Learning by William

Image was obtained via Wikimedia Commons and is available in the public domain.

The launch window is from 7:20 to 7:52 AM EST on December 25th, 2021! Tune in to see live broadcasts of the launch!!!!

We discuss the right to privacy and its basis (Louis Brandeis), the justification for the right, the constitutional basis for abortion in Roe v. Wade, the two arguments regarding abortion (moral and constitutional approaches), along with the doctrines of stare decisis, selective incorporation, the "right to be left alone," substantive due process, equal protection of the laws, and undue burden. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_to_Privacy_(article) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights#Selective_versus_total_incorporation https://www.oyez.org/cases/1991/91-744 https://www.oyez.org/cases/1960/60 https://www.oyez.org/cases/1964/496 https://www.oyez.org/cases/2021/19-1392 https://www.oyez.org/cases/1900-1940/268us652 https://www.oyez.org/cases/2019/17-1618

The Omicron variant has caused considerable panic recently. Having many more mutations, a greater ability to reinfect, and potentially far more transmissibility, Omicron presents humanity with unprecedented danger. However, some recent developments may give us reason to be optimistic, not profoundly worried. In this episode, we present a speech discussing these stories and advocating "cautious optimism." References: (n.d.). Retrieved from https://osf.io/f7txy/ Miller, K. (2021, December 09). How Omicron Stacks Up Against the Delta Variant-Including Whether or Not We'll Need a New Vaccine. Retrieved from https://www.prevention.com/health/a38400888/omicron-vs-delta-covid-19-variant-comparison/ Pearson_Epidemics8_Omicron.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hA6Mec2Gq3LGqTEOj35RqSeAb_SmXpbI/view Person, & Lapid, N. (2021, December 04). Omicron variant may have picked up a piece of common-cold virus. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/omicron-variant-may-have-picked-up-piece-common-cold-virus-2021-12-03/ Regencia, T., Melimopoulos, E., & Ibrahim, A. (2021, December 03). WHO says Omicron detected in 38 countries, no deaths reported. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/3/new-york-becomes-fourth-us-state-to-confirm-omicron-live Situation Reports Obtained Through: Home - ProMED - ProMED-mail. (2020, December 10). Retrieved from https://promedmail.org/ Update on Omicron. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news/item/28-11-2021-update-on-omicron Image Obtained Through Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=covid-19&title=Special:MediaSearch&go=Go&type=image

My Profile on Astrobin: https://www.astrobin.com/users/WilliamGott/ Starburst Galaxy (Taken by the President of our Astronomical Society) - Astrobin https://www.astrobin.com/gek830/ Astrophotography - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography Milky Way Image (a Shot I Took) - Astrobin https://www.astrobin.com/be7t7j/ Apochromatic Lens - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apochromat Bino-Refractor that is $27,310 - Deep Space Products https://www.deepspaceproducts.com/product/cff-bino-refractor-160mm-oil-spaced-triplet-apochromat?gclid=CjwKCAjw1JeJBhB9EiwAV612y4Uq1I-9Q1J7o6-K9mAJFySwplVHqsM1z1FI7PLxqDb3_YqAuTLUbxoC0I4QAvD_BwE Field Flattener - Night Sky Pix https://nightskypix.com/what-does-a-field-flattener-do/ Petzval Lens - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petzval_lens Newtonian Reflector - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_telescope Dolphin Nebula (Diffraction Spikes are Present on Stars) - Astrobin https://www.astrobin.com/zihlpc/ Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Cassegrain_telescope Telescope Pier - OPT Telescopes https://optcorp.com/collections/telescope-piers Planetarium Software - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium_software

For anyone who wants to hear only the information on the third part of the series on the history of literature, please skip to 5:45. The first 5:44 covers a new format this channel will take in the forthcoming months. References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GevT2W-HwTFphiWe_iitjmpteGMTcggQOhuep_Dhcjw/edit?usp=sharing

References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GevT2W-HwTFphiWe_iitjmpteGMTcggQOhuep_Dhcjw/edit?usp=sharing

References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GevT2W-HwTFphiWe_iitjmpteGMTcggQOhuep_Dhcjw/edit?usp=sharing

References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/149eB9PG1d3rLXETpWCBK_YBFQMMVNyXLWXR4h_jLW6U/edit?usp=sharing

References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/149eB9PG1d3rLXETpWCBK_YBFQMMVNyXLWXR4h_jLW6U/edit?usp=sharing

Reference Doc (use to see paintings as I mention them): https://docs.google.com/document/d/188UiFP_rpZmKeU0Mq-D_OxroE-BB9KtSJPYZbCn0_iY/edit?usp=sharing I will be taking my first ACT when this episode releases. Wish me luck!

