Podcasts about CSF

Fred Bird and Taylor Schmitz discuss the current legislative landscape surrounding federal public lands, focusing on the Senate's push to sell off significant portions of these lands. They explore the implications of such actions on local communities, the importance of scrutiny in the legislative process, and the need for collaboration between stakeholders to address the challenges posed by federal land management. The conversation emphasizes the complexity of the issue and the necessity for a balanced approach that considers both conservation and community needs. Fred then transitions to cover the rest of the news fit to print about the great outdoors this week, including the push for Sunday Hunting in Pennsylvania, the 75th anniversary of the Sport Fish Restoration Act, the Will Primos Invitational event, and legislative highlights from Mississippi, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Wyoming, emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices and community engagement in conservation efforts.   Takeaways CSF Opposes Push to Sell off Federal Lands: CSF remains opposed to moving land disposals and sales through the reconciliation process, which requires a simple majority vote in the U.S. Senate compared to the normal threshold of 60 votes.  The Will Primos Invitational: The Will Primos Invitational combines sporting traditions with conservation efforts. Learn more about this incredible event by listening in! Legislative Updates: Featuring updates including Mississippi's legislative session and the need for better conservation funding. Michigan and Wisconsin modernizing their conservation funding mechanisms. Wyoming addressing wildlife management and conservation priorities for 2026 and much more.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/   ALPHEUS RIGS TO REEFS ARENA TRAILER: https://vimeo.com/1093711323/1b722adfa4?ts=0&share=copy  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is characterized by symptoms and signs of unexplained elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) in an alert and awake patient. The condition has potentially devastating effects on vision, headache burden, increased cardiovascular disease risk, sleep disturbance, and depression.  In this episode, Teshamae Monteith, MD, FAAN speaks with Aileen A. Antonio, MD, FAAN, author of the article “Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension” in the Continuum® June 2025 Disorders of CSF Dynamics issue. Dr. Monteith is the associate editor of Continuum® Audio and an associate professor of clinical neurology at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in Miami, Florida. Dr. Antonio is an associate program director of the Hauenstein Neurosciences Residency Program at Trinity Health Grand Rapids and an assistant clinical professor at the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine in Lansang, Michigan. Additional Resources Read the article: Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Subscribe to Continuum®: shop.lww.com/Continuum Earn CME (available only to AAN members): continpub.com/AudioCME Continuum® Aloud (verbatim audio-book style recordings of articles available only to Continuum® subscribers): continpub.com/Aloud More about the American Academy of Neurology: aan.com Social Media facebook.com/continuumcme @ContinuumAAN Host: @headacheMD Guest: @aiee_antonio Full episode transcript available here Dr Jones: This is Dr Lyell Jones, Editor-in-Chief of Continuum. Thank you for listening to Continuum Audio. Be sure to visit the links in the episode notes for information about earning CME, subscribing to the journal, and exclusive access to interviews not featured on the podcast. Dr Monteith: Hi, this is Dr Teshamae Monteith. Today I'm interviewing Dr Aileen Antonio about her article on clinical features and diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension, which appears in the June 2025 Continuum issue on disorders of CSF dynamics.  Hi, how are you? Dr Antonio: Hi, good afternoon. Dr Monteith: Thank you for being on the podcast. Dr Antonio: Thank you for inviting me, and it's such an honor to write for the Continuum. Dr Monteith: So why don't you start off with introducing yourself? Dr Antonio: So as mentioned, I'm Aileen Antonio. I am a neuro-ophthalmologist, dually trained in both ophthalmology and neurology. I'm practicing in Grand Rapids, Michigan Trinity Health, and I'm also the associate program director for our neurology residency program. Dr Monteith: So, it sounds like the residents get a lot of neuro-ophthalmology by chance in your curriculum. Dr Antonio: For sure. They do get fed that a lot. Dr Monteith: So why don't you tell me what the objective of your article was? Dr Antonio: Yes. So idiopathic intracranial hypertension, or IIH, is a condition where there's increased intracranial pressure, but without an obvious cause. And with this article, we want our readers---and our listeners right now---to recognize that the typical symptoms and learning about the IIH diagnostic criteria are key to avoiding errors, overdiagnosis, or sometimes even misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis. Thus, we help make the most of our healthcare resources. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent disability from intractable headaches or even vision loss, and it's also important to know when to refer the patients to the appropriate specialists early on. Dr Monteith: So, it sounds like your central points are really getting that diagnosis early and managing the patients and knowing how to triage patients to reduce morbidity and complications. Is that correct? Dr Antonio: That is correct and very succinct, yes. Dr Monteith: And so, are there any more recent advances in the diagnosis of IIH? Dr Antonio: Yes. And one of the tools that we've been using is what we call the optical coherence tomography. A lot of people, neurologists, physicians, PCP, ER doctors; how many among those physicians are well-versed in doing an eye exam, looking at the optic disc? And this is a great tool because it is noninvasive, it is high resolution imaging technique that allows us to look at the optic nerve without even dilating the eye. And we can measure that retinal nerve fiber layer, or RNFL; and that helps us quantify the swelling that is visible or inherent in that optic nerve. And we can even follow that and monitor that over time. So, this gives us another way of looking at their vision and getting that insight as to how healthy is their vision still, along with the other formal visual tests that we do, including perimetry or visual field testing. And then all of these help in catching potentially early changes, early worsening, that may happen; and then we can intervene more easily. Dr Monteith: Great. So, it sounds like there's a lot of benefits to this newer technology for our patients. Dr Antonio: That is correct. Dr Monteith: So, I read in the article about the increased incidence of IIH, and I have to say that I completely agree with you because I'm seeing so much of it in my clinic, even as a headache specialist. And I had a talk with a colleague who said that the incidence of SIH and IIH are similar. And I was like, there's no way. Because I see, I can see several people with IIH just in one day. That's not uncommon. So, tell me what your thoughts are on the incidence, the rising incidence of IIH; and we understand that it's the condition associated with obesity, but it sounds like you have some other underlying drivers of this problem. Dr Antonio: Yes, that is correct. So, as you mentioned, IIH tends to affect women of childbearing age with obesity. And it's interesting because as you've seen that trend, we see more of these IIH cases recently, which seem to correlate with that rising rate of obesity. And the other thing, too, is that this trend can readily add to the burden of managing IIH, because not only are we dealing with the headaches or the potential loss of vision, but also it adds to the burden of healthcare costs because of the other potential comorbidities that may come with it, like cardiovascular risk factors, PCOS, and sleep apnea. Dr Monteith: So why don't we just talk about the diagnosis of IIH? Dr Antonio: IIH, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, is also called pseudotumor cerebri.  It's essentially a condition where a person experiences increased intracranial pressure, but without any obvious cause. And the tricky part is that the patients, they're usually fully awake and alert. So, there's no obvious tumor, brain tumor or injury that causes the increased ICP. It's really, really important to rule out other conditions that might cause these similar symptoms; again, like brain tumors or even the cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Many patients will have headaches or visual disturbances like transient visual obscurations---we call them TVOs---or double vision or diplopia. The diplopia is usually related to a sixth nerve palsy or an abducens palsy. Some may also experience some back pain or what we call pulsatile tinnitus, which is that pulse synchronous ringing in their ears. The biggest sign that we see in the clinic would be that papilledema; and papilledema is a term that we only use, specifically use, for those optic nerve edema changes that is only associated with increased intracranial pressure. So, performing of endoscopy and good eye exam is crucial in these patients. We usually use the modified Dandy criteria to diagnose IIH. And again, I cannot emphasize too much that it's really important to rule out other secondary causes to that increased intracranial pressure. So, after that thorough neurologic and eye evaluation with neuroimaging, we do a lumbar puncture to measure the opening pressure and to analyze the cerebrospinal fluid. Dr Monteith: One thing I learned from your article, really just kind of seeing all of the symptoms that you mentioned, the radicular pain, but also- and I think I've seen some papers on this, the cognitive dysfunction associated with IIH. So, it's a broader symptom complex I think than people realize. Dr Antonio: That is correct. Dr Monteith: So, you mentioned TVOs. Tell me, you know, if I was a patient, how would you try and elicit that from me? Dr Antonio: So, I would usually just ask the patient, while you're sitting down just watching TV---some of my patients are even driving as this happens---they would suddenly have these episodes of blacking out of vision, graying out of vision, vision loss, or blurred vision that would just happen, from seconds to less than a minute, usually. And they can happen in one eye or the other eye or both eyes, and even multiple times a day. I had a patient, it was happening 50 times a day for her. It's important to note that there is no pain associated with it most of the time. The other thing too is that it's different from the aura that patients with migraines would have, because those auras are usually scintillating and would have what we call the positive phenomena: the flashing lights, the iridescence, and even the fortification that they see in their vision. So definitely TVOs are not the migraine auras. Sometimes the TVOs can also be triggered by sudden changes in head positions or even a change in posture, like standing up quickly. The difference, though, between that and, like, the graying out of vision or the tunneling vision associated with orthostatic hypotension, is that the orthostatic hypotension would also have that feeling of lightheadedness and dizziness that would come with it. Dr Monteith: Great. So, if someone feels lightheaded, less likely to be a TVO if they're bending down and they have that grain of vision. Dr Antonio: That is correct. Dr Monteith: Definitely see patients like that in clinic. And if they have fluoride IIH, I'm like, I'll call it a TVO; if they don't, I'm like, it's probably more likely to be dizziness-related. And then we also have patient migraines that have blurriness that's nonspecific, not necessarily associated with aura. But I think in those patients, it's usually not seconds long, it's usually probably longer episodes of blurriness. Would you agree there, or…? Dr Antonio: I would agree there, and usually the visual aura would precede the headache that is very characteristic of their migraine, very stereotypical for their migraines. And then it would dissipate slowly over time as well. With TVOs, they're brisk and would not last, usually, more than a minute. Dr Monteith: So, why don't we talk about routine imaging? Obviously, ordering an MRI, and I read also getting an MRV is important. Dr Antonio: It is very important because, one: I would say IIH is also a diagnosis of exclusion. We need to make sure that the increased ICP is not because of a brain tumor or not because of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. So, it's important to get the MRI of the brain as well as the MRV of the head. Dr Monteith: Do you do that for all patients' MRV, and how often do you add on an orbital study? Dr Antonio: I usually do not add on an orbital study because it's not really going to change my management at that point. I really get that MRI of the brain. Now the MRV, for most of my patients, I would order it already just because the population that I see, I don't want to lose them. And sometimes it's that follow-up, and that is the difficult part; and it's an easy add on to the study that I'm going to order. Again, it depends with the patient population that you have as well, and of course the other symptoms that may come with it. Dr Monteith: So, why don't we talk a little bit about CSF reading and how these set values, because we get people that have readings of 250 millimeters of water quite frequently and very nonspecific, questionable IIH. And so, talk to me about the set value. Dr Antonio: Right. So, the modified Dandy criteria has shown that, again, we consider intracranial pressure to be elevated for adults if it's above 250 millimeters water; and then for kids if it's above 280 millimeters of water. Knowing that these are taken in the left lateral decubitus position, and assuming also that the patients were awake and not sedated during the measurement of the CSF pressure. The important thing to know about that is, sometimes when we get LPs under fluoroscopy or under sedation, then these can cause false elevation because of the hypercapnia that elevated carbon dioxide, and then the hypoventilation that happens when a patient is under sedation. Dr Monteith: You know, sometimes you see people with opening pressures a little bit higher than 25 and they're asymptomatic. Well, the problem with these opening pressure values is that they can vary somewhat even across the day. People around 25, you can be normal, have no symptoms, and have opening pressure around 25- or 250; and so, I'm just asking about your approach to the CSF values. Dr Antonio: So again, at the end of the day, what's important is putting everything together. It's the gestalt of how we look at the patient. I actually had an attending tell me that there is no patient that read the medical textbook. So, the, the important thing, again, is putting everything together. And what I've also seen is that some patients would tell me, oh, I had an opening pressure of 50. Does that mean I'm in a dire situation? And they're so worried and they just attach to numbers. And for me, what's important would be, what are your symptoms? Is your headache, right, really bad, intractable? Number two: are you losing vision, or are you at that cusp where your optic nerve swelling or papilledema is so severe that it may soon lead to vision loss? So, putting all of these together and then getting the neuroimaging, getting the LP. I tell my residents it's like icing on the cake. We know already what we're dealing with, but then when we get that confirmation of that number… and sometimes it's borderline, but this is the art of neurology. This is the art of medicine and putting everything together and making sure that we care and manage it accordingly. Dr Monteith: Let's talk a little bit about IIH without papilledema. Dr Antonio: So, let's backtrack. So, when a patient will fit most of the modified Dandy criteria for IIH, but they don't have the papilledema or they don't have abducens palsy, the diagnosis then becomes tricky. And in these kinds of cases, Dr Friedman and her colleagues, when they did research on this, suggested that we might consider the diagnosis of IIH. And she calls this idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilledema, IIHWOP. They say that if they meet the other criteria for modified Dandy but show at least three typical findings on MRI---so that flattening of the posterior globe, the tortuosity of the optic nerves, the empty sella or the partially empty sella, and even the narrowing of the transverse venous sinuses---so if you have three of these, then potentially you can call these cases as idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilledema. Dr Monteith: Plus, the opening pressure elevation. I think that's key, right? Getting that as well. Dr Antonio: Yes. Sometimes IIHWOP may still be a gray area. It's a debate even among neuro-ophthalmologists, and I bet even among the headache specialists. Dr Monteith: Well, I know that I've had some of these conversations, and it's clear that people think this is very much overdiagnosed. So, that's why I wanted to plug in the LP with that as well. Dr Antonio: Right. And again, we have not seen yet whether is, this a spectrum, right? Of that same disease just manifesting differently, or are they just sharing a same pathway and then diverging? But what I want to emphasize also is that the treatment trials that we've had for IIH do not include IIHWOP patients. Dr Monteith: That is an important one. So why don't you wrap this up and tell our listeners what you want them to know? Now's the time. Dr Antonio: So, the- again, with IIH, with idiopathic intracranial hypertension, what is important is that we diagnose these patients early. And I think that some of the issues that come into play in dealing with these patients with IIH is that, one: we may have anchoring bias. Just because we see a female with obesity, of reproductive age, with intractable headaches, it does not always mean that what we're dealing with is IIH. The other thing, too, is that your tools are already available to you in your clinic in diagnosing IIH, short of the opening pressure when you get the lumbar puncture. And I need to emphasize the importance of doing your own fundoscopy and looking for that papilledema in these patients who present to you with intractable headaches or abducens palsy. What I want people to remember is that idiopathic intracranial hypertension is not optic nerve sheath distension. So, these are the stuff that you see on neuroimaging incidentally, not because you sent them, because they have papilledema, or because they have new headaches and other symptoms like that. And the important thing is doing your exam and looking at your patients. Dr Monteith: Today, I've been interviewing Dr Aileen Antonio about her article on clinical features and diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension, which appears in the most recent issue of Continuum on disorders of CSF dynamics. Be sure to check out Continuum Audio episodes from this and other issues, and thank you to our listeners for joining today. Thank you again. Dr Antonio: Thank you. Dr Monteith: This is Dr Teshamae Monteith, Associate Editor of Continuum Audio. If you've enjoyed this episode, you'll love the journal, which is full of in-depth and clinically relevant information important for neurology practitioners. Use the link in the episode notes to learn more and subscribe. AAN members, you can get CME for listening to this interview by completing the evaluation at continpub.com/audioCME. Thank you for listening to Continuum Audio.

