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Hello everyone and welcome back to the show! After a few weeks off, here we go with Episode Nineteen, which features Dr. Alex Krohn. Alex and I have been friends for a decade, and we have visited some exotic places, and had many an interesting conversation, so I am happy to have one more conversation to share with you! Alex is the assistant director of the Kenneth S. Norris Center for Natural History at the University of California, Santa Cruz. I took the photo of Alex, his wife Allie, and their dog Juniper at the south end of Snake Road a few days ago. It was great to hang out with the three of them while seeing some cool serpents on the road. Thanks for coming on the show, Alex, it was great to talk with you again! FUTURE SHOW NOTE: In the intro I asked everyone to send me interesting herp jargon! Get those pithy phrases and clever words to me via the show email below, and we'll get a future episode together from the results. And as always, please keep the comments and suggestions coming! The show email is somuchpingle@gmail.com, and there’s also a So Much Pingle group on Facebook, for discussion, comments, feedback, suggestions, herp confessions. nights at the museum, tips for herping better, etc. Stay tuned for more episodes! And don’t forget to herp better! -Mike
Episode Nineteen of the Punk Rock Classrooms Podcast! "Split Albums and Sharing the Stage" Bands in the punk scene would put out albums together where they would "split" the record. Each band would contribute a couple songs. Each band could count on the other to help get the record out there. Bands would often share the stage too. Mike and Josh remember $5 punk shows with 15 bands on the bill. Bands would share the stage and let the crowd hear so many different sounds all at one show. You could hear a ska band, a metal band, a grungy folk band, a dirt punk band, and a hardcore band all at one show. You were exposed to so many different types of music and it was awesome. As teachers we do not have to be the sole provider of information and knowledge in our classrooms. We can put out that "split album" with a teacher in another content area by creating that cross curricular lesson or inviting them in to help teach a skill that maybe we aren't a master in. We can also share the stage by bringing in community members, and other experts (even virtually) to help our students learn from a variety of people and resources. We can connect our students to real world applications for what they are learning easier than ever before. So get ready to share the stage! Twitter twitter.com/punkclassrooms twitter.com/educhefearnshaw twitter.com/JoshRBuckley Intro music - "Rooftops" by Alkaline Trio (originally by Hot Water Music) Outro music - "Radio" by Hot Water Music (originally by Alkaline Trio) Check out our PRC Playlist here for all of the rad tunes we use: bit.ly/PRCPlaylist
Episode Nineteen features June Edmonds, a west coast based abstract painter that was awarded the AWARE prize during the 2020 Armory show in NYC. AWARE, an acronym for Archives of Women Artists, Research and Exhibitions is a Paris based non profit that this year debuted an award for a Solo Exhibition of Work by a Woman Artist. June’s work was exhibited by the Luis De Jesus Los Angeles Gallery. She was recognized for a never seen before body of work, her new Flag paintings. Each flag is associated with the narrative of an African American, past or present, a current event, or a chapter from American history. Her application of color incorporates an intellectual perspective reflecting on systematic disenfranchisement, emotions, and power. June has participated in several residency programs, has received many grants from well-known organizations and her paintings are held in collections throughout the United States. It gives me pleasure to highlight AWARE, the gallery for having the courage to present a solo female artist at the Armory and most of allthe talented artist June Edmonds. https://juneedmonds.com/home.htmlhttps://awarewomenartists.com/en/?s=june+edmonds https://www.luisdejesus.com/artists/june-edmonds https://hyperallergic.com/263478/we-ask-some-art-world-luminaries-to-pick-the-best-worst-of-2015/ https://autre.love/interviewsmain/2019/6/27/a-conversation-with-june-edmonds-and-luis-de-jesus