Reference Doc (use to see paintings as I mention them): https://docs.google.com/document/d/188UiFP_rpZmKeU0Mq-D_OxroE-BB9KtSJPYZbCn0_iY/edit?usp=sharing

References: Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope Refracting (Refractor) Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope Reflecting (Reflector) Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflecting_telescope Catadioptric Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catadioptric_system Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope (extra telescopes that give examples of catadioptric telescopes) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Cassegrain_telescope Dobsonian Telescope (type of Newtonian telescope) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobsonian_telescope Telescope Focal Length - starlust https://starlust.org/telescope-focal-length/ Achromatic Lens - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achromatic_lens Apochromatic Lens - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apochromat Gregorian Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_telescope Newtonian Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_telescope Petzval Field Curvature - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petzval_field_curvature Comatic Aberration - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(optics) Distortion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_(optics) Schmidt Corrector Plate - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt_corrector_plate Ritchey-Chrétien Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchey%E2%80%93Chr%C3%A9tien_telescope Telecompressor (Focal Reducer) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecompressor Barlow Lens - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlow_lens

Reference Document: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_ukksVRRyYCZpgDqK2myH8ZnGWwgyNeFsWLPpI6Z8mM/edit?usp=sharing

Reference Document: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_ukksVRRyYCZpgDqK2myH8ZnGWwgyNeFsWLPpI6Z8mM/edit?usp=sharing

References: General Relativity - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity Field Equations - Warwick Department of Physics https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/intranet/pendulum/generalrelativity/ Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle Stress-Energy Tensor - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor Einstein's Field Equations - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_field_equations Einstein Tensor - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_tensor Pseudo-Riemannian Manifold - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Riemannian_manifold Metric Tensor - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tensor Ricci Curvature - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci_curvature Metric Tensor in General Relativity - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tensor_(general_relativity) Schwarzschild Metric - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric Einstein's Theory of General Relativity - SPACE.com https://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html Gravitational Lensing - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_lens Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO Equivalence Principle - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_principle Gravitational Time Dilation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation

As this episode is being published on 9/11, let's all take a moment to appreciate our dauntless first responders, many of whom lost their lives fighting terrorism on that wretched day. Let the pulchritudinous unity following the attacks be a symbol for our nation and our world's unending struggle toward unity. Long list of references that may be used while listening to the podcast: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_jfIyFZ0nEzQM8AgSKo4ph66bBt6LmSjoGp-6JTMrt4/edit?usp=sharing

Long list of references that may be used while listening to the podcast: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_jfIyFZ0nEzQM8AgSKo4ph66bBt6LmSjoGp-6JTMrt4/edit?usp=sharing

Long list of references that may be used while listening to the podcast: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_jfIyFZ0nEzQM8AgSKo4ph66bBt6LmSjoGp-6JTMrt4/edit?usp=sharing

References: Intro. To Kinematics - PhysicsHigh https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=198u1x8TBTo Kinematics in the Oxford Dictionary https://www.google.com/search?q=kinematics&rlz=1CAZKSY_enUS959US959&oq=kinematics&aqs=chrome.0.69i59j69i57j69i59j0i271j69i60l3j69i65.1067j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 Kinematics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematics Direction Cosine - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_cosine Unit Vector - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_vector Coordinate Vector - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_vector Position vs. (and) Displacement - cK-12 https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/2.1/primary/lesson/position-and-displacement-phys Position Vector - Story of Mathematics https://www.storyofmathematics.com/position-vector Holonomic Constraint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomic_system Non-Holonomic Constraint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-holonomic_system Kinematic Coupling - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic_coupling Cross Product - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_product Kinematic Pair - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic_pair Kinematic Chain - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic_chain

References: Relativity (Einstein) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity Special Relativity - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity Two Postulates of Special Relativity - Lumen Learning https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/28-1-einsteins-postulates/ Lorentz Transformation - Virginia Tech https://www1.phys.vt.edu/~takeuchi/relativity/notes/section08.html Galilean Transformation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_transformation Lorentz Factor - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_factor Time Dilation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation Twin Paradox - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_paradox Length Contraction - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_contraction Length Contraction - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_contraction Relativistic Velocity-Addition - OpenStax https://openstax.org/books/college-physics/pages/28-4-relativistic-addition-of-velocities Mass-Energy Equivalence - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence Energy-Momentum Relation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_relation

References: International System of Units - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units Metric System - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_system International Bureau on Weights and Measures - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures Base Unit - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_base_unit Derived Unit - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_derived_unit Second - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second Meter - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre 2019 Redefinition of the Base Units - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_redefinition_of_the_SI_base_units Ampere - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere Kelvin - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin Boltzmann Constant - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant Mole - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit) Amount of Substance - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amount_of_substance Avogadro Constant - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro_constant Candela - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candela Luminous Intensity - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_intensity