In this episode, we dive deep into the evolving landscape of predator and wildlife management across the United States. From the reinstatement of black bear hunting in Louisiana to ongoing debates in Florida and Washington, we explore how science, legislation, and public perception shape the future of hunting, conservation, and land use. Join Fred and the crew as they examine the growing tensions between wildlife and human development, the role of hounds and trapping in sustainable management, and why the hunting community must better communicate its conservation value. We also discuss the challenges of managing emerging predators like jaguars and the controversial reintroduction of species into ecosystems. Key Takeaways: Bear Hunting Regulations Vary Widely by State: Oregon and Idaho offer spring bear seasons; Washington does not. Louisiana recently reinstated its black bear hunting season after decades, and Florida is considering reopening its black bear season. Science-Based Wildlife Management Is Essential: Predator-prey dynamics are complex and must be studied to avoid unintended consequences. Reintroduction of species, such as wolves and mountain lions, can disrupt existing ecosystems. Trapping and Hound Hunting Remain Valuable Tools: Used for selective predator control and critical data collection. Legislative efforts continue to impact their use across states. Legislation and Public Perception Drive Wildlife Policy: Conservation decisions are often shaped more by emotion than by science. The hunting community must better advocate for its role in sustainable wildlife management. Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter                Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Sportsmen's Voice Roundup for this week kicks off with CSF's Senior Director, Fisheries Policy Chris Horton for our lead story on the management of Atlantic red snapper. Chris provides insights into the recent changes in regulations, the importance of accurate data collection, and the potential for state management of fisheries. The conversation highlights the challenges faced by recreational fishermen and the need for innovative management strategies to ensure sustainability and access to fishing resources. Fred then transitions to cover the rest of the news fit to print about the great outdoors this week, including Oklahoma's Senate Bill 50, which provides tax exemptions for firearm safety devices, and the defeat of two detrimental bills in California. It also highlights South Carolina's legislative successes in conservation and access, updates on pro-knife legislation in the Northeast, and the Congressional Fishing Competition that emphasized community engagement and conservation efforts. Takeaways Atlantic Red Snapper Management: The final version of Amendment 59 addresses red snapper management. NOAA's overfishing designation was based on outdated assessments, meanwhile, the South Atlantic now has the highest abundance of red snapper in history and state management of red snapper could improve fishing access. Oklahoma SB50: Hailed as a significant bipartisan victory, this sales tax exemption on gun safes supports responsible firearm ownership. California Victories: California's recent legislative victories include the defeat of several anti-gun bills including Senate Bill 15, which unfairly targeted FFL holders for illegal firearm use.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Recently, sophisticated myelographic techniques to precisely subtype and localize CSF leaks have been developed and refined. These techniques improve the detection of various types of CSF leaks thereby enabling targeted therapies. In this episode, Katie Grouse, MD, FAAN, speaks with Ajay A. Madhavan, MD, author of the article “Radiographic Evaluation of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension” in the Continuum® June 2025 Disorders of CSF Dynamics issue. Dr. Grouse is a Continuum® Audio interviewer and a clinical assistant professor at the University of California San Francisco in San Francisco, California. Dr. Madhavan is assistant professor of radiology at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Additional Resources Read the article: Radiographic Evaluation of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Subscribe to Continuum®: shop.lww.com/Continuum Earn CME (available only to AAN members): continpub.com/AudioCME Continuum® Aloud (verbatim audio-book style recordings of articles available only to Continuum® subscribers): continpub.com/Aloud More about the American Academy of Neurology: aan.com Social Media facebook.com/continuumcme @ContinuumAAN Full episode transcript available here Dr Jones:  This is Dr Lyell Jones, Editor-in-Chief of Continuum. Thank you for listening to Continuum Audio. Be sure to visit the links in the episode notes for information about earning CME, subscribing to the journal, and exclusive access to interviews not featured on the podcast. Dr Grouse:  This is Dr Katie Grouse. Today I'm interviewing Dr Ajay Madhavan about his article on Radiographic Evaluation of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension, which he wrote with Dr Levi Chazen. This article appears in the June 2025 Continuum issue on disorders of CSF dynamics. Welcome to the podcast, and please introduce yourself to our audience. Dr Madhavan:  Hi, thanks a lot, Katie. Yeah, so I'm Ajay Madhaven. I'm a neuroradiologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. I did all my training here, so, I've been here for a long time. And I have a lot of interest in spinal CSF leaks, and I do a lot of that work. And so I'm really excited to be talking about this article with you. Dr Grouse:  I'm really excited too. And in fact, it's such a pleasure to have you here talking today on this topic. I know a lot's changed in this field, and I'm sure many of our listeners are really interested in learning about the developments and imaging techniques to improve detection and treatment of CSF leaks, especially since maybe we've learned about this in training. I want to start by asking you what you think is the most important takeaway from your article. Dr Madhavan:  Yeah, that's a great question. I think---and you kind of already alluded to it---I think the main thing is, I hope people recognize that this field has really changed a lot in the last five to ten years, through a lot of multi-institutional collaboration and also collaboration between different specialties. We've learned a lot about different types of spinal CSF leaks, how we can recognize the disease, particularly the types of myelography that we need to be using to accurately localize and treat these leaks. Those are the things that have really evolved in the last five to ten years, and they've really helped us improve these patients' lives. Dr Grouse:  Can you remind us of the different common types of spinal leaks that can cause spontaneous intracranial hypotension? Dr Madhavan:  Yeah, so there are a number of different spinal CSF leaks, types, and I would say the three most common ones that really most people should try to be aware of and cognizant of are: first, ventral dural tears. So those are, like, just physical holes in the dura. And they're usually caused by little bone spurs that come from the vertebral columns. So, they're often patients who have some degenerative changes in their spine. And those are really very common. Another type of spinal CSF leak that we commonly see is a lateral dural tear. So that's like the same thing in a slightly different location. So instead of being in the front, it's off to the side of the dura laterally. And so, it's also just a hole in the dura. And then the third and most recently discovered type of spinal CSF leak is a CSF-venous fistula. So those are direct connections between the subarachnoid space and little paraspinal vein. And it took us a long time to even realize that this was a real pathology. But now that it's been recognized, we've found that this is actually quite common. So those three types of leaks are probably the three most common that we see. And there's certainly others out there, but I would say over 90% of them fall into one of those three categories. Dr Grouse:  That's a great review, thank you. Just as another quick review, as we talk more about this topic, can you remind us of some of the most common or typical brain imaging findings that you'll see in cases of spontaneous intracranial hypotension? Dr Madhavan:  Yeah, absolutely. So, when you do a brain MRI in a patient who has spontaneous intracranial hypotension, you will usually, though not always, see typical brain MRI abnormalities. And I kind of think of those as falling into three different categories. So, the first one I think of is dural enhancement or thickening. So that's enlargement or engorgement of the dura, the pachymeninges, and enhancement on postgadolinium imaging. So, that's kind of the first category. The second is that, when you lose spinal fluid volume, other things often expand to take up the space. So, for example, you can get distension or enlargement of the dural venous sinuses, and sometimes you can also get subdural food collections or hematomas. They can arise spontaneously. And I kind of think of those as, you know, you, you've lost the cerebrospinal fluid volume and something else is kind of filling up the space. And then the third category is called brain sagging. And that's a constellation of findings where the posterior fossa structures and the pituitary gland in the cell have become abnormal because you've lost the fluid that normally cushions those structures and causes them to float up. For example, the brain stem will sag down, the distance between the mammillary body and the ponds may become reduced. The suprasellar cistern space may be reduced such that the optic chiasm becomes very close to the pituitary gland, and the prepontine cistern may also become reduced in size. And there are various measurements that can be used to determine whether something is subtly abnormal. But just generally speaking, those are really the three categories of brain MRI abnormalities you'll see. Dr Grouse:  That was a great review. And of course, I think in many times when we are thinking about or suspecting this diagnosis, we may be lucky to find those imaging findings to reinforce a diagnosis. Because as it turns out, after reading your article, I was really surprised to find out that in as many as 19% of cases we actually see normal brain imaging, which really was a surprise to me, I have to say. And I think that this really encompasses why spontaneous intercranial hypotension is such a difficult diagnosis to make. I think a lot of us struggle with how far to take the workup when, you know, spontaneous intercranial hypotension is clinically suspected, but multiple imaging studies are normal. Do you have any guidance on how to approach these more difficult cases? Dr Madhavan:  So, that's a really good question. And you know, it's- as you can imagine, that's a topic that comes up in most meetings where people discuss this, and it's been a continued challenge. And so, like you said, about 19 or 20% of patients who have this disease can have a, a normal brain MRI. And we've tried to do some work to figure out why that is and how we can identify patients who still have the disease. And I can just provide, I guess, some tips that have helped me in my clinical practice. One thing is, if I ever see a patient with a normal brain MRI where this disease is clinically suspected---for example, maybe they have orthostatic headaches or other very typical symptoms and we don't know why, but their brain MRI is normal---the first thing I do is I try to look back at their old imaging. So many times, these patients who present to us at Mayo, who, when we do their MRI scan here, their brain MRI looks normal… if you really look back at imaging that they've had done elsewhere---maybe even two to three years prior---at the time their symptoms started, they actually had some abnormalities. So, I might see that a patient, two years ago, had dural enhancement that spontaneously resolved; but now they still have symptoms of SIH and they may still have a CSF leak that we can find and treat, but their brain MRI has, for whatever reason, normalized. So, I always start by looking back at old imaging, and I found that to be very helpful. The other thing is, if you see a patient with a normal brain MRI, it's also important to look at their spine MRI because that can provide clues that might suggest that they could still have a spinal CSF leak. And the two things I look for on the spine MRI: one, if there's any extradural CSF. So, spinal fluid outside of where it's supposed to be within the confines of the subarachnoid space. And you know, really, if you see extradural CSF, you know they probably have a spinal fluid leak somewhere. Even if their brain MRI is normal, that just gives you the information that there is a dural tear probably somewhere. And so, in those patients we'll definitely still proceed to myelography or other testing, even if they have a normal brain MRI. And then the last thing I look for is whether or not they have prominent meningeal diverticula. Patients with CSF venous fistulas almost always have one or more prominent diverticula on their spine along the nerve root sleeves. And that's probably because most of these fistulas come from nerve root sleeve diverticula. We don't completely understand the pathogenesis of CSF venous fistulas, but they're clearly associated with meningeal diverticula. So, if I see a patient who has a normal brain MRI, but I see on their spine MRI that they have many meningeal diverticula that are relatively prominent, that makes me more inclined to be a little bit more aggressive in doing myelography to find a CSF leak. And then I look at other demographic features, too. So, for example, elevated BMI and older age are associated with CSF venous fistulas. So, that can help you determine whether or not it's warranted to go on to more advanced imaging, too. So those are all just a variety of different things that we've used to help us. Dr Grouse:  Thank you for sharing that. I wanted to go on to say that, you know, reading your article, of course, as you mentioned, you alluded to the fact there's lots of new imaging modalities out there. It was very illuminating and just an excellent resource for the options that exist and when they're useful. You did a great job summarizing it. And I encourage our readers to check out your article, to refresh themselves, update themselves on what's happened in this space. And of course, we can't summarize them all today, but I was wondering if you could possibly walk us through a hypothetical case of a patient who comes in with a history very suspicious for SIH? How would you approach this patient? Say you have gotten imaging that suggested that there is a spinal fluid leak and now you have to figure out where it is. Dr Madhavan:  Yeah. So, you know, I think the most typical scenario it'll be a patient who has been seen by one of my excellent neurology colleagues and they've done a brain MRI and they've made the diagnosis through a combination of clinical information and brain MRI finding. And then the next thing we'll do always is, we'll obtain a spine MRI. So, I think of the purpose of the spine MRI as to determine what type of spinal fluid leak they have. On the spine MRI, if you see extradural CSF, those patients essentially always will have a dural tear. And it may be a ventral dural tear or a lateral dural tear. But if you see extradural CSF, that is pretty much what they have. And conversely, if you don't see extradural CSF---if you just see, for example, many meningeal diverticula, but you don't see anything else particularly abnormal---most of those patients have a CSF venous fistula, just common things being common. So I use the spine MRI to determine what type of leak they have. And then the next thing I think about is, okay, I'm going to do a myelogram on this patient. How do I want to position them? Because it turns out that positioning is probably the most important factor for finding these spinal fluid leaks. You have to have the patient positioned correctly to find the leak that you're trying to localize. And so, if I suspect they have a ventral dural tear, I will always position those patients prone for their myelogram. And I might do one of many different types of myelograms. And, you know, the article talks about things like digital subtraction myelography and dynamic CT myelography. And you can find any of these leaks with any of those techniques, but you just have to have the patient positioned correctly. So, if I think I have a ventral dural tear, I'll put them prone for the myelogram. If I think they have a lateral dural tear, I'll put them in the cubitus position for the myelogram. And also, if they- if I think they have a CSF-venous fistula, I'll also put them in the decubitus position. Obviously if you're putting them in the decubitus position, you have to decide whether it's going to be left or right side down. So that may require a two-day exam. Sometimes you don't have to; in many cases, we're able to just do everything in one day. But those are all the different factors I think about when I'm trying to determine how I'm going to work those patients up further. So, I really use the spine MRI chiefly to think about what type of leak they're going to have and how I'm going to plan the myelogram. Dr Grouse:  That's really great. And it's, I think, really nice to emphasize how much the positioning matters in all this, which I think is not something we've been classically taught as far as the diagnosis of spinal leaks. Another thing I'm really interested in your opinion on is, you talked a lot about how to optimize and what can make you successful at diagnosis. I'm curious what you think one of the easiest mistakes to make or, you know, that we should hopefully avoid when treating patients with this disease. Dr Madhavan:  Yeah. And I think, you know, one other thing that's been discussed a lot in this topic… you know, we've talked about the patients with a normal brain MRI. Another barrier or challenge particularly with CSF-venous fistulas is, sometimes they can be very subtle on imaging. So, it's not always you see it very definitive CSF-venous fistula where you can say, like, there's no question, that's a fistula. There are many times where we do a good-quality myelogram and we see something that looks, like, possible for a CSF venous fistula, or probable. If I had to put a number on it, maybe there's a 50 to 70% chance of real. So, in those cases, we end up wondering, like, should we treat this suspected leak? And I think one common mistake  or one thing that needs to be looked at further is, how do we handle these patients where we don't know whether the fistula is real or not? That's usually something where I will have a discussion with the patient, and I'm usually just very upfront with him about my interpretation of the imaging. I'll just tell them, we did a good-quality myelogram. You did a great job. We got good images. I don't see anything definitive, but I see this thing that I think has maybe a 60% chance of being real. And then I'll confer with one of my neurology colleagues and we'll decide whether it's worth treating that or not. And we'll just be very upfront with a patient about whether- about the likelihood of its success and what their long-term prognosis is. And oftentimes we let them make the decision. But I think that remains to be one of the big challenges is, how do we treat these patients who have suspected leaks that are not definitive on imaging. Dr Grouse:  That sounds absolutely like an important area where there can be problems, so I appreciate that insight. I'm interested what you think in your article would come as the biggest surprise to our listeners who may not have kept up as much with all of the changes that have happened in recent years? Dr Madhavan:  One of the things that was certainly, at least, a surprise to me as I was going through my training and learning about this topic is how diverse myelography has really become. You know, when I was a radiology resident, I learned about myelography as this thing that we've been doing for 30 to 40 years. And historically we've used myelograms just to look for degenerative changes: disc bulges, you know, disc herniations and things like that. Now that MRI is more prevalent, we don't use it as much, but it has turned out that it has a very big role in patients with spinal fluid leaks. Furthermore, something that I've learned is just how diverse these different types of myelograms have become. It used to kind of be just that a myelogram is a myelogram is a myelogram, but now we have different types of positioning, different types of equipment that we use. We vary the timing between contrast injection and imaging to optimize success for finding spinal fluid leaks. So, I think many times I talk to people who may not be as familiar with this field and they're surprised at just how diverse that has become and how sophisticated some of the various myelographic techniques have become and how much that really makes a difference in being able to accurately diagnose these patients. Dr Grouse:  Well, I can say it was a surprise to me. Even as someone who does treat quite a few patients with this condition, I was surprised to see the breadth of different options that have become available. And then kind of a follow-up to that, what do you think the current area of controversy is in this area of diagnosis and treatment? Dr Madhavan:  The biggest ones are ones you've sort of already alluded to. So, one big one is, how far do we go in patients who have a normal brain MRI who still have a clinical suspicion of the disease? And sometimes it's really hard, because sometimes you will find patients who clinically have a very strong case for having spontaneous intracranial hypotension. You look at them, they have very acute-onset orthostatic headaches. There's no better explanation for their symptoms that we know of. And it's hard to know what to do with those patients, because some of them want to continue to undergo diagnostic workup, but you can only do so many myelograms and you can only do so much with this diagnostic workup that requires some radiation dose before it becomes very challenging. That's a major point of just, I guess, ongoing research as to what can we do better for that subset of patients. Fortunately, it's not all of them, it's a subset of them, but I think we could help those patients better in the future as we learn more about the disease. So that's one. And the other one is treating these equivocal findings, like I discussed.  And where should our threshold be to treat a patient, and what type of treatment should we do in patients where we don't know whether a leak is real? Should we just do a very noninvasive- relatively noninvasive blood patch? Do we do an embolization where we're leaving a foreign body there? Is it worth sending those patients to surgery? Those are all unanswered questions and things that continue to spark ongoing debate. Dr Grouse:  Do you think that there's going to be any new big breakthroughs, or even, do you know of any big developments on the horizon that we should be keeping our eyes out for? Dr Madhavan:  You know, I think for me the biggest thing is, imaging is dramatically improving. We talked a little bit about photon counting detector CT in our article, and that's one of the newest and best techniques for imaging these patients because it has very, very high resolution, it has a lower radiation dose, it has allowed us to find leaks that we were not able to find before. And there are other high-resolution modalities that are emerging and becoming more accessible to things like cone beam CT which we do in addition to digital subtraction myelography. And on top of that, we've started to use AI-based tools to make images look a lot better. So, there are various AI algorithms that have come out that allow us to remove artifacts from imaging. They help us image patients with a bigger body habitus better without running into a lot of imaging artifacts. They help us reduce noise in imaging. They can just give us better-quality images and aid us in the diagnosis. For me as a radiologist, those are some of the most exciting things. We're finding less invasive ways with less radiation to better diagnose these patients with just better-quality imaging. Dr Grouse:  Well, that is definitely something to be excited about. So, I just want to thank you so much for talking with us today. It's been such an interesting, informative discussion and a real privilege to talk with you about this important topic. Dr Madhavan:  Yeah, thanks so much. I really appreciate the time to talk with you, and I look forward to seeing the article out there and hopefully getting some interesting questions. Dr Grouse:  Again, today I've been interviewing Dr Ajay Madhavan about his article on Radiographic Evaluation of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension, which he wrote with Dr Levi Chasen. This article appears in the most recent issue of Continuum on disorders of CSF dynamics. Be sure to check out Continuum Audio episodes from this and other issues, and thank you to our listeners for joining today. Dr Monteith: This is Dr Teshamae Monteith, Associate Editor of Continuum Audio. If you've enjoyed this episode, you'll love the journal, which is full of in-depth and clinically relevant information important for neurology practitioners. Use the link in the episode notes to learn more and subscribe. AAN members, you can get CME for listening to this interview by completing the evaluation at continpub.com/audioCME. Thank you for listening to Continuum Audio.