It appears as though quarantine creates for odd conversation. This one runs the gamut of bizarre, but we somehow stay centered enough to discuss Episodes 12 - 15 of Season Two of The Clone Wars and HOLY HOT PISS we get Mandalorians and Darksaber! We also have plenty of Mandalorian Season Two news, so keep all action figures out of arm’s reach when you listen to this one. Turn up your headphones, dial back your sensibilities, and join the wretched hive of scum and villainy as we take the low road to resistance on Episode Nineteen of Force Insensitive!Send Email/Voicemail: mailto:forceinsensitive@gmail.comStart your own podcast: https://www.buzzsprout.com/?referrer_id=386Use our Amazon link: http://amzn.to/2CTdZzKFB Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/ForceInsensitive/Twitter: http://twitter.com/ForceNSensitiveFacebook: http://facebook.com/ForceInsensitiveInstagram: http://instagram.com/ForceInsensitive
Episode Nineteen of Fly On The Call is here with hype-person extraordinaire, Jamie Coletta! If you're a fan of this podcast, chances are you know of Jamie and her company No Earbuds. We discuss getting paid to be a fan of the bands you work wit, the non-conformity of No Earbuds, and, of course, wrap it up with some Office talk. You can have a little Earbuds, as a treat. Links: No Earbuds - Website | Twitter | Instagram Fly On The Call - Twitter | Instagram | flyonthecallpod@gmail.com Promoted by The Alternative - Website | Twitter | Patreon | Mixcloud Artwork by Mikaela Jane Palermo - Website | Twitter | Instagram Theme song by Kailynn West of Tiny Stills - Website | Twitter | Bandcamp
Episode Nineteen of When You Getting A Real Job? from husband and wife, Mark and Emily Paterson.One's an Actor, One isn't! One's got a real job, One hasn't!Discussions around the life of an actor and the constant justification that it is indeed a real job, to a wife who really couldn't care less!In this weeks episode we don't talk about Halloween because Emily hates it, as promised To Quiz or Not To Quiz is Girl Bands, we discuss the controversial actor with a normal job story from this week and more Strictly chat!****** Subscribe, Like, Share and leave a 5 star Review *****Twitter @gettingarealjobInstagram @gettingarealjobEmail whenyougettingarealjob@gmail.com
Today our guest star Juliette Wade talks in the coffee shop about World Building. She runs a regular online workshop on on the topic for all kinds of fiction - it used to be on Google Hangouts, but now has a YouTube channel. … Continue...Episode Nineteen – How to Build a World
Welcome to Episode Nineteen of Strange Pleasures Radio Lab. Your daily audio story podcast available through iTunes, Spotify and YouTube.Each day I will narrate a well known story in it's entirety. As a writer I will also include some narration of my own books that can be purchased through the Amazon Kindle Store, or through the Amazon Prime Kindle Unlimited subscription program.Today I will be narrating Part Three Of The Lair Of The White Worm by Bram StokerYOUTUBE: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8MoqBN8-vdAsaoYBZX32OA?viewas=subscriber?subconfirmation=1HOME WEBSITE https://strange-pleasures-radiolab.pinecast.co/SPOTIFY https://open.spotify.com/show/6x2VOcohjOKeJ8ZIJpvi8rAMAZON AUTHOR PAGE https://www.amazon.co.uk/Robert-Knight/e/B07WH3QCML/ref=dpbylinecontpopebooks_1ITUNES https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/strange-pleasures-radiolab/id1476208251STRANGE PLEASURES VIDEO LAB: gaming channel with new content daily https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0wqchZzHfwHTUdfnc5s6ggSupport Strange Pleasures Radiolab by donating to their Tip Jar: https://tips.pinecast.com/jar/strange-pleasures-radiolabFind out more at https://strange-pleasures-radiolab.pinecast.coThis podcast is powered by Pinecast.
