River in West Africa
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What comes to mind when we think about the Sahara? Rippling sand dunes, sun-blasted expanses, camel drivers and their caravans perhaps. Or famine, climate change, civil war, desperate migrants stuck in a hostile environment. The Sahara stretches across 3.2 million square miles, hosting several million inhabitants and a corresponding variety of languages, cultures, and livelihoods. But beyond ready-made images of exoticism and squalor, we know surprisingly little about its history and the people who call it home. That’s not for a lack of trying. The Romans tried to cross the Sahara, going back as least as far as Cornelius Balbus (19 BC): Starting from Sabratha in Libya, Balbus led a force of 10,000 legionaries to conquer the Garamantes in the Fezzan region (modern Libya). He then sent a smaller group south across the Ahaggar Mountains, likely reaching the Niger River near modern Timbuktu in Mali, traveling over 1,000 miles inland. Ibn Battuta, the medieval explorer, experienced the wealth of West Africa’s vast gold mines long before the Portuguese made their way down the African coast. Today’s guest is Judith Scheele, author of “Shifting Sands: A Human History of the Sahara.” We see how the desert is not the empty wasteland of the romantic imagination but the vast and highly differentiated space in which Saharan peoples and, increasingly, new arrivals from other parts of Africa live, work, and move. It takes us from the ancient Roman Empire through the colonial era, whose future holds implications for us all.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
One of the most polluted places in the world is located at the heart of the Niger Delta where decades of oil exploitation have ravaged the native flora. Fringing the delta of the Niger River, local mangrove forests are essential to biodiversity and the survival of local communities. In Nigeria, scientists, activists and lawyers are joining forces to protect and restore this ecosystem. Judith Rueff and Moïse Gomis immersed themselves in the daily lives of these men and women who refuse to give in to the catastrophe. A production by Factstory, Arte G.E.I.E. and FRANCE 24.
In 1827, French explorer René Caillié set out to become the first European to reach the fabled city of Timbuktu - and return alive. In the first part of our story, we learn about the history of Timbuktu, the Niger River, and West Africa. We then look at the early years of Caillié's life - growing up in poverty without parents - and his first excursions to Africa beginning at age 16. And then, in 1824, the Société de Géographie in Paris would offer a 9,000 franc prize to the first European to reach Timbuktu - and return to tell about. And thus Caillié immersed himself in the culture and religion of the local people in order to strike out on his own - and win the grand prize. The Explorers Podcast is part of the Airwave Media Network: www.airwavemedia.com Interested in advertising on the Explorers Podcast? Email us at advertising@airwavemedia.com Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
White Waves - Finding Peace In Your Anxiety and Stressful Life
The Niger River is Africa's third largest river and is one of the great mysteries of Africa until the mid-nineteenth century. From its origins in Guinea less than 150 miles from the Atlantic, the river heads north into the Sahara desert. At Timbuktu, the legendary city of gold, the river turns east, then abruptly south back towards the Gulf of Guinea. The river splits into 23 real mouths in the coastal mangrove forests of Nigeria, and some of these are only navigable by canoe. The Niger Delta is one of the world's largest wetlands, covering more than 7,700 square miles, and houses Africa's largest mangrove forest. Listen to the gushing stream that never stop. Enjoy the sound and block the external noises outside. Allow yourself to have a good rest and wash away all the stress inside you. Remember to subscribe to my channel. Thank you.