References: Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy Law of Conservation of Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy Isolated System - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_system Time Translation Symmetry - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry Noether's Theorem - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem Conservative Force - Khan Academy https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-physics/work-and-energy-2/gravitational-potential-energy-and-conservative-forces/v/conservative-forces Electronvolt - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt Potential Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy Kinetic Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy Mechanical Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_energy Chemical Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_energy Electrical Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy Thermal Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy Nuclear Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power Radiant Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_energy

References: Newton's Laws of Motion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion Inertia - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia Galileo's Law of Inertia (First Law of Motion) - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/law-of-inertia Inertial Frame of Reference - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference Momentum - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum Variable Mass System and the Second Law of Motion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-mass_system Newton's Laws of Motion - NASA https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/newtons-laws-of-motion/ Reaction (in association with the third law of motion) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_(physics) Rigid Body - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid_body Plasticity (in connection to deformable bodies) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics) Superposition Principle (not quantum superposition) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition_principle

Shareable link to the document (has all of the mathematical examples that will be discussed in both this episode and the following episode): https://docs.google.com/document/d/1VfEVBscCPTfoyTDyv4ZRFJYL9Luzyd1UHvjxzz-uwpg/edit?usp=sharing References: Derivative - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative Power Rule - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_rule All derivative calculations were checked using this website https://www.derivative-calculator.net/ Product Rule - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_rule Quotient Rule - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_rule Chain Rule - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_rule Integral - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral Line Integral (AKA a Contour Integral in Complex Analysis) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_integral All integral calculations were checked using this calculator (can also calculate derivatives, but I was not near the calculator when I was working on the derivative portion of the chapter): https://www.amazon.com/Texas-Instruments-TI-84-Graphing-Calculator/dp/B00TFYYWQA Reverse Power Rule - KhanAcademy https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-integration-new/ab-6-8a/e/intro-to-integration Riemann Integral - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_integral Fundamental Theorem(s) of Calculus - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_calculus Differential Equation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation Partial Differential Equation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_differential_equation

Note: in the episode, William said that e to the power of anything, excluding zero, equals zero. This is obviously not correct, for e^1 ≈ 2.718 Shareable link to the document (has all of the mathematical examples that will be discussed in both this episode and the following episode): https://docs.google.com/document/d/1VfEVBscCPTfoyTDyv4ZRFJYL9Luzyd1UHvjxzz-uwpg/edit?usp=sharing References: Calculus - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus History of Calculus - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_calculus Isaac Newton - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton Infinitesimal - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitesimal Function - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics) History of the Function - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_function_concept Limit - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_(mathematics) One-Sided Limit - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-sided_limit l'Hôpital's Rule - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27H%C3%B4pital%27s_rule

Welcome to Learning by William! I am your host, William Gottemoller, and I am happy to join you on your pursuit of knowledge!

References: Galois Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois_theory Commutative Ring - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_ring Commutative Algebra - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_algebra Commutative Property - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_property Noncommutative Ring - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncommutative_ring Glossary of Ring Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_ring_theory Field - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics) Module Fundamentals - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign https://faculty.math.illinois.edu/~r-ash/Algebra/Chapter4.pdf Linear Transformation (Linear Map) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_map Vector Space - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space Scalar - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_(mathematics) Lattice (Order) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(order) Lattice (Group) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(group) Infimum and Supremum - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infimum_and_supremum Algebra Over a Field - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra_over_a_field Ring Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_theory Ring - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)

References: Abstract Algebra - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra “Group theory, abstraction, and the 196,883-dimensional monster” - 3Blue1Brown https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mH0oCDa74tE Axiomatic System - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic_system Axiom - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom Pure Mathematics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics Group Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory Group (Algebra) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics) Main Classes of Groups in Group Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory#Main_classes_of_groups Classification of Finite Simple Groups - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_finite_simple_groups Finite Group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_group Lie-Type Group - Wolfram Mathworld https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Lie-TypeGroup.html Monster Group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_group Monstrous Moonshine - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstrous_moonshine J-invariant and Q-expansion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-invariant#The_q-expansion_and_moonshine Continuous Symmetry - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_symmetry Geometric Group Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_group_theory

References Isotropy of Dark Energy - StackExchange https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/196729/is-dark-energy-homogeneous-and-or-isotropic Quantum Field Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory Energy Density - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density Casimir Effect - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect Cosmological Constant Problem - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant_problem Quintessence - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintessence_(physics) Renormalization Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization Matter-Radiation Equality - Oxford Reference https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100140589 Cosmic Inflation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology) Magnetic Monopole - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology) Big Bang - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang Dark Energy - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/d/Dark+Energy Heat Death - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe

References Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe Dark Matter - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter Dark Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy Galaxy Rotation Curve - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_rotation_curve Virial Theorem - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_theorem Lambda-CDM Model - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model Scale Factor - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_factor_(cosmology) Annihilation (Particle Physics) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation “Dark Matter--Hot or Not?” - Phys.org https://phys.org/news/2016-08-dark-matterhot.html Hot Dark Matter - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dark_matter Cold Dark Matter - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_dark_matter

References: Conservation Law - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/conservation-law Conservation Law - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_law Noether's Theorem - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem Mass-Energy Equivalence - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass-energy Law of Conservation of Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy Energy-Momentum Equivalence - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_relation Law of Conservation of Mass - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_linear_momentum Angular Momentum (+ its Conservation Law) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentum Color Charge - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge SU(3) Group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU(3)#The_group_SU(3) Weak Isospin - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_isospin Law of Conservation of Electric Charge - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_conservation Color Charge - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge SU(3) Group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU(3)#The_group_SU(3) Weak Isospin - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_isospin Probability Current - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_current

References: “Why Girls Beat Boys at School and Lose to Them at the Office” - The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/opinion/sunday/girls-school-confidence.html “Why Girls Tend to Get Better Grades Than Boys Do” - The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/09/why-girls-get-better-grades-than-boys-do/380318/ “Girls Make Higher Grades than Boys in All School Subjects, Analysis Finds” - Press Releases, American Psychological Association https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/04/girls-grades “Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in School Discipline among U.S. High School Students: 1991-2005” - National Institutes of Health https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678799/ Men are More Competitive Than Women - University of Amsterdam https://ase.uva.nl/content/news/2019/11/men-are-more-competitive-than-women-in-the-workplace.html?cb C-Suite Positions - Investopedia https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/c-suite.asp Women C-Suite Job Proportions - Korn Ferry https://www.kornferry.com/insights/this-week-in-leadership/women-in-leadership-2019-statistics LinkedIn Study Reveals Why Men are More Likely Than Women to be Noticed - CNBC https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/08/linkedin-study-reveals-why-men-are-more-likely-to-get-noticed-by-job-recruiters-than-women.html LinkedIn Study Results - HRDIVE https://www.hrdive.com/news/women-are-more-selective-when-job-searching-but-ask-for-fewer-referrals/549962/ Gender Inequality in the Workplace - Frontiers in Psychology https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01400/full

References: Thermodynamics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics Laws of Thermodynamics - KhanAcademy https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/cellular-energy/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics Latent Heat - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_heat Heat Capacity - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity Why Does a Ball Bounce Lower? - StackExchange https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/117091/why-does-a-ball-bounce-lower Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics Closed System - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system#Closed_system First Law of Thermodynamics - LiveScience https://www.livescience.com/50881-first-law-thermodynamics.html Thermodynamics - LiveScience https://www.livescience.com/50776-thermodynamics.html Second Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics Third Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_law_of_thermodynamics

References: Quantum Chromodynamics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics Strong CP (charge-parity) Problem - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_CP_problem Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark Origin of the Word “Quark” - ScienceFriday https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/the-origin-of-the-word-quark/ Eightfold Way (Physics) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eightfold_way_(physics) Color Charge - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge Non-Abelian Gauge Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-abelian_gauge_theory Lagrangian Function - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/Lagrangian-function Yang-Mills Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Mills_theory Special Unitary Triplet - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group#The_group_SU(3) Asymptotic Freedom - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom Color Confinement - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_confinement Direct Photon Production - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_photons Jet (Physics) and Hadronization - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(particle_physics) Peccei-Quinn Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccei%E2%80%93Quinn_theory Axion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

Edit: in the episode, the Higgs field is referred to as having a “mass of 250 GeV.” This is NOT correct; 250 GeV refers specifically to the energy of an object, as GeV is an energy, not a mass, scale. References: Hierarchy Problem - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problem Hierarchy Problem - Of Particular Significance https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/the-hierarchy-problem/ Planck Mass - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/P/Planck+Mass Special Unitary Group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group Doublet State (Quantum Mechanics) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublet_state Determinant - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant Unitary Group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_group Circle Group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_group Q/A on SU(2) to U(1) Symmetry Breaking - StackExchange https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/370573/su2-to-u1-symmetry-breaking Higgs Mechanism - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_mechanism Coupling Constant - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_constant Coupling Constants of the Fundamental Forces http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Forces/couple.html Fermi's Constant - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_constant Supersymmetry - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry Electroweak Interaction Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction Coleman-Weinberg Mechanism - Scholarpedia http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Coleman-Weinberg_mechanism

