Podcasts about Northern

President Donald Trump is referenced multiple times in newly released emails written by Jeffrey Epstein. House lawmakers are set to vote on a bill to finally end the government shutdown. Trump's advisers are looking to switch up the president's messaging on the economy. A popular baby formular brand is recalling its US products following an infant botulism outbreak. Plus, where you can catch a glimpse of the Northern lights tonight. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The government shut down is nearing to end as Senate approved a 60-40 vote. Northern lights were visible throughout the Chicagoland area. McRib is back at select McDonald's. And Fred and the crew go on a rant about their favorite fast foods.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Ancestral Native American Dispersal and Admixture 3. Meltzer describes the dispersal of the first peoples into the Americas, explaining that ancestral Native Americans likely arrived first and made it south of the ice sheets, splitting into Northern and Southern groups with the Southern group dispersing rapidly toward Tierra del Fuego. This rapid dispersal into completely unknown, people-free land suggests dogs—whose genomic history matches human travel—were likely part of their cultural repertoire for defense and hunting. Genomic data reveals that ancient groups later became isolated, developing distinctive genetic markers before experiencing later admixture as mobility increased, and critically shows no ancestral relationship between these first Americans and European, Ainu, or Polynesian populations.

In this episode, we check in with Erika from episode 212, recorded in February 2024. Erika is 45 years old and lives in Pennsylvania, USA, with her family and pets, working in the beauty industry.Bio In March of 2022, Erika decided it was time for a change —and that's when her journey with intermittent fasting began. In just the first year, she lost nearly 90 pounds, going from her highest weight of 249 to feeling her best in the 160s. She says that's where her body felt strong, balanced, and free.Fasting didn't just change her weight — it transformed her mindset, energy, and confidence. Erika had hoped that fasting might also heal her Achilles tendonitis and heel spur, but in late 2024, she needed surgery. What could have been a setback became another part of her story. Her recovery was quick and inspiring — her doctors were amazed — and today she focuses on gentle movement, stretching, yoga, and light walking to stay active. Not long after her last podcast, life got even busier — and sweeter. Her youngest daughter moved in with her three-month-old baby, and just a month later, Erika discovered that her eldest daughter was also expecting. It's been a year filled with love, laughter, and big family moments.Through it all, Erika stayed grounded in fasting. Sure, she's had some longer eating windows and maybe a few too many sweets — but she knows exactly how to reset. And now, her daughter Kiana has joined the journey too, losing over 70 pounds through fasting after weaning her baby.Erika shares her story and encouragement on Instagram at @Pause and Fast, reminding everyone that wellness doesn't have to be complicated or expensive — it just takes consistency, curiosity, and a whole lot of self-love.To connect with Erika https://www.instagram.com/pause_and_fast/Fasting isFree (@pause.and.fast) | TikTokComing soon: The Pause and Fast Podcast on Spotify.  Our Patreon Community Please consider joining the Fasting Highway Patreon community. It has been great for all who have joined. It has become an excellent add-on to our Patreon members' IF lifestyle, providing them with a wealth of bonus content to support their IF life.For less than a cup of coffee a month, you can join and support your own health goals.Graeme hosts three Zoom meetings monthly in the Northern and Southern hemispheres for members to receive support for their IF lifestyle, which has proven very popular with our Patreon members.You will not find anywhere that provides that kind of support and accountability for just 0.16 cents a day. I urge you to give it your utmost consideration. Please visit www.patreon.com/thefastinghighway to learn about the benefits you receive and how to join.Private coaching is available with Graeme on a one-on-one basis. Please visit www.thefastinghighway.com, click 'Help Get Coaching,' and book a time that suits you. All times you see are in your local time zone.Graeme's best-selling book, The Fasting Highway, about his journey and how he did it, is available in paperback and Kindle at your local Amazon store. It is also available on audio at Apple Books, Kobo, Spotify, and many other audiobook platforms. Disclaimer: Nothing in this podcast should be taken as medical advice. The opinions expressed herein are those of the host and guest only.