The Sportsmen's Voice Roundup for this week kicks off with CSF's Assistant Manager, Northeastern States Christian Ragost for our lead story regarding the imminent “assault” weapons ban in Rhode Island, the implications for law-abiding citizens - including criminalizing important safety accessories such as barrel shrouds (which prevent burns from contact with gun barrels), thumbholes in shotgun stocks, and more, along with the impact on conservation funding. Christian and Fred explore the political dynamics surrounding the legislation and the ongoing challenges faced by the firearms community. Fred then transitions to cover the rest of the news fit to print about the great outdoors this week, including the introduction of the Forest Conservation Easement Program, the potential reestablishment of a black bear hunting season in Florida, the Hawaii Wildlife Conservation and Game Bird Stamp contest, and a recap of sporting bills in the Missouri legislative session. Takeaways Rhode Island “Assault” Weapons Ban: This imminent ban would criminalize several important safety accessories as ‘assault weapons' including barrel shrouds (which protect your hand from burns associate with barrel heat), thumbholes in shotgun stocks, pistol grips, extendable or telescopic stocks to better fit competitive shooters, and more.  The Forest Conservation Easement Program: Private forests comprise 58 percent of all forestland in the U.S. and face significant conversion pressure from housing and urban development. The U.S. could lose a net of 37 million acres (15 million hectares) — the size of Illinois — of forest by 2060. To address the growing suite of pressing environmental and societal challenges in front of us, we must provide opportunities for private forestland and forest landowners of all types and sizes to protect and conserve their land now and for future generations. Florida Black Bear Hunting Season: Florida is considering instituting a management hunt to better control the black bear population in the Sunshine State.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension reflects a disruption of the normal continuous production, circulation, and reabsorption of CSF. Diagnosis requires the recognition of common and uncommon presentations, careful selection and scrutiny of brain and spine imaging, and, frequently, referral to specialist centers.  In this episode, Gordon Smith, MD, FAAN speaks with Jill C. Rau, MD, PhD, author of the article “Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension” in the Continuum® June 2025 Disorders of CSF Dynamics issue. Dr. Smith is a Continuum® Audio interviewer and a professor and chair of neurology at Kenneth and Dianne Wright Distinguished Chair in Clinical and Translational Research at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia. Dr. Rau is an assistant professor of clinical neurology at the University of Arizona, School of Medicine-Phoenix in Phoenix, Arizona. Additional Resources Read the article: continuumjournal.com Subscribe to Continuum®: shop.lww.com/Continuum Earn CME (available only to AAN members): continpub.com/AudioCME Continuum® Aloud (verbatim audio-book style recordings of articles available only to Continuum® subscribers): continpub.com/Aloud More about the American Academy of Neurology: aan.com Social Media facebook.com/continuumcme @ContinuumAAN Host: @gordonsmithMD Full episode transcript available here Interview with Jill Rau, MD Dr Jones: This is Dr Lyell Jones, Editor-in-Chief of Continuum. Thank you for listening to Continuum Audio. Be sure to visit the links in the episode notes for information about earning CME, subscribing to the journal, and exclusive access to interviews not featured on the podcast. Dr Smith: This is Dr Gordon Smith. Today I'm interviewing Dr Jill Rau about her article on clinical features and diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hypotension, which she wrote with Dr Jeremy Cutsworth-Gregory from the Mayo Clinic. This article appears in the 2025 Continuum issue on disorders of CSF dynamics. I'm really excited to welcome you to the Continuum podcast. Maybe you can start by just telling our listeners a little bit about yourself? Dr Rau: Hi, thanks for having me. I'm really honored to be here, and I really enjoyed writing the paper with Dr Cutsforth-Gregory. I hope you guys enjoy it. I am the director of headache medicine at the Baba Bay Neuroscience Institute at Honor Health in Scottsdale, Arizona. I'm also currently the chair of the special interest group in CSF Dynamics at the American Headache Society, and I've had a special interest in this field since I first watched Dr Linda Gray speak at a conference where she talked about spinal CSF leaks and their different presentations. And they were so different than what I had been taught in residency. They're not just the post-LP headache. They have such a wide variety of presentations and how devastating they can be, and how much impact there is on someone's life when you find it and fix it. And I've been super interested in the field and involved in research since that time. And, yeah. Love it. Dr Smith: Well, thanks for sharing your story. And as I reflected on our conversation ahead of time and have been thinking about this issue… this is a cool topic, and every time I read one of these manuscripts and have the opportunity to speak with one of the authors, I learn a ton, because this was something that wasn't even on the radar when I trained back in the 1800's. So, really looking forward to the conversation. I wonder if you could really briefly just summarize or remind for everyone the normal physiology about CSF dynamics, you know, production, absorption, and so forth? Dr Rau: So, the CSF is the fluid that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord, and it's contained by the dura, which is like a canvas or a sac that covers that whole brain and spinal cord. And within the ventricles of the brain, the choroid plexus produce CSF. It's constantly producing and then being reabsorbed by the arachnoid granulations and pushed into the venous space, the cerebral sinuses, venous sinuses. And also some absorption and push into the lymphatics that we've just learned about in the past year. This is kind of new data coming out, so always learning more and more about CSF, but we know that it bathes the brain and the spinal cord, helps keep some buoyancy of the brain as well as pushing nutrients in and pulling out metabolic waste. And it sort of keeps the brain in the state of homeostasis that's happy. And so, when there's a disruption of that flow and the amount of fluid there, that disrupts that, that can cause lots of different symptoms and problems for people. Dr Smith: One of the many new things I learned is that even the name of this---spontaneous intracranial hypotension---is misleading. And I think this is clinically relevant, as we'll probably get to in a moment, but can you talk a little bit about this? Is this really like a pressure disorder or a volume disorder? Dr Rau: Yeah. It's almost certainly a volume disorder. We do see in some people that they have low pressure, and it's still part of the diagnostic criteria. But it's there because if you have a low pressure, if you measure an opening pressure and it's below six, if you're measuring it in the spine in the right place, then you have indication that there's low volume. But there's over 50% of people's opening pressure who have a spinal CSF leak, have all the symptoms and can be fixed. So, they have normal pressure in 50% of the people. So, it is an inaccurate term, hypotension, but it was originally discovered because of the thought that it was a low-pressure situation. Some of the findings would suggest low pressure, but ultimately, we are pretty sure it's a low-volume condition. Dr Smith: Another new thing that I learned that really blew me away is how bad this can be. I did a podcast with Mark Burish about cluster, and I was reminded many cluster patients are pushed to the point of suicidal ideation or committing suicide by the severity of pain. And this sounds like for many patients it's equally severe. Can you maybe paint a picture for our listeners why this is so clinically important? Dr Rau: A large number of people, even people who are known to have leaks because they've had them before or they've releaked, they have a lot of brain fog and cognitive impairment. They often have severe headaches when they're upright. So, orthostatic headache is probably the number one most common symptom, and those headaches are one of the worst headaches out there. When people stand up, their fluid is not supporting the brain and there's an intense amount of pain. And so, they spend a large portion of their lives horizontal. And there's associated symptoms with that, it's not just headache pain and brain fog. There's neck pain. There's often subsequent disorders that accompany this, like partial orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. We don't know if that's because of deconditioning or an actual sequela of the disease, but it's a frequent comorbidity. We have patients that have extreme dizziness with their symptoms, but many patients are limited to hours, if that, upright per day, combined, total. And so they live their lives, often, just in the dark, lots of photophobia, sensitive to the light, really unable to function. It's also very hard to find and so underrecognized that a lot of patients, especially if they don't have that really clinical symptom of orthostatic headache. So, it's often missed. So, they're just debilitated. You know, treatments don't work because it's not a migraine and it's not a typical headache. It's a mechanical issue as well as a metabolic issue and not found, not a lot helps it. Dr Smith: So, you know, I have always thought about this as really primarily an orthostatic symptom. I wonder if you can talk about the complexity of this; in particular, kind of how this evolves over time, because it's not quite that simple. And maybe in doing so, you can give our listeners some pearls on when they should be thinking about this disorder? Dr Rau: A large portion of people do have headache with spinal CSF leak, in particular, spontaneous intracranial hypertension- hypotension, excuse me. And that's something to be thought about, is that there are spontaneous conditions where people have either rupture of the dural sac, or an erosion of the dural sac, or a development of a connection between the dura and the venous system. And that is taking away or allowing CSF to escape. In these instances that patients have spontaneous, there may be a different presentation than if they have, like, a postdural puncture or a chronic traumatic or iatrogenic leak. And we're not sure of that yet, but we're looking into that. Still, the largest presentation is headache, and orthostatic headache is very dominant in the headache realm. But over time, patients' brains can compensate for that lack of CSF and start overproducing---or at least we think that's probably what's happening. And you may see a reduction in the orthostatic symptoms over time, and you may see an improvement in the radiographic findings. So, there are some interesting papers that have been published that look at these changes over time, and we do see that sometimes within that first three to four months; this is the most common time to see that change. Other patients may worsen. You may actually see someone going from looking sort of normal radiographically to developing more of a SIH-type of picture on the brain. And so it's not predictable which patients have gone from orthostatic to improvement or the other way around, both radiographically and clinically. So, it can be quite difficult to tell. So, for me, if I have a patient that comes to me and they're struggling with headache… if it's orthostatic, very clearly orthostatic: I lay down, I get considerably better or my headache completely goes away. And then when I stand up, it comes on relatively quickly, within an hour. And sometimes it's a worsening-throughout-the-day type of thing, it's lowest in the morning and it worsens throughout the day. These are the times that it's most obvious to think about CSF leak. Especially if that headache onset relatively suddenly, if it onset after a small trauma. Like I've had patients that say, you know, I was doing yoga and I did some twists and I felt kind of a pop. And then I've had this headache that is horrible when I'm upright but is better when I lay down ever since, you know, since that time. That's kind of a very classic presentation of spinal CSF leak or spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Maybe a less common presentation would be someone who comes to you, they've had a persistent headache for a couple years, they kind of remember it started in March of a couple years ago, but they don't know. Maybe it's, you know, it's a little better when they lay down. It may be a little worse when they're up moving around, but so is migraine, and it's a migrainous headache. But they've tried every migraine drug you can think of. Nothing is responding, nothing helps. I'm always looking at patients who are new daily, persistent headaches and patients who aren't responding to meds even if it's not new daily, but they have just barely any response. I will always go back and examine their brain imaging and get full spine to make sure I'm not missing. And you can never be 100% sure, but it's always good to consider those patients to the best of your ability, if that- have that in the back of your mind. Dr Smith: So obviously, goes without saying, this is something people need to have on their radar and think about. And then we'll talk more about diagnostic tools here in a second. But how common is this? If you're a headache doc, you see a lot of patients who have intractable headaches. And how often do you see this in your headache practice? Now you're- this is your thing, so probably a little more than others, but, you know, how common will someone who sees a lot of headache encounter these patients? Dr Rau: If you see a lot of headache, I mean, currently the thought is it's about 5 in 100,000. That was from a study before we were finding CSF venous fistulas. I think a lot of us think it's more common than that, but it's not super common. We don't have good estimates, but I would guess between 5 and 10 for 100,000 persons, not “persons who come to a tertiary headache clinic with intractable headaches”. So, it's hard to gauge how frequent it is, but I would say it's considerably more frequent than we currently think it is. There's still a group of people with orthostatic headaches that we can't find leaks on; that, once you treat other things that can cause or look for other things that can cause orthostatic headaches. So, there may be even still a pathophysiology out there that is still a leak type. Before 2014, we didn't even know about CSF venous fistulas. And now here we are; like, 50% of them are CSF venous fistulas. So, you know, we're still in a huge learning curve right now. Dr Smith: So, I definitely want to talk about the fistulas in a second. But before moving on, one of the things that I found really interesting is the wide spectrum of clinical phenotype. And we obviously don't have a lot of time to get into all of these different ones, but the one that I was hoping you might talk about---and there's a really great case, and you're on bunch of great case, a great case of this---is brain sagging dementia, not a term I've used before. Can you really briefly just tell our listeners about that, because that's a really interesting story and a great case in your article? Dr Rau: Yeah. So, brain sag dementia is a… almost like an extreme version of a spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Where there is clear brain sag in the imaging---so that's helpful---but the patients present kind of like a frontotemporal dementia. And when this was first started to being determined, you could turn the patient into Trendelenburg, and sometimes they would improve. There are some practitioners that have introduced fluid into the thecal sac and had temporary improvement. Patching has improvement, then they leak again, sometimes  not. But the clinical changes with this have been pretty tremendous to be able to identify that that's a real thing. And in some cases, out of Cedars Sinai, you know, who does a lot of the best research in this, they've had lots of cases where they can't find the leak, but there's clear brain sag that fits with our clinical picture of CSF leaks. So, we're on a learning curve. But yeah, this- they really present. They have disinhibition and cognitive impairment that is very similar to frontotemporal dementia. Dr Smith: Well, so let's talk about what causes this. You mentioned CSF venous fistulas. I mean, that was reported now just over a decade ago, it's pretty amazing. That accounts for about half of cases, if I understand correctly. What are the other causes? And then we'll talk more about therapy in a minute, but what causes this? Dr Rau: So, within the realm of spontaneous, you know, we say it's spontaneous. But the spontaneous cases we account for, they can be tears in the dura, which are usually sort of lateral tears in the dura. They can be little places that rubbed a hole, often on an osteophyte from the spine. They can come from these spinal diverticuli. So, I always describe it to my patients like those balls that have mesh and squishy, and you squeeze them in the- through the mesh, there's the extra little bubbling out. If you think of like the dura bubbling, out in some cases, through the framing of the spine, right where the spinal nerve roots come out, they should poke out like wires from the dura. But in many cases they poke out with this extra dura surrounding them, and we call that spinal diverticuli. And if you imagine like the weakening of where you squeeze that, you know, balloon through your fingers, in those locations, that's a very common place to find a CSF leak, and you can imagine that the integrity of the dura there may be less than it would be if it were not being expanded in that direction. And that's often the most common place we see these CSF venous fistulas. So, you can get minor traumas; like I said, it can be spontaneous, like someone just develops a leak one day. It can be rubbed off, and it can be a development of a connection between the dura and the venous system. There are also iatrogenic causes, but we don't consider them spontaneous. But when you're considering your patients for spontaneous cases, you should consider if they've ever had chronic---even long, long time ago---had any spinal implementation, procedures near the spine, spinal injections, LPs in the past, and especially women who've had epidurals in pregnancy. Dr Smith: All right, so we see a patient, positional severe headache, who meets the clinical criteria. Next step, MRI scan? Dr Rau: Yeah. So, the first thing is always to get the brain MRI with and without contrast. Most places will have a SIH or a spinal CSF leak protocol, but you should get contrast because one of the most pathognomonic findings on brain MRI is that smooth diffuse dural enhancement. And that's a really fantastic thing when you find it, because it's kind of a slam dunk. If you find it, then you will see other findings. It almost never exists alone. But if you see that, it's pretty much a spinal CSF leak. But you're also looking for subdural collections, any indication of brain sag. We do have these new algorithms that have come out in the past couple of years that are helpful. They're not exclusionary---you can have negative findings on the brain and still have spinal CSF leak---but the brain MRI is extremely helpful. If it's positive for the findings, it really does help you nudge you in the direction of further investigations and treatments. Dr Smith: And what about those further investigations and treatments, right? So, you see that there's findings consistent with low pressure, and I guess I should say low intracranial CSF volume. Be that as it may, what's the next step after that? Dr Rau: Depends on where you are and what you can do. I almost always will get a full spine MRI: so, C spine, T spine, and L spine separately. Not, you know, we don't want it all in one picture, because we want to get the full view. And you want to get that with at least T2 highly- heavily T2 weighted with fat saturation in at least the sagittal and axial planes. It's really helpful if you can get it in the coronal planes, but we have to have- often have good talks with your radiologist to get the coronal plane. I spoke about the spinal diverticuli earlier, and I want to clarify a little bit of something. The coronal image will show those really nicely. It's interesting, but 44% of people have those. So just having the spinal diverticuli does not indicate that you have a leak. But if you have a lot of those, there may be more likelihood of having leak than if you don't have any of those. So, I will get all of those and I will look at them myself, but I've been looking at them myself for a long time. But a lot of radiologists in community hospitals, especially not- nonneuroradiologists, but even neuroradiologists, this isn't something that's that everybody's been educated about, and we've been learning so much about it so rapidly in the past ten years. It's not easy to do and it's often missed. And if it's not protocoled properly, the fat saturation's not there, it's very hard to see… you can have a leak and not see it. Even the best people, like- it's not always something that's visible. And these CSF venous fistulas that we talked about are never visible on normal MRI imaging. Nonetheless, I will run those because if I can find a leak---and 90% of the ones that are found on MRI imaging are in the thoracic spine. So that's where I spend the most of my time looking. But if you find it, that's another thing to take to your team to say, hey, look, here it is, let's try and do this, or, let's try and do that, or, I've got more evidence. And there are other findings on the spine; not just the leak, but other findings, sometimes, you can see on spine that maybe help you push you towards, yes, this is probably a leak versus not. Dr Smith: So, your article has a lot of great examples and detail about kind of advanced imaging to, like, find the fistula and what not. I guess I'm thinking most of our listeners are probably practicing in a location where they don't have a team that really focuses on that. So, let's say we do the imaging of the spine and you don't find a clear cause. Is the next step to just do a blood patch? Do you send them to someone like you? What's the practical next step? Dr Rau: Yeah, if your- regardless of whether you find a leak or not, if your clinical acumen is such that you think this patient has a leak or I've treated them for everything else and it's not working and I have at least a high enough suspicion that I think the risk of getting a patch is lower than the benefit that if they got a patch and it worked, I do send my patients for non-directed blood patches, because it currently does take a long time to get them to a center that can do CT myelograms or any kind of advanced imaging to look for sort of a CSF venous fistula or to get treated outside of a nondirected patch. You know, sometimes nondirected patches are beneficial for patients, and there's some good papers out there that sort of explain the low risks of doing these if done properly versus the extreme benefit for patients when it works. And, I mean, I can't tell you how many people come in and tell me how their lives are changed because they finally got a blood patch. And sometimes it works. And it's life-changing for those people. You know, they go back to work. They can interact with their kids again. Before, they didn't know what was wrong, just had this headache that started. So it's worth doing if you have a strong clinical suspicion. Dr Smith: Yeah. I mean, that was great. And, you know, to go back to where we began, this is severe. It's something like 60% of patients with this problem have thought about suicide, right? And you take this patient and cure the problem. I feel really empowered having read the article and talked to you today. And so, I'm ready to go out and look for this. Thank you so much for a really engaging conversation. This has been terrific. Dr Rau: Thank you. I appreciate it. I enjoyed being here. Dr Smith: Again, today I've been interviewing Dr Jill Rau about her article on clinical features and diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hypotension---which I guess I should say hypovolemia after having talked to you---which she wrote with Dr Jeremy Cutsworth-Gregory. This article appears in the most recent issue of Continuum on disorders of CSF dynamics. Please be sure to check out Continuum Audio episodes from this really interesting issue and other interesting issues. And thank you, our listeners, again for listening to us today. Dr Monteith: This is Dr Teshamae Monteith, Associate Editor of Continuum Audio. If you've enjoyed this episode, you'll love the journal, which is full of in-depth and clinically relevant information important for neurology practitioners. Use the link in the episode notes to learn more and subscribe. AAN members, you can get CME for listening to this interview by completing the evaluation at continpub.com/audioCME. Thank you for listening to Continuum Audio.