Good afternoon, I'm _____ with today's episode of EZ News. **Tai-Ex opening ** The Tai-Ex opened down 9-points this morning from yesterday's close, at 16,610 on turnover of $2.5-billion N-T. **Work Halted at Taipei Construction Site After Tilting ** Work has been halted at a Taipei construction site, after nearby residential buildings began to tilt (傾斜), and one partially collapsed into the ground. The damage began last night, as Taipei city police and firefighters received reports of 5 to 6 apartment buildings adjacent to the construction site in Zhong-shan District, tilting to one side. Through the night and into this morning, nearly 200 households were evacuated as a precaution, affecting over 350 residents. There were also reports that the 1st floor of one of the buildings has already collapsed down into the ground, as other buildings showed cracks on the walls, bent metal window covers, and broken glass. Kee Tai Properties states that it will not shirk its responsibilities and will provide plans to aid affected residents. (NS) **ASEAN Touts Peace but Little Progress ** Indonesian President Joko Widodo called for establishing southeast Asia as a theatre of peace and inclusiveness (包容性) in his closing remarks at the ASEAN summit in Jakarta. But the bloc is widely seen to have failed in solving critical issues including tensions in the South China Sea and conflict in Myanmar. Patrick Fok reports. **Mali Islamic Insurgent Attacks Leave Dozens Dead ** Two attacks by Islamic insurgents in the restive north of Mali have killed 49 civilians and 15 government soldiers. The provisional death toll given by the country's military junta was read on state television. A passenger boat near the city of Timbuktu on the Niger River and a Malian military position in Bamba further downstream in the Gao region were targeted. The statement said the attacks have been claimed by Islamic extremist insurgent group JNIM, an umbrella coalition of armed groups aligned with (與…結盟) al-Qaida. **UN Report Gives Grim Picture of Gender Equality ** The United Nations says in a report that the U.N. goal of achieving gender equality by 2030 is impossible to achieve because of deeply rooted biases against women around the world in health, education, employment and the halls of power. UN Women and the U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs said in “The Gender Snapshot 2023” report launched Thursday that “active resistance to gender equality and chronic under-investment are key factors in slow progress and, in some cases, reversals (倒退) of gains already made.” It also pointed to “unequal access to sexual and reproductive health, unequal political representation, economic disparities and a lack of legal protection." The report assessing the progress for women in achieving the 17 U,N. goals for 2030 warned hat the continuing failure to make the achievement of gender equality a priority will put the achievement of all 17 goals “in peril.” That was the I.C.R.T. news, Check in again tomorrow for our simplified version of the news, uploaded every day in the afternoon. Enjoy the rest of your day, I'm _____.
President Muhammadu Buhari called for global support to develop the resources in the Niger Basin area – home to over 160 million people who depend on the river as a means of sustenance.The President believes the Niger River, commonly called Djoliba in Guinea and Mali, offers enormous development opportunities in the fields of agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, fish farming, hydropower, hydraulics and navigation.President Buhari commended technical and financial partners, including the African Development Bank, Global Environment Fund, and German Financial Cooperation, to identify with the authority's vision and projects.He urged them to continue to support efforts at developing the Niger Basin in the fight against pollution and the degradation of ecosystems to manage its resources sustainably and equitably.
*) Employee shoots, kills 8 at California rail yard An employee opened fire at a California rail yard, killing eight people before taking his own life, authorities have said. The shooting took place in two buildings that are part of a light rail facility for the Valley Transportation Authority. A man wounded in the attack was in critical condition at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, a spokesperson said. *) Mali’s transitional president resigns while in detention Mali's interim president and prime minister have both resigned two days after they were arrested by the military. President Bah Ndaw and Prime Minister Moctar Ouane were taken to a military base outside the capital after a Cabinet reshuffle. The intervention led by Colonel Assimi Goita has jeopardised Mali's transition back to democracy after a coup in August overthrew former President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita. *) Anti-election rallies in Syria as Assad seeks mandate Thousands have hit the streets of Syria's Idlib in a boisterous rally against Wednesday's presidential elections. Voting in Syrian regime-held areas of the war-torn country is set to give leader Bashar al Assad a fourth seven-year term and has been dismissed as a sham by Turkey, the Syrian opposition and Western countries. Crowds in Idlib chanted against Assad, reviving slogans used in the early days of the uprising against him. *) More than 150 feared dead in Nigeria boat accident More than 150 people are feared drowned in northwest Nigeria after an overloaded boat sank in the Niger River. The boat was travelling between central Niger state and Wara in northwest Kebbi state when it sank, National Inland Waterways Authority local manager Yusuf Birma told reporters. President Muhammadu Buhari said the accident was "devastating" and offered his condolences to families. And finally ... *) Amazon to buy MGM, studio behind James Bond and 'Shark Tank' Online shopping giant Amazon is buying MGM with the hopes of filling its video streaming service with more stuff to watch. Amazon is paying $8.45 billion for MGM, making it the company's second-largest acquisition after buying grocer Whole Foods for nearly $14 billion in 2017. The deal is the latest in the media industry that's aimed at boosting streaming services to compete against Netflix and Disney+.