Welcome to Episode Nineteen where we take you on a journey through the seven stages of grief - you're definitely gonna need a coffee and some HIGH spirits for this one (hang in there!). Georgia covers the terrifying Urban Legend that became frighteningly real, that of The Cropsey Maniac, and Samantha covers the deeply disturbing, brutal murder of Shanda Sharer. EMAIL US YOUR CREEPY STORIES: cacwcpodcast@outlook.com FOLLOW US: Instagram: www.instagram.com/cacwcpodcast Facebook: www.facebook.com/cacwcpodcast Twitter: www.twitter.com/cacwcpodcast *Crime & Conspiracies with Coffee would like to express that while we often share passionate views and our own conclusions, all views in this episode are our own and all points are alleged.*
It’s Episode Nineteen of Not for the Dinner Table!!: “Mythical Mystery Surpise” and we’re HOT FOR THE DINNER TABLE recording on the hottest day of the year so far. This episode we’re going on a mystery tour and discovering some new mythical creatures we’ve never heard of before. There is some NFTDT news this week. A little geographical correction from episode 18 and Dave still has no cult news but has a recommendation for Series 4 Episode 81 of That’s Weird Podcast. Check out everything about The Snape Wives… Dave is completed his 52km Ultra Challenge Walk to raise money for Cancer Research UK on Sunday the 30th. If you would like to sponsor him please go to www.justgiving.com/fundraising/david-wasley-wood your donation would be super amazing and thank you so much!! Every little helps! Soph’s mythical creature surprises include The Dobby a British House Fairy that loves to help humans. The Ebu-gogo from the island of Flores dwarfish people that lived in the bush. The Scorpion Man from Mesopotamian legend. The Shoopiltee a water horse spirit that tempts individuals into the sea and eat them and finally the Tripodero from lumberjack folklore. Dave is heading back to Japan with three strange Yokai. The Futakuchi-onna or the two mouthed woman. A strange cursed woman with two mouths. The Joroguma an ancient spider that gains magical powers and can shapeshift into a woman to catch young men as its prey and finally the Shirime. This one’s a weird one so listen to find out more. To finish off we have an impromptu Listeners Leftovers from Dave’s hairdresser. Get in touch with your listener stories, ideas for the conspiracy fondue or send a version of our Not for the Dinner Table News jingle by emailing notforthedinnertable@gmail.com Remember everyone is welcome at our dinner table, except… Follow us on Twitter @NFTDT Follow us on Instagram @notforthe_dinnertable Follow us on Facebook @ Not for the Dinner Table You can listen to our podcast on the Apple Podcast App, Soundcloud, Stitcher and Spotify or wherever you find podcasts. If you like the show, please leave a review wherever you have listened to this podcast. Welcome along to our dinner table where we have conversations that aren't suitable for the regular dinner table. We discuss ghosts, crypts, aliens and everything in between. We are not experts in our topics and this is not a deep dive podcast (all the time), but we are two people that enjoy discussing the stranger things in our world.
Episode Nineteen of Ms. Demeanor & Ms. Conduct. A bi-weekly, light hearted look at all things mysterious in Canada. Tales of murder, mystery, conspiracy, cults & much more. This week, the ladies come at you with their opinions on the new Zac Efron vehicle, Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Vile & Evil. Then it’s another episode of spooks and haunts and loose fingers? Take it easy with us as we regale you with a scary story or 6.
Hello, welcome to Episode Nineteen of the When In Yorkshire Podcast. My guests this week are Norther Irish Indie rockers Brand New Friends. Although I have only recently discovered this band, they have become one of my current favourites with catchy songs that have witty and often thoughtful lyrics - it also helps that they are some of the happiest people I have met! Check out http://brandnewfriend.co.uk/ for up to date information / videos, it will be time well spent.
This week, beautiful murals hide doorways to Purgatory, and it turns out that Hell sucks. We discuss Season Eight, Episode Nineteen, “Taxi Driver” We go over a summary of the episode, and also… Dorf joke. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NaRFbpY1SI I have to prepare myself. Pie adjacent. Fox is an anomaly. How seedy is your city? Kansas City to…Continue reading →
This week, join us for another Newbentary. This is Season Eight, Episode Nineteen, “Taxi Driver!” Grab a playable copy and listen for the countdown to follow along with the gang. Send us your feedback! www.facebook.com/groups/idjitcast You can also find a rough schedule of our recording dates here. Email: idjitcastpodcast@gmail.com Please Put the Episode Title in the Subject Line!
