Podcasts about mir space station

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Latest podcast episodes about mir space station

AND is the Future
Space Travel AND Self Belief with Helen Sharman

AND is the Future

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 12, 2024 47:38 Transcription Available


It all started when Helen Sharman heard a radio advertisement that said they were looking for an astronaut, no experience required. She applied, beat out 13,000 applicants, and became the first British person to travel to space! Ilham speaks with Helen about her incredible journey from a young chemist to becoming an astronaut; how she had to believe not only in herself but also her team; her love of chemistry and science; and the discipline it took to make her dreams a reality.In May 1991, Helen traveled to the Mir Space Station and spent eight days orbiting the Earth. The mission, called Project Juno, was a cooperative arrangement and would enable the UK to send one of its people into space for the first time. During her time at the Mir space station, she conducted a variety of experiments including medical and agricultural tests, protein crystal growth and how new materials perform in the environment outside the space station. Since her return from space, Helen has been heavily involved in communicating science and its benefits.Timestamps01:40 - Upbringing and love of chemistry05:24 - Becoming an astronaut08:23 - Focus on the journey10:13 - Flying into space13:58 - Looking down at earth16:46 - Reliance on her team19:55 - Not being defined by gender24:46 - Sustainability in space31:03 - When will humans get to Mars?33:56 - Advice for next generation of scientists and explorers37:40 -  What can businesses learn from space exploration40:40 - Interest in music43:17 - Love of nature  For additional details about the podcast, show notes, and access to resources mentioned during the show, please visit https://www.syensqo.com/en/podcast

The Power Profile
PP#25 Tim Tigner - Author

The Power Profile

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 6, 2023 26:59


Tim Tigner is an author whose background is as fascinating as his novels. Tigner began his career in Soviet Counterintelligence with the US Army Special Forces. That was back in the Cold War days when, "We learned Russian so you didn't have to". He later led prominent multinational medical companies, worked with cosmonauts on the MIR Space Station, chaired the Association of International Pharmaceutical Manufacturers, and helped write Russia's first law on healthcare. All of that rich experience makes it into his throughly enjoyable novels full of intrigue, a touch of sci fi and skilled asassins. We had a fun conversation about writing, spying, and how he's spending his mornings these days.

5 live Science Podcast
Titans of Science: Helen Sharman (Part 2)

5 live Science Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 17, 2023 52:20


Dr Chris Smith and the Naked Scientist team present the latest science news, analysis and breakthroughs. In this week's episode...After a rise in Covid cases across the country, we try to find out when exactly are people infectious? The potential ban on single use vapes and farewell to Dolly's father, we look at the legacy of Ian Wilmut, who cloned the world's most famous sheep. Plus in our new Titans of Science series, we continue with part 2 of our interview with Helen Sharman, the first Britain in space, we find out what day to day life was like on the Mir Space Station. Get the podcast from the BBC Sounds app.

The Stan & Haney Show Podcast

Haney is in again for most of this show, a classic interview with the first American astronaut on the Mir Space Station, Stan explains his wardrobe choice for the day, Grab Bag, a game of Stan's You Don't Want To Know, Fluffer, your emails, the Question of the Week deals with animal bites, News, and more...

american news grab bag haney fluffer animal bites mir space station
ADDITIONAL HISTORY: Headlines You Probably Missed