When gazing into the deep expanse of the universe and finding the distant quasars and galaxies, we notice a particular feature that is commonplace no matter where we look: the further away the galaxy or deep sky object is, the redder, or the longer wavelength, the object appears; it seems that a galaxy like the Andromeda Galaxy is far less red than a comparable galaxy that is 1.6 billion light years away. This feature was once noticed by the astrophysicist Edwin Hubble, a physicist that will be spoken of frequently in this chapter, who found that this reddening paradigm was more profound the further one looked out into the universe (a galaxy 100 million light years away will appear less “redshifted” than a galaxy 2 billion light years away, even if the two galaxies have the same compositions). This redshifting determined for Hubble that the universe was expanding, and he proved his findings through what is known as the Doppler Effect, which is the phenomenon that creates the redshifting Hubble used to determine that the universe was expanding. In this chapter, we will discuss the Doppler Effect, how it occurs, and what it represents. References Classical Doppler Effect - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect Relativistic Doppler Effect - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect Cosmological Redshift - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/c/cosmological+redshift Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe Comoving and Proper Distance in Cosmology - David W. Hogg https://cds.cern.ch/record/387177/files/9905116.pdf Future of Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe Heat Death - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe Fate of the Universe - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe Entropy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy Thermodynamic Free Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy

As we, being objects with mass, approach relativistic speeds, our masses continue to increase, and the energy required to propel us continues to increase; once we are near enough to the speed of light, a major mathematical and physical conflict occurs: not only are we now composed of infinite mass, but we also require infinite energy to propel ourselves. Considering the fact that there is not an infinite amount of energy, or mass, for that matter, in the universe, it is reasonable to believe that the speed of light is unattainable for us massive beings. Our travels are limited to short, interstellar neighborhood voyages. Even so, our failure in breaking physics, at least now, raises the question: what does actually travel at the speed of light, or for that matter, what even is the speed of light? In this chapter, we are to discuss the speed of light and the objects it is restricted to. References: Speed of Light - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light Parallax Angle (Seconds of Arc) - NASA JPL https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/teachers/attachments/parallax.html Luminiferous Aether - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminiferous_aether Lorentz Transformation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_transformation Caesium Standard - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium_standard History of Light - Photon terrace https://photonterrace.net/en/photon/history/ A Very Brief History of Light - M. Suhail Zubairy https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-31903-2_1 Refractive Index - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index Lorentz Factor - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_factor Massless Particle - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massless_particle

The atom is most definitely not the smallest particle and most definitely can be broken down into smaller pieces; even the protons and the neutrons that we considered to be fundamental particles in and of themselves can be broken down into smaller particles. In an attempt to open your minds beyond the delusion that the atom cannot be broken down, this chapter is to convey and communicate the building blocks of the building blocks of atoms, which we have alluded to oftentimes in previous chapters but have not covered in-depth. Welcome to the wondrous world of quarks. References Fifty Years of Quarks - CERN https://home.cern/news/news/physics/fifty-years-quarks Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark Particle Zoo (1960s) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_zoo Flavour (Particle Physics) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics) Quark Model - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_model Pauli Exclusion Principle http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pauli.html#c2 Spin Classification of Elementary Particles http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/spinc.html Up Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_quark Down Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark Strange Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_quark Charm Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm_quark Bottom Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quark CP Violation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_violation Top Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_quark

References White Dwarf - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/W/White+Dwarf White Dwarf - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_dwarf Electron Degeneracy Pressure - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/electron+degeneracy+pressure Pauli Exclusion Principle and Atomic Energy Levels - Khan Academy https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/atoms-and-electrons/v/atomic-energy-levels Orbital Energy States - LibreTexts https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/07%3A_Atomic_Structure_and_Periodicity/12.09%3A_Orbital_Shapes_and_Energies How Long Does it Take for a White Dwarf to Become a Black Dwarf? - Astronomy https://astronomy.com/news-observing/ask%20astro/2004/12/how%20long%20does%20it%20take%20for%20a%20white%20dwarf%20to%20turn%20into%20a%20black%20dwarf Core Collapse - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/c/core-collapse Photodisintegration - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/P/Photodisintegration Types of Neutron Stars - Wikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pulsars_and_neutron_stars/Neutron_star_properties Hypothesized Magnetar Formation Process - European Southern Observatory https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1415/ Low Mass X-Ray Binary - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/L/Low-mass+X-ray+Binaries High Mass X-Ray Binary - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/h/High-mass+X-ray+Binaries Neutron Stars - University of Maryland (touring this school in summer 2021) https://www.astro.umd.edu/~miller/nstar.html Quark Star - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star