It's a very special week that is near and dear to National Shooting Sports Foundation (NSSF) President and CEO Joe Bartozzi, who joins Fred on the Sportsmen's Voice podcast to talk about Project ChildSafe® and Gun Storage Check Week. Fred welcomes Joe Bartozzi to the show to emphasize the importance of firearm safety, secure storage, and the myriad of educational resources available to gun owners. Bartozzi shares personal stories and insights on the significance of proactive measures to prevent accidents and misuse of firearms, and they cover the need for responsible gun ownership to protect and support our rights, the impact of new gun owners on the shooting sports and firearms community, and the various options available to gun owners for securing firearms at home and in vehicles.    Key Takeaways: Project Childsafe®: This incredible program has distributed over 41 million firearm safety kits. Gun Storage Check Week: This initiative aims to remind gun owners to assess their storage practices, and provides education that is crucial for new gun owners to understand secure storage options. Responsible Storage Tips: There is no one-size-fits-all approach to firearm storage; it varies by individual circumstances. However, technological advancements have made secure storage more accessible and efficient. Firearms should always be unloaded when not in use, and cable locks are a simple solution, and vehicle storage is critical, as many firearms are stolen from cars.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter                Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode of The Sportsmen's Voice Roundup, CSF's own Fred Bird breaks down the latest legislative battles and victories shaping hunting, fishing, and conservation policy across the U.S. From a controversial anti-conservation ballot initiative in Colorado to critical updates on North Carolina's recreational flounder regulations, to spotlighting West Virginia's productive legislative session for the outdoor community and Iowa's strong push to constitutionally protect hunting and fishing rights, Fred covers what sportsmen and women need to know now. Takeaways Colorado's Anti-Conservation Ballot Initiative: What it means to create a “parallel” wildlife commission—and why sportsmen are pushing back. North Carolina Flounder Fishing Update: New regulations aimed at parity and protecting a vital recreational fishery. West Virginia Legislative Wins: A look at pro-sportsmen legislation that made progress this session. Iowa's Constitutional Amendment: The movement to enshrine the right to hunt and fish in the state constitution. The Dangers of Ballot Box Biology: How bypassing science in wildlife management can harm conservation efforts. Economic Impact: Why recreational fishing is a key driver of North Carolina's outdoor economy. The Role of Advocacy: How engagement and accurate reporting are vital in shaping effective outdoor policy.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Pour découvrir le podcast Le Précepteur:https://open.spotify.com/show/4Lc8Fp7QAVsILrKZ41Mtbu?si=w28n3PRPSIuguRE4SQVMlQ-----------------------------La sexualité des adolescents français est en pleine mutation. C'est ce que révèlent trois études majeures publiées récemment : EnCLASS, CSF-2023 et Vavisa. Ensemble, elles dessinent le portrait d'une jeunesse à la fois plus prudente, plus diverse dans ses orientations, mais aussi plus exposée aux violences sexuelles.Premier constat frappant : les adolescents sont aujourd'hui moins nombreux à avoir des rapports sexuels qu'il y a dix ou vingt ans. En 2010, près de 18 % des collégiens déclaraient avoir eu un rapport sexuel ; ils ne sont plus que 8,8 % en 2022. En terminale, la proportion a chuté à 46,3 %, contre plus de 54 % en 2018. La parole des garçons reste plus affirmative sur ce point que celle des filles, comme dans les enquêtes précédentes. Ce recul pourrait traduire une forme de prise de distance vis-à-vis de la norme de performance sexuelle ou un environnement plus ouvert à d'autres formes d'intimité.Deuxième tendance marquante : la diversité des attirances s'affirme davantage. De plus en plus de jeunes osent se dire attirés par des personnes du même sexe ou par les deux sexes. Chez les garçons, ils sont passés de 1,6 % à 3,9 % entre 2018 et 2022. Chez les filles, la hausse est encore plus nette : de 4,1 % à 9,4 %. Cette évolution peut être liée à un climat social plus inclusif et à une plus grande liberté de parole sur les questions d'orientation sexuelle.Mais ces évolutions positives sont contrebalancées par des signaux préoccupants, notamment en matière de prévention et de violences sexuelles. Le recours au préservatif est en baisse, y compris lors des premiers rapports. Plus inquiétant : les lycéennes l'utilisent moins que les collégiennes. Seules une sur deux déclare se protéger avec un nouveau partenaire. La pilule est également en recul, souvent remplacée par d'autres moyens comme le stérilet.Enfin, le plus alarmant reste la fréquence des violences sexuelles et du non-consentement. Un tiers des jeunes – et quatre fois plus de filles que de garçons – disent avoir eu une relation sexuelle sans en avoir envie. Selon l'étude Vavisa, 80 % des victimes connaissaient leur agresseur, et 20 % n'en ont parlé à personne. À cela s'ajoutent les cyberviolences : diffusion d'images sexuelles non sollicitées, propos déplacés, ou visionnage de films pornographiques dès le plus jeune âge.En résumé, la sexualité des adolescents devient plus libre et diverse, mais elle reste marquée par des risques importants et une insuffisante prévention. Face à ces constats, la parole, l'éducation et l'écoute apparaissent plus que jamais comme des outils indispensables. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

Czy sztuczna inteligencja może pomóc w leczeniu chorób autoimmunologicznych i nowotworów?Gościem podcastu z Carpathian Startup Fest jest Grzegorz Warzecha — założyciel Genotic, zwycięzcy konkursu Puls Up na najlepszy startup 2025 roku.Rozmawiamy o przełomowej technologii projektowania i produkcji przeciwciał z wykorzystaniem AI, o realnych zastosowaniach w szpitalach i laboratoriach, a także o tym, jak udział w wydarzeniach takich jak CSF pomaga młodym firmom zdobywać inwestorów i rozpoznawalność.W tym odcinku:jak działają przeciwciała projektowane przez Genotic,jakie choroby można nimi leczyć,dlaczego startupy medtechowe mają dziś swoje pięć minut,i dlaczego warto pokazywać swój pomysł na scenie startupowej.#startup #medtech #AI #sztucznainteligencja #biotechnologia #Genotic #CarpathianStartupFest #innowacje #zdrowie #immunologia #nowotwory #PBBrief #PulsBiznesu #PulsUp #technologiawmedycynie

In this episode of the Sportsmen's Voice Roundup, Fred Bird and CSF Assistant Manager, Midwestern States Bob Matthews kick off with our lead story discussing a new bill in Michigan aimed at integrating hunter education into public schools. Fred and Bob dive into the importance of this initiative, why the hunter ed in schools legislation is a priority for the CSF, the role of hunters in wildlife management, and the need for increased public understanding of conservation funding. Then, Fred dives into the rest of the headlines affecting sportsmen and women in the US, including legislation targeting poachers, increased public access to lands, new fishing regulation updates, and more news to support outdoor traditions and communities. Takeaways The MAPOceans Act: The Act aims to clarify fishing regulations, where public access is crucial to outdoor activity. Michigan Outdoor Education: New legislation in Michigan is expanding outdoor education opportunities in the Great Lake State.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Join Jay Gunkelman, QEEGD (the man who has read over 500,000 brain scans), Dr. Mari Swingle (author of i-Minds), and host Pete Jansons for one of the most entertaining and eye-opening episodes of the NeuroNoodle Neurofeedback Podcast to date. This week's guest is David Siever, founder of Mind Alive and creator of the DAVID Premier device — a revolutionary audiovisual entrainment tool designed to combat brain fog, burnout, and post-COVID crashes. From pirate anthems to cutting-edge neuroscience, we explore cerebral spinal fluid, mood recovery, detoxification, and why traditional sleep aids may be making things worse. Packed with science, storytelling, and a few sea shanties, this is an episode you don't want to miss.Topics Discussed

