Podcasts about vacuole

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.21.537797v1?rss=1 Authors: Alvarez-Guerra, I., Block, E., Broeskamp, F., Gabrijelcic, S., de Ory, A., Habernig, L., Andreasson, C., Levine, T., Höög, J. L., Büttner, S. Abstract: Lipid droplets (LDs) are fat storage organelles critical for energy and lipid metabolism. Upon nutrient exhaustion, cells consume LDs via gradual lipolysis or via lipophagy, the en bloc uptake of LDs into the vacuole. Here, we show that LDs dock to the vacuolar membrane via a contact site that is required for lipophagy in yeast. The LD-localized LDO proteins carry an intrinsically disordered region that associates with vacuolar Vac8 to form vCLIP, the vacuolar-LD contact site. Nutrient limitation drives vCLIP formation, and its inactivation blocks lipophagy. Vac8 is sufficient to recruit LDs to cellular membranes. We establish a functional link between lipophagy and microautophagy of the nucleus, both requiring Vac8 to form respective contact sites upon metabolic stress. In sum, we unravel the molecular architecture of vCLIP, a contact site required for lipophagy, and find that Vac8 provides a platform for multiple and competing contact sites associated with autophagy. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.17.537276v1?rss=1 Authors: Anand, A., Mazur, A.-C., Rosell-Arevalo, P., Franzkoch, R., Breitsprecher, L., Listian, S. A., Hüttel, S. V., Müller, D., Schäfer, D. G., Vormittag, S., Hilbi, H., Maniak, M., Gutierrez, M., Barisch, C. Abstract: Several intracellular pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, damage endomembranes to access the cytosol and subvert innate immune responses. The host counteracts endomembrane damage by recruiting repair machineries that retain the pathogen inside the vacuole. Here, we show that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi protein oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) and its Dictyostelium discoideum homologue OSBP8 are recruited to the Mycobacterium-containing vacuole (MCV) after ESX-1-dependent membrane damage. Lack of OSBP8 causes a hyperaccumulation of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) on the MCV and decreased cell viability. OSBP8-depleted cells had reduced lysosomal and degradative capabilities of their vacuoles that favoured mycobacterial growth. In agreement with a function of OSBP8 in membrane repair, human macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis recruited OSBP in an ESX-1 dependent manner. These findings identified an ER-dependent repair mechanism for restoring MCVs in which OSBP8 functions to equilibrate PI4P levels on damaged membranes. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.15.528749v1?rss=1 Authors: Maxson, M. E., Huynh, K., Grinstein, S. Abstract: While it has been known for decades that luminal acidification is required for normal traffic along the endocytic pathway, the precise underlying mechanism(s) remain unknown. We found that dissipation of the endomembrane pH gradient resulted in acute formation of large Rab5- or Rab7-positive vacuoles. Vacuole formation was associated with and required hyperactivation of the Rabs, which was attributable to impaired GTPase activity, despite normal recruitment of cognate GAPs. Surprisingly, LRRK2 -a kinase linked to Parkinsons disease-was recruited to endomembranes and markedly activated upon dissipation of luminal acidification. LRRK2 phosphorylated Rab GTPases, rendering them insensitive to deactivation. Importantly, genetic deletion of LRRK2 prevented the {Delta}pH-induced vacuolation, implying that the kinase is required to modulate vesicular traffic. We propose that by dictating the state of activation of LRRK2 and in turn that of Rab GTPases, the development of a progressive luminal acidification serves as a timing device to control endocytic maturation. