Only about a thousand soldiers from the 88th Division managed to cross the Yangtze safely, as did another thousand from the Training Division, while a mere 300 from the 87th Division survived. Even for units like the 156th Division, the escape plans were only effective for those who learned of them. These plans were hurriedly disseminated through the ranks as defeat loomed, leaving mere chance to determine who received the information. Many stayed trapped in Nanjing, which had become a fatal snare. One day, Japanese soldiers visited schools within Nanjing's Safety Zone, aware that these locations sheltered many refugees. They called for all former soldiers to step forward, promising safety in exchange for labor. Many believed that the long days of hiding were finally coming to an end and complied with the request. However, they were led to an abandoned house, where they were stripped naked and bound together in groups of five. Outside, a large bonfire had been ignited. They were then bayoneted and, while still alive, thrown onto the flames. Only a few managed to escape and share the horrifying tale. The Japanese were of course well aware that numerous soldiers were hiding in Nanjing, disguised as locals, evidenced by the piles of military uniforms and equipment accumulating in the streets. Consequently, they initiated a systematic search for soldiers within hours of taking control. The Safety Zone was not spared, as the Japanese Army suspected that Chinese soldiers had sought refuge there. On December 16, they raided Ginling College, despite a policy prohibiting the admission of men, except for elderly residents in a designated dining room. The soldiers brought axes to force open doors that were not immediately complied with and positioned six machine guns on the campus, prepared to fire at anyone attempting to escape. Ultimately, they found nothing. In cases where they did encounter young men of military age, the soldiers lined them up, scrutinizing for distinct telltale features such as close-cropped hair, helmet marks, or shoulder blisters from carrying a rifle. Many men, who had never served in the military but bore callouses from hard manual labor, were captured based on the assumption that such marks indicated military experience. As noted by Goerge Fitch the head of Nanjing's YMCA “Rickshaw coolies, carpenters, and other laborers are frequently taken”. The Japanese employed additional, more cunning tactics to root out soldiers. During an inspection of a camp within the Safety Zone, they struggled to get the approximately 6,000 men and women to surrender. Before leaving, they resorted to one last trick. “Attention!” a voice commanded in flawless Chinese. Many young men, conditioned by months or years of military training, instinctively responded. Even though most realized their mistake almost immediately, it was too late; the Japanese herded them away. Given the scale of the slaughter, efforts were soon organized to facilitate the killing and disposal of as many individuals as possible in the shortest time. Rows of prisoners were mowed down by machine-gun fire, while those injured were finished off with single bullets or bayonets. Much of the mass murder occurred near the Yangtze River, where victims could be disposed of easily by being pushed into the water, hoping the current would carry them away.As the weeks progressed and the Japanese grew increasingly concerned about the possibility of former soldiers still at large, the dragnet tightened. Beginning in late December, Japanese authorities implemented a registration system for all residents of Nanjing. At Ginling College, this process lasted about a week and resulted in scenes of almost indescribable chaos, as the Japanese also decided to register residents from the surrounding areas on campus. First, the men were registered, followed by the women. Often, women attended the registration to help save their husbands and sons, who would otherwise have been taken as suspected former soldiers. Despite these efforts, a total of 28 men were ultimately seized during the registration process at Ginling College. Each individual who registered received a document from the authorities. However, it soon became clear that this paper provided little protection against the caprices of the Japanese military. That winter in Nanjing, everyone was a potential victim. While systematic mass killings primarily targeted young men of military age, every category of people faced death in the days and weeks following the Japanese conquest of Nanjing. Reports indicated that fifty police officers from the Safety Zone were executed for permitting Chinese soldiers to enter the area. The city's firefighters were taken away to meet an uncertain fate, and six street sweepers were killed inside their dwelling. Like an uncontrollable epidemic, the victors' bloodlust seemed to escalate continuously, seeking out new victims. When the Japanese ordered the Safety Zone committee to supply workers for the electricity plant in Xiaguan to restore its operations, they provided 54 individuals. Within days, 43 of them were dead. Although young men were especially targeted, the Japanese made no distinctions based on age or sex. American missionary John G. Magee documented numerous instances of indiscriminate killings, including the chilling account of two families nearly exterminated. Stabbings, shootings, and rapes marked the slaughter of three generations of innocents, including toddlers aged four and two; the older child was bayoneted, while the younger was struck in the head with a sword. The only survivors were a badly injured eight-year-old girl and her four-year-old sister, who spent the following fortnight beside their mother's decaying body. The violence was often accompanied by various forms of humiliation, as if to utterly break the spirit of the conquered people. One woman lost her parents and three children. When she purchased a coffin for her father, a Japanese soldier tore the lid off and discarded the old man's body in the street. Another soldier, in a drunken stupor, raped a Chinese woman and then vomited on her. In yet another incident, a soldier encountered a family of six huddled over a pot of thin rice soup; he stepped over them and urinated into their pot before continuing on his way, laughing heartlessly. The atrocities committed at Nanjing were not akin to something like the Holocaust. Within places like Auschwitz killings became industrialized and often took on an impersonal, unemotional character. The murders in Nanjing had an almost intimate quality, with each individual perpetrator bearing the blood of their victims on their hands, sometimes literally. In this sense, the Nanjing atrocities resemble the early Holocaust killings executed by German Einsatzgruppen in Eastern Europe, prior to the implementation of gas chambers. How many died during the Nanjing Massacre? Eyewitnesses at the time recognized that the Japanese behavior had few immediate precedents. Missionary John Magee compared the situation to the Turkish genocide of the Armenians during World War I, which was still fresh in memory. Despite this, no consensus emerged regarding the exact number of fatalities, a state of affairs that would persist for nearly eight decades. In his first comprehensive account of the atrocities following the conquest of the capital, New York Times correspondent Tillman Durdin reported that 33,000 Chinese soldiers lost their lives in Nanjing, including 20,000 who were executed. Foreign correspondent Frank Oliver claimed in a 1939 publication that 24,000 men, women, and children were put to death during the first month of the city's occupation. As time progressed, much larger figures began to circulate. After returning to Germany in 1938, John Rabe held a lecture where he cited European estimates that between 50,000 and 60,000 people had died. In February 1942, Chiang Kai-shek stated that 200,000 were slaughtered within one week. The Nanjing tribunal established by Chiang's government to try Japanese war criminals in 1946 and 1947 reported that more than 300,000 lives had been lost following the city's fall. The highest estimate recorded comes from a Chinese military expert, who put the death toll at 430,000. Currently, the figure most commonly accepted in official Chinese media is 300,000, a number also cited by various authors sympathetic to China's contemporary regime. The debate over the Nanjing death toll has been a complex and extensive discussion, likely to remain unresolved to everyone's satisfaction. As missionary and Nanjing University teacher Miner Searle Bates remarked when he testified before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in July 1946, “The scope of this killing was so extensive that no one can provide a complete picture of it.” On December 16, American missionary Minnie Vautrin witnessed a truck passing by Ginling College, loaded with eight to ten girls. When they saw the Western woman, they cried out, "Jiu ming! Jiu ming!" which means “Help! Help!” Vautrin felt powerless, fully aware of the fate that awaited them. As early as Tuesday of that week, she had documented rumors of girls being raped. The following night, women were taken in large numbers from their homes. Another missionary, John Magee wrote to his wife “The most horrible thing now is the raping of the women, which has been going on in the most shameless way I have ever known”. A tentative list compiled by Lewis Smythe detailed instances of rape occurring soon after the Japanese Army entered Nanjing: four girls at noon on December 14; four more women that evening; three female refugees on December 15; and a young wife around the same time. The accounts revealed chilling individual horrors. A 15-year-old girl was taken to a barracks housing 200 to 300 Japanese soldiers and locked in a room, where she was raped multiple times daily. Victims ranged from as young as 11 to over 80. American correspondent Edgar Snow recalled “Discards were often bayoneted by drunken soldiers,. Frequently, mothers had to witness their babies being beheaded, only to then be raped themselves.” Y.M.C.A. head George Fitch reported the case of a woman whose five-month-old infant was deliberately smothered by a soldier to silence its cries while he raped her. Such acts were a gruesome form of humiliation, designed to demonstrate that the vanquished were powerless to protect their own families. Japanese soldier Takokoro Kozo recalled “Women suffered most. No matter how young or old, they all could not escape the fate of being raped. We sent out coal trucks to the city streets and villages to seize a lot of women. And then each of them was allocated to fifteen to twenty soldiers for sexual intercourse and abuse. After raping we would also kill them”. Women were frequently killed immediately after being raped, often through horrific mutilations, such as being penetrated with bayonets, long bamboo sticks, or other objects. For instance, one six-months-pregnant woman was stabbed sixteen times in the face and body, with one stab penetrating her abdomen and killing her unborn child. In another case, a young woman had a beer bottle forcibly inserted into her vagina after being raped, and was subsequently shot. On December 19, 1937, the Reverend James M. McCallum wrote in his diary “I know not where to end. Never I have heard or read such brutality. Rape! Rape! Rape! We estimate at least 1,000 cases a night and many by day. In case of resistance or anything that seems like disapproval, there is a bayonet stab or a bullet... People are hysterical... Women are being carried off every morning, afternoon and evening. The whole Japanese army seems to be free to go and come as it pleases, and to do whatever it pleases”. Rabe wrote in his diary dated December 17 “wo Japanese soldiers have climbed over the garden wall and are about to break into our house. When I appear they give the excuse that they saw two Chinese soldiers climb over the wall. When I show them my party badge, they return the same way. In one of the houses in the narrow street behind my garden wall, a woman was raped, and then wounded in the neck with a bayonet. I managed to get an ambulance so we can take her to Kulou Hospital... Last night up to 1,000 women and girls are said to have been raped, about 100 girls at Ginling College...alone. You hear nothing but rape. If husbands or brothers intervene, they're shot. What you hear and see on all sides is the brutality and bestiality of the Japanese soldiers”. In a documentary film about the Nanjing Massacre, In the Name of the Emperor, a former Japanese soldier named Shiro Azuma spoke candidly about the process of rape and murder in Nanjing. “At first we used some kinky words like Pikankan. Pi means "hip", kankan means "look". Pikankan means, "Let's see a woman open up her legs." Chinese women didn't wear under-pants. Instead, they wore trousers tied with a string. There was no belt. As we pulled the string, the buttocks were exposed. We "pikankan". We looked. After a while we would say something like, "It's my day to take a bath," and we took turns raping them. It would be all right if we only raped them. I shouldn't say all right. But we always stabbed and killed them. Because dead bodies don't talk”. Without anyone to defend them, the women of Nanjing resorted to desperate measures for their safety. The young and attractive cut their hair and smeared soot on their faces to diminish their allure. Others donned boys' clothes or the garments of elderly women. However, the Japanese were well aware of these tactics and were not easily deceived. As American correspondent Snow described, it was an orgy of unprecedented debauchery, involving not only the lower ranks of the Japanese military but also officers who turned their quarters into harems, bedding a new captive each night. Open-air sexual assaults were common. During the first ten days of occupation, groups of Japanese soldiers entered the Ginling campus ten to twenty times daily, brandishing fixed bayonets stained with fresh blood. So overwhelmed, Vautrin decided to prioritize saving lives over salvaging possessions, spending those early days frantically moving across campus to prevent marauding soldiers from taking away women. A particularly tense situation unfolded on the evening of December 17, when Vautrin and other staff members at Ginling College were called to the front of the campus to confront a group of Japanese soldiers. Earlier, Vautrin had received documentation from another officer affirming that the area was a legitimate refugee camp. The soldiers torn up the document in front of her. For hours, with armed Japanese soldiers encircling them, Vautrin and her colleagues were left standing or kneeling, uncertain of what awaited them. Gradually, it became clear that they had been lured to the front gate so that other soldiers could enter through a side entrance and abduct twelve women. As Vautrin recalled “Never shall I forget the scene. The dried leaves rattling, the moaning of the wind, the cries of women being led away.” The staff remained at the entrance until 11:00 pm, fearing that hiding soldiers might fire on them if they moved. This was the only time that Vautrin was unable to prevent rape, a failure that would haunt her for the rest of her life. Some Japanese soldiers, seeking young girls, ordered a middle-aged Chinese woman to assist them in finding targets. When she either could not or would not comply, they shot a rifle across her abdomen, narrowly missing and taking away “three handbreadths of flesh.” When the Japanese Army entered Nanjing, little damage had been inflicted on the buildings, as noted by U.S. missionary James McCallum at the end of December. On the first day of their occupation, Japanese soldiers immediately dispersed into Nanjing in small groups, breaking shop windows and looting the goods within. They carried away their spoils in crates and stolen rickshaws. Initially, the looting was partly a makeshift response to the poor logistics of the Japanese Army. Combat soldiers had arrived well ahead of their supply lines and faced severe food shortages until the roads reopened and the Yangtze River became navigable. Every building in Nanjing was looted and turned upside down. Everything not nailed down was stolen: doors and window frames were removed, safes opened with rifle shots or grenades. Japanese soldiers often pillaged property while the owners were present, threatening them with bayonets. Abandoned cars littered the streets, typically overturned and stripped of useful items, including batteries. Like Russian soldiers in Berlin seven and a half years later, the rank-and-file soldiers displayed a particular interest in watches. As the