Chances are, you have seen the night sky before. Thou looketh to the Heavens: what does thou see? It is likely that one sees a few, or a few thousand, glimmering stars, some shining brighter than others; some orange, red, blue; some massive, some small; some luminous, some dim. It is likely that you have seen at least a somewhat dark night sky sometime in your past life, as I assume most of you have gone camping or hiking or biking, sometimes, or often if you are similar to I, during the night. In the Northern winter, the night sky is bedazzling your eyes with thousands of points of beauty, as it does in the summer. In the Northern winter, the brightest of the stars show their brilliance and luminance to our eyes; Sirius, Regulus, Adhara, Betelgeuse, Rigel, Aldebaran, Procyon, Capella, Bellatrix, Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka all showcase their complexion during these months. In the Northern summer, the Milky Way, the dense band of stars that appears to us as a glimmering wave of milk, conveys its own particular brilliance. In the Northern summer, the brilliantly-lit Deneb, Vega, Altair, Antares, Arcturus, Sadr, and the great stars of Sagittarius and Ursa Major dominate our vision. Upon seeing this prodigious assemblage of nuclear fusion, our brains begin to fail to understand the immensity of the universe in which we live. Even when gazing upon the meager 3,000 visible stars in our night sky, we are humbled by the formidable collection which exists above our heads. This episode and the subsequent episode delves deep into the great stellar immensities lying below our noses. References Main Sequence Star - Space.com https://www.space.com/22437-main-sequence-stars.html Main Sequence - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence Asymptotic Giant Branch - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch Hypergiant Star - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergiant

As I was interested in the topic of supersymmetry, I decided to add it to the list of chapter nodes, this one being chapter 26. As I assume is known, today, the concept that is to be understood is the concept of supersymmetry and its role in physics, astronomy, and quantum mechanics. References Supersymmetry - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry Bosonic Quantum States - StackExchange https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/59929/what-prevents-bosons-from-occupying-the-same-location Supersymmetry - CERN https://home.cern/science/physics/supersymmetry Fermion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion Boson - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson Anthropic Principle - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_principle Attempting to Observe Superpartners at CERN - uchicago news https://news.uchicago.edu/story/search-lifetime-supersymmetric-particles-cern

In this episode, we will be covering Hilbert Space and its importance in quantum mechanics. Please cut me some slack because this topic combines abstract algebra with advanced calculus, both of which I do not know. The history of Hilbert Space and the application of it into quantum mechanics should be simple, but its application and derivation surrounding mathematics will likely stump me; I know the English language, but not integrals and multivariable vector calculus. But anyways, let's explore the foundation of something I do not understand and the foundation of quantum mechanics, Hilbert space. References: Hilbert Space - Quantiki https://www.quantiki.org/wiki/hilbert-spaces Hilbert Space - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_space Vector Calculus - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus Euclidean Space - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/Euclidean-space Vector Calculus http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vecal.html Quick Hilbert Space Video - Physics World https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zASzj4DkZXY Hilbert Space - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/Hilbert-space Functional Analysis - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/functional-analysis-mathematics Vector Fields - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_field Probability Density Function - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function

From where did we originate? How did we develop highly organized societies and civilizations? From what species did we diverge? What made humans different from their ape relatives and ancestors? What traits about humans are most unique and invigorating? These questions, and many more, will be answered in today's episode, where we explore the birth of our genus, homo, and the birth of our species, the homo sapien. References Homo sapien - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Australopithecines - ScienceDirect https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128026526000104 Hominidae - PBS https://nhpbs.org/wild/hominidae.asp Human Evolution - Smithsonian https://humanorigins.si.edu/education/introduction-human-evolution Origin of the Primate Order https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/earlyprimates/early_2.htm Origin of the Homo sapien - The Royal Society https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2015.0237 Where the Homo sapien Originated - Australian Museum https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/when-and-where-did-our-species-originate/ Notable Traits Unique to Humans - LiveScience https://www.livescience.com/15689-evolution-human-special-species.html Neolithic Revolution - History https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/neolithic-revolution Homosexuality Activities in Other Animals - BBC Earth http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150206-are-there-any-homosexual-animals