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.23.525218v1?rss=1 Authors: Chen, C., Qin, Y., Xu, Y., Chen, L., Wang, L., Liu, D. Abstract: In patients with diabetic microvascular complications, reduced vessel perfusion or vascular occlusion is a common characteristic which will cause the insufficient blood supply. However, identification of novel regulators involved in microvascular lumenization defects is hindered by the lacking of a model for imaging the blood vessels at high resolution in vivo. Taking advantage of the transparency of zebrafish, we observed the reduction of vascular diameter and compromised perfusion in high glucose treated embryos. RNA sequencing and whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis indicated that two aquaporins (aqp1a.1 and aqp8a.1) were significant down-regulated, which was further confirmed by endothelial specific Q-PCR. It was also shown that the two aqps were spatio-temporally enriched in the endothelial cells (ECs) of vascular system. Zebrafish with loss of aqp1a.1 or aqp8a.1 displayed lumenization defects in intersegmental vessels, recapitulating the phenotype in hyperglycemic zebrafish model. While overexpressing the aquaporins in zebrafish promoted the enlargement of the vascular diameter. Moreover, the defective vasculature induced by high-glucose treatment could be rescued by aqp1a.1 upregulation. In addition, both aqp1a.1 and apq8a.1 were localized in the intracellular vacuoles in cultured ECs as well as in the ECs of sprouting ISVs, and loss of Aqps caused the reduction of those vacuoles, which was required for lumenization. Finally, we found that the expression of human AQP1 was downregulated in diabetic human retina samples and high-glucose treated human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. All these results suggest that EC-enriched aquaporins have a role in developmental and pathological blood vessel lumenization, and they might be potential targets for gene therapy to cure diabetes-related vascular lumenization defects. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.22.517223v1?rss=1 Authors: Calla, J., Mittal, N., LaMonte, G., Liffner, B., Godinez-Macias, K., Carolino, K., Walker, G. T., Zou, B. Y., Paytas, E., Guerra, L., Tong-Rios, C., Campo, B., Vinetz, J. M., Gamboa, D., Raffatellu, M., Absalon, S., Winzeler, E. Abstract: Changes in host cell morphology and transcription after apicomplexan parasite infection have long been noted, but there have been few studies of the functional consequences of host cell remodeling. Here we show, using time-dependent immunofluorescence microscopy of multiple human cell lines (HFF, HepG2, HC-04, Huh7.5.1 and primary human hepatocytes), infected with multiple Plasmodium species (Plasmodium berghei, P. falciparum and P. vivax (hypnozoites and schizonts)), and antibodies to multiple human proteins (HsNR4A3, HsMUC13, HsGOLGA8A, HsCGA, HsBiP, HsCXCL2), that human protein trafficking is extensively modified in Plasmodium infected cells. Using conventional as well as ultrastructure expansion immunofluorescence microscopy we show that newly-synthesized human proteins are trafficked to the parasitophorous vacuole instead of the infected-cell plasma membrane, nucleus or extracellular space. Universal redirection of human signaling proteins cells the parasitophorous vacuole may provide a mechanistic explanation for how apicomplexan parasites can block host cells response to infection. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Vacuoles are an essential part of our endomembrane system. They deal with a variety of tasks like storage and getting rid of toxic waste! In this episode, we will explore the vacuole's structure and function. If you have any questions, feel free to send them to https://anchor.fm/christopher-jang/message or https://2255christopher.wixsite.com/biotime/questions