Today's episode date is one that happened in my lifetime, and it's something I do remember. I'm sure many of you remember it, too. When the U.S. Space Shuttle Atlantis docked with Russia's MIR Space Station, it was a huge step in cooperation for international space exploration. There were other major events in the news at the same time. What other stories do you remember? _____ SOURCES “Advertisement: Dairy Queen (Page 27).” The News-Democrat and Leader (Russellville, Kentucky), June 29, 1995. www.newspapers.com. Associated Press. “Atlantis, Mir Link In Space.” Marshfield News-Herald (Marshfield, Wisconsin), June 29, 1995. www.newspapers.com. Associated Press. “Duran Gets 40 Years In Prison.” Tipton County Tribune (Tipton, Indiana), June 29, 1995. www.newspapers.com. Associated Press. “Slip-And-Fall Fraud Artist Sentenced.” The Greenville News (Greenville, South Carolina), June 29, 1995. www.newspapers.com. “Atlantis Meets Mir .” NASA.gov. Accessed March 13, 2023. https://www.nasa.gov/atlantis-meets-mir/. “Francisco Martin Duran.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, March 5, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Martin_Duran. “Francisco Martin Duran: Opening Fire on the Clinton White House.” History, May 24, 2017. https://www.historyonthenet.com/francisco-martin-duran. History.com Editors. “Unabomber (Ted Kacynski).” History.com. Accessed March 17, 2023. https://www.history.com/topics/crime/unabomber-ted-kaczynski History.com Editors. “U.S. Space Shuttle Docks with Russian Space Station.” History.com. Accessed March 13, 2023. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-space-shuttle-docks-with-russian-space-station. O'Connor, Matt, and Tribune Staff Writer. “Godfather of Fraud Takes a Fall.” Chicago Tribune, August 19, 2021. https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1995-06-28-9506280268-story.html. O'Connor, Matt. “31 Were Fraud Pros, and They Kept It in the Family, Prosecutors Say.” The Chicago Tribune (Chicago, Illinois), October 21, 1994. www.newspapers.com. “The Unabomber Trial: The Manifesto.” The Washington Post. WP Company. Accessed March 13, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.text.htm. “Unabomber.” FBI. FBI, May 18, 2016. https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/unabomber. Williams, G. Chambers, and Dan Reed. “Unabomber Calls Threat To Attack Plane A Prank.” Fort Worth Star-Telegram (Fort Worth, Texas), June 29, 1995. www.newspapers.com. SOUND SOURCES Al Jolson. “I'll Say She Does.” www.pixabay.com/music. Lucille Hegamin and The Dixie Daisies. “Cold Winter Blues.” www.pixabay.com/music. Sophie Tucker. “Reuben Rag.” www.pixabay.com/music.

War in Space
Episode 26: Making History: Helen Sharman's Spaceflight

War in Space

Play Episode Listen Later Feb 23, 2023 28:40


With her eight-day mission in 1991, Helen Sharman became the first British person in space. She also became the first woman aboard the Mir Space Station. In this episode, Helen reflects on her training in Star City, and ponders what value human spaceflight brings to us and the evolution of safety in space missions. Looking ahead, what will happen to the International Space Station? And what might UK involvement in future crewed missions look like?

The Superhero Show Show
#406: The World Beyond the World Beyond

The Superhero Show Show

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 13, 2021 85:47


The Superhero Show Show #406The World Beyond the World BeyondIt's time to say goodbye to The Walking Dead: World Beyond on an all-new Superhero Show Show!With Cassie still repairing the Mir Space Station, Mike and Ryan are left alone to dissect the SERIES finale of Walking Dead: World Beyond! Now, most television watchers in the world have no idea this show exists, but can Mike and Ryan convince people they should at least watch this episode? Or is this series better left forgotten to time? Is the show able to wrap up the ambitious premise of following the first generation born in the post-apocalypse? Or will it be just another example of mediocre-minus storytelling? Tune in to find out!Plus, the Taste Buds return to X-Tazmania and review the fourth part of The Pheonix Saga! In the craziest story X-Men: The Animated Series ever told, the X-Men are in space, stuck in the middle of a giant war! Like a big space war, or war among the stars! A Stars War! If that wasn't enough, Jean still has this crazy disease known as the freaking Pheonix Force! Oh, and will one of our merry mutants meet a long-lost parent? A-PARENT-ly!Finally, the Friends discuss and review every other show that came out this week, including Fear the Walking Dead, The Flash, Riverdale, Hawkeye, Hit-Monkey, Young Justice: Phantoms, and Super Crooks! That's too much show!!!EPISODES DISCUSSED:FEAR THE WALKING DEAD #708Watch Fear the Walking Dead on AMC+Alicia enlists Morgan's help to search for a new home for her people, but Morgan soon learns the search is more complicated than he imagined.THE FLASH #804Watch The Flash on The CW"Armageddon, Part 4" - (8:00-9:00 p.m. ET) (Content Rating TBD) (HDTV)BARRY FACES OFF WITH EOBARD THAWNE - Barry (Grant Gustin) is shocked when Eobard Thawne (guest star Tom Cavanagh) returns in the most unexpected way, and with a tie to a loved one. Damien Darhk (guest star Neal McDonough) offers advice to Barry but there is a catch. An epic battle begins with Reverse Flash pitted against The Flash, Team Flash, Batwoman (guest star Javicia Leslie), Sentinel (guest star Chyler Leigh) and Ryan Choi (guest star Osric Chau). Chad Lowe directed the episode written by Lauren Barnett (#804). Original airdate 12/7/2021. Every episode of THE FLASH will be available to stream on The CW App and CWTV.com the day after broadcast for free and without a subscription, log-in or authentication required.HAWKEYE #104Watch Hawkeye on Disney PlusSecrets are revealed and hard truths emerge, culminating in a battle against two opposing forces.HIT-MONKEY #107Watch Hit-Monkey on HuluAfter battling their toughest foe yet, Monkey and Bryce's partnership finally comes apart at the seams.HIT-MONKEY #108Watch Hit-Monkey on HuluDitchSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/yourpopfilter)