In April of 2019, scientists and radio astronomers around the world came together to share the world's first image of a black hole. In a stunning polynational consortium, radio astronomers from 20 different countries utilized their radio telescopes to image the black hole in the center of Messier 87, the largest object on the entire Messier catalogue of 110 objects. This consortium used many of the world's most prestigious telescopes, along with atomic clocks, two custom built supercomputers (think about that custom built computer at your friend's house and multiply that by 150,000), and several new computational techniques in image acquisition, to take this incredible image of the black hole. Messier 87 itself is black, but is lit up by an intense glow of radiation that surrounds it; when I see this, I think about a star being engulfed by this enormous black hole. The astronomers were able to image the radio waves emanating from this source and capture the black hole itself, specifically the ultra-dark, round source existing in the middle of the image. This image is often considered among the most important images ever taken, excluding, potentially, the first Hubble deep field and pale blue dot. References: Humans Could Enter a Black Hole ‘Safely' - ScienceAlert https://www.sciencealert.com/what-would-happen-if-a-human-tried-to-enter-a-black-hole-to-study-it Black Hole - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole Idealization (Science Philosophy) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealization_(science_philosophy) Point Particle - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_particle#Point_mass Black Hole - Cosmos https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/b/black+hole Singularity - Physics of the Universe https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_blackholes_singularities.html Black Hole Information Paradox - Space.com https://www.space.com/black-hole-information-paradox-mystery.html String Theory - LIVESCIENCE https://www.livescience.com/65033-what-is-string-theory.html Nearing the End of the Information Paradox - Quantamagazine https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-black-hole-information-paradox-comes-to-an-end-20201029/

After conducting numerous episodes of astrophysics and quantum mechanics, I feel that I am finally dipping my toes into the ocean of physics that exists right below my nose. I feel that I am finally able to explain, though with a rudimentary understanding of the topic, the pillars of quantum mechanics. I thought I would make this episode to humble myself and prove to myself that I do not, at all, have even a rudimentary understanding of the wild west of astrophysics: quantum mechanics. Even so, in our relentless pursuit of knowledge and understanding, we stumble upon the greatness of quantum entanglement, a tremendous topic that humbles and horrifies the human brain. References Quantum Entanglement - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement Quantum Superposition - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition Superposition - The Physics of the Universe https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_quantum_superposition.html EPR Paradox - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPR_paradox Superdeterminism - frontiers in Physics https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2020.00139/full Principle of Locality - Quantum Physics Lady http://www.quantumphysicslady.org/glossary/locality/ Bell's Theorem - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bell-theorem/ Photon Split - Scientific American https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/photons-meet-with-three-split/ Billions of Quantum Entangled Particles Found in Strange Mineral - ScienceDaily https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200116144105.htm “Everything is Entangled” - Cornell University https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.1584 Are all particles in the universe quantum-entangled, since they all emerged from a single entity? - Quora https://www.quora.com/Are-all-particles-in-the-universe-quantum-entangled-since-they-all-emerged-from-a-single-entity

For hundreds of thousands of years, humans have stared up at their night sky in spectacular wonder; lined with thousands of stars, some bright, some faint, and 5 particular wanderers we now know as planets, our human ancestors found great indulgence in the night sky. With the beautiful beams of light shining through the night, there exists another, less luminous band of haze that appears throughout the northern summer and a very faint band that appears throughout the northern winter. This diffuse and branching pattern of haze in the night sky came to be referred to in the western world as the Milky Way, whose name derived from a Greek myth about the Goddess Hera who sprayed milk, in meaning the haze of the Milky Way, throughout the night sky. In this episode, we shall discuss some of the many classifications of galaxies. References Spiral Galaxy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_galaxy Origin of Spiral Galaxies - ThoughtCo https://www.thoughtco.com/spiral-galaxies-3072049 Barred Spiral Galaxy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy Super Luminous Spiral Galaxy - The Astrophysical Journal https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-637X/817/2/109 Ring Galaxy - Universe Today https://www.universetoday.com/30697/ring-galaxy/ Elliptical Galaxy - Cosmos https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/elliptical+galaxy Shell Galaxy - Astronomy and Astrophysics https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2019/10/aa35968-19/aa35968-19.html Interacting Galaxies - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacting_galaxy Peculiar Galaxy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peculiar_galaxy Dwarf Galaxy https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/D/dwarf+galaxy