Episode Nineteen. From Rodeax, the company that bought you Tales from Wytch Haven and In The Frame: The Film Review Podcast, now brings you; The CLASSIFIED Transmissions. A short 24 episode series. The Cronos Star liner has become over run with a deadly being known as the krill. Follow one mechanic's mission as he tried to save himself and anyone else that hasn't been met with the slaughter the krill bring with them. Created by Dan Lee & Rodeo Whiter Voiced by Dan Lee & Rodeo Whiter Introducing Phill Boobyer Produced by Rodeax Ltd.
Our guest this week is the architect Rashid Ali. Rashid grew up in Hargeisa in Northern Somalia and then in Manchester in Northern England. He went on to study architecture at Greenwich University and Bartlett School of Architecture, as well as City Design at the LSE. He subsequently worked for Karakusevic Carson Architects – and then at … Continue reading "Rashid Ali – Episode Nineteen"
New year, same podcast! Russ and Jon are here with the first full length episode of Mad About Mad About You! Moms can be stressful- even if you're a dog! We're here to talk about it as we break down "The Last Scampi" (Season Two, Episode Nineteen). We also talk about Yoko Ono's musical, the price of kosher butchery, and the first MAMAY weekend getaway to Christyfest! Happy New Year, Reis-guys and Reis-gals! #50by50!
Episode Nineteen features guest Space Cowboy for his first time, with host Captain Death, for a long and historically well known creepypasta story "NoEnd House" of Space Cowboy's recommendation. The entire episode is NoEnd House. It's that long. And that good. ENJOY!NoEnd House(13:00)CHECK THE YOUTUBE for EPs! SUBSCRIBE @https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxoqIN-fkfdlmGEjWujypxwFeaturing wonderful ambient music from our fam in Sweden: CryoChamber, givin' us all the ooky-spooky tunage. Follow at: @cryo-chamberToday also features a short X-Files riff at the beginning and ending of the episode from our buddy Garrett out in Colorado, his soundcloud is full of good stuff, feel free to give him a follow too!Follow at: @peteyquillsThank you!"Are You Afraid of the Dark Theme Song," "Spooky Skeletons REMIX," and "You Reposted in the Wrong Neighborhood" are not my songs. Credit and All rights are reserved by the owners
Old enough to drink in Canada, but not the US...it’s EPISODE NINETEEN! This week, Kevin & Bonnie re-guess due dates for Baby Travelle, Matt Mikolas aka Slickhawk from 950 KJR joins S4S for some shameless banter, Bon is pissed with her Ex(again), Salamanderous Scoundrels, & Birthdays.
Episode NINETEEN of Red Moon Radio features Alex Studer of the bands Yo No Se, Factotum, and The Bad Joke That Ended Well, and Stolen Body Records, talking about his new band, musical obsessions, running a record label, and much more. Plus he programs A LOT of great music for us! Yo No Se – Malthouse Session (Live) – The Sleeper Awakes Factotum – Split with Black Fruit – Seasick Surfer The Bad Joke That Ended Well – Alta Loma – Rattlesnake Necklace Interview with ALEX STUDER GUEST DJ SET FROM ALEX – Los Dug Dugs – Smog – Hagamoslo Ahora GUEST DJ SET FROM ALEX – Captain Beefheart And His Magic Band – Doc At The Radar Station – Run Paint Run Run GUEST DJ SET FROM ALEX – Can – Soundtracks – She Brings The Rain GUEST DJ SET FROM ALEX – Beach Boys – Pet Sounds – Sloop John B GUEST DJ SET FROM ALEX – Black Sabbath – Paranoid – Fairies Wear Boots GUEST DJ SET FROM ALEX – Nirvana – With The Lights Out – Curmudgeon GUEST DJ SET FROM ALEX – Heaters – Holy Water Pool – Dune Ripper GUEST DJ SET FROM ALEX – Tom Waits – Blue Valentine – Christmas Card From A Hooker In Minneapolis GUEST DJ SET FROM ALEX – Taos Humm – Stolen Body Records presents Vegetarian Meat – RC GUEST DJ SET FROM ALEX – Edward Penfold – Caulkhead – If You Like GUEST DJ SET FROM ALEX – The Evil Usses – The Evil Usses – Tokyo Surf Accident GUEST DJ SET FROM ALEX – Yama Warashi – Moon Zero – No Face Check out STOLEN BODY RECORDS online, including links to all its artists, at https://stolenbodyrecords.co.uk/artists and downloads on Bandcamp at https://stolenbodyrecords.bandcamp.com/. You can also follow the label on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/stolenbodyrecords and Twitter at https://www.twitter.com/stolenbodyrecs. And get the latest news from Yo No Se on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/yonoseband and on Twitter at https://twitter.com/Yo_No_Se_band. If you enjoyed the show, please follow Red Moon Radio on Twitter, Facebook, and subscribe to the show through Stitcher, iTunes, or here, on PodOmatic! And don’t forget, you can also now find us on 50thirdand3rd.com!