The Amish Inquisition Podcast
187 - Dr Cyrine Nehme : Exoplanets, Red Shift and Space Junk

The Amish Inquisition Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 7, 2021 137:38


Hey Eavesdroppers, this week we met up with Astrophysicist, Dr Cyrine Nehme. You can follow Cyrine's work at the following links... Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dr.cyrinenehme/?hl=en Twitter: https://twitter.com/DrCyNehmeh YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCavsnXui87m_VbycyukcJnQ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrCyAstroPage LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-cyrine-nehm%C3%A9-ph-d/ Follow Robbie's Podcast - Out Of The Blank here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUpA2W1JGRIL2MzRiSWhg Topics mentioned with Cyrine ... Lebanon, Astrophysics, James Webb Space Telescope, Hubble Telescope, Speed Of Light, Infrared, Red Shift, Doppler Effect, Expansion Of The Universe, Hubble Deep Field, Gravity, Einstein, Satellites, Space Junk, Mir Space Station, Exoplanets, Giordano Bruno, Galileo, Habitable Zone, Magnetic Field, Magnetosphere, Binary Stars, UAPs, Disclosure, Formation Of The Moon, etc ... After our chat with Cyrine we covered the usual housekeeping, Rona News etc. Producer Credits for Ep 187: Gav Scott, Daniel Garcia, Slicko83, Nomae NosNoj, Robbie Robertson, Anonymous and everyone who bought merch this week. Message us here....follow, like, subscribe and share. (comments, corrections, future topics etc). We read out iTunes reviews if you leave them. Website - http://www.theamishinquisition.com/ Get your Merch from: The Amish Loot Chest - https://teespring.com/en-GB/stores/amish-inquisition-loot-chest Email - theamishinquisition@gmail.com Odysee Channel - https://odysee.com/@theamishinquisition:e Twitter - https://twitter.com/amishinqpodcast Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/amish.inquisit.3 Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/theamishinquisition/?hl=en YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmv8ucrv5a2KpaRWyBWfBUA Find out how to become a Producer here - http://www.theamishinquisition.com/p/phil-1523918247/ Become a Producer! The Amish Inquisition is 100% supported by YOU.  NO Ads, NO Sponsorship, NO Paywalls. We really don't want to suckle at the teat of some faceless corporate overlord. But that is only avoidable with your help! Join your fellow producers by donating to The Amish Inquisition via the PayPal button on our website, simply donate whatever you think the show is worth to you. If you find the podcast valuable, please consider returning some value to us and help keep the show free and honest. 187 Show Assets: Spectator TV: Lab Leak https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5OfzUzvCYE&list=PLjW0q-t8-qM7faOIX0Pcd5nL0RhOIiqy_ Show me what You Got https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7tT0-vdqAk Kier Starmer on Piers Morgan https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/keir-starmer-stuns-piers-morgan-24230782 AJ Loses it https://www.instagram.com/p/CPmHCZGF-q3/ Sky News: Don't touch the ball https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEvz7nx4EIY RT on Pfizer jab lethality https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LO3g0jCO6v8&list=PLjW0q-t8-qM7faOIX0Pcd5nL0RhOIiqy_&index=3&t=22s Nigel Farage Cameo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BOS8koy5ZKw Science Mag: Israel - Myocarditis https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/06/israel-reports-link-between-rare-cases-heart-inflammation-and-covid-19-vaccination Madelely Goes Full Partridge: https://twitter.com/GMB/status/1400329341628715008 AZ Blood Clots Australia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9nKYDMRYxw Madeley on Cat Deeley https://metro.co.uk/2021/06/03/gmb-richard-madeley-tells-cat-deeley-her-lorraine-episode-was-awful-14705432/   #paranormalpod #paranormalpodcast #ndepodcast #soulpurpose #neardeathexperince #newsanalysis #alternativemedia #supernaturalpod #supernaturalpodcast #mediabrainwashing #mediamessaging #timeisanillusion #spookypodcast #esotericpodcast #esotericism #newsdeconstruction #drcy #drcyrinenehme #astrophysics #Lebanon #JamesWebbSpaceTelescope #HubbleTelescope #SpeedOfLight #Infrared #RedShift #DopplerEffect #ExpansionOfTheUniverse #HubbleDeepField #Gravity #Einstein #Satellites #SpaceJunk #MirSpaceStation #Exoplanets #GiordanoBruno #Galileo #HabitableZone #MagneticField #Magnetosphere #BinaryStars #UAPs #Disclosure #FormationOfTheMoon

