Podcasts about African Revolution

Depois do primeiro episódio em que ouvimos falar sobre livros portugueses que contribuíram para o processo revolucionário do 25 de Abril, vamos agora focar a nossa atenção na literatura anticolonial, cujos contornos são mais internacionais, mas mais difíceis de definir. A lista de livros a discutir começa pelas obras do jornalista Basil Davidson da década de 1950, do antropólogo norte-americano Marvin Harris, Portugal's African "Wards" - A First-Hand Report on Labor and Education in Moçambique (1958) e de James Duffy, Portuguese Africa (1959). A esta configuração anglo-americana pertencem, igualmente: o livro do jornalista português António de Figueiredo, que terá sido ajudado, tanto por Harris como por Davidson, na publicação do seu livro intitulado Portugal and its Empire: the Truth (1961); bem como o de Perry Anderson, Portugal and the End of Ultra-Colonialism (1962). Do lado francês, a revista Présence Africaine acolheu nacionalistas angolanos nas suas lutas pela independência, como foi o caso de Mário Pinto de Andrade e do escritor Castro Soromenho. O Padre Robert Davezies, conhecido por ter denunciado as atrocidades da Guerra da Argélia, emprestou a sua voz à causa de Angola, num primeiro livro Les Angolais (1965), a que se seguiu La Guerre d'Angola (1968). São também lembrados os textos de dois combatentes pela libertação da Guiné e de Moçambique: é o caso de Amilcar Cabral, que escreveu a introdução à obra de Basil Davidson, The Liberation of Guiné: Aspects of an African Revolution (1969), bem como de Eduardo Mondlane, The Struggle for Mozambique (1969). Nesta sequência, é ainda considerada a intervenção do Padre Hastings na denúncia do massacre de Wiriamu, ocorrido em 1972. São ainda referidas obras mais dispersas e até de certa forma híbridas, como é o caso de ‘Negritude e humanismo’, um opúsculo publicado pela Casa dos Estudantes do Império em 1964, de Alfredo Margarido. O escritor e investigador construiu uma articulação rara entre produção literária e investigação histórica e antropológica. Esta última tinha, aliás, raízes na criatividade dos surrealistas, representados na passagem de Cruzeiro Seixas por Angola, iniciada na década de 1950. Paralelamente, a tradução portuguesa de Os condenados da terra de Frantz Fanon, com prefácio de Jean-Paul Sartre, aponta para um outro facto editorial conseguido na contra-corrente da censura, em meados da década de 1960. O debate é moderado por Isabel Castro Henriques e conta com a participação de Aurora Santos, Bernardo Cruz, José Augusto Pereira, Manuela Ribeiro Sanches, Nuno Domingos e Víctor Barros. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Listen to the Thurs. Jan. 30, 2025 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our PANW report with dispatches on the military helicopter crash into an American Airline commercial flight resulting in the deaths of 67 people; the rounding up of migrants in the United States is continuing; and the war in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is prompted massive instability and dislocation. In the second and third hours we continue our Malcolm X centenary marking the his life of contributions to the struggle for African Liberation and Unity.

Listen to the Wed. Jan. 22, 2025 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire.

Listen to the Sun. Jan. 19, 2025 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire.

Listen to the Sat. Jan. 18, 2025 edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. In this program we review events in West Asia amid a pending ceasefire in Gaza. Later we continue our 96th birthday historical review of the life, times and contributions of Civil Rights and Peace activist Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. We look back on interviews and events from 1959 and 1963.

Listen to Thurs. Jan. 16, 2025 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our regular PANW report with some of the most pressing and burning issues of the day. In the second hour we look into recent developments in West Asia. Finally, we pay tribute to the 96th birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Listen to the Wed. Jan. 15, 2025 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our PANW report with dispatches on the ceasefire deal to end the fighting in Gaza; the Zimbabwe government has sent a high-ranking minister to attend the inauguration of the newly-elected President Daniel Chapo of Mozambique; and there has been a sharp rise in educational performance in South Africa. In the second hour we look in detail at the recently-announced ceasefire agreement for Gaza. Finally, we honor the 96th birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. through an address from nearly six decades ago.

Listen to the Sat. Jan. 4, 2025 edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. 

Listen to the Wed. Jan. 1, 2025 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our PANW report with dispatches on the recent vehicular, shooting and bombing attacks in New Orleans and Las Vegas; the new administration in Senegal and government in Ivory Coast have called for the withdrawal of foreign military forces; Kenya President William Ruto has acknowledged the disappearance of activists in the East African state; and over one million doses of cholera vaccines have reached the Republic of South Sudan. In the second and third hours we review events in West Asia from Palestine and Lebanon to other areas.