In the 21st century, scientists, notably physicists and astronomers, have made exceptional discoveries and exceptional advancements in the field of science. From the discovery of the Higgs Boson to the discovery of the neutrino and a new state of matter, astronomers and physicists alike have made important and outstanding contributions to the scientific development of our society in this century. It seems to me that these incredible discoveries often go overlooked; we are so caught up in our screens and our crises that we forget to realize the intense and exceptional development occurring right under our noses. References: UChicago Undergrads Discover Bright Lensed Galaxy in Early Universe - uchicago news https://news.uchicago.edu/story/uchicago-undergrads-discover-bright-lensed-galaxy-early-universe Exo-Jupiter That is 10x Less Massive - CBS News https://www.cbsnews.com/news/astronomers-discover-super-puff-gas-giant-exoplanet-wasp-107b-jupiter/ Astronomers Find Fastest Spinning Magnetar yet - Astronomy https://astronomy.com/news/2021/01/astronomers-find-the-youngest-fastest-spinning-magnetar-yet Astronomers Closer to Entering the Realm of Gravitational Waves, Gravitons - Space.com https://www.space.com/astronomers-chasing-cosmic-secrets-with-pulsars Astronomers Find Radio Galaxies 62x Larger Than the Milky Way - Mashable https://in.mashable.com/science/19722/astronomers-discover-two-new-giant-radio-galaxies-that-are-62-times-larger-than-the-milky-way Physicists Figure Novel Method to Extract Energy From Black Holes - SCI-NEWS https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=301953#:~ Red Dwarf Sunlight Used to Grow Photosynthesizing chlorogloeopsis thermalis - Astronomy https://astronomy.com/news/2021/01/red-dwarf-starlight-used-to-grow-photosynthesizing-bacteria Gravitational Lensing - Australian Academy of Science https://www.science.org.au/curious/space-time/gravitational-lensing

Last episode, we discussed the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics. The episode got quite deep and interesting, as we delved deeper into some of the more complex topics that plague the great scientific minds of our generation. We made typical mechanical physics, often regarded as one of the most difficult high school classes that exists, look like a child's play. Quantum mechanics is, without a doubt, a heavy topic. The difficulty and uncertainty that exists with quantum mechanics is not isolated merely to quantum mechanics; there exists many other scientific paradigms and phenomena that plague scientific minds and force innovation. In this episode, we will explore yet another aspect of quantum mechanics, this time particle physics. Even with all that exists in the Copenhagen Interpretation and quantum field theory, there is still far more to be learned surrounding quantum mechanics. We have only begun to dip our smallest toe on the surface, but now we shall bring that toe a little deeper, as we begin to explore another aspect of physics, specifically particle physics, and the model that defines this particular field of physics. In this episode, we will explore the Standard Model of particle physics. References Standard Model of Particle Physics - CERN https://home.cern/science/physics/standard-model Standard Model - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model Gauge Theory - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/gauge-theory Strong Nuclear Force - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/strong-force Weak Nuclear Force - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/weak-force Electromagnetic Force - Bozeman Science https://www.youtube.com/watch/NcnZ2AigrCs Electromagnetic Force - Energy Education https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Electromagnetic_force Types of Hadrons - CheggStudy https://www.chegg.com/learn/physics/introduction-to-physics/hadrons

Physics has always existed as the horrible and confusing class that high school teenagers have to fight to survive through. It has existed as a unanimously difficult class with much room for confusion. Through my own experiences, I have observed that teenagers generally hate physics; they take the class for the credit it provides, but they often gain nothing from the class. Many go on to fail their physics classes, whether it is an AP class or a normal class. In this episode, we will look into the main interpretation comprising quantum mechanics, the Copenhagen Interpretation, and we will look into how all of it works. Brace yourselves as we attempt to understand one of the only indeterminist (not having cause) scientific concepts in existence, a concept that fundamentally rejects our natural understanding of patterns. If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com Reference: Copenhagen Interpretation - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ Copenhagen Interpretation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation Bohr's Correspondence Principle - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_principle Indeterminism in Quantum Mechanics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminism Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle Old Quantum Theory - University of California - Riverside https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/spin/node3.html Principle of Complementarity - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity_(physics) Wave Function Collapse - StackExchange https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/35328/why-does-observation-collapse-the-wave-function Superposition - WhatIs.com https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/superposition Various Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics Universal Darwinism - Cambridge University Press https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/nature-of-life/universal-darwinism/0939B49903C60A59B57DC5C007415ECF

The 20th century was plagued with conflict, disease, and terror, but at the same time, the 20th century flourished with growth. Whether it was the vast increase in population, the development of vaccines and antibiotics, the overthrowal of fascism and communism, or the acceleration to space, the 20th century experienced a level of growth unheard of in previous centuries. Almost all of this growth can be attributed to the sciences, as new discoveries and advancements in the scientific and technological worlds allowed for the growth the 20th century was known by to have flourished. As we continue on in the 21st century, another century in which growth shall dominate our experiences, we mustn't forget the scientists who fought the conflict, disease, terror, and most of all, authoritarianism in their pursuit of knowledge and discovery. We mustn't forget the scientists who stood by their science even when Joseph Stalin threatened their execution, even continuing on in the pursuit of scientific advancement until Stalin purposefully and slowly starved them to death, who pushed hard against the very nuclear weapons he designed while two tyrannical governments fought against one another for the most warheads. In this episode, we will discuss two scientists, Nikolai Vavilov, J Robert Oppenheimer two of the many scientists who fought against war and authoritarianism while pursuing knowledge from which all humans could benefit. If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com