scale of plunder grew, transportation became scarce. By the end of December, looting was being conducted using trucks. When vehicles were unavailable, Japanese soldiers resorted to wheelbarrows and even children's prams. Mules, donkeys, and people were also commandeered. Just as during their advance from Shanghai to Nanjing, the Chinese were forced to assist in looting their own homes. A common sight was a Japanese soldier leading a group of Chinese down the street, laden with stolen goods. While Chinese soldiers had also engaged in some looting during their evacuation of Nanjing, it was nothing compared to the scale of the Japanese victors' plunder. The Chinese forces had deliberately avoided breaking into foreign buildings, a distinction that the Japanese disregarded. The American, British, and German embassies, along with the ambassadors' residences, were ransacked, stripped of everything from bedding and money to watches, rugs, and artwork. The American School was looted, and its wall breached to remove the piano. As the Japanese stripped the city, they also began to burn it. While the winter sky could have been sparkling, it was instead filled with smoke from thousands of fires across the city. Some fires resulted from carelessness, such as when soldiers cooked meat from a stolen cow over a bonfire, accidentally igniting an ancient building. Others were acts of mindless vandalism. The Nanking Music Shop saw all its instruments and sheets piled in the street and set ablaze. The extent of the massacre can, to some degree, be linked to a breakdown in discipline among Japanese soldiers. Released from weeks or months of hardship on the battlefield, many soldiers experienced an intoxicating sense of freedom, resembling misbehaving boys. The deterioration of order among Japanese soldiers astonished those familiar with the stories of the stringent discipline within Japan's armed forces. Observers commented on soldiers laughing at proclamations from their own officers or tearing up orders and tossing them to the ground. Some foreign witnesses speculated that this lack of discipline was exacerbated by the absence of visible individual numbers on soldiers, making it challenging to identify wrongdoers. The issue also stemmed from the quality of the Japanese officer corps and their ability to manage a large army of young men, many of whom were experiencing freedom from societal constraints for the first time. Not all officers rose to the occasion; Vautrin witnessed an officer almost fail to prevent a soldier from raping a girl. Even worse, some officers transitioned from passive bystanders, guilty by inaction, to active participants in prolonged rape sessions. While a few attempted to instill discipline among their troops, their efforts often fell short. A Japanese colonel, for instance, slapped a soldier attempting to rape a Chinese woman. Another general was seen striking a private who had bayoneted a Chinese man and threatened two Germans, raising questions about how much of this discipline was merely performative for the benefit of foreign observers. Ultimately, disciplinary measures had little impact. As Rabe noted in his diary dated December 18th “The soldiers have almost no regard for their officers”. The absence of effective higher leadership during this critical period likely exacerbated the problem. General Matsui had been suffering from malaria since November 3, which left him largely incapacitated from December 5 to 15. A subordinate later testified that he had been informed of "incidents of stealing, killing, assault, and rape and had become quite enraged.” Although Matsui may have been displeased by the unruly behavior of his soldiers, it is conceivable that his inaction led to even greater levels of atrocity than might have occurred otherwise. He insisted on holding a victory parade on December 17, immediately after recovering from his illness, which likely triggered a security frenzy among Japanese officers concerned about the safety of Prince Asaka, uncle to Emperor Hirohito. This reaction likely prompted a surge in searches for, and executions of, suspected former Chinese soldiers. The Japanese high command in Tokyo was also aware of the unraveling discipline. On January 4, 1938, Army Headquarters sent Matsui an unusually direct message ordering him to restore control among his troops: Our old friend Ishiwara Kanji bitterly criticized the situation and placed the blame on Matsui “We earnestly request enhancement of military discipline and public morals. The morale of the Japanese had never been at a lower level.” A detachment of military police eventually arrived in Nanjing, leading to some improvements, though their presence was mixed. Some officers stationed outside the Safety Zone ignored atrocities occurring before them and, in some cases, participated directly. At Ginling College, the experience with military police was decidedly uneven. The first group of about 25 men tasked with guarding the college ended up committing rape themselves. Despite frequent visits from Japanese soldiers in search of loot and victims to assault, the Safety Zone was perceived as successful. Many believed that both the zone and the work of its managing committee were responsible for saving countless lives. W. Plumer Mills, vice chairman of the committee, noted that the zone “did give some protection during the fighting…but the chief usefulness of the Zone has been the measure of protection it has afforded to the people since the occupation.” Shortly after the Japanese conquest, the population of the Safety Zone swelled to a quarter million people. Around 70,000 of these were organized into 25 pre-arranged camps, while the majority sought accommodation wherever possible. Makeshift “mat-shed villages” sprang up in vacant areas throughout the zone. Nanjing quickly became informally divided into two distinct cities. Outside the Safety Zone, the atmosphere was ghostly, with a population dwindling to around 10,000, while within the zone, bustling activity thrived. Shanghai Road, which ran through the center of the zone and had once been a wide boulevard, transformed into a hub of barter and trade, resembling a festive market during Chinese New Year, overflowing with makeshift stalls, tea shops, and restaurants, making it nearly impossible to traverse by vehicle. The Japanese held a degree of respect for Westerners, although this sentiment was not universal and did not always offer protection. Many foreigners tried to safeguard their homes by displaying their national flags outside, but they often found that Japanese soldiers would break in regardless. To protect Ginling College, American flags were displayed at eight locations around the compound, and a large 30-foot American flag was spread out in the center. However, this proved to be “of absolutely no use” in preventing Japanese soldiers from entering the area. Despite this, there was some limited outright hostility towards Americans. Stronger negative sentiments were directed towards the Russians and the British, who were viewed as representatives of nations with competing interests against the Japanese Empire. The Japanese displayed particular reverence for one nationality, the Germans. Rabe would shout “Deutsch” or “Hitler” to command respect from unruly Japanese soldiers or show them his swastika armband, indicating his allegiance to the Nazi Party. Germany was seen as a rising power and rapidly becoming one of Japan's closest allies, a fellow outcast in global politics. However, as time passed, the limits of this respect became evident; individual soldiers began searching for women within the German embassy compound, and eventually, nearly all German buildings were broken into. Despite all the challenges, there was no doubting that foreigners offered a form of protection unavailable elsewhere. Within days of the Japanese conquest, women and children began appearing in large numbers outside Rabe's home, kneeling and knocking their heads on the ground as they begged to be let into his already overcrowded garden. At 1:00 pm on January 1, the Chinese were proclaimed rulers of their own city, or at least this is what Japanese propaganda sought to convey. On the first day of the new year, a puppet government was established in a ceremony held just north of the Safety Zone. A new five-bar flag, the one associated with the early Chinese republic was raised, signaling a patriotic spirit in a gesture that felt unconvincing. As the new leaders took office, vowing to resurrect their city, buildings burned all around them. The ceremony marked the culmination of two weeks of preparatory work. As early as December 15, General Matsui met with a local Chinese leader, referred to in the Japanese commander's diary only as Chen, who had been selected to assist in forming this new puppet government. Chen had been present in the northern port city of Tianjin two years earlier when Matsui helped establish the Chinese chapter of the Greater Asia Association. He subscribed to Matsui's concepts of “Asia for Asians,” but cautioned that Chinese fears of the Japanese would complicate the governance of the conquered territories. The new government aligned with the Japanese army to implement a system of indoctrination centered on conservatism, primarily targeting the youth, who were perceived as most likely to resist. The indoctrination included messages like, “You must follow the old custom in marriage, letting your parents make arrangements for you. You must not go to theaters or study English, etc. China and Japan must become one, and then the nation will be strong.” Few were deceived by these attempts to win hearts and minds. The government-sanctioned newspaper, the Xinshengbao, or New Life Journal, was immediately dismissed as a crude vehicle for propaganda. Additionally, the government made minimal progress in more urgent tasks, such as restoring peacetime conditions and revitalizing Nanjing's economy, a challenge made formidable by Japanese brutality. Given the fate of the first group of volunteers at the electricity plant after the conquest, no one could be found to fill the needed 40 to 45 worker slots. The same was true for firefighters. The predictable outcomes followed. Water and limited power were restored to parts of the city by January 2, but within two days, the city was plunged back into darkness. By January 13, the waterworks were still non-operational, and the power supply remained intermittent while fires continued to blaze well into January. The government was not taken seriously, struggling even with the Japanese. It quickly built a reputation for being venal and corrupt. One of its names was the Nanjing Autonomous Government, which a clever member of the foreign community humorously rebranded as the “Automatic Government,” reflecting its actual role as a puppet regime devoid of autonomy. While Nanjing endured its own nightmarish reality, the city's inhabitants had little understanding of the events transpiring beyond its walls. The first radio news that reached foreign residents came on January 7, reporting Japanese air raids on Wuhan. There were also unconfirmed rumors suggesting that Hangzhou was experiencing similar horrors to those in Nanjing, but details were scarce. It was perhaps expected that reports from afar would be limited in wartime, yet information about situations closer to Nanjing was similarly scarce, and the horrific truth gradually dawned on the city's populace. A Westerner who managed to escape east from Nanjing in early January reported that all villages within a 20-mile radius had been burned to the ground. Outside the city, Japanese soldiers were randomly shooting civilians, including children. A German who drove an hour from Nanjing encountered no living souls. After the conquest, Chinese who managed to leave Nanjing reported that every pond between the city and Juyong was filled with the decaying corpses of people and animals. Many of the atrocities committed during this time appeared to stem from boredom and a search for cheap thrills. American missionary Magee witnessed a young farmer who had sustained severe burns on his upper body. After the soldiers demanded money from him and he failed to comply, they doused him in kerosene and set him ablaze. Similarly, a young boy suffered horrific burns after he failed to lead a group of soldiers to his “mama.” People in the rural areas surrounding Nanjing faced danger from numerous directions. Not only were they potential targets for marauding Japanese soldiers, but they were also at risk from bands of Chinese outlaws, who preyed on the large influx of refugees on the roads and the few souls who remained at home despite the fierce conflict raging nearby. Magee encountered a 49-year-old woman whose home was invaded by bandits looking for money. “When she and her husband said they had none they battered her head and breast with a stool and burned her feet until she revealed their savings of between four and five dollars.” In the absence of a formal government, informal authority was often wielded by secret societies. For instance, the “Big Sword Society” reportedly offered protection not only against Japanese soldiers and local bandits but also against small groups of Chinese troops seeking to escape back to their lines and resorting to theft for survival. What a blast from the past eh? Rumors began to circulate in early January 1938 that the Chinese Army was preparing to retake Nanjing and that Chiang Kai-shek's soldiers had already been spotted inside the city walls. Many of the small makeshift Japanese flags that had appeared outside private homes in mid-December suddenly vanished, and some Chinese residents who had been wearing Japanese armbands hastily removed them. There was even talk of launching an attack on the Japanese embassy. Word spread that the Japanese were becoming frightened and were searching for Chinese clothing to disguise themselves as civilians in the event of a retreat. In reality, none of this was true. The Chinese Army was still reorganizing after the costly campaign that had forced it from Shanghai to Nanjing and then further into the interior. However, this did not imply that the Japanese had achieved complete control over the city. After six weeks of terror, Nanjing began to reassert itself. Japanese soldiers faced fatalities and injuries in skirmishes with members of secret organizations like the “Yellow Spears” and the “Big Sword Society.” After the New Year, the population within the Safety Zone began to dwindle. A week into 1938, the number of refugees at Ginling College, which had peaked at more than 10,000, fell to around 5,000. Less than a month after the conquest, many former residents started returning to their homes during the day and then coming back to the college at night. Still, the city was far from safe, and even for those whose homes were located within the Safety Zone, Vautrin believed it was unwise to stray too far from her refugee camp. One month after Japanese forces had surged through its gates, Nanjing was a thoroughly devastated city, with fires still being set every day and night. By mid-January, estimates suggested that more than half the city had been burned down, with the main shopping district completely gone, as well as the entertainment area surrounding the Confucius Temple. Nevertheless, slowly but surely, the shell-shocked city began to pull itself together and started the long process of renewal. Vautrin considered opening an industrial school offering four-month courses for women to help compensate for the loss of labor resulting from the indiscriminate killing of men. Chinese New Year fell on January 31, 1938. Celebrated throughout Asia, it was also recognized by the Japanese. It was a “dismal, muddy” day, and as many feared, soldiers who appeared “too happy” from excessive drinking attempted to enter the Safety Zone in search of women but were stopped. The sound of thousands of firecrackers filled the air, fulfilling the age-old purpose of scaring away evil spirits. Refugees in Rabe's compound presented him with a large red silk banner adorned with a gold Chinese inscription. His Chinese friends translated the message for him “You are the living Buddha For a hundred thousand people”. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. In December 1937, the battle for Nanjing left its residents in terror as the Japanese army advanced. Following the invasion, a horrific massacre began, with thousands targeted in brutal killings, torture, and humiliation. Civilians and soldiers alike were indiscriminately slain, and the Japanese military showed no mercy. To this day the Nanjing Massacre stands as a testament to the unbelievable evil man holds within him.