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The TWiP professors solve the case of the Ugandan Child with Splenomegaly, and reveal that mutations in the P. falciparum genome that confer artemisinin resistance interfere with endocytic uptake of hemoglobin. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Links for this episode PWB social media: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter Endocytosis pathway mediates artemisinin resistance in malaria parasites (Science) Letters read on TWiP 180 Become a patron of TWiP. Case Study for TWiP 180 Uganda with a twist. Meets two people with watery diarrhea, 12 episodes/day, loss of appetite. No fever, no blood in stool. Living for months at staff guest house. One week prior to onset went on weekend trip to area with waterfalls. Were served outdoor meal: meat, salad, fruit. Recommends empiric treatment trimethoprim/sulfamethoxzole for 7 days. Prompt resolution of diarrhea. A few days later, upon drinking coffee with milk gets severe cramps. 20s, long term female volunteers.  Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to twip@microbe.tv Music by Ronald Jenkees

Get your first audiobook and two Audible Originals for free when you try Audible for 30 days visit https://www.audible.com/minuteearth or text “minuteearth” to 500-500! Bamboo is the world’s fastest growing plant thanks to the cell elongation process it shares with all grasses and its unique cell wall layering adaptation, allowing it to shoot up to 100 ft (30m) in just 8 weeks. Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Rhizome: a continuously growing horizontal underground stem which puts out lateral shoots and roots at intervals Vacuole: an organelle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid, whose main purpose in plants is to maintain pressure against the cell wall Microfibrils: fiber-like strands consisting of glycoproteins and cellulose that make up the cell wall structure Auxin: a plant hormone which causes the elongation of cells in shoots and is involved in regulating plant growth ___________________________________________ If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Fastest growing plant record - https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-growing-plant Grass: An Introduction - https://lizzieharper.co.uk/2018/06/grass-an-introduction/ Bamboo Shoot Timelapse - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77Pgqf0rTbY _________________________________________ Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/ Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________ Credits (and Twitter handles): Video Narrator, Script Writer, and Co-Director: Julián Gustavo Gómez (@ittakesii) Script Editor: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) Video Illustrator and Co-Director: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Peter Reich, Sarah Berman, Arcadi Garcia Rius Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder ___________________________________________ References: Velasquez, Silvia Melina, et al. "Auxin and cellular elongation." Plant Physiology 170.3 (2016): 1206-1215. Nonami, Hiroshi. "Plant water relations and control of cell elongation at low water potentials." Journal of Plant Research 111.3 (1998): 373-382. Wei, Qiang, et al. "Cellular and molecular characterizations of a slow-growth variant provide insights into the fast growth of bamboo." Tree physiology 38.4 (2018): 641-654. Li, Long, et al. "The association of hormone signalling genes, transcription and changes in shoot anatomy during moso bamboo growth." Plant biotechnology journal 16.1 (2018): 72-85. Gritsch, Cristina Sanchis, Gunnar Kleist, and Richard J. Murphy. "Developmental changes in cell wall structure of phloem fibres of the bamboo Dendrocalamus asper." Annals of Botany 94.4 (2004): 497-505. Gamuyao, Rico, et al. "Hormone distribution and transcriptome profiles in bamboo shoots provide insights on bamboo stem emergence and growth." Plant and Cell Physiology 58.4 (2017): 702-716. Wysocki, William P., et al. "Evolution of the bamboos (Bambusoideae; Poaceae): a full plastome phylogenomic analysis." BMC evolutionary biology 15.1 (2015): 50. Cosgrove, Daniel J. "Catalysts of plant cell wall loosening." F1000Research 5 (2016). Lodish, Harvey, et al. "Molecular cell biology 4th edition." National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bookshelf (2000). Perrot-Rechenmann, Catherine. "Cellular responses to auxin: division versus expansion." Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology 2.5 (2010): a001446. Gritsch, Cristina Sanchis, and Richard J. Murphy. "Ultrastructure of fibre and parenchyma cell walls during early stages of culm development in Dendrocalamus asper." Annals of botany 95.4 (2005): 619-629. Lybeer, Bieke, et al. "Lignification and cell wall thickening in nodes of Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens and Phyllostachys nigra." Annals of botany 97.4 (2006): 529-539. Tsuyama, Taku, et al. "Lignification in developing culms of bamboo Sinobambusa tootsik." Journal of Wood Science 63.6 (2017): 551-559. Gibert, Anaïs, et al. "On the link between functional traits and growth rate: meta‐analysis shows effects change with plant size, as predicted." Journal of Ecology 104.5 (2016): 1488-1503.

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Daniel and Vincent solve the case of the Woman With Anal Area Discomfort, and discuss the multiple functions of a clathrin adapter protein in formation of rhoptry and microneme secretory organelles of Toxoplasma gondii. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Daniel Griffin Become a patron of TWiP. Links for this episode: Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education SciComm Issue (link) TWiP 19: Enterobius vermicularis, the pinworm Multiple roles of Toxoplasma gondii clathrin adaptor AP1 protein (PLoS Path) Image credit Letters read on TWiP 133 Case Study for TWiP 133 Seen while working in remote mountain makeshift mobile clinic in Dominican Republic, on Haitian border. Traveled 3 h by pickup truck, remote mountain town, womens centers. Set up makeshift mobile clinic in this center. Mother concerned about 6 yo girl, failure to thrive compared with sister, protuberant belly, frequent abdominal discomfort, going on over 1 year. No surgeries, no meds, first time ever seeing medical person. Mother and sister are family. Three children in family. Father does timber work. Very impoverished region, living in dirt floor home, drinking untreated water from local stream, go to bathroom outside, could be contamination. Diet: carbohydrate, plantains, rice, beans. On exam: lungs clear, heart fine, belly protuberant, liver and spleen not enlarged, some edema. Mother said noticed long motile worm in girls feces. Firm belly, not painful to her. Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to twip@microbe.tv Music by Ronald Jenkees