Join comedians Rachel Fairburn and Kiri Pritchard - McLean as they explore a shared passion, serial killers. Each episode the pair will talk all things murder and macabre and have a right laugh doing it. Episode Nineteen and it's America's first serial killers (emphasis on the plural). This podcast features a story about Kiri disposing of a "body", butter knives and a hot air balloon.
Episode Nineteen. If you're lonely and forsaken, HoopleCast, featuring guest Stephanie Edd of EddCast, is available to milk you of your sorrows. (Then, afterward, complete this survey, maybe?) A gathering of worthies makes the camp's mayor feel excluded... Wolcott steps on Charlie's foot... Al is everyone's life coach and shares his affection for a particular difficult-to-pronounce tea... The hoopleheads enjoy a little erotic fiction from 1876. ... Also, Sue helps us say "bon voyage!" to an acclaimed artist. | Send feedback to hooplecast@gmail.com. Find our recording schedule, show notes, discussion threads, and more at hooplecast.com. | Recorded October 25, 2015. Released October 30, 2015. [Warning: Explicit Language.]
Episode 19: Kindle Unlimited Welcome back to Episode NINETEEN of the Writing and Publishing Erotica Podcast. I am H. K. Kiting and I am Dean Chills and we’re your hosts for the show. This is the podcast where we talk about writing and publishing in general, and include the occasional tidbit about erotica specifically. If ...read more
Multiple Sclerosis Discovery: The Podcast of the MS Discovery Forum
[intro music] Host – Dan Keller Hello, and welcome to Episode Nineteen of Multiple Sclerosis Discovery, the podcast of the MS Discovery Forum. I’m your host, Dan Keller. This week’s podcast features the second half of an interview with Dr. Samuel Ludwin. This time Dr. Ludwin and I discuss the implications of treating multiple sclerosis subtypes. But to begin, here is a brief summary of some of the latest developments on the MS Discovery Forum at msdiscovery.org. This week we reported some good news: a large case-controlled study showed that there is no causal link between vaccines and multiple sclerosis. However, the study came with the caveat that there is some increased risk for developing MS in younger patients who receive vaccines. This increased risk is likely due to the vaccines triggering a pre-existing asymptomatic condition, the researchers said. The study, which was published in the journal JAMA Neurology, was most concerned with the role that vaccines for hepatitis B and human papillomavirus play in the long-term risk for developing MS. We also reported on a new iPad app that will allow clinicians and MS patients to track their disease course. The app, called Bioscreen, is currently in beta-testing at the University of California, San Francisco. The developers, including Pierre-Antoine Gourraud who is on MSDF’s scientific advisory board, assert that Bioscreen has the potential to be a powerful tool for researchers, clinicians, and patients. At the core of the app is a dataset of around 600 patients who have been participating in a data collection survey for the past 10 years. Physicians can compare their patient’s disease course with other confirmed MS cases and use that information to influence their recommendations. The researchers also believe that patients’ ability to visualize their own disease in this way will improve adherence to medical recommendations and ultimately strengthen the bond between patient and physician. Every week we publish at least one “Research Roundup” where we curate stories from around the web related to multiple sclerosis. Recently we published roundups about advances in spinal cord injury treatment, the recipe for selling the perfect bogus drug, and the report of a rare brain infection in a patient taking dimethyl fumarate, trade name Tecfidera. To view Research Roundups, go to the “News Briefs” section of the “News and Future Directions” tab at msdiscovery.org. Look for the blue Research Roundup logo and stay up-to-date with all the latest MS news. [transition music] Now to the interview with Dr. Samuel Ludwin, a neuropathologist who is currently a visiting scientist at the Montreal Neurological Institute. Last week we aired an interview with Dr. Ludwin in which he discussed remyelination therapies. This week he speaks with MSDF about MS subtypes. Interviewer – Dan Keller Welcome, Dr. Ludwin. Let’s talk about some of the subgroups of multiple sclerosis, as has been proposed by Professor Hans Lassmann, and you wrote an editorial some time ago about it. First of all, can you tell me what subgroups he identified and what progress there has been made since then? Interviewee – Samuel Ludwin This is a very groundbreaking paper, very controversial, and