This week on Fat Science, Dr. Emily Cooper, Andrea Taylor, and Mark Wright break down five eye-opening research studies from 2025 that challenge everything you thought you knew about obesity, dieting, and metabolism. The hosts explore surprising new evidence on fitness trackers, the metabolic power of joy (and dessert!), the risks of intermittent fasting, how yo-yo dieting can damage kidney health, and the permanent impact of dieting on your brain-gut connection.Dr. Cooper shares clinical insights and explains why simple fixes—strict diets, calorie counting, and food restriction—can actually backfire, causing more harm than good. From the science of hormone signaling to the pitfalls of diet culture, the conversation reveals powerful new reasons to embrace flexibility, balance, and self-kindness on the journey to metabolic health.Key Takeaways:Fitness trackers can dramatically underestimate calorie burn—errors can reach 93%, especially for people with higher body weight. Companies rarely test enough real-world diversity and may fudge numbers for marketing.Including dessert and “forbidden foods” in your diet leads to better metabolic outcomes, greater mental stability, and less risk of binge eating or weight regain. Joyful eating helps regulate critical hormones like leptin and ghrelin.Intermittent fasting is linked to hair loss. Energy deficits force the body to use fatty acids as fuel, which can damage hair follicle stem cells. Long-term fasting negatively disrupts glucose/insulin balance and destabilizes metabolism.Yo-yo dieting (weight cycling) now shows a direct connection with kidney damage—even in those at normal weight. Rapid weight shifts restrict kidney blood flow, raise cortisol, and cause irreversible damage.Dieting creates lasting changes in the microbiome and brain-gut signaling that promote weight regain and appetite dysregulation. Even a single round of weight cycling can create stubborn metabolic obstacles.Personal Stories & Practical Advice:Andrea shares why dessert is a staple of her happiness—and how mental restriction backfires. Dr. Cooper gives real-world examples from patients: eating favorite foods can unlock better weight results, while “diet damage” often lingers until medical treatment repairs it. Resources from the episode:Fat Science is a podcast on a mission to explain where our fat really comes from and why it won't go and stay away. We are committed to creating a world where people are empowered with accurate information about metabolism and recognize that fat isn't a failure. This podcast is for informational purposes only and is not intended to replace professional medical advice.Check out our new website where you can ask a mailbag question. If you have a question for Dr. Cooper, a show idea, feedback, or just want to connect, email us at questions@fatsciencepodcast.com or dr.c@fatsciencepodcast.com.Connect with Dr. Emily Cooper on LinkedIn.Connect with Mark Wright on LinkedIn.Connect with Andrea Taylor on Instagram.REFERENCES FOR THIS EPISODEAlshurafa, N., et al. (2025). “More accurate fitness tracking for people with obesity.” *Scientific Reports*, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.Alfouzan, N.W., & Nakamura, M.T. (2025). “Reduced food cravings correlated with a 24-month period of weight loss and weight maintenance.” *Physiology & Behavior*, Vol. 291.Chen, H., Liu, C., Cui, S., et al. (2025). “Intermittent fasting triggers interorgan communication to suppress hair follicle regeneration.” *Cell*, Vol. 188.The Endocrine Society (2025). “Yo-yo dieting may significantly increase kidney disease risk in people with type 1 diabetes.” *Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, February 2025.Fouesnard, M., et al. (2025). “Weight cycling deregulates eating behavior via the induction of durable gut dysbiosis.” *Advanced Science*, 2025
Fluent Fiction - Mandarin Chinese: Balancing Books and Joy: Mei's Autumn Revelation Find the full episode transcript, vocabulary words, and more:fluentfiction.com/zh/episode/2025-09-22-22-34-02-zh Story Transcript:Zh: 秋天，长城在晴朗的天空下延伸。En: In the autumn, the Great Wall stretches under the clear sky.Zh: 红色、橙色和金色的叶子在风中飞舞，云朵懒洋洋地飘过，给古老的石墙投下轻柔的影子。En: Red, orange, and golden leaves dance in the wind, and clouds lazily drift by, casting gentle shadows on the ancient stone walls.Zh: 这是学校的秋游，学生们兴奋不已。En: This is the school's autumn outing, and the students are excited beyond measure.Zh: 美是个勤奋的学生。En: Mei is a diligent student.Zh: 她喜欢学习，但也想和朋友们一起享受这次旅行。En: She loves studying, but she also wants to enjoy this trip with her friends.Zh: 她担心即将到来的重要考试，却又不想错过和同学们的美好时光。En: She is worried about the upcoming important exams, but she doesn't want to miss out on good times with her classmates.Zh: 假、陈和她同行。En: Jia and Chen accompany her.Zh: 他们在长城上欢笑，欣赏美丽的风景。En: They laugh on the Great Wall, appreciating the beautiful scenery.Zh: 同时，美背着书包，里面装满了课本和笔记本。En: Meanwhile, Mei carries a backpack filled with textbooks and notebooks.Zh: 途中，美不时停下来，翻开书本复习。En: Along the way, Mei occasionally stops to open her books and review.Zh: 假和陈叫她一起拍照。En: Jia and Chen call her to join them for photos.Zh: 美微笑着，但心里还是想着学习。En: Mei smiles, but her mind remains on studying.Zh: 中秋节快到了，大家计划晚上赏月。En: Mid-Autumn Festival is approaching, and everyone plans to enjoy moon gazing that evening.Zh: 到了一个观景台，美到达了抉择的时刻。En: Reaching a viewing platform, Mei arrives at a moment of decision.Zh: 朋友们都聚集到一起，准备吃月饼，赏明月。En: Her friends gather together, preparing to eat mooncakes and admire the bright moon.Zh: 美站在一旁，手里翻动着书页。En: Mei stands aside, flipping through the pages of a book.Zh: 她闭上眼睛，深吸一口气，想着考试，但也想着朋友们的笑脸和这难得的欢乐时光。En: She closes her eyes, takes a deep breath, thinking about the exams but also about her friends' smiles and this rare joyful time.Zh: 终于，她把书本放进包里，走向同学们。En: Finally, she puts the book back in her bag and walks towards her classmates.Zh: 月光明亮，大家在一起欢笑，美也感受到一种轻松和快乐。En: The moonlight is bright, with everyone laughing together, and Mei also feels a sense of ease and happiness.Zh: 在那一刻，她明白，有些体验和学业一样重要，是生活的一部分。En: In that moment, she understands that some experiences are as important as academics and are a part of life.Zh: 美学会了平衡，珍惜生活中的重要时刻。En: Mei learned to balance and cherish important moments in life.Zh: 不仅仅是书本，人生还需要这些温暖的回忆。En: It's not just about books; life also needs these warm memories. Vocabulary Words:autumn: 秋天stretches: 延伸lazily: 懒洋洋地casting: 投下ancient: 古老的diligent: 勤奋的accompany: 同行scenery: 风景occasionally: 不时review: 复习approaching: 快到了viewing platform: 观景台decision: 抉择gather: 聚集admire: 欣赏moon gazing: 赏月rare: 难得的joyful: 欢乐ease: 轻松moment: 时刻understands: 明白experiences: 体验balance: 平衡cherish: 珍惜important: 重要life: 生活memories: 回忆clouds: 云朵gazing: 赏notebooks: 笔记本
Psychische Widerstandskraft ist wichtiger denn je. Denn das Leben hält gerade einige Härten bereit. Sinja und Boris sprechen in dieser Wiederholungs-Folge darüber, wie wir mit Schwierigkeiten umgehen, uns von ihnen erholen und vielleicht sogar an ihnen wachsen können.Es geht darum, wie wir uns selbst annehmen und uns in schwierigen Zeiten auch selbst zur Seite stehen können. Wie schaffen wir es, auch in widrigen Umständen, das zu erhalten, was wir brauchen? Sinja und Boris bringen Wissenschaft und Praxistipps zusammen, um uns dabei zu unterstützen.Umfrage: Wie gefällt dir Verstehen, fühlen, glücklich sein? Erzähle es uns hier.Hintergründe und Studien:Kemeny, M. E., Foltz, C., Cavanagh, J. F., Cullen, M., Giese-Davis, J., Jennings, P., ... & Ekman, P. (2012). Contemplative/emotion training reduces negative emotional behavior and promotes prosocial responses. Emotion, 12(2), 338. Link zur StudieOrosz, G. (2020). Can Mindfulness Help People Implement a Growth Mindset? Two Field Experiments in Hungary. Link zur StudieBreines, J. G., & Chen, S. (2012). Self-compassion increases self-improvement motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(9), 1133-1143. Link zur Studie
Fluent Fiction - Mandarin Chinese: Warmth and Friendship: A Mountain Cabin Adventure Find the full episode transcript, vocabulary words, and more:fluentfiction.com/zh/episode/2025-09-21-22-34-02-zh Story Transcript:Zh: 清晨，阳光透过山间的松树洒在小木屋上。En: In the early morning, sunlight filtered through the pine trees between the mountains and fell on the small wooden cabin.Zh: 小木屋及时地给山中路过的人们提供温暖的避风港。En: The cabin served as a timely warm haven for people passing through the mountains.Zh: 这天，正值秋天，空气中弥漫着清凉的气息。En: That day was in autumn, and the air was filled with a cool sensation.Zh: 小明、李娜和陈三人在小木屋前停下，准备挑选御寒的衣物。En: Xiao Ming, Li Na, and Chen stopped in front of the cabin, preparing to choose some clothing to keep warm.Zh: 小明第一次来山区，对这里的一切感到既兴奋又略显不安。En: It was Xiao Ming's first time in the mountains, and he felt both excited and slightly uneasy about everything there.Zh: 他担心自己带的衣服不够保暖。En: He was worried that the clothes he brought weren't warm enough.Zh: 李娜却显得十分开心，她喜欢山里的凉爽，满脸期待地看着满屋子的毛衣和围巾。En: However, Li Na seemed very happy; she liked the coolness of the mountains and looked expectantly at the sweaters and scarves in the room.Zh: 而陈呢，稳重而实际，他知道在山里要时刻做好准备，所以提议大家趁机买些保暖的衣服。En: And as for Chen, practical and steady, he knew it was important to always be prepared in the mountains, so he suggested that they take the opportunity to buy some warm clothes.Zh: "我们先去看看吧，小明，你有带够钱吗？En: "Let's go and take a look.Zh: ”陈问道。En: Xiao Ming, did you bring enough money?"Zh: 他关心地看着有些犹豫的小明。En: Chen asked, looking concerned at the slightly hesitant Xiao Ming.Zh: “我……我有的，只是希望能找到合适的，”小明回答。En: "I...Zh: 他心里想着，要是能找到既不贵又合适的就好了。En: I did, I just hope to find something suitable," Xiao Ming replied.Zh: 店里的人不多，但货架上的冬装已经不多了。En: He thought to himself that it would be great to find something both affordable and suitable.Zh: 看到这一幕，小明有些着急。En: There weren't many people in the store, but there weren't many winter clothes left on the shelves either.Zh: 他挑了几个夹克试穿，但要么是价格太贵，要么是大小不合适。En: Seeing this, Xiao Ming grew a bit anxious.Zh: 时间一分一秒过去，小明的担心越来越重。En: He tried on a few jackets, but either they were too expensive or the size wasn't right.Zh: 这时，李娜兴奋地指着一个架子说：“小明，这里还有一件，看起来不错！En: As time ticked by, Xiao Ming's worry worsened.Zh: ”他们走过去，拿起那件夹克，正合适小明的尺码，但价格超出了他的预算。En: At this moment, Li Na excitedly pointed to a rack and said, "Xiao Ming, there's one over here that looks nice!"Zh: 看到他的表情，李娜皱了皱眉。En: They walked over, picked up a jacket that was just the right size for Xiao Ming, but the price was beyond his budget.Zh: “小明，要不你先买这件，我们可以想办法凑足钱。En: Seeing his expression, Li Na frowned.Zh: ”李娜提议道。En: "Xiao Ming, why don't you buy this one first, and we can find a way to gather enough money," Li Na suggested.Zh: 但小明不想给朋友添麻烦，他默默地把夹克放回去。En: But Xiao Ming didn't want to trouble his friends, so he quietly put the jacket back.Zh: 就在小明准备放弃时，店经理走了过来，微笑着说：“看你这么喜欢这件夹克，我给你打个折，让你可以在预算内买到它。En: Just as Xiao Ming was about to give up, the store manager came over and smiled, "Since you like this jacket so much, I'll give you a discount so you can buy it within your budget."Zh: ”听了这话，小明心中一阵温暖，连忙道谢。En: Hearing this, Xiao Ming felt a warmth in his heart and quickly thanked the manager.Zh: 最后，小明顺利买到了夹克，和朋友们一起庆祝即将到来的中秋节。En: In the end, Xiao Ming successfully bought the jacket and celebrated the upcoming Mid-Autumn Festival with his friends.Zh: 他们在小木屋里享用月饼，提着灯笼在夜里闲逛，小明心中满是满足与喜悦。En: They enjoyed mooncakes in the cabin and strolled around at night with lanterns, filling Xiao Ming's heart with satisfaction and joy.Zh: 通过这次经历，小明明白了，有时候坦诚自己的需求并接受他人的帮助，不仅能解决问题，还能带来意想不到的快乐。En: Through this experience, Xiao Ming realized that sometimes being honest about one's needs and accepting others' help can solve problems and bring unexpected happiness.Zh: 山间的风不再冷冽，他与朋友们一起笑语盈盈，享受这个难忘的秋日之夜。En: The mountain wind no longer felt cold, and he laughed and chatted with his friends, enjoying this unforgettable autumn night. Vocabulary Words:filtered: 透过cabin: 小木屋haven: 避风港sensation: 气息uneasy: 不安sweaters: 毛衣scarves: 围巾practical: 实际steady: 稳重hesitant: 犹豫affordable: 不贵frowned: 皱了皱眉budget: 预算discount: 折gratitude: 感激strolled: 闲逛lanterns: 灯笼satisfaction: 满足joy: 喜悦honest: 坦诚mountain: 山wind: 风problem: 问题unexpected: 意想不到experience: 经历autumn: 秋天coolness: 凉爽wrapped: 裹chatted: 聊天realized: 明白
China proposed on Wednesday the creation of an international alliance to formulate new measures to crack down on telecommunication and cyberspace fraud, saying that such transnational crimes call for an innovative combat approach.中国于周三提议成立国际联盟，制定打击电信网络诈骗的新举措。中方表示，此类跨国犯罪需要创新的打击方式。Minister of Public Security Wang Xiaohong made the proposal during the opening ceremony of the Global Public Security Cooperation Forum in Lianyungang, Jiangsu province.中国公安部部长王小洪在江苏省连云港市举行的全球公共安全合作论坛开幕式上提出了这一倡议。The annual event, which was launched in 2015 as the Lianyungang Forum, brings together officials and experts from various countries to address global public security challenges.该活动每年举办一次，2015年以“连云港论坛”之名启动，旨在汇聚各国官员与专家，共同应对全球公共安全挑战。China's proposal for an alliance against telecom fraud came along with a series of steps it has vowed to take in the coming year to enhance international cooperation on public security.中国在提议成立反电信诈骗联盟的同时，还承诺未来一年将采取一系列举措，加强公共安全领域的国际合作。Over the past year, China joined international efforts to crack down on illicit drugs and telecom and online fraud, Wang said, noting that China also trained more than 3,000 law enforcement officers from various countries and dispatched police advisory teams to Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, Africa and Latin America.王小洪表示，过去一年，中国参与了打击非法毒品及电信网络诈骗的国际行动，为各国培训了3000余名执法人员，并向东南亚、南太平洋、非洲和拉丁美洲地区派遣了警务顾问组。Over the next one year, China will train another 3,000 law enforcement officers from various countries and continue to send advisory teams to countries that have the need, he added.他补充道，未来一年，中国将再为各国培训3000名执法人员，并继续向有需求的国家派遣顾问组。Wang reaffirmed China's support for the United Nations' peacekeeping missions, saying that the country will provide financial support for training UN peacekeepers.王小洪重申中国对联合国维和行动的支持，称中国将为联合国维和人员培训提供资金支持。China is the second-largest contributor to the UN peacekeeping budget, and has deployed more peacekeepers than any other permanent member of the UN Security Council.中国是联合国维和预算的第二大出资国，派遣的维和人员数量超过联合国安理会其他常任理事国。Jean-Pierre Lacroix, UN undersecretary-general for peace operations, urged member states “to pay their assessed contribution in full and on time”. Hailing China as “a steadfast partner of the UN”, he said that the nation's support for UN peacekeeping “is a clear reflection of its commitment to international peace and security”.联合国主管维和行动副秘书长让-皮埃尔·拉克鲁瓦敦促成员国“足额、按时缴纳分摊的维和费用”。他称赞中国是“联合国坚定的合作伙伴”，并表示中国对联合国维和行动的支持“充分体现了其对国际和平与安全的承诺”。Public Security Minister Wang said that destabilizing factors and uncertainties are increasing worldwide, and global public security “is faced with unprecedented challenges and diverse dangers”.公安部部长王小洪表示，当前全球不稳定因素和不确定性增多，全球公共安全“面临前所未有的挑战和多样的危险”。He called for upholding sovereign equality, the international rule of law, multilateralism, and a people-and action-oriented approach to make global security governance more equitable and efficient.他呼吁坚持主权平等、国际法治、多边主义，秉持以人民为中心、行动导向的理念，推动全球安全治理更加公平高效。Speaking on counternarcotics, Wang said that China has fulfilled its international duties to combat synthetic drugs and precursor chemicals, and it has provided assistance to countries facing fentanyl and other synthetic opioid abuse crises.在禁毒问题上，王小洪指出，中国已履行打击合成毒品及易制毒化学品的国际义务，并向面临芬太尼及其他合成阿片类物质滥用危机的国家提供了援助。“We must follow the principle of shared responsibility and comprehensive balance to address the issue of illicit drugs, work hard to reduce the demand for illicit drugs, and engage actively in effective international cooperation,” he said.他表示：“我们必须坚持责任共担、综合平衡原则，解决非法毒品问题，努力减少毒品需求，并积极开展有效的国际合作。”Wednesday's opening ceremony followed a subforum on international counterterrorism cooperation, where participants emphasized the need for new measures, as terrorist groups exploit emerging technologies.周三的开幕式之前，还举办了国际反恐合作分论坛。与会者强调，由于恐怖组织利用新兴技术，因此需要制定新的应对措施。The fruits of the latest round of technological revolution are being abused by terrorist groups, said Chen Zhimin, chairman of the China Association for Friendship.中国人民对外友好协会会长陈至民表示，最新一轮科技革命的成果正被恐怖组织滥用。Many developing countries and those on the front line of combating terrorism lack digital infrastructure, talent and investment to cope with new threats, Chen said, adding that more resources should be channeled to them.陈至民指出，许多发展中国家及处于反恐一线的国家，缺乏应对新威胁所需的数字基础设施、人才和投资，应向这些国家投入更多资源。Zhang Lixun, Party secretary of the China People's Police University, said that priorities should be given to tackling “digital terrorism”. He also called for stronger international cooperation to spur economic growth in developing countries, improve livelihoods, and reduce the risks of radicalization.中国人民警察大学党委书记张利兴表示，应将打击“数字恐怖主义”列为优先任务。他还呼吁加强国际合作，推动发展中国家经济增长、改善民生，降低极端化风险。international anti-fraud alliance .国际反诈骗联盟/ˌɪntəˈnæʃnəl ˌænti-ˈfrɔːd əˈlaɪəns/law enforcement officersn.执法人员/lɔː ɪnˈfɔːsmənt ˈɒfɪsəz/
Thomas Chen is the CEO of Function, where he leads the transformation of Bitcoin into a productive yield-bearing asset. With a background in traditional finance and fintech, Thomas previously helped BitGo grow to over $100 billion in assets as its Global Head of Sales.At Function, he is spearheading the development of institutional-grade architecture for bitcoin yield. Backed by partners like Galaxy Digital, Mantle and Antalpha, Function has reached over $1.5b in TVL.Thomas is focused on bridging the risk management rigor of traditional finance with blockchain's programmable infrastructure to unlock Bitcoin's full potential in the next generation of financial systems.