African Myths of Origin, The Songhay Hunters of The Niger River: Musa Nyame and The Hira. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/phines-jackson-jr7/support
Hello, and welcome to Lechem Panim. It's so good to have you with us as we continue to embark on our journey together through the book of Acts. The Meaning of Life— Today's topic is on the meaning of life. Now that may seem a little too ambitious of a topic to cover in such a short radio segment. But actually for the Christian, the question of the meaning of life is not all that complicated. In fact, you can sum up the meaning of life in three very simple statements. 1) To know and receive God's love for you made available through Christ Jesus, 2) to allow that love to enable you to love Him with all of who you are through the Holy Spirit, and 3) to join with God in His work (which on earth is focused primarily on making disciples of all nations). Those three elements constitute the meaning of life. And note that God is foundational to all three of those. He's not just one of many categories. No, all the things we consider dear to us (friends, family, personal fulfillment, our sexuality, our future) all fit under and are rooted in one or more of those categories: Receiving God's love for us through Christ, loving Him wholeheartedly in return in the Holy Spirit, and joining His work (which on earth involves making disciples of all nations). Building On Each Other— But notice how each of these builds upon the other. You cannot have a heart broken for the world until you have a heart like Christ's. And you cannot have a heart like Christ's until you love Him with all of who you are. And you cannot love Him with all of who you are without first recognizing and receiving His own love for you. And so knowing God's love for you; that's the starting point. And that is where Peter begins here in his first sermon here in Acts chapter 2; he begins with the death of Jesus at the hands of the very people that he's preaching to. Christ died for them and (even though they killed Him) Peter promises a path of forgiveness which must have sounded unthinkable; that God would ever forgive us for killing His Son. But Peter promises that not only will God forgive, but will also pour out His Spirit on those who receive Christ. It says in… Acts 2:38-39 (ESV)— 38 And Peter said to them, “Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. 39 For the promise is for you and for your children and for all who are far off, everyone whom the Lord our God calls to himself.” Is Our Love Enfleshed?— And so the first step of salvation is receiving the love and forgiveness of God made available to us in Christ Jesus. That is the starting point of salvation. Because once we receive His love for us and the Holy Spirit enters into our lives, then the Holy Spirit can enable us to love God with all of who we are. And if we then love God with all of who we are, then out of that relationship with God will also come a love for others that will drive us to share the Good News of the Gospel of Jesus Christ with them, so that they too might experience the love of God and the transformation He can bring to their lives. But if there is no evangelistic drive in our hearts, then there is something wrong in one of those three areas, even if you might feel that deep down you really do care about the lost. Because a true love for God will always work itself out in loving and ministering to others. There cannot be an inward work without producing external fruit. That is why when Jesus washed the feet of the disciples, He met with such resistance from Peter. Was Peter too humble to have Jesus wash his feet? Is that why he said, “Lord, you will never wash my feet.”? Maybe. But what is more likely is that Peter recognized the power and the implications of what was happening to him. And Jesus points this out. He says… John 13:14-15 (ESV)— 14 If I then, your Lord and Teacher, have washed your feet, you also ought to wash one another's feet. 15 For I have given you an example, that you also should do just as I have done to you. Does Love Move Us Into Mission?— And so we see that our service, our love, and our mission of evangelism is the outflow of what Christ first did for us. It says in… 1 John 4:19 (ESV)— 19 We love because he first loved us. Compassion Enfleshed— We are called to make disciples of all nations because Christ first loved us enough to make us disciples of Him. We are to be shepherds of other peoples' souls because He first shepherd our souls. So the question is “have we (in our own lives) experienced God's transforming love in such a way so as to move us into joining with Him in making disciples of all nations? Are we moved? Is our love and compassion an active love and compassion?” Just as Jesus had to become enfleshed in order to become God's instrument of love in our lives, so also our love and compassion need to become enfleshed by what we actually say and do. Because it is in-so-far as our love is enfleshed and lived out that it really becomes real. Screwtape's Concentric Circles— Now Satan doesn't want our love to become real; He wants to keep it in the realm of our feelings; in our minds. C.S. Lewis stresses this so strongly in his book The Screwtape Letters. In it he describes a Christian as being a set of three circles; each inside the other. The innermost circle is our will (our actions), the next circle