over the years many people who have followed this particular pattern, others who’ve not been able to reproduce it and believe that the conclusions are not valid. However, what Claudia Lucchinetti and Hans Lassmann showed in a mammoth first-time examination of very acute lesions; they had access to a particularly unique group of specimens that are from both the Mayo Clinic and other areas, where very early lesions were examined. And in looking at this, they looked at patterns of tissue breakdown and the mechanisms of tissue breakdown, and essentially came up with four different categories. The two most important ones are very important to discuss because in the one, the features were very, very consistent with the kind of immune injury that one finds in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis where we know the damage has been caused by the injection of the antigen with a subsequent immune reaction to that antigen. And the other main group was one where there appeared to be a primary damage of some sort to the oligodendrocyte and then a subsequent immune reaction. Now this is important for a couple of reasons, and the first is that there is a big debate going on in the multiple sclerosis literature or research as to whether the disease starts from the outside peripheral activation of immune cells and then homes in on the brain because they are cross-antigens or cross-antibodies or cross-cells, or whether the process actually starts with damage to something in the brain which subsequently sets off the – and this is called the “inside-out” or “outside-in” controversy at the same time. What this might mean, according to the way they have done the study – which was a very good one – was they suggested that there might be multiple mechanisms towards the end result of damage to oligodendrocytes and myelin, and subsequently the physical appearance of multiple sclerosis lesions. Other people have challenged this and suggested that maybe it is a question of timing, and the mechanism is the same in all patients, but we’re looking at a different kind of progression and timing. And that controversy is still being discussed, as is the inside-out, outside-in phenomenon. But when you look at some of the things that might be causing these inside-out or their type 3 pattern where the primary damage could be in the oligodendrocyte, there are many reasons that the mechanism could be due to either stroke-like causes such as a lack of oxygen or blood flow that damages the oligodendrocyte, possibly certain infections that may target the oligodendrocyte. And we know that there are many mouse models where you can target oligodendrocytes with certain viruses. And those overlap very significantly with mechanisms of tissue damage in other diseases. So it is a very important paper because it has set people thinking about multiple mechanisms. The fallout from this is that, in fact, when you have different mechanisms of causing disease, there are potentially different ways of treating it. And if you have a primary immune-based phenomenon from the outside, antiinflammatories as are given on disease-modifying therapies are perhaps the way to go, whereas if you’ve got something that is damaging it from the inside and some other cause, we need to elucidate what that cause is and go straight for that particular cause. In addition, what we are trying to find out is whether we can predict what sort of pattern has caused the disease, either with imaging or with biomarkers, and be able to do this without biopsies and other things so that patients can be treated accordingly. It’s an advance on perhaps what we might call personalized medicine in multiple sclerosis. MSDF Are there imaging or clinical correlates of these different types of processes? You’re not going to do a biopsy on most people. Dr. Ludwin No, there isn’t. But in fact, there are some therapeutic differences. For instance, in the type 2 pattern, which is the autoimmune pattern or the outside-in pattern, these patients respond very well to plasmapheresis where one is removing the offending gammaglobulin. And patients with the type 3, which is the main oligodendrocyte-based pattern of the disease, they don’t respond to that well. And that’s perhaps the best clinical differentiation that we know at the moment that helps us. A lot of the data is not clear. They based a lot of the data on the fact that they felt that every patient had a uniform pattern in the lesions. Other people have questioned this and found that there might be a multitude of different kind of patterns in the same patient, and therefore it supported modifications of the same inherent cause. MSDF Does the efficacy of plasmapheresis correlate with the presence of oligoclonal