In this feature episode of The Sportsmen's Voice, host Fred Bird sits down with Mark Damian Duda, founder and executive director of Responsive Management, to reflect on a recent New England turkey hunt the two shared and dive deep into the human dimensions of wildlife conservation. They explore the vital role that hunters play in conservation funding, the public's changing attitudes toward hunting, and how research-based communication strategies can shift perceptions and build stronger public support. From demographic trends to the importance of wildlife councils, this episode is a must-listen for anyone passionate about the future of hunting and conservation in America. Whether you're a seasoned outdoorsman, a wildlife advocate, or simply curious about how legal, regulated hunting contributes to conservation, this conversation delivers valuable insight backed by decades of public opinion research. Key Takeaways: Understanding Non-Hunter Perspectives: How have demographic shifts in the United States affected how people view the natural world and our place in it? Find out about Mark's groundbreaking research. Public Support Of Hunting: Has it declined? What steps can hunters and sportsmen and women take to recover the public perception of their lifestyle? Mark answers this and more. Responsive Management's Research: Mark dives into the power of Responsive Management's research in shaping effective outreach strategies, how demographic shifts are reshaping the future of hunting, why positive messaging and respectful language (e.g. "legal, regulated hunting") resonate more with the public, and more. Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode of the Sportsmen's Voice Roundup, Fred Bird and Chris Horton kick off with our lead story discussing the introduction of the Sporting Goods Excise Tax Modernization Act in the Senate and how this bipartisan bill stands to combat tax and conservation funding avoidance. They then tackle an update on the Rigs to Reef legislation, new legislation out of North Dakota's recent legislative session, enhancements to Alaska's Big Game Commercial Services Board, the Fix Our Forest Act aimed at wildfire risk reduction, and efforts to expand Sunday hunting opportunities in Connecticut. Takeaways The Sporting Goods Excise Tax Modernization Act: This legislation is crucial for conservation funding, by closing loopholes exploited by foreign manufacturers to get around the North American Model. North Dakota Senate Bill 2137: This North Dakota bill, which has been passed and signed into law, prohibits NDGFD from enacting or implementing policies related to baiting or supplemental feeding for hunting big game animals on private property.  Alaska Big Game Service Board: Alaska's Big Game Commercial Services Board is being enhanced - look for more in a future episode with Marie Neumiller on that one!   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode of the Sportsmen's Voice Roundup, Fred tackles it solo, covering all the news that's fit to print concerning the outdoor community around the country including legislation aimed at enhancing access to public lands, paint balling bears in California (you read that right), voter registration initiatives for sportsmen in Michigan, advancements in muzzleloading technology in Louisiana, and an update to draconian knife legislation in Delaware.  Takeaways The America The Beautiful Act: Our lead story from Taylor Schmitz relays how this key legislation aims to restore public land infrastructure. California's Bear Boom: California's bear population has grown due to hunting restrictions, while Fred covers some… interesting… ideas from anti-hunters on how to manage bears including throwing pinecones and shooting them with paintball guns. Delaware Knife Law Update: CSF supports a fix to Delaware's knife laws repealing the ban on so-called “switch blade” assisted opening knives, paving the way for another useful tool in sportsmen's gear bag in the state.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

 In this week's feature episode of The Sportsmen's Voice Podcast, host Fred Bird sits down with Angi Bruce, the first female director of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, to talk about the evolving challenges and opportunities in wildlife management in the Cowboy State. From emerging legislation and the push for science-based policy to the tension between resident and non-resident hunters, Angi provides a candid look at how Wyoming balances conservation, tourism, and access to public lands. This episode unpacks the realities of conservation funding, the role of hunters in protecting wildlife, and why community engagement and bipartisan support are essential to the future of Wyoming's outdoor heritage. Key Takeaways: Learn About Director Angie Bruce: Dive into Angi's historic role as the first female director of Wyoming Game and Fish The Push For Science-Based Management: Answering why wildlife management should be science-led, not politically driven Wyoming Conservation Funding: Discover how hunting and fishing licenses fund 100% of the agency Residents VS Non-Residents: Explore the growing anti-non-resident sentiment—and what's behind it Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode of the Sportsmen's Voice roundup, Fred is joined by CSF's Senior Coordinator of Southeastern States Conner Barker for this week's lead story on the ongoing debate surrounding Sunday hunting restrictions in North Carolina. Conner and Fred dive into the historical context, recent legislative changes, and the implications of recent court rulings on the future of the policy, along with the impact of these restrictions on hunters and the broader conservation community. Fred then dives into all the rest of the key headlines affecting sportsmen and women around the country, including recent legislative changes affecting wildlife management in North Dakota, the ongoing scrutiny of lead ammunition in the Northeast, and the celebration of Sportsmen's Day in Colorado. Takeaways North Carolina Sunday Hunting: North Carolina has restrictive Sunday hunting laws dating back over a century, and has recently seen legislative and rule making changes opening up Sunday hunting on private lands and 51 game lands. North Dakota Wildlife Agency Authority: CSF believes wildlife management should remain with state agencies for effective conservation; unfortunately recent legislation has now stripped some management authority from the North Dakota Game and Fish Department.   Lead Ammo In The Northeast: CSF opposes statutory bans on using lead ammunition that would have unintended and negative impacts on conservation funding, to the detriment of habitat and wildlife conservation efforts.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Papilledema describes optic disc swelling (usually bilateral) arising from raised intracranial pressure. Due to its serious nature, there is a fear of underdiagnosis; hence, one major stumbling points is correct identification, which typically requires a thorough ocular examination including visual field testing. In this episode, Kait Nevel, MD speaks with Susan P. Mollan, MBChB, PhD, FRCOphth, author of the article “Papilledema” in the Continuum® April 2025 Neuro-ophthalmology issue. Dr. Nevel is a Continuum® Audio interviewer and a neurologist and neuro-oncologist at Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis, Indiana. Dr. Mollan is a professor and neuro-ophthalmology consultant at University Hospitals Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Additional Resources Read the article: Papilledema Subscribe to Continuum®: shop.lww.com/Continuum Earn CME (available only to AAN members): continpub.com/AudioCME Continuum® Aloud (verbatim audio-book style recordings of articles available only to Continuum® subscribers): continpub.com/Aloud More about the American Academy of Neurology: aan.com Social Media facebook.com/continuumcme @ContinuumAAN Host: @IUneurodocmom Guest: @DrMollan Full episode transcript available here Dr Jones: This is Dr Lyell Jones, Editor-in-Chief of Continuum. Thank you for listening to Continuum Audio. Be sure to visit the links in the episode notes for information about earning CME, subscribing to the journal, and exclusive access to interviews not featured on the podcast. Dr Nevel: Hello, this is Dr Kait Nevel. Today I'm interviewing Dr Susan Mollan about her article Papilledema Diagnosis and Management, which appears in the April 2025 Continuum issue on neuro-ophthalmology. Susie, welcome to the podcast, and please introduce yourself to our audience. Dr Mollan: Thank you so much, Kait. It's a pleasure to be here today. I'm Susie Mollan, I'm a consultant neuro-ophthalmologist, and I work at University Hospitals Birmingham- and that's in England. Dr Nevel: Wonderful. So glad to be talking to you today about your article. To start us off, can you please share with us what you think is the most important takeaway from your article for the practicing neurologist? Dr Mollan: I think really the most important thing is about examining the fundus and actually trying to visualize the optic nerves. Because as neurologists, you're really acutely trained in examining the cranial nerves, and often people shy away from looking at the eyes. And it can give people such confidence when they're able to really work out straightaway whether there's going to be a problem or there's not going to be a problem with papilledema. And I guess maybe a little bit later on we can talk about the article and tips and tricks for looking at the fundus. But I think that would be my most important thing to take away. Dr Nevel: I'm so glad that you started with that because, you know, that's something that I find with trainees in general, that they often find one of the more daunting or challenging aspects of learning, really, how to do an excellent neurological exam is examining the fundus and feeling confident in diagnosing papilledema. What kind of advice do you give to trainees learning this skill? Dr Mollan: So, it really is practice and always carrying your ophthalmoscope with you. There's lots of different devices that people can choose to buy. But really, if you have a direct ophthalmoscope, get it out in the ward, get it out in clinic. Look at those patients that you'd know have alternative diagnosis, but it gives you that practice. I also invite everybody to come to the eye clinic because we have dilated patients there all the time. We have diabetic retinopathy clinics, and it makes it really easy to start to acquire those skills because I think it's very tricky, because you're getting a highly magnified view of the optic nerve and you've got to sort out in your head what you're actually looking at. I think it's practice. and then use every opportunity to really look at the fundus, and then ask your ophthalmology colleagues whether you can go to clinic. Dr Nevel: Wonderful advice. What do you think is most challenging about the evaluation of papilledema and why? Dr Mollan: I think there are many different aspects that are challenging, and these patients come from lots of different areas. They can come from the family doctor, they can come from an optician or another specialist. A lot of them can have headache. And, as you know, headache is almost ubiquitous in the population. So, trying to pull out the sort of salient symptoms that can go across so many different conditions. There's nothing that's pathognomonic for papilledema other than looking at the optic nerves. So, I think it's difficult because the presentation can be difficult. The actual history can be challenging. There are those rare patients that don't have headache, don't have pulsatile tinnitus, but can still have papilledema. So, I think it- the most challenging thing is actually confirming papilledema. And if you're not able to confirm it, getting that person to somebody who's able to help and confirm or refute papilledema is the most important thing. Dr Nevel: Yeah, right. Because you talk in your article the importance of distinguishing between papilledema and some other diagnoses that can look like papilledema but aren't papilledema. Can you talk about that a little bit? Dr Mollan: Absolutely. I think in the article it's quite nice because we were able to spend a bit of time on a big table going through all the pseudopapilledema diagnoses. So that includes people with shortsightedness, longsightedness, people with optic nerve head drusen. And we've been very fortunate in ophthalmology that we now have 3D imaging of the optic nerve. So, it makes it quite clear to us, when it's pseudopapilledema, it's almost unfair when you're using the direct ophthalmoscope that you don't get a cross sectional image through that optic nerve. So, I'd really sort of recommend people to delve into the article and look at that table because it nicely picks out how you could pick up pseudopapilledema versus papilledema. Dr Nevel: Perfect. In your article, you also talk about what's important to think about in terms of causes of papilledema and what to evaluate for. Can you tell us, you know, when you see someone who you diagnose with papilledema, what do you kind of run through in terms of diagnostic tests and things that you want to make sure you're evaluating for or not missing? Dr Mollan: Yeah. So, I think the first thing is, is once it's confirmed, is making sure it's isolated or whether there's any additional cranial nerve palsies. So that might be particularly important in terms of double vision and a sixth nerve palsy, but also not forgetting things like corneal sensation in the rest of the cranial nerves. I then make sure that we have a blood pressure. And that sounds a bit ridiculous in this day and age because everybody should have a blood pressure coming to clinic or into the emergency room. But sometimes it's overlooked in the panic of thinking, gosh, I need to investigate this person. And if you find that somebody does have malignant hypertension, often what we do is we kind of stop the investigational pathway and go down the route of getting the medics involved to help with lowering the blood pressure to a safe level. I would then always think about my next thing in terms of taking some bloods. I like to rule out anemia because anemia can coexist in a lot of different conditions of raised endocranial pressure. And so, taking some simple blood such as a complete blood count, checking the kidney function, I think is important in that investigational pathway. But you're not really going to stop there. You're going to move on to neuroimaging. It doesn't really matter what you do, whether you do a CT or an MRI, it's just getting that imaging pretty much on the same day as you see the patient. And the key point to that imaging is to do venography. And you want to rule out a venous sinus thrombosis cause that's the one thing that is really going to cause the patient a lot of morbidity. Once your neuroimaging is secure and you're happy, there's no structural lesion or a thrombosis, it's then reviewing that imaging to make sure it's safe to proceed with lumbar puncture. And so, we would recommend the lumbar puncture in the left lateral decubitus position and allowing the patient to be as calm and relaxed as possible to be able to get that accurate opening pressure. Once we get that, we can send the CSF for contents, looking for- making sure they don't have any signs of meningitis or raised protein. And then, really, we're at that point of saying, you know, we should have a secure diagnosis, whether it would be a structural lesion, venous sinus thrombosis, or idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Dr Nevel: Wonderful. Thank you for that really nice overview and, kind of, diagnostic pathway and stepwise thought process in the evaluations that we do. There are several different treatments for papilledema that you go through in your article, ranging from surgical to medication options. When we're taking care of an individual patient, what factors do you use to help guide you in this decision-making process of what treatment is best for the patient and how urgent treatment is? Dr Mollan: I think that's a really important question because there's two things to consider here. One is, what is the underlying diagnosis? Which, hopefully, through the investigational save, you'll have been able to achieve a secure diagnosis. But going along that investigational pathway, which determines the urgency of treatment, is, what's happening with the vision? If we have somebody where we're noting that the vision is affected- and normally it's actually through a formal visual field. And that's really challenging for lots of people to get in the emergency situation because syndromes of raised endocranial pressure often don't cause problems with the visual acuity or the color vision until it's very late. And also, you won't necessarily get a relative afferent papillary defect because often it's bilateral. So I really worry if any of those signs are there in somebody that may have papilledema. And so, a lot rests on that visual field. Now, we're quite good at doing confrontational visual fields, but I would say that most neurologists should be carrying pins to be able to look at the visual fields rather than just pointing fingers and quadrants if you're not able to get a formal visual field early. It's from that I would then determine if the vision is affected, I need to step up what I'm going to do. So, I think the sort of next thing to think about is that sort of vision. So, if we have somebody who, you know, you define as have severe sight loss at the point that you're going through this investigational pathway, you need to get an ophthalmologist or a neuro-ophthalmologist on board to help discuss either the surgery teams as to whether you need to be heading towards an intervention. And there are a number of different types of intervention. And the reason why we discuss it in the article---and we'll also be discussing it in a future issue of Continuum---is there's not high-class evidence to suggest one surgery over another surgery. We may touch on this later. So, we've got our patients with severe visual loss who we need to do something immediately. We may have people where the papilledema is moderate, but the vision isn't particularly affected. They may just have an enlarged blind spot. For those patients, I think we definitely need to be thinking about medical therapy and talking to them about what the underlying cause is. And the commonest medicine to use for raised endocranial pressure in this setting is acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrous inhibitor. And I think that should be started at the point that you believe somebody has moderate papilledema, with a lot of discussion around the side effects of the medicine that we go into the article and also the fact that a lot of our patients find acetazolamide in an escalating dose challenging. There are some patients with very mild papilledema and no visual change where I might say, hey, I don't think we need to start treatment immediately, but you need to see somebody who understands your disease to talk to you about what's going on. And generally, I would try and get somebody out of the emergency investigational pathway and into a formal clinic as soon as possible. Dr Nevel: Thank you so much for that. One thing that I was wondering that we see clinically is you get a consult for a patient, maybe, who had an isolated episode of vertigo, back to their normal self, completely resolved… but incidentally, somebody ordered an MRI. And that MRI, in the report, it says partially empty sella, slight flattening of the posterior globe, concerns for increased intracranial pressure. What should we be doing with these patients who, you know, normal neurological exam, maybe we can't detect any definite papilledema on our endoscopic exam. What do you think the appropriate pathway is for those patients? Dr Mollan: I think it's really important. The more neuroimaging that we're doing, we're sort of seeing more people with signs that are we don't believe are normal. So, you've mentioned a few, the sort of partially empty sella, empty sella, tortuosity of the optic nerves, flattening of the globes, changes in transverse sinus. And we have quite a nice, again, table in the article that talks about these signs. But they have really low sensitivity for a diagnosis of raised endocranial pressure and isolation. And so, I think it's about understanding the context of which the neuroimaging has been taken, taking a history and going back and visiting that to make sure that they don't have escalating headache. And also, as you said, rechecking the eye nerves to make sure there's no papilledema. I think if you have a good examination with the direct ophthalmoscope and you determine that there's no papilledema, I would be confident to say there's no papilledema. So, I don't think they need to necessarily cry doubt. The ophthalmology offices, we certainly are having quite a few additional referrals, particularly for this, which we kind of called IIH-RAD, where patients are coming to us for this exclusion. And I think, in the intervening time, patients can get very anxious about having a sort of MRI artifact picked up that may necessarily mean a different diagnosis. So, I guess it's a little bit about reassurance, making sure we've taken the appropriate history and performed the examination. And then knowing that actually it's really a number of different signs that you need to be able to confidently diagnose raised ICP, and also the understanding that sometimes when people have these signs, if the ICP reduces, those signs remain. You know, we're learning an awful lot more about MRI imaging and what's normal, what's within normal limits. So, I think reassurance and sensible medical approach. Dr Nevel: Absolutely. In the section in your article on idiopathic intracranial hypertension, you spend a little bit of time talking about how important it is that we sensitively approach the topic of potential weight loss for those patients who are overweight. How do you approach that discussion in your clinic? Because I think it's an important part of the holistic patient care with that condition. Dr Mollan: I think this is one of the things that we've really listened to the patients about over the last number of years where we recognize that in an emergency situation, sometimes we can be quite quick to sort of say, hey, you have idiopathic endocranial hypertension and weight loss is, you know, the best treatment for the condition. And I think in those circumstances, it can be quite distressing to the patient because they feel that there's a lot of stigma attached around weight management. So, we worked with the patient group here at IIH UK to really come up with a way of a signposting to our patients that we have to be honest that there is a link, you know, a strong evidence that weight gain and body shape change can cause someone to fall into a diagnosis of IIH. And we know that weight loss is really effective with this condition. So, I think where I've learned from the patients is trying to use language that's less stigmatizing. I definitely signpost that I'm going to talk about something sensitive. So, I say I'm going to talk about something sensitive and I'm going to say, do you know that this condition is related to body shape change? And I know that if I listen to this podcast in a couple of years, I'm sure my words will have changed. And I think that's part of the process, is learning how to speak to people in an ever-changing language. And they think that sort of signpost that you're going to talk about something sensitive and you're going to talk about body shape change. And then follow up with, are you OK with me talking about this now? Is it something you want to talk about? And the vast majority of people say, yes, let's talk about it. There'll be a few people that don't want to talk about it. And I usually come in quite quickly, say, is it OK if I mention it at the next consultation? Because we have a duty of care to sort of inform our patients, but at the same time we need to take them on that journey to get them back to health, and they need to be really enlisted in that process. Dr Nevel: Yeah, I really appreciate that. These can be really difficult conversations and uncomfortable conversations to have that are really important. And you're right, we have a duty as medical providers to have these conversations or inform our patients, but the way that we approach it can really impact the way patients perceive not only their diagnosis, but the relationship that we have with our patients. And we always want that to be a positive relationship moving forward so that we can best serve our patients. Dr Mollan: I think the other thing as well is making sure that you've got good signposts to the professionals. And that's what I say, because people then say to me, well, you know, kind of what diet should I be on? What should I be doing? And I say, well, actually, I don't have professional experience with that. I'm, I'm very fortunate in my hospital, I'm able to send patients to the endocrine weight management service. I'm also able to send patients to the dietetic service. So, it's finding, really, what suits the patient. Also what's within licensing in your healthcare system to be able to provide. But not being too prescriptive, because when you spend time with weight management professionals, they'll tell you lots of different things about diets that people have championed and actually, in randomized controlled trials, they haven't been effective. I think it's that signpost really. Dr Nevel: Yeah, absolutely. So, could you talk a little bit about what's going on in research in papilledema or in this area, and what do you think is up-and-coming? Dr Mollan: I think there's so much going on. Mainly there's two parts of it. One is image analysis, and we've had some really fantastic work out of the Singapore group Bonsai looking at a machine learning decision support tool. When people take fundal pictures from a normal fundus camera, they're able to say with good certainty, is this papilledema, is this not papilledema? But more importantly, if you talk to the investigators, something that we can't tell when we look in is they're able to, with quite a high level of certainty, say, well, this is base occupying lesion, this is a venous sinus thrombosis, and this is IIH. And you know, I've looked at thousands and thousands of people's eyes and that I can't tell why that is. So, I think the area of research that is most exciting, that will help us all, is this idea about decision support tools. Where, in your emergency pathway, you're putting a fundal camera in that helps you be able to run the image, the retina, and also to try and work out possibly what's going on. I think that's where the future will go. I think we've got many sort of regulatory steps and validation and appropriate location of a learning to go on in that area. So, that's one side of the imaging. I think the other side that I'm really excited about, particularly with some of the work that we've been doing in Birmingham, is about treatment. The surgical treatments, as I talked about earlier… really, there's no high-class evidence. There's a number of different groups that have been trying to do randomized trials, looking at stenting versus shunting. They're so difficult to recruit to in terms of trials. And so, looking at other treatments that can reduce intracranial pressure. We published a small phase two study looking at exenatide, which is a glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist, and it showed in a small group of patients living with IIH that it could reduce the intracranial pressure two and a half hours, twenty-four hours, and also out to three months. And the reason why this is exciting is we would have a really good acute therapy---if it's proven in Phase III trials---for other diseases, so, traumatic brain injury where you have problems controlling ICP. And to be able to do that medically would be a huge breakthrough, I think, for patient care. Dr Nevel: Yeah, really exciting. Looking forward to seeing what comes in the future then. Wonderful. Well, thank you so much for chatting with me today about your article. I really enjoyed learning more from you during our conversation today and from your article, which I encourage all of our listeners to please read. Lots of good information in that article. So again, today I've been interviewing Dr Susie Mollan about her article Papilledema Diagnosis and Management, which appears in the most recent issue of Continuum on neuro-ophthalmology.Please be sure to check out Continuum episodes from this and other issues. And thank you to our listeners for joining us today. Thank you, Susie. Dr Mollan: Thank you so much. Dr Monteith: This is Dr Teshamae Monteith, Associate Editor of Continuum Audio. If you've enjoyed this episode, you'll love the journal, which is full of in-depth and clinically relevant information important for neurology practitioners. Use the link in the episode notes to learn more and subscribe. AAN members, you can get CME for listening to this interview by completing the evaluation at continpub.com/audioCME. Thank you for listening to Continuum Audio.