The John Batchelor Show
1366: PRC copies the Soviet Mir space station as soon as 2022? Bob Zimmerman BehindtheBlack.com

The John Batchelor Show

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 24, 2021 15:35


Photo: No known restrictions on publication.The New John Batchelor ShowCBS Audio Network@Batchelorshow PRC copies the Soviet Mir space station as soon as 2022? Bob Zimmerman BehindtheBlack.comhttps://behindtheblack.com/behind-the-black/points-of-information/the-upcoming-first-launch-of-chinas-space-station/

So Tell Me  - With Chole Gage
18 - About Being an Astronaut with Dr Andy Thomas

So Tell Me - With Chole Gage

Play Episode Listen Later Aug 12, 2020 37:52


Dr Andy Thomas was the first Australian to fly in space as a NASA Astronaut. He completed 4 missions throughout his career, one of which involved a 141 day stay aboard the Russian Mir Space Station. He spent a total of 177 days in space over the course of his career, including a 6.5 hour space walk, outside the Mir Space Station. Dr Thomas is now retired from NASA and resides, with his wife and fellow NASA Astronaut, Shannon Walker, in Texas, USA. I spoke with Dr Thomas all about what it's like to be in space, how the training prepared him, how he coped with weightlessness - we even covered space movies! This discussion was an absolute thrill and I hope you enjoy it. It's definitely one I will never forget!

Preparing for Launch
#5 - Inspiration from Orbit: Dr Helen Sharman, first British astronaut

Preparing for Launch

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 9, 2020 58:54


Dr Helen Sharman was a chemist who became the first British astronaut to go into space, as well as the first woman on the Mir space station. She obtained a BSc degree in Chemistry from the University of Sheffield, and a PhD degree from Birkbeck. She worked with a research technology company and a chemist for Mars bars working on the flavor of chocolate. Then, she applied to “Project Juno” which recruited the first British astronaut. She was successful out of 13,000 applicants, and in May 1991 she was launched in a Soyuz spacecraft, spending 8 days orbiting Earth in the Mir Space Station. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Want to get involved in our organisation? Visit https://ukseds.org/ Social media: Instagram Twitter LinkedIn YouTube Facebook For more resources on careers in space: https://spacecareers.uk/ Follow Caroline on Twitter: @SwennySpace Intro and outro tracks: "Fanfare for Space" and "Discovery Hit" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ For any questions, feedback, or things you'd like to see in future episodes, please e-mail us at podcast@ukseds.org or submit here: https://forms.gle/C9hrMTGYH5Psn8iX7