Thomas Chen is the CEO of Function, where he leads the transformation of Bitcoin into a productive yield-bearing asset. With a background in traditional finance and fintech, Thomas previously helped BitGo grow to over $100 billion in assets as its Global Head of Sales.At Function, he is spearheading the development of institutional-grade architecture for bitcoin yield. Backed by partners like Galaxy Digital, Mantle and Antalpha, Function has reached over $1.5b in TVL.Thomas is focused on bridging the risk management rigor of traditional finance with blockchain's programmable infrastructure to unlock Bitcoin's full potential in the next generation of financial systems.
Good afternoon, I'm _____ with today's episode of EZ News. Tai-Ex opening The Tai-Ex opened up 104-points this morning from yesterday's close, at 25,543 on turnover of 5.8-billion N-T. The market lost ground on Wednesday as investors locked in profits from the previous session ahead of the conclusion of the U-S Federal Reserve's two-day policymaking meeting. Analysts says the downturn came as no surprise, as investor sentiment turned cautious following a lackluster performance on Wall Street overnight. KMT lawmakers call for 2-round presidential voting system by 2028 K-M-T lawmakers are proposing creating a two-round absolute majority system for choosing Taiwan's president in time for the 2028 election. According lawmaker Lo Chih-chiang, the proposal has two parts .. … one being to amend the Constitution to change the presidential election system to an absolute majority two-round system, and the other to revise election laws to resolve the difficulties of minority presidents. Lo is criticizing the current relative majority (絕對多數決) system saying it results in candidates working to split the opponent's camp and manipulating strategic voting - making voters afraid to support their favorite candidate. Birth subsidy payments to begin next year Minister Without Portfolio and former health minister Chen Shih-chung says a government birth subsidy program will take effect on January 1 of next year. According to Chen, the program is aimed at addressing payout discrepancies for subsidies across government insurance programs and will provide payments of up to 100,000 N-T. Participants in any national insurance program will be eligible (有資格的) for the payment for every new child they have and the program is also expected to benefit some 7,000 people who are not covered by any government insurance programs. Chen says the subsidies will also cover couples undergoing artificial fertilization procedures. EU Warns Iran on Nuclear Program European officials have warned Iran that it needs to take specific actions to avoid the return of United Nations sanctions over its nuclear program. The warning Wednesday after a call between Iran, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the European Union's top diplomat. Iran hasn't commented on the call. The "snapback" process is part of Iran's 2015 nuclear deal. It is set to take effect at the end of September unless the U.N. Security Council intervenes. It would freeze Iranian assets (資產) abroad and halt arms deals, further impacting Iran's economy. US Autopsy on Black Student Found Hanged in Mississippi From the US…. Police are awaiting (等待) autopsy results for Black student found hanged at Mississippi university. AP correspondent Haya Panjwani reports Nigeria Lifts Emergency Rule Nigeria's president has lifted emergency rule in Rivers State and reinstated the local governor and lawmakers. This decision comes after a six-month emergency rule due to a political crisis and vandalism of oil pipelines. President Bola Tinubu stated the emergency was necessary to prevent anarchy (無政府狀態，混亂狀態). The crisis began with a confrontation (衝突) between a governor and state lawmakers, who accused him of illegal actions. This is the first emergency declared in Nigeria in over a decade. That was the I.C.R.T. EZ News, I'm _____. -- Hosting provided by SoundOn
It's time for ‘Side B' of Player 1 vs The World's latest StrangeCast episode and The Lost Records Journal co-hosts Adnan Riaz and Adam Evalt continue their deep dive into all things relating to Don't Nod Entertainment, Deck Nine, Square Enix's Life Is Strange series, Don't Nod Montreal's Lost Records: Bloom & Rage and so much more!
Investor home purchases just logged their biggest drop since 2023, with condos taking the sharpest hit. What's driving the slowdown, and how could Fed policy shape what happens next? In this episode, Kathy Fettke talks with Chen Zhao, Head of Economic Research at Redfin, about why investors pulled back in Q2, what markets are seeing the greatest headwinds, and what a potential three rate cuts from the Fed this year could mean for both investors and everyday buyers. LINKS CHECK OUT OUR NEW WEBSITE & BECOME A MEMBER (IT'S FREE)! https://realwealth.com/join-step-1 FOLLOW OUR PODCASTS The Real Wealth Show: Real Estate Investing Podcast https://link.chtbl.com/RWS Real Estate News: Real Estate Investing Podcast: https://link.chtbl.com/REN FREE RealWealth® EDUCATION & TOOLS RealWealth Market Reports: https://realwealth.com/learn/best-places-to-buy-rental-property/ RealWealth Videos: https://realwealth.com/category/video/ RealWealth Assessment™: https://realwealth.com/assessment/ RealWealth® Webinars: https://realwealth.com/webinars/ READ BOOKS BY RealWealth® FOUNDERS The Wise Investor by Rich Fettke: https://tinyurl.com/thewiseinvestorbook Retire Rich with Rentals by Kathy Fettke: https://tinyurl.com/retirerichwithrentals Scaling Smart by Rich & Kathy Fettke: https://tinyurl.com/scalingsmart DISCLAIMER The views and opinions expressed in this podcast are provided for informational purposes only, and should not be construed as an offer to buy or sell any securities or to make or consider any investment or course of action. For more information, go to www.RealWealthShow.com
In this episode, we review the Arthritis & Rheumatology manuscript, “Diagnosis and Treatment of Castleman Disease,” with Drs. Luke Chen and David Fajgenbaum. The discussion (which provides an essential, up-to-date overview of a rare but critical disease) highlights the clinical subtypes of Castleman Disease, its overlap with autoimmune and autoinflammatory syndromes, and current diagnostic and treatment strategies. Dr. Chen offers a hematologist's perspective on disease classification, pathology, and practical management tips, while Dr. Fajgenbaum shares insights from his personal experience as a patient and his work advancing research through the Castleman Disease Collaborative Network and Every Cure.
Last time we spoke about the beginning of the battle of Nanjing. As the relentless tide of war approached Nanjing in December 1937, fear gripped its residents. As atrocities unfolded in the countryside, civilians flocked toward safety zones, desperate for refuge. Under the command of General Tang Shengzhi, the Chinese forces prepared for a fierce defense, determined to hold their ground against the technologically superior invaders. Despite heavy losses and internal strife, hopes flickered among the defenders, fueled by the valor of their troops. Key positions like Old Tiger's Cave became battlegrounds, exemplifying the fierce resistance against the Japanese advance. On December 9, as artillery fire enveloped the city, a battle for the Gate of Enlightenment commenced. Both sides suffered grievously, with the Chinese soldiers fighting to the last, unwilling to yield an inch of their soil. Each assault from Japan met with relentless counterattacks, turning Nanjing into a symbol of perseverance amidst impending doom, as the siege marked a critical chapter in the conflict, foreshadowing the brutal events that would follow. #167 The Battle of Nanjing Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. By mid-December, the landscape surrounding Nanjing was eerily quiet. The Japanese Army marched through what seemed to be desolate fields and mountains, but they were not truly empty. Civilians were scarce, with most having fled, but a few remained in their homes, hiding in cellars and barns, clinging to the hope that the war would bypass them. Meanwhile, thousands of Chinese soldiers, left behind and unable to keep pace with their units, still posed a significant danger to the Japanese forces. The Japanese Army had not truly conquered the territory east and south of Nanjing; they had merely passed through. Mopping-up operations became a top priority. Soldiers from the 16th Infantry Division, stationed near Purple Mountain, spent early December conducting these missions far from the city's walls. “Chinese stragglers may be hiding in this area, and they must be flushed out. Any small structure of no strategic value to the Japanese Army must be burned!” This command rang out to the division's soldiers as they spread across the countryside around Unicorn Gate. Soon, isolated fires began to illuminate the horizon, one for each home. Soldiers from the 9th Infantry Division, who were not directly engaged in combat south of the Gate of Enlightenment, were also conducting similar mopping-up operations. On December 11 at noon, one squad received orders to investigate a suspicious farm building. Although it had been searched previously, movement inside prompted renewed caution. The Japanese entered carefully, moving from room to room. In the basement, they discovered eight Chinese soldiers who offered no resistance, immediately raising their hands in surrender. Bound together, they were brought outside. Using a few Chinese words supplemented by sign language, the Japanese gathered that the Chinese had been in the vicinity where one of their comrades had been killed days earlier. Unanimously, they decided the prisoners should be executed in front of their comrade's grave. Some of the older soldiers hesitated, reluctant to partake in the killings, leaving it to the younger ones to carry out the order. Soon, eight headless bodies lay sprawled before a solitary Japanese grave. On the morning of December 11, the first soldiers of the 6th Japanese Infantry Division finally spotted the distant city wall of Nanjing. They had been engaged in fierce combat for nearly two days, attempting to dislodge the tenacious defenders of the Yuhuatai plateau, the elite soldiers of the 88th Division. In a desperate bid to maintain their foothold on Yuhuatai, the 88th Division deployed its reserved 528th Regiment along with a battalion of engineers. Despite their efforts, the regiment's ranks had been depleted, filled with inexperienced recruits, and their leadership nearly obliterated, limiting their effectiveness. Under the relentless assaults from the Japanese forces, their defenses began to falter almost immediately. Faced with the stiff resistance at the Gate of Enlightenment, the Japanese shifted their focus to the Chinese Gate on December 11. Japanese aircraft were summoned for tactical air support, forcing the 88th Division's defenders to retreat behind the wall. This withdrawal occurred swiftly and somewhat chaotically, allowing the Japanese to pursue closely. Before the Chinese could regroup, 300 Japanese soldiers had breached the wall. Only the mobilization of all available forces enabled the Chinese to push the attackers back outside. Meanwhile, the left flank of the 88th Division, stationed east of Chinese Gate, remained outside the wall. Here, they clashed with elements of the 9th Japanese Division but faced intense pressure and were compelled to fall back. By the end of the day, the Chinese division had shortened its defensive line, regrouping in front of the city wall. Plans for a nighttime counterattack were ultimately abandoned, as it became clear that the division's soldiers were too fatigued to mount an effective offensive. Overall, it proved to be a successful day for the Japanese 10th Army. Further south, the Kunisaki Detachment successfully crossed the Yangtze River at Cihu village, beginning their advance toward Pukou. Its special amphibious training made the detachment ideally suited for the operation, but its limited numbers, essentially a reinforced infantry regiment, raised concerns at field headquarters about whether it could accomplish the task alone. Prince Asaka proposed transporting part of the 13th Division across the Yangtze further north to sever the railway connecting Tianjin to Pukou, cutting off a potential retreat route for Chinese forces that had escaped Nanjing. On December 11, Japanese artillery shells rained down relentlessly, targeting both the interior and exterior of Nanjing's city walls. Administrators of the Safety Zone were alarmed to witness several shells landing perilously close to its southern edge. In a bid to provide some semblance of security, American and foreign flags were raised around the zone's perimeter, though their protective influence against artillery fire from miles away was negligible. The leaders of the Safety Zone faced an unexpected dilemma: how to handle lawbreakers with the city courts now out of operation. That day, they encountered a thief caught in the act. As Rabe noted in his diary “We sentence the thief to death, then pardon him and reduce his punishment to 24 hours in jail, and ultimately, due to the absence of a jail, we simply let him go”. Refugees continued to pour in, with a total of 850 having found shelter at Ginling College. Vautrin and her colleagues began to feel that their initial estimate of 2,700 women and children seeking refuge on the campus was overly optimistic. They were soon proven wrong. On the banks of the Yangtze River, hundreds of injured soldiers and civilians were lining up to be ferried across to Pukou, where trains awaited to transport them further inland and away from danger. Many had been waiting for days without food. While ferries made continuous trips across the river to rescue as many as possible, the process was painfully slow. As of late December 10, approximately 1,500 wounded civilians remained stranded on the south bank of the Yangtze. The Japanese forces were confronted by a fiercely determined enemy composed largely of young soldiers from the Training Division. These soldiers had the advantage of having been stationed near Purple Mountain for several years, making them familiar with the terrain. Additionally, they were part of an elite unit, groomed not just in equipment and training but also instilled with a sense of nationalism rooted in Chiang Kai-shek's ideology. Li Xikai, the commander of the division's 3rd Regiment, had set up his command post directly in the path of the primary Japanese advance, yet his regiment continued to resist. Despite the fierce resistance, the Japanese gradually gained control over the Purple Mountain area. General Nakajima Kesago, commander of the 16th Division, visited an artillery observation post early in the day and was pleased to receive reports that his troops had captured two peaks of Purple Mountain and were poised to take the main peak. Yet there loomed a problem on Nakajima's right flank. A widening gap was emerging between the 16th Division and the 13th Division, which had advanced along the southern bank of the Yangtze. There was a risk that Chinese forces could escape through this lightly guarded area. The 13th Division was stationed in the strategically important river port city of Zhenjiang, preparing to cross the Yangtze. The Central China Area Army ordered the 13th Division to mobilize three infantry battalions and one artillery battalion. This new formation, known as the Yamada Detachment after its commander, Yamada Senji, was tasked with remaining on the Yangtze's south bank and advancing westward to capture two Chinese fortresses on the river: Mt. Wulong and Mt. Mufu. This redeployment alleviated concerns about the gap, allowing the 16th Division to focus on