In this episode of the Sportsmen's Voice podcast, Fred covers critical state-level legislative developments that could shape the future of hunting, fishing, and conservation across the country. With updates from Arkansas, Washington, Massachusetts, North Carolina, and South Carolina, this episode gives sportsmen and women around the country the insights they need to stay informed and engaged. Takeaways Arkansas: Tune in for updates on how a successful legislative session brings several pro-sportsmen bills across the finish line, reinforcing hunting and fishing rights. Washington: Recent appointments to the state's Fish and Wildlife Commission aim to restore balance and ensure better representation of sportsmen's interests. Massachusetts: A controversial new bill could restrict hunting and fishing in designated old-growth forest reserves, potentially setting a dangerous precedent for public land access. Sustainable Management: The North American Model of Wildlife Conservation remains the foundation for effective, science-based practices.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode of The Sportsmen's Voice Podcast, host Fred Bird is joined once again by Senior Director of Fisheries Policy Chris Horton to break down House Bill 443—a game-changing piece of legislation aimed at improving recreational fishing data collection in Georgia. They dive into why federal fishery management systems are falling short, and how state-led efforts can lead to more accurate, real-time data, longer fishing seasons, and better policy decisions for anglers. The conversation covers everything from slot limits and discard mortality to the impact of artificial reefs and post-release mortality rates. If you care about sustainable fishing, angler rights, and better fishing seasons, this episode is a must-listen. Key Takeaways: House Bill 443: This bill introduces a saltwater fishing license fee to fund improved data collection. All About Data: Federal data collection methods lack the real-time accuracy needed for today's fishery management, while state-level management allows for localized, angler-driven decisions. Accurate angler reporting = longer, better fishing seasons. Poor estimates of fish harvested, as well as those that are released, can cut seasons short. Total mortality: Total mortality includes released fish – a percentage of which are expected to die. High release rates and slot limits can increase discard mortality. Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

 In this week's roundup while Robbie is off galavanting again, Ashlee is joined by Fred Bird of the Congressional Sportsmen's Foundation. And luckily, in addition to being CSF's Senior Manager of Eastern States, Fred also serves as the host of CSF's own Sportsmen's Voice podcast - because when a catastrophic power and internet failure hits Ashlee's office mid-recording, Fred is able to step in and finish the episode! Ashlee and Fred discuss legislative news around the country, including the implications of controversial bills like Alabama's House Bill 509, the significance of food sovereignty legislation such as the statute passed in Maine, legal challenges in Pennsylvania regarding the Open Fields doctrine and wildlife management's ability to enter private land vs the rights of hunting clubs, the legal implications surrounding wildlife & property surveillance, recent legislative updates on the ND Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) bills, and the outline of the plan for the return of bear hunting in Florida. Check it out! Get to know the guest: https://congressionalsportsmen.org/the-sportsmens-voice-podcast/  https://podfollow.com/1705085498  https://congressionalsportsmen.org/staff/fred-bird/ Do you have questions we can answer? Send it via DM on IG or through email at info@bloodorigins.com Support our Conservation Club Members! Trophy Destinations: https://www.trophydestinations.com/  Sun Africa Safaris: https://www.sun-africa.com/  Bear Country Outdoors: https://bearcountryoutdoors.com/  See more from Blood Origins: https://bit.ly/BloodOrigins_Subscribe Music: Migration by Ian Post (Winter Solstice), licensed through artlist.io This podcast is brought to you by Bushnell, who believes in providing the highest quality, most reliable & affordable outdoor products on the market. Your performance is their passion. https://www.bushnell.com  This podcast is also brought to you by Silencer Central, who believes in making buying a silencer simple and they handle the paperwork for you. Shop the largest silencer dealer in the world. Get started today! https://www.silencercentral.com  This podcast is brought to you by Safari Specialty Importers. Why do serious hunters use Safari Specialty Importers? Because getting your trophies home to you is all they do. Find our more at: https://safarispecialtyimporters.com  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode of the Sportsmen's Voice podcast, Fred Bird and CSF's Assistant Manager for the Southwestern States Barry Snell, discuss two Arizona bills aimed at protecting Second Amendment rights, prohibiting Merchant Category Coding and Firearms Preemption. The conversation then shifts to the controversial hounding petition in Arizona. The two exploring the implications of and the potential consequences of banning hound hunting, highlighting the importance of community engagement in wildlife management and the challenges posed by urban perspectives on rural wildlife issues. Fred then covers the rest of the news around the nation important to sportsmen, including the management of coyote populations in Michigan, the significance of public access to waterways in West Virginia, the need for effective forest management to prevent wildfires, and the establishment of collegiate coalitions to engage youth in conservation efforts.  Takeaways Pro Gun Legislation Advancing In Arizona: Arizona is advancing firearm legislation to protect Second Amendment rights, where merchant category codes could infringe on financial privacy for all consumers and civil penalties for government officials may deter restrictive local gun laws. Hound Hunting Ban Petition Circulating In Arizona: The hounding petition in Arizona seeks to ban all hound hunting. Meanwhile, a similar California ban on hounding has led to increased wildlife-human conflicts. Michigan Coyotes: Michigan is looking at a year-round season for coyote hunting after the Commission voted to shorten the season last year, excluding Mid-April through Mid-July. Coyote hunting and management is crucial for ecological balance in Michigan and beyond. Public Access To Public Waterways: Public access to waterways is essential for conservation funding as a lynchpin for many recreational activities.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this week's episode of The Sportsmen's Voice Roundup, Fred covers all the news fit to print about the world of hunting, fishing and shooting policy including the 75th anniversary of the Sport Fishing Restoration Act, a deep dive into the American System of Conservation Funding, and recent legislative developments in Maine, Oregon, Minnesota, and Georgia, along with emphasizing the importance of self-funding conservation programs and the role of sportsmen and women in wildlife management.    Takeaways Sport Fish Restoration Act: This important Act has been crucial for aquatic resource conservation for 75 years. Firearm Transfer Waiting Period In Maine: CSF is working hard on repealing a 72-hour waiting period for firearm transfers. Crossbows In Minnesota: Crossbows are being fully included in Minnesota's archery season, in a big win for accessibility for hunters.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Attention radiologists: Were you trained to look for Tarlov cysts when reading spine MRI? In this episode of Backtable MSK, interventional neuroradiologist Dr. Kieran Murphy joins the studio to discuss the serious issue of chronic pain related to Tarlov cysts, a condition often overlooked in both diagnosis and treatment. Tarlov cysts, also known as perineural cysts, are fluid-filled sacs that form due to the dilation of the subarachnoid space around spinal nerve roots, most commonly at the base of the spine. --- SYNPOSIS Dr. Murphy highlights the high risk of depression and suicide among patients, who are often misdiagnosed and overprescribed ineffective pain medications. He explains how to identify and treat Tarlov cysts through aspiration and fibrin sealing, addresses the historical dismissal of their significance, and underscores the need for a better understanding of CSF leaks. Additionally, Dr. Murphy emphasizes the importance of institutional responsibility in occupational radiation safety for interventionalists, advocating for improved lead protection and antioxidant use to mitigate radiation damage. The episode concludes with a humbling reminder of the implicit biases present in medical practice and the ongoing need for more inclusive and attentive patient care. --- TIMESTAMPS 00:00 - Introduction 01:24 - Challenges in Diagnosing and Treating Tarlov Cysts 04:05 - Patient Experiences and Misdiagnoses 06:06 - Cyst Aspiration Techniques 15:12 - Improved Diagnosis of CSF Abnormalities 22:10 - Allergic Reactions to Fibrin 25:30 - Implicit Bias in Medicine 34:50 - Radiation Safety in Radiology 43:47 - Final Thoughts and Reflections

Today we discuss: Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) leaksAgenda:  1. Dr. Cardenas: Tell us your story!  2.     So, what is a CSF leak? a.     What is leaking? From where? Why do leaks happen? b.     Common symptoms? Uncommon symptoms? c.     Why don't more people know about this?  3.     Okay, so let's go back to basic anatomy & let's go from general to specific- talk to us about: a.     connective tissueb.     vasculaturec.     central nervous system flow: CSF, lymph, bloodd.     Relationship with bones like CCI, Eagle's, others?e.     Relationship with the vasculature/ flow in the rest of the body like pelvic venous congestion 4.     How do we evaluate for this?b.     Imagingc.     Blood patches d.     Embolization  5.     How do we TREAT this? a.     Immediate: Blood patches/ embolization/ pressure adjustments (meds, etc) b.     Counter facial strain. What is it & how does it help? Role for other physical tx like PT/ chiro?Bio: Dr Brianna Cardenas is a Physician Assistant, a certified athletic trainer and the founder of Healed and Empowered, an organization that specializes in optimizing health among those living with chronic illness. She has recently joined the team at NeuroVeda Health where she brings 13 years of healthcare experience. She is also a patient living with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, an “invisible” condition that can be hard to diagnose and often discounted by healthcare providers as a result. Brianna's lived experience as a patient informs her work as a healthcare provider to others.Bio: Dr. Maxwell is a Board Certified Pediatric Cardiologist and Pediatrician. He received his medical degree from Johns Hopkins Medical School and a Residency in Pediatrics at The University of California at San Francisco followed by clinical and research fellowships in Pediatric Cardiology at Lucile Salter Packard and Stanford Hospitals and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. His research interests include study of endothelial control of vasomotor tone, nitric oxide, sports cardiology, dysautonomia, hypermobility syndromes, & mast cell activation syndrome and their relationships to environmental toxins. For his research he received an American Heart Association Award for Research in Molecular Biology and was an American College of Cardiology Young Investigator Award finalist. He has published many articles and book chapters on these subjects. For his clinical work, he has been voted by his peers as a Top Doctor in Northern California annually since 2017.Resources/ Links/ Articles: ·       https://www.eds.clinic/articles/spiky-leaky-syndrome·       https://www.medicalandresearch.com/current_issue/1962