Big Picture Medicine
#009 The First Brit in Space and the Peculiar Doctor-Astronaut Relationship — Helen Sharman OBE

Big Picture Medicine

Play Episode Listen Later May 9, 2020 27:01


Ever wondered if astronauts are honest with their doctors? Or what it feels like to look out of the window at Earth? Helen Sharman was the first British astronaut. Project Juno, was a joint Soviet-British programme which took Helen to the Mir Space Station. Helen was working as a research technologist for Mars (the confectionery company) before hearing about the opportunity on the radio. We talked about the selection and training, what it's like being in Space and the peculiar doctor-astronaut relationship.

Workplace Evolution
Helen Sharman OBE Interview (Britain's 1st Astronaut): Time & Space on Remote Working & Isolation

Workplace Evolution

Play Episode Listen Later May 3, 2020 53:00


Hi everyone and welcome back to the Workplace Evolution podcast! I trust you are all well and coping with the changes of the lock-down…if you were to have told me four years ago that we would have Donald Trump as President in the US, the UK would be heading out of Europe and we would be in lock-down in 2020 due to a virus I would have said there was more chance of me going in to Space. Well our guest Helen Sharman, Britain’s first astronaut, actually did that! Helen joins the podcast to help navigate the challenges of remote working – a rising trend in the workplace and one that can come with the of isolation...and you can’t get more remote or isolated than space. We also explore her incredible journey and achievement back in 1991. Can you imagine the responses you would have got from your loved ones or your colleagues if you told them you were applying to join a team of Russian Cosmonauts to work on MIR Space Station!? She pursued this dream which is a huge testament to Helen’s character – she is a truly inspirational leader that the United Kingdom should be so proud of – it was a pleasure to keep this story alive, and I hope you feel the same way too. Podcast Notes: Helen Sharman's Website: https://www.helensharman.uk/ Helen Sharman's Twitter Account: @HelenSharmanUK Imperial College London (Helen's Work): https://www.imperial.ac.uk/events/96096/helen-sharman-from-mars-to-the-stars/ If you want to get in touch please email us at admin@workplaceevolution.co.uk , visit our youtube channel Workplace Evolution TV, visit our website: www.workplaceevolution.co.uk or Twitter page: https://twitter.com/workplaceevol Michael Costello's LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/michaelcostellooccpsych1/ The Workplace Evolution podcast is brought to you by Workplace Evolution Ltd - The Natural Selection For Workplace Solutions. Michael Costello is the Managing Director of Workplace Evolution based in Lancaster, UK. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/jointheevolution/message

QSO Today - The oral histories of amateur radio
Episode 210 Tony Hutchison VK5ZAI

QSO Today - The oral histories of amateur radio

Play Episode Listen Later Aug 10, 2018 73:06


Tony Hutchison, VK5ZAI, who, from his interest in satellite communications, became an important backup communications link in South Australia for the NASA space shuttle missions, the Mir Space Station, and the International space station when crewed by amateur radio operators.  Tony is a pioneer in this area of ham radio and has been recognized by NASA for his contributions. VK5ZAI is Eric’s QSO Today.

BUCKiT with Phil Keoghan
BUCKiT® #2-Jerry Linenger: NASA Astronaut on the Mir Space Station

BUCKiT with Phil Keoghan

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 26, 2018 45:56


Astronaut Jerry Linenger is a retired Captain in the United States Navy Medical Corps who has spent 143 Days in space, most of this aboard the Russian Space Station “Mir”. During this time, he logged the equivalent distance of more than 110 round trips to the moon and back. It’s a miracle that Jerry, who was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by NASA, is alive today after the terrifying events that happened just 6 weeks into his stay on the famously flammable space station orbiting earth. Jerry shares an astronaut’s perspective on living your best life, the Earth, and the importance of setting goals.