the city wall. As the sun dipped towards the horizon, one Captain Akao Junzo prepared for what he believed would be his final assault. He had been ordered to seize a hill northeast of Sun Yat-sen Gate that overlooked the city entrance. His commander told him “The attack on Nanjing will likely be the last battle of this war, and I hope your company can be at the front when the enemy's lines are breached”. The hill was fortified with numerous machine gun positions, reinforced with mud, bricks, and tiles, and connected by an intricate network of trenches. Dense rows of barbed wire lay before the positions, designed to halt attackers and expose them to machine-gun fire. Additionally, the area was likely heavily mined, and Chinese soldiers maintained a high level of alertness. Akao knew this all too well; when he crawled forward and slightly lifted his head to survey the landscape, he triggered a hail of bullets, one of which grazed his helmet. Around late afternoon, four mountain guns from the regimental artillery began firing on the Chinese positions, sustaining the bombardment for over an hour. By 5:00 pm, as the winter sky darkened, Akao decided it was time to launch the attack. Expecting close-quarters combat, he instructed his men to carry only their rifles and small entrenchment tools. With the entire company poised to move, he dispatched a small group of soldiers ahead to cut openings in the barbed wire while receiving covering fire from the mountain guns and the rifles and machine guns of their comrades. The remainder of the company advanced with swords raised and bayonets fixed. As they approached within about 700 feet of the enemy positions, the artillery bombardment ceased as planned. The enemy, still reeling from the ferocity of the earlier assault, scrambled in a panic from their trenches, retreating in disarray. Akao and his fellow soldiers pressed forward, cutting down any opposition in their path. Seizing the momentum, Akao charged to occupy the hill that had been his target. He found it deserted upon his arrival and sent a triumphant message back to command, reporting that the objective had been achieved. However, the reply he received left him baffled: he was ordered to withdraw with his company and return to their lines. Apparently, the regimental command deemed the position too precarious. Sensing that a precious advantage was being squandered, Akao disregarded the order. Before his company could establish a defensive position on the hill, the Chinese launched a counterattack. Lying down, the Japanese soldiers returned fire while frantically digging into the earth to fortify their position. Gradually, they began to form a rudimentary perimeter at the summit. The fighting continued into the night. Exhausted from days without sleep, many soldiers rotated between guard duty and rest, dozing off intermittently in their shallow trenches, reassuring one another that everything would be alright before drifting back to sleep. They successfully repelled all attempts by the Chinese to reclaim the hill and were eventually relieved. On December 11, after leaving his capital, Chiang Kai-shek took time to reflect on everything that had happened in his diary. He reassured himself that his nationalist revolution would persist, regardless of whether he held Nanjing, “Temporary defeat can be turned into eventual victory.” Yet he did not fear so much the Japanese invasion itself, but rather how the weakening of his nationalist government might allow the Communists to rise. He wrote about how his nation was on the brink of becoming a second Spain. While foreign invasions were undoubtedly disastrous, they could eventually be overcome, if not immediately, then over years or decades. Sometimes, this could be achieved merely by absorbing the outmatched invader and assimilating them into Chinese society. In contrast, internal unrest posed a far more fundamental threat to the survival of any regime. As we have seen in this series, going back to the mid 19th century, was it the foreign empires of Britain, France and Russia that threatened to destroy the Qing dynasty, or was it the internal civil war brought on by the Taiping? As Chiang famously put it “the Japanese were a treatable disease of the skin. Communism however was a disease of the heart”. Chiang could accept a humiliating but rapid retreat from Nanjing. In his view, it would be far more difficult to recover from a bloody yet futile struggle for the city that might cost him what remained of his best troops. A prolonged defensive battle, he reasoned, would be a tragic waste and could shift the balance of power decisively in favor of the Communists. This new mindset was reflected in a telegram he sent late on December 11 to Tang Shengzhi: “If the situation becomes untenable, it is permissible to find the opportune moment to retreat to regroup in the rear in anticipation of future counterattacks.” On December 12, tankettes cautiously plunged into the Yuhuatai plateau. Unexpectedly the Chinese defenders abandoned their positions and rushed down the hillside toward Nanjing's walls. Upon discovering this, the Japanese tankettes opened fire on the retreating Chinese, cutting swathes through the masses and sending bodies tumbling down the slope. Some Japanese infantry caught up, joining in the slaughter and laughing boisterously as they reveled in the chaos. A tankette column escorted a group of engineers to the Nanjing wall and then drove east along the moat until they reached a large gate, flanked by two smaller openings, all securely shut. A chilling message, painted in blue, adorned the gate's surface. Written in Chinese characters, it conveyed a stark warning: “We Swear Revenge on the Enemy.” The wall itself loomed three stories high, but Japanese artillery was already targeting it, this was known as the Chinese Gate. Now that Yuhuatai was virtually in Japanese hands, capturing the gate had become the primary objective. At this location, the wall stood 70 feet tall, protected by a 100-foot moat to the outside. All bridges spanning the moat had been destroyed. The area around the gate was heavily defended, with approximately one machine gun positioned every 50 yards atop the wall. Inside, the gate was reinforced with a formidable barrier of sandbags. Chinese infantry armed with mortars and small arms could fire down on the Japanese attackers while others had established isolated positions in nearby buildings that had survived the “scorched earth” policy. Taking the gate and the heavily fortified southwestern corner of the wall was the responsibility of the 6th Division. The division was deploying its regiments: the 13th, the 47th, and the 23rd from east to west. The 45th Regiment, the final unit of the division, was tasked with skirting the western side of the wall and advancing northward, aiming for the Yangtze docks at Xiaguan. The soldiers of the division had already formed a rough understanding of the formidable defenses they were facing. During the night between December 11 and 12, they had advanced nearly to the wall, gathering intelligence to prepare for an assault at dawn. As planned, the assault commenced. Field artillery fired round after round at the gate, but the wall sustained minimal damage. A Japanese tank rolled up, firing point-blank at the gate but producing no visible effect. Next, it was the engineers' turn. A “dare-to-die” squad, equipped with long ladders, crept as close to the wall as possible without exposing themselves and then sprinted the final distance. The moment they broke into the open, a Chinese machine gun opened fire, cutting them down to the last man. At noon, three Japanese planes soared overhead, dropping bombs near a Chinese-held building outside the gate. The smoke from the resulting fire briefly obscured the area. Seizing the opportunity presented by the reduced visibility, a large group of Chinese soldiers holed up inside attempted to dash back to the wall. The Japanese spotted their movement instantly, and every soldier in the line opened fire. The fleeing Chinese were mowed down like ripe grass, collapsing in heaps. Meanwhile the battle for the Gate of Enlightenment was drawing to a close. On the Chinese side of the wall, confusion reigned regarding the overall situation on December 12. Chen Yiding, brigade commander of the 87th Division, had been warned that heads would roll if the Gate of Enlightenment fell to the Japanese. Hearing the sounds of fierce fighting on the edges of Yuhuatai and seeing the smoke rise from numerous fires on Purple Mountain, he was left in the dark about their implications, surrounded by the fog of war. Chen's troops had finally managed to establish a telephone link to the rear, but by mid-afternoon, it was cut off, likely due to a stray artillery shell. After dark, Chen sent an officer to his left flank to make contact with the Chinese forces there. The report that followed was far from reassuring. A unit from Guangdong Province was abandoning its positions and retreating north, attempting to exit the capital through one of the gates in the city wall. The officer had attempted to inquire about their destination, but the retreating soldiers ignored him. With neighboring units evacuating autonomously, a significant gap was opening in the Chinese line atop the wall between the Gate of Enlightenment and Sun Yat-sen Gate. A frightening possibility emerged: the Japanese could walk right in across the undefended southeastern corner of the city wall and surround Chen Yiding's troops before they had a chance to withdraw. The situation was becoming untenable, a fact underscored by the artillery fire raining down on Chen's position. Despite this, retreat was not a simple decision for Chen and the other commanders of the 87th Division. They had been garrisoned in Nanjing before the war, and the city had become home to many of the soldiers. Shortly after midnight, Chen called a meeting with his senior officers. After considerable discussion, they concluded that they had no choice but to withdraw. Nonetheless, Chen insisted that everyone sign a document confirming their support for this decision, recognizing the potential danger of taking such a significant step without consensus. After all, his own life had been threatened if the situation deteriorated further. Soon after, the Chinese began to move out of their positions. The Japanese were initially unaware of the retreat; all they noticed during the night between December 12 and 13 was that the Chinese artillery fire began to grow increasingly distant. By 4:00 am it had stopped completely. The few remaining Chinese were quickly overwhelmed and killed. In the end, the gate, which had cost so many lives during the seemingly endless battle, was taken almost effortlessly by the Japanese. Soldiers of the 9th Division, stationed outside the wall, scrambled up the slope created by the previous days' shelling. Once at the top, they thrust their hands into the air, shouting “Banzai!” so loudly that they believed their families back home in Japan might hear them. Tears streamed down their faces as soldiers embraced and shook hands, reflecting on the friends they had lost throughout the months of fighting, from Shanghai to their current position. They reassured each other that their sacrifices had been worth it for this very moment. On December 12, the slopes of Purple Mountain were ablaze. Zhou Zhenqiang, commander of the Training Division's 1st Brigade, led his men in a desperate struggle to maintain control of the mountain's forested peaks. However, they were being overwhelmed by the better-equipped Japanese troops, and Zhou knew it was only a matter of time before he would have to relinquish his position. Zhou found himself unable to obtain any information from his superiors about the overall situation, despite repeated attempts to contact the Training Division's headquarters. He dispatched a runner, who returned a few hours later with disheartening news: the divisional commander had left late in the afternoon. Other reports indicated a general breakdown in command. The elite 88th Division was in disarray, and an entire division of Guangdong troops, that being the same force that had abandoned the wall near the Gate of Enlightenment, had been spotted marching out of the Gate of Great Peace, seemingly intent on returning home. With indications of collapse all around him, Zhou decided to execute an orderly withdrawal from Purple Mountain, leaving a small contingent behind to cover the retreat. His troops entered through the city wall at Sun Yat-sen Gate and marched in disciplined columns through the streets of Nanjing, where signs of imminent anarchy were evident. Chinese soldiers were scattered everywhere, speaking a cacophony of dialects, yet they appeared to lack any coherent command. Tang Shengzhi's grip on the situation was weakening. Meanwhile Japan's 13th Air Group had been busy with the final stages of the battle for Nanjing. In the morning of December 12, after raiding Chinese positions at Sun Yat-sen Gate, they received new orders. Intelligence indicated that Chinese ships, laden with troops, were moving up the Yangtze from Nanjing. Japanese infantry on the ground could only watch as this prize slipped through their fingers, and the army requested air support. All available planes at Changzhou, a mix of A4N fighters and Yokosuka B4Y bombers, totaling 24 aircraft, were assembled for the crucial mission. The day was clear, providing excellent visibility as the pilots headed toward the section of the Yangtze where they believed the vessels would be, based on reasonable assumptions about their speed. At 1:30 p.m., 28 nautical miles upriver from Nanjing, the pilots sighted four ships. Trusting their military intelligence, they saw no need for further identification. Initially, the B4Ys bombed the vessels from a considerable height. One bomb struck the lead ship, a military vessel, disabling its forward gun and snapping the foremast. Then, a first wave of six A4Ns dove down over the line of ships, attacking individually. In total, they dropped about 20 bombs. Several exploded close enough to the lead vessel to damage its hull and injure crew members on deck. A 30-caliber machine gun on board was manned, with gunners stripped to the waist firing at the Japanese planes but failing to score a hit. Several of the A4Ns strafed the ship with machine-gun fire. After 20 minutes of sustained bombing and strafing, the result was utter devastation. The lead vessel was stuck in mid-river, riddled with bullets, aflame, and listing to starboard. Two other ships were beached on the right bank, while another sat stranded on the left. Satisfied with their mission, the Japanese aviators broke off and returned to their temporary base. Upon their landing in Changzhou, instead of receiving accolades, the pilots were met with reprimands. Why hadn't they sunk all the vessels? They were ordered to return immediately to finish the job. Though they didn't find the original targets, they stumbled upon four other vessels closer to Nanjing. One aircraft dove toward the ships, releasing a 60-kilogram bomb that struck one vessel. As the pilot pulled up, he caught sight of the Union Jack on the hull and realized his mistake; he had inadvertently targeted neutral ships. The other pilots recognized the significance of the markings as well and withheld their bombs. The vessel was identified as the SS Wantung. Soon after, the Japanese pilots understood that the ships they had attacked earlier upriver from Nanjing were also Western; three of them were Standard Oil tankers. The last vessel, which had sustained the most damage, was the USS Panay, a lightly armed flat-bottomed gunboat, tasked with protecting American lives and property along China's longest river. The Panay had been instrumental