out being the intellect/mind, and then the outer circle as our imagination (or fantasy). Now what Satan's strategy is is not to eliminate our love and compassion, but merely to paralyze them. Lewis says that while there is always going to be kindness in a Christian's soul no matter what he does, he says that what Satan does is he tries to get us to move that kindness from our immediate neighbors whom we meet every day and to push our kindness out to groups of people in general (in a non-personal sense), and then eventually into the realm of fantasy. And Lewis is right on point here; and he masterfully points out that it is only in so far as the virtues in our life reach the will and are there embodied in habits that they actually become a threat to Satan. Loving Mankind But Not Liking Men— You know, someone once pointed out how [a philanthropist {(a person who seeks the welfare of others)} may give money and/or time to help humanity but then treat individual men and women like dirt, loving mankind but not liking {individual} men {or women}. Charles Dickens paints a picture of such a person in Mrs. Jellyby, one of his memorable characters in Bleak House. Mrs. Jellyby is working on starting a philanthropic project at "Borrioboola-Gha, on the left bank of the Niger {River}.” And this engages her attention to the extent that, in her first scene in the book, one of her children gets his head caught in a railing and another tumbles down the stairs — yet she never notices. Dickens says her eyes seem "to look a long way off. As if . . . they could see nothing nearer than Africa!" {Now there's nothing wrong with missions to Africa. That's not his point. His point was that} She loves the idea of serving mankind corporately, but she fails to serve even her own children individually.] Fantasy Love— Now I say all of this because many Christians (myself included); we love the idea of ministry and missions generally or corporately, but not individually; with our hands and our feet (which is what we see here in this early fellowship (koinonia) of the early Church. For many Christians today, it's all in the mind. But it needs to get to the hands and the feet. But it can't do that without first going through the heart. Until your heart is united with Christ, it will never be broken for the lost as His heart was broken for you. It is having the heart of Christ that moves us to reach a dying world. God Loved Us With His Will— God doesn't love you corporately or in a general sense. No, He loved (and still loves you) individually. Seeing you redeemed was more than a nice idea in His head. No, His love became enfleshed. He entered into our sickness; into our death; He washed our feet; He touched our wounds; and He even allowed Himself to be executed on our behalf in order to pay for our sins. God's love for us was enfleshed in the provision of Jesus for our sins! Isaiah 53:5 (ESV)— 5 But he was pierced for our transgressions; he was crushed for our iniquities; upon him was the chastisement that brought us peace, and with his wounds we are healed. Are We Desperate— And so the question is, what about our love. Is our love enfleshed in the lives of those around us? If it is Godly love, then it has to be. Are we desperate enough to see those around us find Christ? Are we willing enough to change our environment; to change our profession; to leave our worldly dreams behind in order to become instruments of salvation in another person's life? John 1:14 (ESV)— 14 And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth. Not Ritual, But Heart Change— It is so interesting how often, when I am talking with a person about their faith, when I ask about their relationship with Christ, how they will tell me how often they go to Church; or how they grew up in the Church; or when or where they were baptized. And you know, that bothers me because that is Pharisee talk; that is “Hey, I've got the temple; I've done the rituals; I am impervious to the judgment of God.” When It Becomes Real— Let me tell you, while all those things are important, they will not do you one whit of good if you have not allowed God to touch you in the realm of your heart. It is when He touches your heart that everything becomes real; when you come to realize His love for you. Because then that love moves you to love Him with all of who you are (with a united; whole; complete heart); and then finally that love for Him moves you to seek to join with Him in His work. It all starts with the heart. The question is, has the Gospel truly reached our hearts? Because when it does, living out the Great Commission becomes as natural as breathing; because we will not be able to contain the love we have found in Christ Jesus. The question is "Are we there yet? What circle does our love fall into? Has your inner circle been touched by the Holy Spirit? Change Me— I want to encourage you today, if you have not yet experienced the kind of transformation we've been talking about, ask for the Holy Spirit to apply (or to apply anew) the death and resurrection of Christ to your life. Tell the Holy Spirit that you (now, in this moment) want to give full control of your life to Him. Ask Him to make you altogether new. If you receive that work of grace in your life today, every corner of your life will be forever changed and there will be no telling the lives that will be touched for the Kingdom of God. Please do so. Amen.