In this feature episode of The Sportsmen's Voice, Fred sits down with Steve Smith, Executive Director of Pennsylvania Game Commission, to discuss Sunday hunting in Pennsylvania and the years-long and ongoing push to pass landmark legislation to remove the remaining restrictions. Then, Fred is joined by CSF Vice President of Policy Brent Miller to dive deeper into the the complexities surrounding Sunday hunting legislation across the United States as a whole (a subject Brent actually wrote his thesis on!). They explore the historical context and theories of Sunday hunting bans (hint, it's not what people think), the incremental approach to changing these laws, and the various arguments for and against Sunday hunting, including safety concerns, discrimination against hunters, the opposition from professional guides and landowners, the importance of youth hunting opportunities and the bipartisan efforts to advance hunting rights.  Key Takeaways: Historical Context Is Everything: Discrimination against hunters is evident in Sunday hunting laws. Diving into the history of these bans can reveal the potentially classist, and possibly even racist roots of Sunday hunting bans, while safety concerns regarding hunting on Sundays are largely unfounded. Longstanding Priority In The Keystone State: The push for Sunday hunting has been a long-standing priority for the Pennsylvania Game Commission. Legislative momentum is building, with a majority of hunters now supporting Sunday hunting. Stakeholder Updates: The Farm Bureau's support for Sunday hunting marks a significant shift in stakeholder perspectives, along with the support of hunters themselves  Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this week's episode of The Sportsmen's Voice Roundup, Fred is joined by CSF's Mid-Atlantic Assistant Manager, Kaleigh Leager to discuss Virginia Governor Glenn Youngkin's VETO of antigun legislation in the state. Kaleigh and Fred break down the implications of age restrictions on firearm purchases, the ongoing debate surrounding assault weapon legislation, and the importance of retaining young sportsmen and women in the hunting community. Fred also covers a policy briefing on Capitol Hill, updates from South Dakota's legislative session, nominations for the Department of Interior, developments in Nevada's hunting laws, Connecticut's restrictions on Sunday hunting, and the potential for elk hunting in North Carolina. Get all the news fit to print about the great outdoors and the sports we all love right here!   Takeaways Unifying Priorities For Sportsmen And Women: The American Wildlife Conservation Partners (AWCP) sponsored a policy briefing on Capitol Hill focused on unifying priorities for sportsmen and women. Two Anti-Sportsmen's Bills Defeated in South Dakota: CSF, working with partners and the South Dakota Legislative Sportsmen's Caucus, was able to defeat bills that could have led to a transfer of funds from the South Dakota Game, Fish, and Parks and a discharge distance bill that was introduced during the session. Department Of Interior Nominations: The following CSF-supported nominees are working through the confirmation process right now, Brian Nesvik is vying to be the next Director of the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and Catherine MacGregor will serve as the next Deputy Secretary of the Department of the Interior.    Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

For this episode, we discuss the roles and sensitivity of mitochondria with Dr. Richard Frye, MD, PhD. Dr. Frye received an MD and a PhD in Physiology and Biophysics from Georgetown University. He is board certified in Pediatrics, Neurology with special competence in Child Neurology, and as a Certified Principal Investigator. In addition, he has a Masters in Biomedical Sciences and Biostatistics from Drexel University. Dr. Frye has over 300 publications in leading journals and book chapters.Dr. Frye shares many figures during the conversation so the listener can follow along.Dr. Richard Frye https://drfryemdphd.comRossingnol Medical Center Facebook https://www.facebook.com/RossignolMedicalCenterNeurological Health Foundation https://neurologicalhealth.orgHealthy Child Guide https://neurologicalhealth.org/the-guide-5/Daylight Computer Company https://daylightcomputer.com?sca_ref=8231379.3e0N25Wg3wuse "autism" in the discount code for $25 coupon.This is the future of tech.Chroma Light Therapy https://getchroma.co/?ref=autismuse "autism" for a 10% discount,0:00 Dr. Richard Frye0:58 Daylight Computer Company5:17 Chroma Light Devices8:27 History of Leucovorin; low risk, high reward; Folate Receptor Alpha (FRa)10:25 Blood Brain Barrier; Folate; CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)14:04 DNA, RNA; MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase)17:34 Cerebral Folate deficiency; BH4, Placenta & Womb23:35 Folate deficiency & Autism26:21 Clinical Studies & Data29:28 Folate & Mitochondria; Cerebral Folate Antibodies; White Matter Findings (!)34:45 Cerebral Folate deficiency & Ranges; Autistic Phenotypes: Language, Communication, & Behaviors40:45 Language & Communication; Self-Injurious Behaviors; Hyperactivity, Agitation; Treatment duration42:53 Folate Autoantibodies & Maternal Health & Markers45:30 Studies & Behavioral outcomes; inflammation & thyroid findings46:58 Neural development; Language connections, white matter tracts & distal connections48:53 Leucovorin for different severity/levels of Autism; Spinal Bifida51:08 Preparing for pregnancy53:50 Transgenerational aspects of Folate Autoantibodies Research; Prenatal Care & Awareness59:32 Guidance & SupportX: https://x.com/rps47586Hopp: https://www.hopp.bio/fromthespectrumYT: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGxEzLKXkjppo3nqmpXpzuAemail: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

In this week's episode of The Sportsmen's Voice Roundup, Fred is joined by CSF's Mid-Atlantic Assistant Manager Kaleigh Leager to discuss the Maryland lead hunting ammunition ban. Kaleigh breaks down the legislative process, the scientific arguments surrounding lead ammunition, and the economic implications for hunters and conservation. Fred also covers recent legislative updates affecting fishing, hunting, and wildlife conservation across various states, including Georgia, Alabama, Nebraska, and Montana. From the passage of House Bill 443 in Georgia aimed at improving fisheries management, to new firearm legislation in Nebraska, habitat improvement projects in Montana, a significant court ruling on corner crossing in Wyoming, and proposed sales tax holidays for firearms in Georgia and Alabama. Get all the news fit to print about the great outdoors and the sports we all love right here!   Takeaways Lead Bans Are Bad Policy For Hunting & Conservation: Maryland's lead hunting ammo ban, aimed at phasing out lead ammunition for all game species, was successfully opposed this year. Due to the nature of specific science to each state, economic impacts and more, a blanket ban on lead ammunition is simply not appropriate. ACTION ALERT: Pennsylvania Sunday Hunting: Kaleigh and Fred break in with an update on ongoing efforts to pass legislation for Sunday hunting in Pennsylvania, discussing the history of Senate Bill 67, the need for modernizing hunting laws, and the role of YOU, as constituents, in influencing legislative outcomes. ACTION ALERT: Georgia House Bill 443: This bill aims to improve fisheries management in Georgia. Corner Crossing Update: We have new clarification of the rules for corner crossing and its implications on access to public lands   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

خلاصه‌ی مقالات جدید: ۱-فاکتورهای آنالیز CSF برای تشخیص مننژیت ۲-اهمیت تست ویروسی مثبت برای روند تشخیصی نوزاد تب‌دار ۳-روش دادن دارو در ایست قلبی خارج از بیمارستان ۴-رابطه‌ی تأخیر شوک در ایست قلبی با موفقیت احیا

In this episode of the Bendy Bodies Podcast, Dr. Linda Bluestein welcomes Dr. Petra Klinge, a renowned neurosurgeon specializing in tethered cord syndrome (TCS), Chiari malformation, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) disorders. They dive deep into occult tethered cord syndrome, a condition where MRI scans appear normal, yet patients still experience neurological symptoms, chronic pain, and bladder/bowel dysfunction. Dr. Klinge explains how tethered cord affects EDS patients, the role of connective tissue disorders, and what makes someone a good candidate for surgery. Whether you've been struggling with undiagnosed spinal issues or are considering tethered cord release surgery, this episode is packed with valuable insights and cutting-edge research. Takeaways: Tethered Cord Can Be “Occult” (Hidden on MRI) – Many patients with classic tethered cord symptoms are dismissed because their MRI appears “normal.” A clinical diagnosis is key. EDS Patients Are at Higher Risk – Changes in collagen and the extracellular matrix make individuals with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome more prone to tethered cord syndrome, which can be congenital or acquired. Tethered Cord Syndrome Affects the Entire Spine – While traditionally thought to impact only the lower body, new research suggests TCS can cause upper body pain, weakness, and neurological dysfunction. Surgery Isn't Always the First Step – Physical therapy, craniosacral therapy, and manual techniques may help some patients, but progressive neurological decline may require surgical release. Retethering is Possible After Surgery – Around 7% of patients may need a second surgery due to scar tissue reattaching the spinal cord, but new surgical techniques are improving long-term outcomes. Articles referenced in the episode: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38489815/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38202013/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35307588/ Connect with YOUR Hypermobility Specialist, Dr. Linda Bluestein, MD at https://www.hypermobilitymd.com/. Thank YOU so much for tuning in. We hope you found this episode informative, inspiring, useful, validating, and enjoyable. Join us on the next episode for YOUR time to level up your knowledge about hypermobility disorders and the people who have them. Join YOUR Bendy Bodies community at https://www.bendybodiespodcast.com/. Learn more about Human Content at http://www.human-content.com Podcast Advertising/Business Inquiries: sales@human-content.com YOUR bendy body is our highest priority! Learn about Dr. Petra Klinge Website: https://www.brownhealth.org/providers/petra-m-klinge-md-phd Keep up to date with the HypermobilityMD: YouTube: youtube.com/@bendybodiespodcast Twitter: twitter.com/BluesteinLinda LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/hypermobilitymd Facebook: facebook.com/BendyBodiesPodcast Blog: hypermobilitymd.com/blog Part of the Human Content Podcast Network Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode of The Sportsmen's Voice, Fred sits down with the federal policy team from the Congressional Sportsmen's Foundation for an in-depth Q1 review of the new administration and Congress. From groundbreaking legislation to exciting conservation wins, this jam-packed conversation is essential listening for sportsmen and women who care about the future of America's outdoor heritage.   Key Topics Covered: Federal Policy Landscape: Fred and Director of Federal Relations Taylor Schmitz break down the latest legislative developments in Washington, D.C. Learn about the bipartisan support behind the Farm Bill and wildlife conservation efforts, as well as the challenges presented by digital markets and foreign manufacturer taxation. Wildlife Conservation: Get insights into the Wildlife Movement Through Partnerships Act, a crucial initiative designed to combat habitat fragmentation and improve wildlife connectivity. Fisheries Policy Updates: Senior Director of Fisheries Policy Chris Horton shares updates on the MAP Waters Act, MAP Oceans Act, and legislative measures tackling shark depredation. Discover how the Sporting Goods Excise Tax Modernization Act and the 75th Anniversary of the Dingle-Johnson Act are shaping the future of fisheries management. Forestry Management: Director of Forestry Policy John Colclasure dives into the Fix Our Forest Act, wildfire management strategies, and the Cottonwood fix. Hear how new leadership and cross-sector collaboration are driving forestry conservation efforts.   Key Takeaways: Legislative Wins: Bipartisan collaboration remains a cornerstone of successful conservation policy. Action Needed: Supporting initiatives like the Wildlife Movement Through Partnerships Act can have lasting impacts on wildlife corridors. Fisheries Management: Innovative policies and funding mechanisms are crucial for sustainable fisheries. Forest Health: Active management and legislative support are vital for wildfire prevention and forest restoration.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode of the Bendy Bodies Podcast, Dr. Linda Bluestein welcomes Dr. Petra Klinge, a renowned neurosurgeon specializing in tethered cord syndrome (TCS), Chiari malformation, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) disorders. They dive deep into occult tethered cord syndrome, a condition where MRI scans appear normal, yet patients still experience neurological symptoms, chronic pain, and bladder/bowel dysfunction. Dr. Klinge explains how tethered cord affects EDS patients, the role of connective tissue disorders, and what makes someone a good candidate for surgery. Whether you've been struggling with undiagnosed spinal issues or are considering tethered cord release surgery, this episode is packed with valuable insights and cutting-edge research. Takeaways: Tethered Cord Can Be “Occult” (Hidden on MRI) – Many patients with classic tethered cord symptoms are dismissed because their MRI appears “normal.” A clinical diagnosis is key. EDS Patients Are at Higher Risk – Changes in collagen and the extracellular matrix make individuals with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome more prone to tethered cord syndrome, which can be congenital or acquired. Tethered Cord Syndrome Affects the Entire Spine – While traditionally thought to impact only the lower body, new research suggests TCS can cause upper body pain, weakness, and neurological dysfunction. Surgery Isn't Always the First Step – Physical therapy, craniosacral therapy, and manual techniques may help some patients, but progressive neurological decline may require surgical release. Retethering is Possible After Surgery – Around 7% of patients may need a second surgery due to scar tissue reattaching the spinal cord, but new surgical techniques are improving long-term outcomes. Articles referenced in the episode: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38489815/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38202013/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35307588/ Connect with YOUR Hypermobility Specialist, Dr. Linda Bluestein, MD at https://www.hypermobilitymd.com/. Thank YOU so much for tuning in. We hope you found this episode informative, inspiring, useful, validating, and enjoyable. Join us on the next episode for YOUR time to level up your knowledge about hypermobility disorders and the people who have them. Join YOUR Bendy Bodies community at https://www.bendybodiespodcast.com/. Learn more about Human Content at http://www.human-content.com Podcast Advertising/Business Inquiries: sales@human-content.com YOUR bendy body is our highest priority! Learn about Dr. Petra Klinge Website: https://www.brownhealth.org/providers/petra-m-klinge-md-phd Keep up to date with the HypermobilityMD: YouTube: youtube.com/@bendybodiespodcast Twitter: twitter.com/BluesteinLinda LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/hypermobilitymd Facebook: facebook.com/BendyBodiesPodcast Blog: hypermobilitymd.com/blog Part of the Human Content Podcast Network Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this week's episode of The Sportsmen's Voice Roundup, Fred explores the ongoing push in Maine to amend the state constitution to safeguard the right to hunt and fish, diving into the importance of community involvement, the challenges posed by declining hunter participation, and the significance of a unified sporting voice. Fred also covers Arkansas' recent conservation initiatives aimed at supporting outdoor recreation and engaging new hunters. From forest conservation programs to modernizing muzzleloader regulations, we break down the latest legislative updates and how they affect sportsmen.   Takeaways A Right To Hunt And Fish In Maine: Constitutional protections for hunting and fishing are vital for wildlife management and grassroots involvement is essential to secure legislative victories. Forest Conservation Is Top Of Mind: Forest conservation easement programs play a key role in habitat preservation. Gun Bills Set to Wreak Havoc in the West: Colorado, New Mexico and Oregon are all dealing with bills that would negatively impact access and conservation funding. Louisiana: Seeks to modernize language for modern muzzleloading. Priority Legislation in Arkansas: NASC Executive Council president and AR Legislative Sportsmen's Caucus Co-Chair, introduces 3 pro sportsmen's bills in the AR House.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

▶️ Join a free leadership masterclass: https://www.firsthuman.com/masterclass/ ▶️ Connect with Richard on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/richardatherton-firsthuman/   My guest this week is Dr. Mauro Zapaterra,  a Harvard-trained MD and PhD, directing Multidisciplinary Catatonic Research at the Innovation Medical Group. An expert in cerebrospinal fluid, his work explores its role in the human system, combining insights from both science and spirituality. Dr. Zapaterra's research highlights the dynamic nature of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), its importance during brain development, and its complex composition. We discuss: The 'aha' moment when Mauro first discovered CSF Virtuous brainwashing DMT, the pineal gland and cerebrospinal fluid Why you should drink more Why heart rate variability is a good thing Links: Dr. Zapaterra's Website