in evacuating American citizens from the war zone in November and December. On the day it was attacked, the Panay was carrying four American embassy personnel and ten American and foreign journalists to safety. The ship's doctor converted the engine room into a makeshift sick bay, treating a steady stream of injured personnel. By the end, he was tending to 45 patients. The soldiers and passengers were evacuated in two small boats to a nearby marshy island covered in reeds, where they hid, fearful of further strafing. From their hiding place, they watched as a Japanese powerboat filled with soldiers approached the Panay. After firing more volleys at the vessel, the soldiers boarded it, remaining for only five minutes before departing. The American flag still flew from the bow at that time. At 3:54 pm, the Panay rolled over to starboard and sank in seven to ten fathoms of water. Cold and frightened, the survivors waded through knee-deep mud to a nearby village, assisting those too severely wounded to walk. Meanwhile back at Chinese Gate, the mutual slaughter continued into the afternoon of December 12. The Japanese made no significant progress, although their failure was not for lack of trying. The commanders of the 6th Division had strategically placed the boundary between the 13th and 47th Regiments exactly at the gate, encouraging both units to compete to be the first to seize the position. Yet, despite their efforts, it became clear that willpower alone was not enough to breach the Chinese defenses at Chinese Gate. In peacetime, Nanjing's city gates served as entry points into a bustling capital, but in wartime, they transformed into heavily fortified and nearly impregnable strongholds. Any Japanese officer hoping for a swift victory would soon be disappointed; by early afternoon, the situation at the gate had devolved into a stalemate. The section of the wall manned by the 47th Infantry Regiment, located east of the gate, also saw little meaningful movement as the day wore on. Japanese soldiers, pinned down by Chinese fire from atop the wall, could do little more than take pride in a symbolic triumph. A small group of soldiers had managed to reach the wall and place a ladder against it, but it fell nearly ten feet short of the top. One soldier skillfully scaled the last portion, gripping protruding bricks and crevices of the nearly vertical surface. The entire Japanese front watched him with bated breath. He reached the top and unfurled a Japanese flag, but it immediately drew intense Chinese fire, forcing him to duck for cover. Soon, he vanished from sight, raising concerns among his compatriots about his fate. Later, it was revealed that he had taken refuge in a depression in the wall, waiting out the battle. The real breakthrough of the day would occur west of the gate. The 23rd Regiment was deployed there with orders to capture sections of the wall near the southwestern corner. It became evident that the wall could not be scaled without first bringing up artillery to create gaps in its solid masonry. A significant portion of the divisional fire support, 36 small-caliber mountain guns, four 100mm howitzers, and four 150mm howitzers, was assigned to this section. Artillery observers were also sent to the 23rd Regiment's forward command post to coordinate with the infantry and assess the effects of the shelling. By mid-afternoon, the artillery bombardment had created a ravine-like hole in the wall large enough for an assault. The 23rd Regiment positioned its 2nd and 3rd Battalions at the front, with the 1st Battalion held in reserve. First, the engineers undertook the challenging task. As the assault commenced, the rest of the regiment provided covering fire to force the Chinese defenders to seek shelter while the engineers charged into the 70-foot-wide moat. Once a human chain formed, they held up ladders as a makeshift bridge, allowing a company from the 3rd Battalion to rush across and into the gap in the wall. As the batteries switched to close infantry support, they laid down a barrage around the breach to prevent Chinese interference as the attack entered its decisive phase. The Japanese soldiers scrambled up the rubble, created by the artillery fire, which rose several dozen feet high. Shortly before 5:00 p.m., the Japanese seized control of the southwestern segment of the wall. The Chinese launched several counterattacks to reclaim the position, but none were successful. This action ultimately sealed Nanjing's fate; beyond the wall, there was nothing left to save the ancient city and its inhabitants. As defeat appeared imminent, more and more civilians sought safety in foreign-controlled areas, though danger still loomed large. Bits of shrapnel narrowly missed Dr. Robert Wilson while he operated in the Safety Zone. Every square foot of John Rabe's property became filled with families, many camping in the open with their own blankets. Some sought refuge under his large swastika flag, believing that this would make the area especially “bomb-proof” given the growing friendship between Tokyo and Berlin; they assumed Japanese aviators would think twice before targeting a region seemingly under German protection. With just hours left before the Japanese Army was expected to gain control, the residents of Nanjing made their last preparations, prioritizing personal survival. The brutal behavior of Japanese troops in conquered territories fueled intense concern over the possible fate of injured soldiers who might fall into enemy hands. As Nanjing's last hours as a free city unfolded, it became imperative for local hospitals to evacuate as many wounded soldiers as possible across the Yangtze. On December 12, doctors found a motorboat stranded on the riverbank, having apparently broken down. They managed to repair it and ferried several hundred patients to safety throughout the day. Throughout December 12, the citizens of Nanjing were subjected to the unsettling cacophony of heavy shelling, mixed with the roar of bombers overhead. By evening, the entire horizon south of the city glowed with flames. The sound of fighting emanated from all directions, continuing long after sunset. However, in the middle of the night, activity began to wan. Every few minutes, the muffled thuds of shells could still be heard, though their origin was unclear. For the most part, an eerie silence prevailed, as if the city was holding its breath in anticipation of the final onslaught. Chiang Kai-shek had indicated he would understand if Tang chose to abandon the capital. However, on December 12, he reversed his stance, sending a telegram to Tang expressing optimism that the Nanjing garrison could hold out significantly longer. In his words “If you do not shy away from sacrifices, you will be able to hold high the banner of our nation and our army, and this could transform defeat into victory. If you can hold out one more day, you will add to the pride of the Chinese nation. If you can hold out for half a month or more, the domestic and international situation could see a substantial change.” Tang adopted a hardline approach toward any signs of defeatism among his troops. When he learned that General Sun Yuanliang, commander of the formerly elite 88th Division, was leading approximately 2,000 men from the Gate of Enlightenment to the dock area, Tang acted swiftly. He dispatched Song Xilian, the commanding general of the 36th Division, to halt the retreat. When the two units met, a fratricidal clash nearly occurred. Fortunately, the 88th Division agreed to return to the gate and continue fighting. Whatever Tang's plans, they were rendered irrelevant at 3:00 pm, when he received another telegram from Chiang, this time ordering a full retreat. Rumors that the Chinese Army had started evacuating Nanjing triggerec panic among many units. Thousands abandoned their positions and joined the throngs of soldiers and civilians moving slowly down the city's main avenues. The crowd seemed to have collectively decided that getting a boat out of Nanjing was the best option, and by late afternoon, a solid mass of humanity stretched for miles through the city toward the dock areas at Xiaguan. To reach Xiaguan, everyone had to pass through Yijiang Gate. This relatively modern structure had served as the main entry point for visitors arriving in Nanjing by boat in recent decades and now only half of the main entrance was open. A crowd of that size trying to get through such a narrow bottleneck was a recipe for disaster. Those unfortunate enough to be right at the front felt the crushing pressure of tens of thousands of individuals pushing from behind. In that densely packed throng, stumbling and falling to the ground was akin to a death sentence; anyone who went down was inevitably crushed by the oncoming waves of terrified civilians and soldiers. As chaos erupted, discipline evaporated entirely. Officers lost control over their men, leading to infighting among the soldiers. Pushing and shoving escalated into fistfights, and trucks drove directly into the mass of people to force their way through. Tanks, emitting sounds akin to prehistoric beasts, rolled through the mob, crushing many under their weight. Amid the madness, some soldiers, driven by frustration over the lack of movement, began shooting into the crowd at random. To relieve the pressure at Yijiang Gate, some units were ordered to exit Nanjing via the Gate of Great Peace at the northeastern corner of the city wall. Upon arrival, they found the entrance nearly sealed shut. Thick walls of sandbags had been erected around it, leaving only a narrow opening through which one person could pass at a time. Massive crowds fought among themselves to get through; even under perfect order and discipline, it would have taken the entire night and most of the following day for everyone to pass. In the midst of the frantic chaos, it could take a week or more. During the night of the 12th, a select group of Japanese soldiers, chosen for the offensive, stripped their equipment down to the bare essentials: rifles, bayonets, and helmets. They avoided any gear that could produce a metallic noise, alerting the Chinese defenders to their approach. Stealthily, they moved up to the wall, carrying bamboo ladders tied together in threes for added height. Ascending the rungs, they ensured not to make a sound that could betray their position to an alert Chinese sentry. Everything hinged on remaining undetected; even a couple of hand grenades tossed down the wall could halt the attack in its tracks. Reaching the top without being noticed, the soldiers quickly fanned out. Chinese soldiers stationed on the wall saw the swift dark figures and opened fire, but it was too late to thwart the assault. A brief fight ensued; most Japanese soldiers were too close to use their rifles and immediately resorted to their bayonets. The stunned defenders were pushed back, and the successful assault team established a perimeter, awaiting reinforcements from outside the wall. They didn't have to wait long. A massive assault along the length of the 6th Division's front line commenced at dawn on December 13. Japanese artillery concentrated its fire on a narrow section of the city wall, progressively working its way from the bottom up. Gradually, the shells formed a slope of debris that soldiers could use to scale the wall. A short air raid was executed, and after the planes had weakened the remaining resistance, a group of soldiers rushed up the slope. While their comrades provided covering fire, they climbed the last stretch, rolling down a rope ladder. Within minutes, 40 other Japanese soldiers had joined them. By 10:30 am, the Rising Sun flag was flying over the wall. The Japanese invaders were met with a horrific sight at the top of the wall. Beyond lay the grim aftermath of days of shelling. Some houses were leveled, while others burned. The ground was littered with bodies, some decapitated or disemboweled, and pools of blood surrounded them. As Chiang Kai-shek's order to abandon the city gradually filtered down to the troops manning the wall around Nanjing, things began to move rapidly. By late morning on December 13, all the major entry points into the city had fallen to the Japanese. These included Chinese Gate in the southwest, the Gate of Enlightenment in the south, and Sun Yat-sen Gate in the east. The first thing that struck the Japanese soldiers upon ascending the wall was how starkly different it was from their expectations. They had anticipated a bustling city teeming with people, but instead, the area adjacent to the wall was characterized by farm plots, resembling countryside more than an urban center. The second notable observation was the complete absence of inhabitants. Cautiously, the Japanese soldiers entered the city they had just conquered, their bayonets fixed and rifles at the ready. Yet, surprisingly, very few shots were fired. After weeks of fearing death and injury, once the immediate danger receded, a certain stupor settled in. For most civilians in Nanjing, their initial encounter with the city's new rulers was uneventful. It took several hours for the Japanese to move from the wall into the urban parts of the capital. It was not until around noon that residents noticed the first groups of Japanese soldiers marching down the streets in clusters of six to twelve men. Initially, many met the conquerors with relief, hoping they would be treated fairly. Their optimism was bolstered by Japanese planes dropping leaflets over the city, reassuring residents of humane treatment. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. On December 9, fierce battles erupted, especially at the Gate of Enlightenment. Despite heavy fighting, the Chinese showed remarkable resilience, turning Nanjing into a symbol of determination. However, the tide shifted as overwhelming Japanese artillery and tactics began to breach defenses. By December 13, as chaos engulfed the city, the invaders claimed victory, but not without significant loss. Civilians, caught amid the destruction, clung to hope amid despair.
durée : 00:14:41 - Le Disque classique du jour du lundi 15 septembre 2025 - Ce nouvel opus qui paraît sous le label Naxos nous fait découvrir les deux concertos pour violon et le concerto pour piano de la compositrice noire américaine Florence Price. Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les autres épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France.
durée : 00:14:41 - Le Disque classique du jour du lundi 15 septembre 2025 - Ce nouvel opus qui paraît sous le label Naxos nous fait découvrir les deux concertos pour violon et le concerto pour piano de la compositrice noire américaine Florence Price. Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les autres épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France.
In this episode we recap takeaways and highlights from CJI, Josh's takeaways from Jozef Chen's seminar, and his thoughts on getting promoted to blue belt. Download Sherpa, the free AI-powered journaling app for athletes. Join the convo with Josh on Discord here. Use the code "BJJHELP" for 50% off your first month on Jake's Outlier Database to study match footage, get links to resources, and more.Use code “BJJHELP” at submeta.io to try your first month for only $8!
Robotics emerges as another transformative force. While many surgeons remain skeptical, Dr. Chen makes a compelling case for why robotics will eventually become standard.Perhaps most exciting is the potential to address periprosthetic joint infection (PJI)—what Dr. Chen calls "the holy grail" challenge in joint replacement. From implant coatings that prevent bacterial adhesion to novel technologies that disrupt biofilm formation, the future may include treatments that can eliminate infections without removing well-fixed implants.