Your Inner Child Is An Idiot
Episode 72 - Armageddon

Your Inner Child Is An Idiot

Play Episode Listen Later Mar 28, 2018 79:39


This week, we look back on a movie that has the bravery to say, "F*ck it, let's blow up the Mir Space Station."   Thank you to our meteoric Patrons, including Jacob Grimm, Larissa Maestro, Dan McIntyre, Ghost in the Burbs, Joshua Nicholson, Kristin Carter, Jonathon Day, Karen Curd, Jeremy Powlen and Kathleen Campagna.   If you'd like to join them in the YICIAI bunker, please support the podcast at https://patreon.com/yourinnerchildisanidiot

SpaceQ
Episode 19: Jeff Manber, CEO of NanoRacks, New Space Entrepreneur Unfiltered

SpaceQ

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 26, 2017 53:00


Today on SpaceQ my guest is Jeff Manber, CEO of NanoRacks. Jeff has a degree in neuroscience and started his career in media, so how did he become the successful space entrepreneur that he is today? That story and others are part of this candid interview. Some of the topics we discuss: - Jeff's background and ability to work internationally where others have problems - Russia's commercial space program in the 90's and today - Making the Mir Space Station commercial - Tourists in space, Lance Bass and Astro Mom - How they manage to take 580 payloads to the International Space Station and launch nearly 200 satellites - How the company was funded, future funding and advice for entrepreneurs - A future NanoRacks space station? - Working in Canada

Curious Minds Podcast
The Awful and Wonderful History of the Mir Space Station | Curious Minds Podcast

Curious Minds Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 2, 2017 45:35


The Mir Space Station was a true Soviet engineering wonder, an achievement comparable with the US landing on the Moon. Yet in its later years, Mir survived some horrific & hair-raising accidents... The post The Awful and Wonderful History of the Mir Space Station | Curious Minds Podcast appeared first on Curious Minds Podcast.

moon soviet awful mir wonderful history mir space station curious minds podcast
Private Passions
Chris Hadfield

Private Passions

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 4, 2016 38:39


Chris Hadfield has described going into space as 'strapping yourself on top of what is essentially a large bomb'. He is one of the world's most respected astronauts, and his career has included Space Shuttle flights and helping to build the Mir Space Station, as well as serving as Director of NASA's operations in Russia and as Commander of the International Space Station during his final five-month mission. If that wasn't enough he's also a bestselling author and an accomplished musician - indeed he plays in an all-astronaut band. His cover of David Bowie's Space Oddity - which he recorded while orbiting the earth on the Space Station at over 17,000 miles an hour - has had more than 33 million Internet hits. Chris talks to Michael Berkeley about his route to the stars, about overcoming fear and extreme danger - and the difficulties of playing a guitar in zero gravity. He chooses music by Strauss, Rossini and Hans Zimmer, which he associates with particular space missions. He talks about his admiration for William Herschel, the eighteenth-century astronomer and composer. And an astronaut's Private Passions would not be complete without music from Holst's Planets Suite. Producer: Jane Greenwood A Loftus production for BBC Radio 3.

4. Chemistry and Physics
Manned Space Flight

4. Chemistry and Physics

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 13, 2011 1:10


Transcript: Space exploration is expensive, and space travel using humans is even more expensive. The high cost almost forces international cooperation. This started in the 1970s with the Apollo-Soyuz program. In the 1980s the United States developed the first reusable spacecraft, the space shuttle. The space shuttle was envisaged originally as something like a truck that could go into space forty or fifty times a year at a moderate cost. The reality has not been so happy. The space shuttle costs each flight fifty or a hundred times more than originally planned and has never gone up more than ten or twelve times a year. Two of the five space shuttles have been catastrophically lost with the astronauts on board. The Mir Space Station built by the Russians degraded so badly that it had to be abandoned. The International Space Station is now underway cooperatively between Europe, the United States, Russia, and Japan, but the cost is making all of those countries reconsider their involvement.