As every seasoned traveler knows, the most meaningful trips are the ones where everything goes wrong. Take, for example, climber and longtime Outside contributor Mark Jenkins’s recent quest to witness a total solar eclipse from the top of a 20,000-foot peak. A veteran of historic expeditions including an attempt on the North Face of Mount Everest, a first descent of the Niger River, and a bicycling odyssey across Siberia, Jenkins was in the mood for something different. So he recruited his old pal Large, and the two of them set off for a little-know summit in the Andes that was in the zone of totality. From the moment they landed in South America, their plans went comically sideways—again and again and again. Were they cursed, or was this the adventure they both really needed?
Aliko Dangote, Africa’s richest man, will begin oil production from two assets he snapped up from Royal Dutch Shell Plc in July. According to Bloomberg, the group executive director at Dangote Industries, Devakumar Edwin, says the group is working with Chinese and Malaysian contractors and has completed a development plan for the Kalaekule field on its Oil Mining Lease 72 asset. Edwin says work will then move to an undeveloped KI discovery on Block 71, a small shallow water asset in southeastern Niger River delta. He says the first phase of the project will refine about 20,000 barrels of oil daily with an expectation of expanding to 100,000 barrels a day for the two blocks in 12 to 15 months. Production from the fields will eventually feed the 650,000 barrel a day oil refinery. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/newscast-africa/support Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
This EP we discuss Orishas, who originated in Africa! We will be talking about this over several episodes this month. This week is all about Oya. Thank you Uadjyt for the suggestion! Twin Tarot is all about self-awareness, self-improvement and learning about how the universe is connected to you. Follow us Twin Tarot Discord
A lecture by Prof Shamil Jeppie (University of Cape Town) as part of the 'Out of the Ashes' lecture series. In the political crisis in northern Mali in late 2012 through to early 2013 Timbuktu was occupied by rebels who more-or-less ran the town for a number of months until French-led forces compelled their withdrawal. It was reported that during their last days the insurgents destroyed thousands of manuscripts from the town's main archive-library. This act of vandalism drew a huge outcry of revulsion and condemnation. However, the extent of the damage and destruction was exaggerated; or, at least, we are uncertain of the extent of the loss of manuscripts. Furthermore, a number of family collections with thousands of items in hundreds of metal crates had been moved unnoticed from the town to the capital, Bamako, some 800 km away. A large part of an historic town's archive had been relocated piece-meal over a number of weeks; sent by donkey-cart to river-boats on the Niger River and then by local taxis on the narrow national road under cover of night or other camouflage. The crisis and the apparently secret transfer of the manuscripts have been sensationally covered in the media and recent journalistic works. But it led me to think of the longer-term history of the movement of books in the region (from at least the 1400s) which, after all is part of an ecological zone that has a long history of nomadism. It also led me to reflect on other examples of book destruction, other examples of the transplant of books under various types of stressful conditions; whether due to war or natural disasters. The events and narratives around Timbuktu were thus a useful way to begin to think of a not unfamiliar case of mobility in relation to books and archives, although it appears it is or has seldom provided an opportunity for reflection. This brings to mind March Bloch's words to the effect that “for the historian there is nothing like a good catastrophe” The Out of the Ashes lecture series is generously supported by Sean and Sarah Reynolds.
The spread of Islamic scholarship in subsaharan Africa, focusing on intellectuals of the Songhay empire around the Niger River in the 15th-17th centuries.