Discussing a question I received asking where the blood brain barrier is located. In addition, we go over information about the blood csf barrier. This is strictly for educational purposes. The information in this video is not meant as a substitute for professional medical advice.Here's a link to the previous video on the blood brain barrier.https://spotifycreators-web.app.link/e/BQceRCwlKRbPlease like, comment and share if you find value in this video. Also, please ask any questions you have about supplements. I'll do a video reply as soon as possible.Resources:https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/area-postrema#:~:text=The%20area%20postrema%20refers%20to,actions%20that%20lead%20to%20illness.https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/what-blood-brain-barrier#:~:text=The%20brain%20is%20precious%2C%20and,of%20the%20blood%E2%80%93brain%20barrier.https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/choroid-plexushttps://journals.lww.com/glaucomajournal/fulltext/2013/06001/production_and_circulation_of_cerebrospinal_fluid.5.aspxhttps://fluidsbarrierscns.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12987-020-00230-3https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22266-meningeshttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2821375/https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroanatomy/articles/10.3389/fnana.2021.665803/full#F1https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1871727/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7768803/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4120694/Image resources:https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/choroid-plexushttps://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Anatomy_and_Physiology_%28Boundless%29/11%3A_Central_Nervous_System/11.3%3A_Protection_of_the_Brain/11.3C%3A_Ventricleshttps://www.hydroassoc.org/understanding-the-choroid-plexus-function-location-and-its-role-in-hydrocephalus/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/blood-cerebrospinal-fluid-CSF-barrier-The-choroid-plexus-has-fenestrated-capillaries_fig1_325373010https://neuroscientificallychallenged.com/glossary/fourth-ventriclehttps://www.researchgate.net/figure/Area-Postrema-is-Anatomical-Marker-for-the-Subregion-of-NTS-of-Primary-Hypothetical_fig1_259320952https://www.rit.edu/spotlights/blood-brain-barrierhttps://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440%2824%2911593-9https://www.aginganddisease.org/EN/10.14336/AD.2022.0130-1http://epilepsygenetics.net/the-epilepsiome/slc2a1-this-is-what-you-need-to-know/https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/14/2363https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/11/2636https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncel.2019.00282/fullhttps://teachmephysiology.com/immune-system/innate-immune-system/phagocytosis/https://oehha.ca.gov/chemicals/methylmercury-and-methylmercury-compoundshttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/18/2823https://www.simplypsychology.org/brain-ventricles.htmlhttps://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/123479/fnins-09-00032-HTML/image_m/fnins-09-00032-g001.jpghttps://www.researchgate.net/figure/Cerebrospinal-fluid-flow-Cerebrospinal-fluid-is-mainly-produced-in-the-lateral_fig2_370857837https://www.physio-pedia.com/CSF_Cerebrospinal_Fluid

During this week's edition of the Sportsmen's Voice Roundup, Fred is joined by guest Christian Ragosta, CSF Assistant Manager, Northeast States, to discuss the New York Big Five Trophy Ban. They explore how this legislation could negatively impact African conservation efforts, local economies, and wildlife management. The team highlights the importance of hunting in funding anti-poaching initiatives and supporting local communities. Fred then covers all the rest of the top news affecting sportsmen and women across the nation, including the appointment of Tom Schultz as Chief of the U.S. Forest Service, updates on Iowa legislation affecting sportsmen, red snapper management, the establishment of the Collegiate Sportsmen and Women's Coalition at Penn State, the introduction of hunter education in Georgia schools, and the promotion of trapping education in Idaho.    Takeaways New York's Big Five Trophy Ban is BAD For Conservation: The New York Big Five Trophy Band targets key African species, and is a bad policy that may harm African nations reliant on hunting tourism. US Forest Service's New Chief: Tom Schultz's leadership is crucial for sustainable forest management. As an experienced leader in forestry and public lands management, Tom Schultz will guide a multiple use mission agency that has significantly reduced its timber harvesting levels over the last few decades. Red Snapper Season Update: CSF has testified on the South Atlantic Red Snapper Update at a final public hearing to rectify a one day season in 20204 despite a high abundance of fish.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Fred Bird sits down with some of the leaders of the Congressional Sportsmen's Caucus (CSC) in this special ‘Changing of the Guard' episode which focuses on sportsmen's issues and caucus legislative priorities ranging from the farm bill to access bills to wildfire prevention and forestry and beyond. Hear from CSC Co-Chairs Senator John Boozman of Arkansas and Chairman of the House Natural Resources Committee Representative Bruce Westerman, also of Arkansas, as well as CSC Vice-Chairs Representative Troy Carter of Louisiana and Representative August Pfluger of Texas as they speak to some of the priorities that are important for sportsmen and women and how CSC members put aside their differences, working across the aisle, in promoting bipartisan efforts for wildlife management and conservation. Get a glimpse into learning more about their personal outdoor sporting interests, from fishing to spring gobbler chasing, and what their home states have to offer. Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In the podcast, Swine Extension Educator Sarah Schieck Boelke speaks with Rachel Schambow who is a researcher with the UMN Center for Animal Health and Food Safety at the College of Veterinary Medicine. Rachel speaks about the analysis her and her colleagues did of USDA's Sick Pig Surveillance component at Iowa State University and the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories. She also talks about USDA's Sick Pig Surveillance program in general and how producers and veterinarians can support surveillance for African Swine Fever and Classical Swine Fever. University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine Center for Animal Health and Food Safety have created informational sheets about the sick pig Veterinary Diagnostic Lab's (VDL) surveillance program to help producers and veterinarians understand what it is and how they can participate. There are two versions of the informational sheets - one is aimed towards the intensive commercial swine industry, while the other is aimed more at non-swine veterinarians and general audiences.

During this week's edition of the Sportsmen's Voice Roundup, Fred is joined by Bob Matthews to discuss critical issues surrounding the Knowles-Nelson Stewardship Fund in Wisconsin. Bob Matthews discusses the need for reauthorization of the fund, the implications of a Supreme Court ruling, and the efforts of various coalitions to ensure continued support for hunting and fishing access. Fred then covers the rest of the headlines affecting sportsmen and women across the country, including the advancement of House Bill 3872 in South Carolina, the implications of Colorado's SB3 on gun rights and hunting participation, the reintroduction of the Voluntary Public Access Improvement Act, and the importance of sustainable forestry practices in South Carolina.    Takeaways South Carolina House Bill 3872: House Bill 3872 aims to limit the loss of hunting land in South Carolina. It was reported favorably by the Ag and Natural Resources Committee and was quickly followed by unanimous 110-0 House vote and is now headed to the Senate. Colorado Senate Bill 3: Colorado's SB3 semi-automatic firearms ban is moving in Colorado. The bill has now been amended to allow continued ownership of some semi-automatic firearms popular with hunting and shooting with new requirements - but still threatens to severely limit hunting rights and Pittman-Robertson funding. The Knowles-Nelson Stewardship Fund: 90% of Wisconsin residents support the stewardship fund, which is vital for conservation in Wisconsin. Recent Supreme Court decisions have impacted legislative oversight of the fund, while coalitions are working to ensure the fund's reauthorization.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Takeaways Protecting Conservation Funding Is Paramount: Foreign manufacturers often evade taxes that support conservation efforts, while the proliferation of online marketplaces has created loopholes in conservation funding. The GAO now recommends that Congress to addresses the tax collection issue. Washington Trappers And Fly Fishers!: House Bill 1775 in Washington could impact trapping and fly fishing. Discount Licenses For Seniors: Minnesota's House File 276 aims to provide discounted fishing licenses for seniors without harming DNR funding.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

If you've ever considered an EV conversion but weren't sure where to start, Ryan from ‪@rywire‬ takes us through the technical details of his incredible Honda Civic EK EV swap, showcasing the integration of Tesla drive units, AEM Electronics VCU, and CSF Radiators for cutting-edge performance and thermal management.Use ‘PODCAST75' for $75 off your first HPA course here: https://hpcdmy.co/hpa-tuned-inThis lightweight (EV comparative) build features a $1,000 Tesla front drive unit and a $2,200 rear drive unit, delivering 300hp (each!) with infinite tunability thanks to a Cascadia Motion logic board. Ryan explains why switching from Tesla's OEM controls to standalone AEM strategies unlocks full control over torque split, regen tuning, and thermal strategies—key elements in achieving high performance and reliability.Thermal management is a standout feature, utilizing CSF radiators, Freon-based heat exchangers, and a multi-directional cooling system to optimize temperatures for the motor, charger, and 400V battery pack. With insights from OEM designs, Ryan has implemented a system that ensures the batteries stay in their optimal temperature range, boosting efficiency and performance.Whether you're interested in OEM vs. aftermarket motors, Bosch brake boosters, or regen tuning with paddle shifters, this build is a masterclass in EV conversions. With a range of up to 400 miles and a weight of approximately 3,400 lbs, this Civic is a lightweight powerhouse that sets a new benchmark for EV swaps.By the end of this interview you should understand that EV tuning is as risky as tuning your ICE powered projects, and without a high level of care for any project you undertake, you can potentially damage expensive components.

In this very special sit-down interview, Fred Bird is joined by renowned conservationist and outdoorsman, Will Primos, for a wide-ranging discussion on the importance of conservation, Will's legacy, and the impact hunting and conservation have had on Will's life and our nation. Will shares his personal journey, the evolution of his company, and just how important it is to continue educating future generations about conservation efforts. Fred and Will both then discuss the deep emotional connections sportsmen often have to their firearms and their role in conservation efforts. And finally, Mr. Primos shares his journey of donating a unique collection of guns to benefit five of the nation's greatest conservation organizations, emphasizing the importance of community involvement and the ripple effect such actions have on the greater good.    Key Takeaways: Understanding Will Primos' Legacy: Whether talking official Primos Hunting gear and calls or beyond, dive deep into Will Primos' hunting career and the legacy he hopes to leave behind for sportsmen and sportswomen. Protecting What We Love: Conservation is about protecting what we love and educating others, therefore it becomes necessary to cast a wide net and foster collaboration between various organizations for the benefit of wild places and wild things. Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

During this week's edition of the Sportsmen's Voice Roundup, Fred discusses the latest news in conservation, leading off with conservation legend Will Primos' collaboration with leading organizations to promote, The Truth About Conservation through a HISTORIC firearm auction. Fred then gives several updates on legislative initiatives including RTHF in Iowa, new Hunter Ed programs in Georgia, Massachussetts bear population increase leading to management plan changes, and so much more!   Takeaways Will Primos: Will Primos is leading a campaign to promote conservation awareness by partnering with CSF and other conservation nonprofits to auction off his collection of Purdey side-by-side shotguns - you heard it here first! Tune into the Truth About Conservation Campaign here: Know The Truth | THE TRUTH RTHF In Iowa?: Legislation is being introduced to protect the Right to Hunt and Fish in Iowa, which has seen success in several other states including, recently, in Florida. Great Lakes Restoration Initiative: The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative is vital for maintaining fisheries and access to native fish in the Great Lakes region.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter   Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

During this week's edition of the Sportsmen's Voice Roundup, Fred is joined by CSF's Bob Matthews to discuss the bipartisan support for legislative efforts to introduce hunter education in schools in Michigan and Illinois and the potential impact these bills have on youth engagement in hunting and outdoor activities. Bob highlights the collaboration between the Department of Natural Resources and the Department of Education in Michigan, as well as the challenges and prospects for similar legislation in Illinois. Then, Fred covers all the other news fit to print on conservation and hunting legislation around the country, including the appointment of Governor Gianforte as Chair of the Governors Sportsmen's Caucus, Maryland's misguided proposed lead ammunition phase-out, updates the Georgia Legislative Sportsmen's Caucus, the reintroduction of the Disaster Reforestation Act, and initiatives from the Hawaii Legislative Outdoor Heritage Caucus.    Takeaways Hunter Education In Schools: Hunter education in schools can expand the base of hunters, by providing an elective experience targeted towards teens who have not come from a hunting household that can get them outdoors. Even when ultimately unsuccessful, this kind of legislation introduced now can gain momentum for future sessions. Get To Know The New Chair For The GSC: Governor Gianforte has a strong track record in conservation even before his term as Governor, when he served as a member of the Congressional Sportsmen's Caucus,  Misguided Lead Bans Stand To Hurt Hunting: Incentive-based programs for non-lead ammunition should be encouraged in Maryland, rather than an outright ban. The financial impact of hunting and fishing on conservation funding is significant.   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Fred and the Congressional Sportsmen's Foundation have a big show today - with not one, but TWO, members of the Governors Sportsmen's Caucus joining the program. Kicking things off is CSF's Vice President of Policy Brent Miller who speaks to the history of the Governors Sportsmen's Caucus, then hear from the new Chair of the Governors Sportsmen's Caucus, Montana Governor Greg Gianforte and member of the Governors Sportsmen's Caucus Wyoming Governor Mark Gordon who talk about some of the sporting issues that matter to their states, what they're working on in the year to come, and so much more! Meanwhile, in the second half of the show Fred was able to catch up with Angi Bruce of Wyoming Game And Fish as well as CSF Board Members Joe Bartozzi of NSSF and Brandon Maddox of Silencer Central at CSF's SHOT Show reception!   Key Takeaways: Montana Governor Greg Gianforte: Governor Gianforte, the new Chair of thew Governors Sportsmen's Caucus, joins the program from the floor of SHOT show in Nevada to discuss our hunting and fishing heritage, the sporting issues states are fighting for, an outlook on the new federal administration, and (of course!) a shameless plug for the Sportsmen's paradise of Montana! Wyoming Governor Mark Gordon: Governor Gordon discusses troubling 2A legislation nationwide and the comfort states receive from the support they count on in Congress fighting back against the ‘bad' bills, and more. Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

During this week's edition of the Sportsmen's Voice Roundup, Fred is joined by CSF Senior Manager for the Western and Midwestern States Kent Keene with some exciting news - Governor Mike Kehoe of Missouri is the 23rd active member of the Governors Sportsmen's Caucus! Then, Fred covers other important news to the sporting community including the return of the annual attack on the New Hampshire Fish and Game Commission, Doug Burgum's rise to Secretary of the Interior, Congressional Sportsmen's Caucus leadership for the 119th Congress, Arkansas Forestry Day at the state capitol, priority access legislation in South Carolina, and more!   Takeaways A New Secretary Of Interior: Doug Burgum's confirmation as Secretary of the Interior is crucial for conservation efforts, and was strongly supported by CSF, as it heralds a new direction for an agency with immense regulatory control of sporting enthusiasts. Access And Activism: Arkansas spent some time celebrating the importance of forestry management for wildlife and economy, meanwhile South Carolina introduced legislation to protect hunting access amid population growth. Big WINS For CSF: Thanks to the support of listeners like YOU, we are in the Top 5 of the Apple charts for outdoor podcasts!   Get the FREE Sportsmen's Voice e-publication in your inbox every Monday: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/newsletter Sign up for FREE legislative tracking through CSF's Tracking the Capitols tool: www.congressionalsportsmen.org/tracking-the-capitols/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Dr. Alex Menze and Dr. Adrian Budhram discuss the clinical utility of cerebrospinal fluid correction factors for traumatic lumbar punctures. Show reference: https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200350  

Dr. Alexander Menze talks with Dr. Adrian Budhram about the common challenges faced by neurologists when interpreting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results, particularly in cases of traumatic lumbar punctures. Read the related article in Neurology: Clinical Practice. Disclosures can be found at Neurology.org.