"Emanations" Commentary.   What happens when we die? Is it simply "lights out"? Do we commune with our ancestors in some kind of afterlife? Or are we sucked into a subspace vacuole, swept away to decompose into a web of biopolymer residue on some backwater asteroid in a distant planetary ring system? In this episode of To The Journey, join hosts Zachary Fruhling, Kay Shaw, and Suzanne Williamson for a commentary on the first-season Voyager episode "Emanations." Join an away mission to the afterlife with Zachary, Kay, Suzanne, and Ensign Kim. But don't forget your biopolymer silk T-shirt for your debut in that big Lady Gaga concert in the sky!   Chapters  Intro (00:00:00)  Commentary (00:03:00)  Final Thoughts (00:48:16)  Closing (00:51:19)   Hosts  Zachary Fruhling, Kay Shaw, Suzanne Williamson   Production  Kay Shaw (Editor) Suzanne Williamson (Producer) Zachary Fruhling (Producer) C. Bryan Jones (Executive Producer) Matthew Rushing (Executive Producer) Kenneth Tripp (Executive Producer) Bruce Lish (Associate Producer) Joo Kim (Associate Producer) Norman Lao (Associate Producer) Richard Marquez (Production Manager) Brandon-Shea Mutala (Patreon Manager)

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin The TWiP trio solve the case of the bug bites all in a row, and talk about a secreted Toxoplasma protein that is central to the parasite's manipulation of host cells.   Subscribe to TWiP (free) in iTunes, Google Play Music, by the RSS feed or by email Links for this episode: Pigeon mites feed on humans at night (EPA) Secreted Toxoplasma protein (mBio) Image credit Letters read on TWiP 111 This episode is sponsored by CuriosityStream, a subscription streaming service that offers over 1,400 documentaries and non­fiction series from the world's best filmmakers. Get unlimited access starting at just $2.99 a month, and for our audience, the first two months are completely free if you sign up at curiositystream.com/microbe and use the promo code MICROBE. Case Study for TWiP 111 82 yo woman living in Washington Heights NYC 10 days of watery diarrhea, not smelly, does not float. Wakes her up at night. No fever, sweats at night. Losing some weight, appetite. No recent travel. Born in DR early 1930s, moved to US age 30. Sometimes goes back but not for several years. Springtime. Lives with extended family, only one sick. Eats whole assortment of cooked foods, rice, beans, fresh fruits. Drinks tap water. Not working. No pets. Stays mostly inside. History of reflux, high blood pressure, cognitive decline, diagnosed with temporal giant cell arteritis. Put on prednisone, doing better. Has had gall bladder removed. HIV negative. Extended family works in city, no taxi drivers. Belly uncomfortable for >week. Temp 38.1, BP 116/78, HR 105, breathing 12/min. Exam: looks ill, has diffusely tender abdomen, decreased bowel sounds. Liver, spleen not enlarged. Oriented. Has rash on abdomen: odd patchy distribution, looks like multiple thumbprints, front of belly, extending from umbilicus. White count 8, 78 polys, 14 lymphs, 4 mono, 1 eosinophil. Sodium 129, BUN 15, Creat 0.6. Urine histoplasma negative, TB test negative. Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to twip@microbe.tv

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Dickson Despommier Vincent and Dickson discuss Toxoplasma biology with Stanford University Professor John Boothroyd. Links for this episode: T. gondii and free range animals Kiss and spit: Toxoplasma rhoptries (Nat Rev Micro) Toxoplasma cell invasion (Curr Opin Micro) Loading of IRG onto parasitophorous vacuole (Cell Micro) Toxoplasma gondii on TWiP #12 Contact Send your questions and comments (email or mp3 file) to twip@twiv.tv. Subscribe (free) Subscribe to TWiP (free) in iTunes, at the Zune Marketplace, by the RSS feed or by email