bands in the CSF, or that’s not a correlation? Dr. Ludwin There doesn’t seem to be a correlation, leastwise I know. Certainly plasmapheresis where we know that there is antibody, such as in neuromyelitis optica is more effective as a treatment early for diseases where we know that there is circulating antibody, but patients will have oligoclonal banding, I think, in both patterns. MSDF You’d alluded to damage to the oligodendrocyte in one of these forms as the primary dysfunction or lesion. Does that imply that something is being exposed, an antigen that might be reacted to, or how is that leading to damage? Dr. Ludwin Absolutely, that if you get damage to a tissue, various proteins are being broken down and antigenic epitopes are being exposed, which then are transported back to the peripheral lymphoid tissue for reactions to take place. I mean, there are counter-arguments to this. One can ask why, with a lot of trauma injury, a lot of stroke injury which is far more common than MS, why you don’t get a secondary immune response to that, even though we know many people with the genetic makeup makes them susceptible to MS or exist in the normal population, and almost certainly some of them have strokes. So there are questions on both sides and arguments. And we know from other experiments that you can induce circulating antigens with tissue destruction of any cause, and potentially these are circulating to be able to produce reactive antibodies in the periphery. MSDF I think Lassmann showed that even in healthy people you can find CNS antigens in the cervical draining lymph nodes, which raises the same question you just brought up; why do some people have a reaction and some not? Dr. Ludwin Absolutely, and there are now all sorts of theories coming out of the genetics that there are multiple genes, each having a small effect, but in totality may be adding up to a genetic defect that will allow some of these circulating cells to suddenly start having an effect. MSDF Now it seems, in terms of thinking of personalized medicine, so much of it is empiric – what works works, and you try something else if it doesn’t. Is there a possibility of any harm from these treatments to people for whom it doesn’t work? Do you have to be very concerned about also first not do harm, especially considering you can’t tell the difference among these types from the start? Dr. Ludwin Yeah, I think that it’s too early to apply personalized medicine to patients in this particular area in the different types. If you’re looking at personalized medicine that, you know, we treat patients as individuals, or we should, because a lot of the therapy is based on empiric choice and anecdotal experience sometimes with the clinician, and there’s no absolute algorithm that everybody uses to treat a patient. So in that sense, we already do practice it. But you’re quite right, a lot of that is anecdotal or empirical rather than mechanistic. The do no harm is a very interesting point also, because you mustn’t forget that basically multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease, and very frequently we tend to look at inflammation as being something that’s bad. But the reason the body mounts an inflammatory infiltrate is usually to cure something or to clean up something that is attacking it from the outside. So in any kind of these interferences, we have to choose a very find balance between stopping an inflammatory infiltrate or reaction that may be doing a lot of good for the patient, while preventing it from its worst excesses. And here, empiricism comes in quite well at the moment; we know which of these drugs that we give are more likely to give side effects, we know more about side effects than we do about potential for not allowing growth. We will stop a particular cytokine or block a particular protein in its action, but I think we should always be aware that the protein, if it’s a normal one and not abnormal protein, may be there for a reason and the patients will do worse if they don’t have this mess cleaned up, so to speak. MSDF We’re also finding today that we’re almost living in a proinflammatory environment; it has repercussions in heart disease, dental disease, MS, fat is proinflammatory. So do all these things add to the risk in MS if there’s other inflammatory processes going on? Dr. Ludwin Well, it’s not only the inflammatory processes that’s going on, it’s the things that are causing them. As you’re right, we are now discovering that things like salt, fast foods, the changes in the microbiota all tend to make us more proinflammatory. And certainly in experimental animals and now some human studies, it has been shown that experimental immune disease is worsened by a high salt intake which