Ch 2 Inauspicious Global Health Ventures... Dr Mungo Park was a Romantic surgeon from Scotland, passionate to explore the Niger River, the one that flows past the fabled city of Timbuctu. Dr Joseph Ritchie was a Romantic surgeon from England, who wanted to explore the same river, approaching it from the north - that is, across the Sahara Desert. In the process, both lost - or perhaps ignored - their first calling: to care for those who were ill, to at least bring them comfort if they could not cure them. In those days, there was very little romantic about the surgery of the day: it had separated itself from barbers only one generation earlier. But exploring was very romantic - and so was dying young. Both died young without ever finding out where the Niger River went, and without contributing anything to the global health of their day. These were early global health ventures, inauspicious beginnings to the profession. Lord have mercy. Send me your reactions at raymondvdowning@gmail.com. Visit my website at https://globalhealth757.wordpress.com/
Richard Parrish’s distinctive Mapping and Tapestry series were inspired by his early life on a farm in Eastern Idaho and growing up in the American Intermountain West. The artist’s dreams of big skies, endless prairie, and a single butte with little else on the horizon continue to inform his kilnformed glass. About a third of Parrish’s practice focuses on teaching and traveling around the world. The rest takes place in his Fusio Studio in Bozeman, Montana, where he makes three kinds of work including commissions and a series of decorative wall pieces entitled Tapestry. His less decorative series dubbed Mapping is comprised of large hanging wall panels with bas relief surfaces suggesting landscapes, topographical, and aerial views. The surfaces with their earthier feel encourage viewers to relate to them as paintings rather than glass. Parrish holds a Master of Architecture degree from the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, and a Bachelor of Architecture degree from the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho. He taught architecture and design at The University of Michigan and Montana State University but currently teaches classes in kilnformed glass throughout the world, focusing on the visual elements of design, color theory, and inspiration. The artist will teach four classes in Australia in March 2018. At his Montana studio, Parrish plans an expanded version of his Color Theory for Kilnformed Glass class in the summer of 2018 and a special class in September structured around the idea of Place and its potential for artistic inspiration, complete with visit to Yellowstone National Park. Initially featured in a solo exhibition Aerial Perspectives of the American Landscape held at the Rockwell Museum in Corning, New York, Parrish's work is now on view at the Bullseye Resource Center, in Emeryville, California. He is one of six artists participating in a group exhibition on Climate Change at Rockland Center for the Arts, Nyack, New York, titled "The Tipping Point," scheduled for April 15 - May 25, 2018. In May 2018, works by Steve Klein, Parrish and artists-in-residence will be on view at the Pilchuck exhibition space in a show titled "Dis- Dissonance and Discovery." Continuing his exploration of aerial views and the western landscape, Parrish will have a solo exhibition at Bullseye Projects, in Portland, Oregon, opening May 2 2018. In addition, he'll be working on a commission for an individual associated with the United Nations inspired by the Niger River in Mali.
Mungo Park returns to West Africa with a large expedition, determined to map the Niger River and find the city of Timbuktu Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices
Scottish explorer Mungo Park ventures into West Africa to find the Niger River and the legendary city of Timbuktu Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices
In this edition we're going back to school! From extreme teaching on the Niger River, to the fondest or most memorable educational moments of Global Voices contributors around the world. Plus: How Ethan Zuckerman learned to type so fast.
Alex Halsted is a fish. Specifically, the Gnathonemus Petersii is an Elephantnose fish native to the Niger River in West and Central Africa. The fish has very poor eyesight and emits a weak electrical field from electro receptors covering its body. These receptors allow the fish to send a sonar-like electric pulse similar to the bats use of echolocation. On 24 September 2009, David More, a sound artist who creates sound works by harnessing variations from the fishs electric field, and I, executed experiments using the frequencies created by the fish as white noise to record for Electronic Voice Phenomena (EVP) and additional energy provided by Heidi Harman using Reiki. The EVPs captured were not only very strong, but they seem to also refer to the fish, to David and also in some cases seem to refer to itself as the fish. Is it possible that disincarnate entities taping into available frequencies to communicate also pick up personality or other energies that define the identity of the being its taping into? Included in this adaptation is a previously unreleased composition created using the frequencies of the fish as well as the EVPs captured and separately, the EVPs captured during those trials. Whatever the physics of the phenomena are from those experiments, one thing we are sure of: Alex Halsted is a fish. Cover photograph and treatment: Heidi Harman (2009)