Listen to the Tues. Dec. 31, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our PANW report with dispatches on some of the most pressing and burning issues of the day. In the second and third hours we review events in West Asia with special focuses on Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Yemen and Iran. 

Listen to the Sun. Dec. 29, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire.

Listen to the Sat. Dec. 28, 2024 edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our regular PANW report with dispatches on the preparations being made in Ethiopia for the upcoming African Union (AU) Summit in Feb.; Kenya President William Ruto has spoken about the activists who are being disappeared in the country since youth demonstrations during the year; Chad opposition groupings are vowing to disrupt the local and regional elections being held inside the country; and there are many being blamed for the stampede deaths in the Federal Republic of Nigeria in the last several weeks. In the second hour we listen to an analysis of the situation in West Asia. Finally, we continue the James Baldwin centenary through an address delivered on the artist's quest for integrity. 

Listen to the Fri. Dec. 27, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our PANW report with dispatches on the upcoming legislative elections in Chad; two opposition groupings in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) have combined to criticize President Felix Tshisekedi; Mozambique is continuing its plans for the LNG production facilities in the north of the country; and the recently-elected Senegalese President Faye has called for the removal of all foreign military bases in this West African state. In the second and third hours we review the geopolitical situation in West Asia covering events in Palestine, Lebanon, Syira, Yemen and Iran. 

Listen to the Thurs. Dec. 26, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire.

Listen to the Wed. Dec. 25, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our regular PANW report with dispatches on the character of national diversity and deforestation in Zimbabwe; the Archbishop of Kinshasha in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has harshly criticized the government; two journalists have been killed in recent clashes in Haiti; and more post-elections unrest has erupted in Mozambique in the aftermath of the declaration of FRELIMO as being the winners by the Constitutional Council. In the second hour we review a rare interview with Pan-Africanist and Marxist theorist C.L.R. James. Finally, we look back on the life, times and contributions of archivist Arturo Schomburg.

Listen to the Tues. Dec. 24, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This program features our regular PANW report with dispatches on the political and security situation in West Asia. In the second and third hours we listen to analyses from experts on international affairs as they recap events of the previous months and year. 

Listen to the Mon. Dec. 23, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. The episode features our PANW report with dispatches on the appointment of a new government in France; Africa's debt burden is rapidly increasing; the University of Johannesburg has been ranked as one of the top higher education institutions on the continent; and the Alliance of Sahel States (AES) has rejected a timeline advanced by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for its departure from the regional body. In the second hour we review recent developments in West Asia. Finally, we look back on a discussion between Malcolm X and James Baldwin during the early 1960s.

Listen to the Sat. Dec. 21, 2024 edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our regular PANW report with dispatches on clashes between Syrian civilians and Israeli occupation forces in the Golan Heights; the Marburg virus outbreak in Rwanda has been declared over by the World Health Organization (WHO) Africa division; Mpox is continuing to spread in various Central and East African states; and the South African Communist Party (SACP) has congratulated the South-West Africa Peoples's Organization (SWAPO) for its victory in the recently held elections in the Republic of Namibia where the country chose its first woman president. In the second and third hours we look back on the 60th anniversary of the visit of Ernesto Che Guevara to the United States in Dec. 1964. Finally, we review the U.S.-backed failed Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba during April 1961.

Listen to the Sun. Dec. 22, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. The program features our PANW report with dispatches escalating military operations between Yemen and the United States; South Africa was the scene of an annual campaign against gender-based violence; Somalia has taken the helm in the East African security apparatus; and Chad has ordered French troops to exit the country. In the second hour we continue to look back on the historic Massey Lectures of 1967 featuring Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Finally, we reexamine the longest student-led strike in U.S. history at San Francisco State College during 1968-69.

Listen to the Fri. Dec. 20, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. The program features our regular PANW report with dispatches on the beginning of the withdrawal of French troops from the nation of Chad; the French colony of Mayotte off the coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean has been devastated by a cyclone; French President Emmanuel Macron has been met with demonstrations during his visit to Mayotte; and Tanzania has welcomed an agreement with Somalia for greater cooperation between the two East African states. In the second and third hours we look at the upcoming federal holiday in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. which will be celebrated in another month. We look back on the historic Massey Lectures of 1967 as well as the Selma campaign of 1965. 