leads to increased salt in the tissues, as well as being prevented by some of these diseases. If you change the gut microbiota in many of these diseases from normal commensals into something that may be pathogenic, you will set off inflammatory autoimmune disease. It’s been shown very beautifully in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, and the same thing is now being looked at very strongly in multiple sclerosis, so certainly a proinflammatory environment. On the other hand, it should be remembered that there’s certain kind of infections that produce a reaction that may very well be protective, and there’s some evidence that some of the parasites produce a factor and we believe it could be related to a particular type of protective T-cell that will then allow for patients to become resistant to multiple sclerosis. And there’s some very good data from South America that populations who’ve been exposed to parasites and have them are actually more resistant to multiple sclerosis, because the parasite has induced a protective antiinflammatory molecule in the cell as well. So it’s a very complex balance and we’re gradually discovering more and more about where this balance lies. MSDF Might the prevalence of parasites account, at least in part, for the geographic distribution of MS? Dr. Ludwin Well, parasites are just one part of it. There is a very strong feeling, and it comes back to also the gut microbiota – but it’s more than just gut microbiota; it’s environment microbiota – that this has a major role. And for many years, it wasn’t just parasites. People in the Third World had a much lower incidence of multiple sclerosis, and this could have been also from genetic reasons or from susceptibility. But it was not just for multiple sclerosis. All autoimmune disease was much lower in frequency in these populations, and the theory was that most of the people who grew up in developing countries were exposed to large numbers of bacteria and they developed robust immune systems, normal-functioning immune systems that could help them deal with it. And the theory is that in developed countries, the over-usage of antibiotics has aborted normal immune responses, and so in response to that autoantibodies are created and we are suffering the consequence of living too clean a life. And so I think if you look at that argument, it’s not just multiple sclerosis, it really has been mooted for the inflammatory bowel disease, juvenile diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and other immune diseases as well. MSDF Thank you, this has been very good. Dr. Ludwin Pleasure. [transition music] Thank you for listening to Episode Nineteen of Multiple Sclerosis Discovery. This podcast was produced by the MS Discovery Forum, MSDF, the premier source of independent news and information on MS research. MSDF’s executive editor is Robert Finn. Msdiscovery.org is part of the non-profit Accelerated Cure Project for Multiple Sclerosis. Robert McBurney is our President and CEO, and Hollie Schmidt is vice president of scientific operations. Msdiscovery.org aims to focus attention on what is known and not yet known about the causes of MS and related conditions, their pathological mechanisms, and potential ways to intervene. By communicating this information in a way that builds bridges among different disciplines, we hope to open new routes toward significant clinical advances. We’re interested in your opinions. Please join the discussion on one of our online forums or send comments, criticisms, and suggestions to editor@msdiscovery.org. [outro music]
Episode NINETEEN of the Soup Sessions Podcast with a guest mix from Jon Cockle.
Welcome to Episode Nineteen of The Epic Questions Podcast!! Today is Sunday, June 2nd, 2013. After going over some of my Epic Adventures from this week, I jump right into the Trolling the Forums segment where the World of Warcraft community answers the question, What is one area of the game, either lore, or game-play that you would like to see Blizzard spend more development time on? then I jump right into answering YOUR Epic Questions. This week I answer questions about how to levitate a frog, what makes goblins green, what features I miss and which ones I would like added to the game, Youtube Channels and Machinima makers, mounts, guild activities, the leveling grind, and much more! So, sit back, relax and enjoy the show!
Let's rock with number 19:Episode NineteenSome of the things discussed this week include: global meltdown; glamour models; sex; trousers; Sharia Law; and Indiana Jones' hat. This is the first Supplement ever recorded in the dark, which makes it as good as, if not better, than Formula One.
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