Healing within with Rabbi Chen
What do you do when your company is running out of money, your industry has collapsed, and even you think your idea is dumb? That's the situation Siqi Chen, now founder and CEO of the finance platform Runway, faced in 2016 when he became CEO of Sandbox, a VR startup. Yet through a bold move, Chen managed to get the right people to believe, securing funding for a product that was a stupid good time. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Sophie Chen is the founder and editor of Off-Menu Magazine, a community-driven magazine and creative studio exploring the world of food & drink.You can find Off-Menu all over the world where they collaborate with independent bookstores, galleries, and creative spaces celebrating thoughtful narratives and curated art.Addition to being Editor-in-Chief, Sophie is a photographer that has photographed for L'Officiel, Dialogue Magazine, Tajmi and friend and guest of the show Jay Wolman for Intermission.We'll be talking about what's off the menu next for Sophie.Please welcome Sophie Chen to Wear Many Hats.instagram.com/35mmsophieinstagram.com/offmenumaginstagram.com/wearmanyhatswmhinstagram.com/rashadrastamrashadrastam.comwearmanyhats.com
The Malay world boasts a wealth of diverse cultures. The arrival of Islam in the Malay world during the 12th to 13th centuries permanently transformed the aesthetic landscape, and even European colonisation could not stem this change. In this episode of the Nordic Asia Podcast, Prof. Julie Yu-Wen Chen from the University of Helsinki talks to Dr. Dzul Afiq bin Zakaria and Dr. Wahyuni Masyidah Binti Md Isa from the Faculty of Creative Arts, University of Malaya about the localisation of Islamic arts in Malaysia. They illuminate the core of Islamic arts, which view art as a reflection of their faith. In Islam, there is no fundamental distinction between spiritual and secular art, enabling the qualities of Islamic architecture and arts to rise above mere aesthetics and utility. Dr. Dzul Afiq bin Zakaria, a distinguished scholar and artist, possesses artwork that can be shared with our audience to elucidate the relationship between culture, philosophy, and the arts within the Malay world. Dr. Wahyuni Masyidah Binti Md Isa's research employs Motion Capture technology to chart and conserve Islamic art. For example, Senaman Melayu Tua is a therapeutic exercise rooted in Malay culture. This exercise harmoniously integrates with both Malay culture and Islam, yielding comprehensive positive effects on the spiritual aspect by fostering inner peace, patience, and self-awareness. Her research utilises technology to visualize the micro-lines embedded within Senaman Melayu Tua. Julie Yu-Wen Chen is Professor of Chinese Studies and Asian studies coordinator at the Department of Cultures at the University of Helsinki (Finland). Chen is one of the Editors of the highly-ranked Journal of Chinese Political Science. Formerly, she was Editor-in-Chief of Asian Ethnicity. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network
The Malay world boasts a wealth of diverse cultures. The arrival of Islam in the Malay world during the 12th to 13th centuries permanently transformed the aesthetic landscape, and even European colonisation could not stem this change. In this episode of the Nordic Asia Podcast, Prof. Julie Yu-Wen Chen from the University of Helsinki talks to Dr. Dzul Afiq bin Zakaria and Dr. Wahyuni Masyidah Binti Md Isa from the Faculty of Creative Arts, University of Malaya about the localisation of Islamic arts in Malaysia. They illuminate the core of Islamic arts, which view art as a reflection of their faith. In Islam, there is no fundamental distinction between spiritual and secular art, enabling the qualities of Islamic architecture and arts to rise above mere aesthetics and utility. Dr. Dzul Afiq bin Zakaria, a distinguished scholar and artist, possesses artwork that can be shared with our audience to elucidate the relationship between culture, philosophy, and the arts within the Malay world. Dr. Wahyuni Masyidah Binti Md Isa's research employs Motion Capture technology to chart and conserve Islamic art. For example, Senaman Melayu Tua is a therapeutic exercise rooted in Malay culture. This exercise harmoniously integrates with both Malay culture and Islam, yielding comprehensive positive effects on the spiritual aspect by fostering inner peace, patience, and self-awareness. Her research utilises technology to visualize the micro-lines embedded within Senaman Melayu Tua. Julie Yu-Wen Chen is Professor of Chinese Studies and Asian studies coordinator at the Department of Cultures at the University of Helsinki (Finland). Chen is one of the Editors of the highly-ranked Journal of Chinese Political Science. Formerly, she was Editor-in-Chief of Asian Ethnicity. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/islamic-studies
The Malay world boasts a wealth of diverse cultures. The arrival of Islam in the Malay world during the 12th to 13th centuries permanently transformed the aesthetic landscape, and even European colonisation could not stem this change. In this episode of the Nordic Asia Podcast, Prof. Julie Yu-Wen Chen from the University of Helsinki talks to Dr. Dzul Afiq bin Zakaria and Dr. Wahyuni Masyidah Binti Md Isa from the Faculty of Creative Arts, University of Malaya about the localisation of Islamic arts in Malaysia. They illuminate the core of Islamic arts, which view art as a reflection of their faith. In Islam, there is no fundamental distinction between spiritual and secular art, enabling the qualities of Islamic architecture and arts to rise above mere aesthetics and utility. Dr. Dzul Afiq bin Zakaria, a distinguished scholar and artist, possesses artwork that can be shared with our audience to elucidate the relationship between culture, philosophy, and the arts within the Malay world. Dr. Wahyuni Masyidah Binti Md Isa's research employs Motion Capture technology to chart and conserve Islamic art. For example, Senaman Melayu Tua is a therapeutic exercise rooted in Malay culture. This exercise harmoniously integrates with both Malay culture and Islam, yielding comprehensive positive effects on the spiritual aspect by fostering inner peace, patience, and self-awareness. Her research utilises technology to visualize the micro-lines embedded within Senaman Melayu Tua. Julie Yu-Wen Chen is Professor of Chinese Studies and Asian studies coordinator at the Department of Cultures at the University of Helsinki (Finland). Chen is one of the Editors of the highly-ranked Journal of Chinese Political Science. Formerly, she was Editor-in-Chief of Asian Ethnicity. Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/southeast-asian-studies
MDJ Script/ Top Stories for September 3rd Publish Date: September 3rd Commercial: From the BG Ad Group Studio, Welcome to the Marietta Daily Journal Podcast. Today is Wednesday, September 3rd and Happy Birthday to Charlie Sheen I’m Keith Ippolito and here are the stories Cobb is talking about, presented by Times Journal 113-home development rezoning request tabled KSU recognized as Military Support College of Distinction Dove hunting this year? Make sure you have completed a hunter education course All of this and more is coming up on the Marietta Daily Journal Podcast, and if you are looking for community news, we encourage you to listen and subscribe! BREAK: INGLES 7 STORY 1: 113-home development rezoning request tabled A rezoning request for a 113-home development near I-75 and South Marietta Parkway has been put on hold—at the owner’s request. The plan? Single-family homes and townhomes on 19.5 acres, though the builder, Traton, LLC, flagged some design and engineering tweaks. Kevin Moore, the project’s attorney, said revisions are underway to meet technical requirements and ensure the project’s feasibility. This isn’t the land’s first rodeo. Back in 2021, a 204-townhome proposal for the same area was shot down after community pushback. Will this smaller plan fare better? Time will tell. STORY 2: KSU recognized as Military Support College of Distinction Kennesaw State University has earned the title of Military Support College of Distinction—one of only two schools in Georgia to snag the honor. It’s not just a badge; it’s a nod to KSU’s deep commitment to veterans, service members, and their families. From scholarships that fill funding gaps to partnerships with groups like the Warrior Alliance and Wounded Warrior Project, KSU goes beyond academics. They even host Georgia’s only VetSuccess on Campus counselor, guiding veterans through benefits, careers, and life’s next steps. STORY 3: Dove hunting this year? Make sure you have completed a hunter education course Got your eye on the perfect dove field this season? Before you grab your gear, make sure you’ve checked off one thing: hunter education. The Georgia DNR’s Wildlife Resources Division makes it easy with online and in-person options. Online courses (10 options, one in Spanish) range from free to $49.95, while in-person classes are free. Born after Jan. 1, 1961? You’ll need this. Details at GeorgiaWildlife.com. We have opportunities for sponsors to get great engagement on these shows. Call 770.799.6810 for more info. We’ll be right back. Break: Ingles 7 STORY 4: Cobb District Attorney’s Office launches Victim Advocates Academy Last month, District Attorney Sonya Allen’s office kicked off its first-ever Victim Advocates’ Academy—a five-session program aimed at giving advocates the tools, knowledge, and trauma-informed practices they need to better support crime victims. The next session? Thursday, Sept. 4, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. at the Cobb Public Safety Training Center in Austell. This one dives into post-conviction advocacy, including the Pardon & Parole process, with statewide resources shared by the Office of Victim Services. STORY 5: UPDATE: Fire destroys east Cobb restaurant An overnight fire gutted Chin Chin Chinese Restaurant, a beloved east Cobb spot that had been part of the community for 30 years. Owner Jasmine Chen, heartbroken, said the flames consumed everything. “I locked up around 10:15 p.m.,” Chen said. “By morning, it was gone.” A friend, who didn’t want to be named, said the fire likely started in the kitchen around 12:30 a.m. and spread fast. Chen, who’s owned the restaurant for 15 years, said, “Everyone knows Chin Chin. East Cobb has been so good to us.” Now, she waits for the insurance investigation. Break: STORY 6: Waterfowl Hunters: Early Teal and Goose season opportunities Duck, duck…goose season’s almost here, y’all! Georgia hunters, it’s time to gear up for early teal and Canada goose season. Mark your calendars: goose season runs Sept. 6-28, 2025 (daily limit: five), and teal season is Sept. 13-21, 2025 (daily limit: six). Looking for a spot? Check out WMAs open for small game, or hit lakes like Juliette and Clarks Hill. Don’t forget your licenses and stamps—grab ’em at GoOutdoorsGeorgia.com. STORY 7: $3.3M roundabout project proposed at Powder Springs intersection Powder Springs and GDOT want your thoughts on a $3.3 million roundabout project at Austell-Powder Springs Road and Marietta Street. Right now, it’s just a traffic light and two lanes—but the plan? A four-exit roundabout, 6-foot sidewalks, and 10-foot bike paths connecting to the Silver Comet Trail. Why the change? Between 2020 and 2024, 69 crashes happened there—most right in the intersection. GDOT says the roundabout could cut injury crashes by 78%. Got opinions? Share them by Friday online, by mail, or email. Questions? Call the city or GDOT. Your voice could shape the final design—or stop it altogether. We’ll have closing comments after this. Break: INGLES 7 Signoff- Thanks again for hanging out with us on today’s Marietta Daily Journal Podcast. If you enjoy these shows, we encourage you to check out our other offerings, like the Cherokee Tribune Ledger Podcast, the Marietta Daily Journal, or the Community Podcast for Rockdale Newton and Morgan Counties. Read more about all our stories and get other great content at www.mdjonline.com Did you know over 50% of Americans listen to podcasts weekly? Giving you important news about our community and telling great stories are what we do. Make sure you join us for our next episode and be sure to share this podcast on social media with your friends and family. Add us to your Alexa Flash Briefing or your Google Home Briefing and be sure to like, follow, and subscribe wherever you get your podcasts. Produced by the BG Podcast Network Show Sponsors: www.ingles-markets.com #NewsPodcast #CurrentEvents #TopHeadlines #BreakingNews #PodcastDiscussion #PodcastNews #InDepthAnalysis #NewsAnalysis #PodcastTrending #WorldNews #LocalNews #GlobalNews #PodcastInsights #NewsBrief #PodcastUpdate #NewsRoundup #WeeklyNews #DailyNews #PodcastInterviews #HotTopics #PodcastOpinions #InvestigativeJournalism #BehindTheHeadlines #PodcastMedia #NewsStories #PodcastReports #JournalismMatters #PodcastPerspectives #NewsCommentary #PodcastListeners #NewsPodcastCommunity #NewsSource #PodcastCuration #WorldAffairs #PodcastUpdates #AudioNews #PodcastJournalism #EmergingStories #NewsFlash #PodcastConversations See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
本集節目由【初日診所】合作播出你還在為體重煩惱嗎？努力節食、增加運動量，體重卻一動也不動？這時候你需要的不是新的大號西裝，而是 #初日診所因為你的「代謝」可能出了問題！䧠威龍醫師不只專攻減重，自己也曾深受體重所苦陪伴你找到最適合的正確減重方式，量身打造專屬減重療程不挨餓也能健康瘦，找回理想體態初日診所・專業減重團隊
Over 100 networking calls, skipped meals, and 12-hour days from 10AM to 10PM… This is the brutal reality of investment banking recruiting — and how Daniel pushed through to land Ducera NYC.