Listen to the Sat. Nov. 30, 2024 edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. The program features our PANW report with dispatches on the situations in Africa and Asia. In the second hour we look back on pioneering journalist Alice Duning. Finally, we rexamine the life, times and contributions of archivist Arturo Schomburg. 

Listen to the Fri. Nov. 29, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features segments on the history of resistance on the part of Native Americans and African Americans from the Black Seminole wars of the 19th to the American Indian Movement of the latter decades of the 20th century.

Listen to the Thurs. Nov. 28, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-Arican News Wire. This episode features detailed reports and analyses on the situation in West Asia. 

Listen to the Tues. Nov. 26, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our PANW report with dispatches on the situation in Gaza and the ceasefire talks on Lebanon; the imperialist-backed aggression in Lebanon is aimed at enhancing the propaganda of the aggressors; Namibia may elect its first woman head-of-state for the SWAPO ruling party; and the war in Sudan continues despite mounting destabilization. In the second hour we look at the political situation within the Alliance of Sahel States (AES). Finally, we review events in Lebanon over the last few weeks.

Listen to the Sun. Nov. 24, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode includes our PANW report with dispatches on some of the most pressing and burning issues of the day. In the second hour we look back on the role of the independent media in the United States from the1950s to the 1970s. Finally, we review an investigative lecture on the 1961 plane crash which killed United Nations Secretary General Dag Hammerskjold in the then British colony of Northern Rhodesia, now Zambia.

Listen to the Sat. Nov. 23, 2024 edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features an extensive report on the current situations in West Asia including Palestine and Lebanon. 

Listen to the Sat. Nov. 16, 2024 edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This program features our PANW report with some of the most pressing and burning issues of the day. In the second hour we listen to an update on the situation in West Asia. Finally, we hear an interview with South African former Foreign Minister Dr. Naledi Pandor.

Listen to the Fri. Nov. 15, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire.

Listen to the Thurs. Nov. 14, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episdoe features our PANW report with dispatches on the recent address delivered by the Yemeni resistance leader Sayyed al-Houthi on the current situation in the region; Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela President Nicholas Maduro has led a demonstration in Caracas in solidarity with the people of Palestine and Lebanon; and fighting is continuing in the North Darfur region of the Republic of Sudan between the SAF and the RSF while a cholera epidemic is spreading inside the country. In the second and third hours we listen to an extensive report on developments in West Asia. 

Listen to the Wed. Nov. 13, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our regular PANW report with dispatches on some of the most pressing and burning issues of the day related to Africa and West Asia. In the second hour we review developments at the recently held BRICS Summit in Russia. Finally, we listen to an extensive interview with Dr. Naledi Pandor the former Republic of South Africa Foreign Minister.

Listen to the Tues. Nov. 12, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our PANW report with dispatches on the escalating war in Lebanon; the ruling party of Mauritius has loss its reelection bid to the opposition; human rights violations are being committed in the war in the Republic of Sudan;  and 17 Chadian soldiers have been killed in clashes with rebels. In the second hour we present an analysis of the situation in Lebanon. Finally, we look at the recent decision involving the Chagos Islands and the United States military penetration of the Indian Ocean basin off Africa's coast.

Listen to the Sat. Nov. 9, 2024 edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. The episode features our regular PANW report with dispatches on the United States and British bombing of Sanaa, the capital of Yemen; a summit of African and Russian ministers is taking place this weekend; there has been a rash of racist text messages sent to African Americans after Trump was declared winner of the presidential elections; and Germany is hosting an exibition of African art. In the second hour we look in detail at the situation in Lebanon and other West Asian states. Finally, we review a briefing from the African National Congress of South Africa.

Listen to the Thurs. Nov. 7, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our PANW report with dispatches on the latest developments in West Asia and West Africa. In the second and third hours we look in detail at events in West Asia along with a preliminary analysis of the recent national elections in the United States.

Listen to the Tues. Nov. 5, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our PANW report with dispatches on some of the most pressing and burning issues of the day from Africa and other geopolitical regions of the world. In the second and third hours we look in details at events in West Asia including a United Nations report on human rights violations in Palestine.

Listen to the Sat. Nov. 2, 2024 edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. The program features our PANW report with many of the most pressing and burning issues of the day. In the second hour we look back on the 107th anniversary of the Balfour Declaration which created the crisis today in West Asia. We also review events in Yemen over the last several weeks.

Listen to the Fri. Nov. 1, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features some of the most pressing and burning issues of the day. In the second and third hours we review in detail recent developments in West Asia.