Daily Halacha Podcast - Daily Halacha By Rabbi Eli J. Mansour
The Gemara in Masechet Menahot (43) cites a verse in the Book of Debarim (10:12) in which Moshe Rabbenu turns to Beneh Yisrael and says, "Ma Hashem Elokecha Sho'el Me'imach" – "What does Hashem your G-d ask of you?" Moshe proceeds to explain that Hashem asks that we fear Him and obey His commands. The Gemara, however, comments that the word "Ma" in this verse may be read as "Me'a" – one hundred. This means that we are required to recite 100 Berachot each day, and this is what Hashem wants from us. It seems from the Gemara that source of this obligation is the word "Ma," which is read as though it is written "Me'a." Some commentators, however, understood the Gemara's inference from this verse differently. The Shiboleh Ha'leket (Rav Sidkiya Ben Abraham Ha'rofeh, Italy, 13 th century) noted that this verse contains 100 letters, and thus the Sages found in this verse an allusion to the requirement of 100 daily blessings. In truth, this verse contains only 99 letters, but since the Gemara reads the word "Ma" as "Me'a," which contains an additional letter (an Alef), the total reaches 100. Others explain that this inference is based on the "Atbash" system, whereby a letter can be substituted with its corresponding letter at the opposite end of the alphabet (e.g. Alef is replaced by Tav; Bet is replaced by Shin, Gimmel is replaced by Resh, etc.). In the system of "Atbash," the letters that form the word "Ma" – Mem and Heh – become Yud and Sadi, which have the combined numerical value of 100, alluding to the 100 daily Berachot. Another allusion to this requirement is found in the verse in Tehillim (128:4), "Hineh Ki Chen Yeborach Gaber Yereh Hashem" ("Behold, this is how a G-d-fearing man shall be blessed"). The word "Ki" in Gematria equals 30, and the word "Chen" equals 70, for a total of 100, such that the phrase "Ki Chen Yeborach Gaber" may be read to mean that a man should recite 100 Berachot. As the Gemara inferred this requirement from a verse in the Torah, we might conclude that this constitutes a Biblical obligation, mandated by the Torah. This is, in fact, the view taken by the Ba'al Halachot Gedolot, in his listing of the 613 Misvot. Rav Shlomo Ibn Gabirol, in his "Azharot" poem which lists the 613 Biblical commands following the view of the Behag (and which we customarily chant on Shabuot), makes reference to this requirement ("U'mi'berachot Tasmid Me'at Ha'nigmarim"). By contrast, the Rambam maintained that this obligation was enacted later, by the Sages. The Sefer Ha'yere'im (Rav Eliezer of Metz, France, 1140-1237) similarly maintained that this requirement was instituted by the Ansheh Kenesset Ha'gedola ("Men of the Great Assembly") at the beginning of the Second Commonwealth. According to this view, the inference from the verse in Debarim is meant as an allusion to a law enacted by the Sages, and is not the actual source of this requirement. A third opinion is that of the Shiboleh Ha'leket and others, who maintained that this obligation was verbally transmitted as a "Halacha Le'Moshe Mi'Sinai" – a law taught to Moshe at Sinai, without having been written in the Torah. At first glance, we might question the view of the Behag and Shiboleh Ha'leket based on the Midrash's comment that it was King David who instituted the recitation of 100 Berachot each day. The Midrash relates that a devastating plague ravaged the nation during the reign of King David, killing 100 people every day. David determined that to end the plague, everyone must recite 100 daily blessings. (David later refers to himself as "Hukam Al" (Shemuel II 23:1), which could be read to mean, "the one who established 'Al,' as the word "Al" in Gematria equals 100, an allusion to the 100 Berachot which David instituted.) Seemingly, if this constitutes a Biblical obligation, or a requirement transmitted orally since the time of Moshe Rabbenu, then there would be no need for David to introduce this law. The answer, it would seem, is that the people were lax in their fulfillment of this obligation, and so David ordered the people to be more scrupulous in this regard and ensure to recite 100 blessings every day. A fascinating theory regarding the origins of this obligation was advanced by Rav Aharon Amarillo (1700-1772), in his work Peneh Aharon. He writes that Moshe Rabbenu instituted the requirement to recite 100 Berachot each day at the time of the construction of the Mishkan. The wooden planks that formed the structure of the Mishkan were inserted into "Adanim" – sockets embedded in the ground. In all, there were one hundred sockets, which together formed the base and foundation of the Mishkan. The word "Me'a," Rav Amarillo writes, is an acrostic representing the words "Me'at Adneh Ha'Mishkan" – "the one hundred sockets of the Mishkan." The 100 daily blessings were instituted to correspond to the 100 sockets of the Mishkan. The question naturally arises, what connection is there between the "Adanim" and Berachot? Why are the 100 daily blessings associated with the sockets that formed the base of the Mishkan? We can perhaps answer this question based a discussion by Rav Yosef Salant (Jerusalem, 1885-1981), in his Be'er Yosef, regarding the symbolism of the "Adanim." He writes that the Mishkan itself represents the Misvot that the Torah commands us to observe, and the sockets represent the foundation of it all, the pillar upon which the entire Torah rests. And that pillar, Rav Salant explains, is Emuna – faith in Hashem. Our faith in Hashem as the Creator who governs and controls everything is the foundation upon which all of Torah is based. If so, then we can perhaps understand the association between the "Adanim" and the Berachot that we recite. Numerous times each day, we are required to take a few moments and recite a Beracha, with Kavana (concentration), reminding ourselves of Hashem's involvement in the world and in our lives. Indeed, the word "Beracha" in Gematria equals 227 – the same Gematria as the word "Zecher" – "remembrance." The purpose of Berachot is to remind us of Hashem's existence and control over the world. And, in fact, the verse from which the Gemara derived this obligation tells us that what Hashem asks is "Le'yir'a Et Hashem Elokecha" – that we "fear" Hashem, meaning, that we live with an awareness of His unlimited power and His greatness. Accordingly, the 100 Berachot we recite each day are truly the ''foundation" of Torah life, as they serve to reinforce our Emuna. For good reason, then, the Berachot we recite are associated with the "Adanim," which comprised the foundation of the Mishkan and thus symbolize faith, the foundation of the entire Torah. A number of sources speak of the great reward which one earns through the proper fulfillment of this obligation – reciting 100 Berachot each day with concentration, and pronouncing each word correctly. (For example, one must ensure that the words "Baruch Ata" do not sound like "Baru Chata," and to recite "Melech Ha'olam," and not "Melecholam," skipping the syllable "Ha-.") The Ba'al Ha'Turim (Rabbenu Yaakob Ben Asher, 1270-1340) writes that those who fulfill this Misva are rewarded with long life. Commenting on the verse, "And you who cling to Hashem your G-d, you are all alive today" (Debarim 4:4), the Ba'al Ha'Turim observes the custom followed in some communities to add a crown in the Torah scroll above the letter Kof in the word "Ha'debekim" ("who are attached") in this verse. This crown, he explains, emphasizes that we attach ourselves to Hashem through the 100 blessings we recite each day – as the letter Kof in Gematria equals 100, and the reward for reciting these Berachot is "Haim Kulechem Hayom" – long life. The Seder Ha'yom (Rav Moshe Ben Machir, Safed, 16 th century) adds that when one recites a Beracha properly, the Beracha ascends to G-d in the heavens, and He takes the Beracha and embeds it into His "crown." Hashem's "crown," as it were, is made from the Berachot which we recite properly with Kavana. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Jerusalem, 1910-1995) would advise people experiencing hardship to devote themselves to the meticulous observance of this Misva, and try to recite 100 Berachot each day with proper attention and concentration. The verse from which the Gemara inferred this obligation begins with the letter Vav ("Ve'ata Yisrael") and ends with the letter Chaf ("Nafeshecha"), and these letters have the combined numerical value of 26 – the Gematria of the divine Name of "Havaya." The Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) thus writes that the fulfillment of this Misva saves a person from the dreadful punishments described in the section of the "Kelalot" ("curses") in Parashat Ki-Tabo, a section in which the Name "Havaya" appears 26 times. Moreover, this section contains 98 curses, and also includes a warning about "every ailment and every punishment which is not mentioned in this book" (Debarim 28:61) – adding another two curses, for a total of 100. We protect against these 100 curses through the recitation of 100 Berachot each day. Additionally, the Zohar Hadash teaches that we remain in exile because of our failure to properly observe this requirement to recite 100 Berachot each day. It emerges, then, that our commitment to properly fulfill this obligation helps end our long, bitter exile and bring our final redemption. The Arizal taught that the 100 daily Berachot allow us to harness the power of the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet – the letters that Hashem used to create the world. The 100 daily blessings are, according to Kabbalistic teaching, associated with the 22 letters, and we thus benefit from the spiritual force of these letters by properly reciting 100 Berachot every day. The Gemara in Masechet Menahot (43b) tells that Rabbi Hiyya went out of his way to purchase special foods for Shabbat and Yom Tob in order to ensure he would recite 100 Berachot. On Shabbat and Yom Tob, the Amida prayer contains far fewer blessings than the weekday Amida prayer, making it more challenging to reach a total of 100 Berachot. Rabbi Hiyya thus made a point of having additional foods on Shabbat and Yom Tob so he would have more Berachot to recite. The Hida, in his work Mahazik Beracha (290), noted the Gemara's implication that this practice marked a special measure of piety on Rabbi Hiyya's part. The Gemara appears to laud Rabbi Hiyya for his piety – indicating that this was not strictly required. The Hida thus suggests that reciting 100 Berachot each day does not constitute a strict Halachic obligation, but is rather a worthwhile practice to follow. The consensus view among the Poskim, however, is that this is indeed a strict obligation. The Petah Ha'debir (Rav Haim Binyamin Pontremoli, Turkey, d. 1872) explains that Rabbi Hiyya was praised for fulfilling the Misva at the highest standard – going out of his way to buy special delicacies, rather than buying simpler foods. But ensuring to recite 100 blessings is a strict requirement, and not just a measure of piety. Hacham Ovadia Yosef adds that there are ways to reach a total of 100 Berachot without actually reciting Berachot, but Rabbi Hiyya chose not to rely on these leniencies, and instead went out to buy food so he could recite 100 blessings on Shabbat and Yom Tob. Indeed, the Shulhan Aruch explicitly rules that one is required to recite 100 Berachot each day. The Poskim indicate that 100 Berachot is a minimum amount, and not an exact amount. Hacham Ovadia notes that from the explanation mentioned earlier associating the 100 daily Berachot with the 100 sockets beneath the Mishkan, one might conclude that we must recite precisely 100 Berachot, and no more, but this is not the Halacha. One must recite at least 100 Berachot, but certainly may recite more. The Rambam, in Hilchot Tefila, brings a custom that some observed to count the Berachot that one recites over the course of the day. This was the practice of Hacham Ovadia Yosef on Shabbat, when it is more difficult to reach a total of 100 blessings, as he wanted to ensure to fulfill this obligation. It is told that the Brisker Rav (Rav Yitzchak Zev Soloveitchik, 1886-1959) would count the Berachot he recited every day, following this custom mentioned by the Rambam.
Routine vaginal examinations (VEs) are a standard component of intrapartum care, traditionally performed at regular intervals to monitor cervical dilation, effacement, and fetal station, which are indicators of labor progression. Yet, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists states that there is insufficient evidence to recommend a specific frequency for cervical examinations during labor, and examinations should be performed as clinically indicated. Now, a recently published RCT form AJOG MFM is adding additional credence to that. Can we space out clinical exams in otherwise “low-risk” laboring women to 8 hours? Listen in for details. 1. AJOG MFM: (08/18/25) Routine Vaginal Examination Scheduled At 8 vs 4 Hours In Multiparous Women In Early Spontaneous Labour: A Randomised Controlled Trial https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S25899333250016122. Nashreen CM, Hamdan M, Hong J, et al.Routine Vaginal Examination to Assess Labor Progress at 8 Compared to 4 h After Early Amniotomy Following Foley Balloon Ripening in the Labor Induction of Nulliparas: A Randomized Trial. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2024;103(12):2475-2484. doi:10.1111/aogs.14975.3. First and Second Stage Labor Management: ACOG Clinical Practice Guideline No. 8. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2024;143(1):144-162. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000005447.4. Moncrieff G, Gyte GM, Dahlen HG, et al. Routine Vaginal Examinations Compared to Other Methods for Assessing Progress of Labour to Improve Outcomes for Women and Babies at Term. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022;3:CD010088. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010088.pub3.5. Gluck, O., et al. (2020). The correlation between the number of vaginal examinations during active labor and febrile morbidity, a retrospective cohort study. [BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth]6. Pan, WL., Chen, LL. & Gau, ML. Accuracy of non-invasive methods for assessing the progress of labor in the first stage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 22, 608 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04938-y
A silent danger lurks within the descending thoracic aorta. While most Type B aortic dissections are managed medically, up to half of these patients will either require life-saving surgery or die within just five years. So how do we separate those who will quietly recover from those on the edge of catastrophe? How do we protect the spinal cord, bowel, and limbs from the devastating consequences of malperfusion? Join the University of Michigan Department of Vascular Surgery as they tackle the high-stakes decisions behind managing this unpredictable disease—where timing is critical, interventions are evolving, and lives hang in the balance. Hosted by the University of Michigan Department of Vascular Surgery: · Robert Beaulieu, Program Director · Frank Davis, Assistant Professor of Surgery · Luciano Delbono, PGY-5 House Officer · Andrew Huang, PGY-4 House Officer · Carolyn Judge, PGY-2 House Officer Learning Objectives: 1. Discuss general approach to diagnosis and management of TBAD. 2. Identifying high-risk features in uncomplicated TBAD and understanding their role in determining the need for surgical management. 3. Review endovascular techniques for managing malperfusion of the limbs, viscera, and spinal cord and discuss associated decision making. References: Authors/Task Force Members, Czerny, M., Grabenwöger, M., Berger, T., Aboyans, V., Della Corte, A., Chen, E. P., Desai, N. D., Dumfarth, J., Elefteriades, J. A., Etz, C. D., Kim, K. M., Kreibich, M., Lescan, M., Di Marco, L., Martens, A., Mestres, C. A., Milojevic, M., Nienaber, C. A., … Hughes, G. C. (2024). EACTS/STS Guidelines for Diagnosing and Treating Acute and Chronic Syndromes of the Aortic Organ. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 118(1), 5–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2024.01.021 de Kort, J. F., Hasami, N. A., Been, M., Grassi, V., Lomazzi, C., Heijmen, R. H., Hazenberg, C. E. V. B., van Herwaarden, J. A., & Trimarchi, S. (2025). Trends and Updates in the Management and Outcomes of Acute Uncomplicated Type B Aortic Dissection. Annals of Vascular Surgery, S0890-5096(25)00004-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2024.12.060 Eidt, J. F., & Vasquez, J. (2023). Changing Management of Type B Aortic Dissections. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, 19(2), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcvj.1171 Lombardi, J. V., Hughes, G. C., Appoo, J. J., Bavaria, J. E., Beck, A. W., Cambria, R. P., Charlton-Ouw, K., Eslami, M. H., Kim, K. M., Leshnower, B. G., Maldonado, T., Reece, T. B., & Wang, G. J. (2020). Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) reporting standards for type B aortic dissections. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 71(3), 723–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2019.11.013 MacGillivray, T. E., Gleason, T. G., Patel, H. J., Aldea, G. S., Bavaria, J. E., Beaver, T. M., Chen, E. P., Czerny, M., Estrera, A. L., Firestone, S., Fischbein, M. P., Hughes, G. C., Hui, D. S., Kissoon, K., Lawton, J. S., Pacini, D., Reece, T. B., Roselli, E. E., & Stulak, J. (2022). The Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American Association for Thoracic Surgery Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Type B Aortic Dissection. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 113(4), 1073–1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.11.002 Papatheodorou, N., Tsilimparis, N., Peterss, S., Khangholi, D., Konstantinou, N., Pichlmaier, M., & Stana, J. (2025). Pre-Emptive Endovascular Repair for Uncomplicated Type B Dissection—Is This an Option? Annals of Vascular Surgery, S0890-5096(25)00007-X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2025.01.003 Trimarchi, S., Gleason, T. G., Brinster, D. R., Bismuth, J., Bossone, E., Sundt, T. M., Montgomery, D. G., Pai, C.-W., Bissacco, D., de Beaufort, H. W. L., Bavaria, J. E., Mussa, F., Bekeredjian, R., Schermerhorn, M., Pacini, D., Myrmel, T., Ouzounian, M., Korach, A., Chen, E. P., … Patel, H. J. (2023). Editor's Choice - Trends in Management and Outcomes of Type B Aortic Dissection: A Report From the International Registry of Aortic Dissection. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery: The Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery, 66(6), 775–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2023.05.015 Writing Committee Members, Isselbacher, E. M., Preventza, O., Hamilton Black Iii, J., Augoustides, J. G., Beck, A. W., Bolen, M. A., Braverman, A. C., Bray, B. E., Brown-Zimmerman, M. M., Chen, E. P., Collins, T. J., DeAnda, A., Fanola, C. L., Girardi, L. N., Hicks, C. W., Hui, D. S., Jones, W. S., Kalahasti, V., … Woo, Y. J. (2022). 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 80(24), e223–e393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.004 Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more. If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://app.behindtheknife.org/listen
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