Listen to the Thurs. Oct. 24, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our PANW report with dispatches on some of the most pressing and burning issues of the day including the BRICS 16th Annual Summit. In the second and third hours we have a detailed update on the situation in West Asia.

Listen to the Sun. Oct. 20, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. The  episode features our PANW report with dispatches on some of the many pressing and burning issues of the day including events involving alternatives to information and analsysis on African and Asian affairs. Later we review recent developments within the African Union (AU) member-states. Finally, we provide detailed information on events in West Asia.

Listen to the Sat. Oct. 19, 2024 edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our regular PANW report with dispatches on the appointment of Dr. Jacqueline Kitulu as the upcoming President of the World Medical Association (WMA); mpox is continuing to pose a challenge to the African Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (ACDC); Kenyan police says that British and Turkish nationals have been kidnapped inside this East African state; and journalists in Kenya are facing massive layoffs. In the second and third hours we focus on the political and military situation in West Asia.

Listen to the Fri. Oct. 18, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episdoe features our PANW report with dispatches on the Yemeni Armed Forces claim that resistance in Palestine will continue; Lebanon has filed a complaint within the United Nations as the South African government condemned the actions of Tel Aviv; South Africa requested the relocation of an unofficial Taiwanese office to another area of the country; and Kenya has nominated the interior minister to take the place of the deputy president after his impeachment. In the second and third hours we examine in detail events in West Asia.

Listen to the Thurs. Oct. 17, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. The program features our regular PANW report with dispatches on some of the most pressing and burning issues of the day. In the second and third hours we review recent developments in West Asia.

Listen to the Tues. Oct. 9, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our regular PANW report with dispatches on the political and military  developments in West Asia from Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq to Yemen and Iran. In the second and third hours we commemorate Black Panther Party History Month. We will review an address delivered by Stokely Carmichael (also known as Kwame Ture) at Michigan State University during Feb. 1967. Finally, we hear excerpts from a speech given by the then Minister of Information of the BPP Eldridge Cleaver at the University of California at Los Angeles in early Oct. 1968.

Listen to the Tues. Oct. 8, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. The episode features our PANW report with dispatches from the latest developments in West Asia. In the second hour we listen to a news analysis of the situation in Lebanon. In the final hour we review events in Gaza.

Listen to the Sun. Oct. 6, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire.

Listen to the Sat. Oct. 5, 2024 edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our PANW report with dispatches on the threat of a military strike against Iran; Syrian President Bashar al-Assad meets with Iran foreign minister; South Carolina is set to execute another African American; and solar power is growing in Africa. In the second hour we look in detail at the situation in Lebanon. Finally, we review several speeches delivered at the United Nations General Assembly 79th Session by Eritrea, Niger, Burkina Faso and the Republic of Congo-Brazzaville. 

Listen to the Fri. Oct. 4, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. The program features our regular PANW report with dispatches on the ongoing fighting in Lebanon; the United States is behind the escalation of IDF aggression; Tunisia votes on Sunday for president; and Senegal turns towards traditional language. In the second hour we review more speeches from the United Nations General Assembly 79th Session from Russia, Cuba and Barbados. In the final hour we look in detail at the situation in Lebanon.

Listen to the Oct. 3, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features dispatches on the escalating war in Lebanon; Britain seeks again to liquidate the Chagos Islands question; the ILA has suspended their strike until early next year; and an African American man was executed by the State of Texas. In the second and third hours we review recent developments in West Asia.

Listen to the Tues. Oct. 1, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our PANW report with dispatches on the some of the most pressing and burning issues of the day. We review speeches from the United Nations General Assembly 79th Session held in New York City during late September. Also we will have updates on events in West Asia and other geo-political regions throughout the world.

Listen to the Thurs. Sept. 26. 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our regular PANW report with dispatches on some of the most pressing and burning issues of the day. In the second and third hours we continue our coverage of the United Nations General Assembly Session 79 being held in New York City as well as developments in West Asia.

Listen to the Wed. Sept. 25, 2024 special edition of the Pan-African Journal: Worldwide Radio Broadcast hosted by Abayomi Azikiwe, editor of the Pan-African News Wire. This episode features our PANW report with dispatches on the problems related to the lack of press freedom in Africa; African American inmate Marcellus Williams was executed by the State of Missouri; there has been an attempted coup in Burkina Faso; and the war in Lebanon is escalating. In the second hour we review speeches delivered at the United Nations General Assembly 79th Session featuring South Africa, Iran and Turkey. Finally, we look in detail at the war in Lebanon.