Hello! After an unplanned absence we're back with a wee shortie. Rachel and Graeme, faced as many of us in the Northern hemisphere are with the dark and gloomy months go through their favourite methods of keeping the photography going over even the greyest of days   Sunny 16 Discord: https://discord.gg/sYfpRcj79

It's now the 7th round of the GJ Gardiner Homes Tauihi Womens Basketball competition, and the Northern Kahu have struggled a bit to date, remaining winless. On Sunday they take on the Southern Hoiho at Eventfinda Stadium and will be looking to put on a strong performance and pick up their first win of the season. Haliegh Reinoehl is a Power Forward for the Kahu, and she joined D'Arcy to preview the game as well as chat about her life in New Zealand. LISTEN ABOVE See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The China-brokered Lashio Model, which allowed the SAC to retake Lashio while the MNDAA held surrounding areas, marks a shift toward “subcontracting sovereignty” through externally mediated ceasefires. It risks deepening Myanmar's fragmentation and weakening statehood. In this podcast, we unpack what the Lashio Model reveals about shifting power dynamics, contested sovereignty, and the urgent need for political guardrails.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

1. Setting and Context Ben is reporting live from Israel, specifically Jerusalem. He describes his visit to multiple sites affected by the Hamas attacks, including: Northern border areas near Syria and Lebanon. Kibbutzim (rural communities) attacked by Hamas. A music festival where mass killings occurred. A military base overrun by terrorists. 2. Eyewitness Accounts and Graphic Details Ferguson recounts firsthand stories from survivors and victims’ families. He describes: Families slaughtered in their homes. Children and elderly burned alive. Soldiers, especially young women, raped and executed. Civilians at a music festival massacred while seeking shelter. The narrative includes vivid imagery of bullet-riddled safe rooms, abandoned toys, and homes left untouched since the attacks. Please Hit Subscribe to this podcast Right Now. Also Please Subscribe to the The Ben Ferguson Show Podcast and Verdict with Ted Cruz Wherever You get You're Podcasts. And don't forget to follow the show on Social Media so you never miss a moment! Thanks for Listening X: https://x.com/benfergusonshowYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@VerdictwithTedCruzSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This month, we're talking about an iconic bird with vibrant colors that many of you can spot right in your own backyard. But these creatures are more than just a pretty sight; they're known for their unmistakable song and some truly fascinating behaviors and adaptations. So, grab your binoculars and join me as we go bird-watching for Northern cardinals.For sources and more information, please visit our website.Support the show

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

At the edge of Hudson Bay, the Port of Churchill is being revitalized — reconnecting the Prairies to global markets and strengthening Canada's northern gateway to the world.In this episode of Disruptors: The Canada Project, John Stackhouse speaks with Premier Wab Kinew, Chris Avery of Arctic Gateway Group, and Grant Barkman of Decision Works about how Indigenous ownership, modern rail infrastructure, and drone-powered innovation are reconnecting the Prairies to global markets.As climate shifts open new Arctic passages and global trade routes are redefined, Manitoba is positioning itself as a northern link between the Prairies and the world — redefining how Canada moves goods, builds partnerships, and prepares for the future. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

SD SportScene Podcast Season 3, Episode 11: The show features guest co-host Jacque Niles. It includes football and volleyball postseason information along with clips from Central's Kyley Wirebaugh, Warner's Chays Mansfield, and Northern's Abby Brooks.

Jeroboam becomes the new king of the Northern tribes, as Israel is divided due to Solomon's sins. Jeroboam's idolatry...

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-good-morning-portugal-podcast-with-carl-munson--2903992/support.Let us help you find YOUR home in Portugal...Whether you are looking to BUY, RENT or SCOUT, reach out to Carl Munson and connect with the biggest and best network of professionals that have come together through Good Morning Portugal! over the last five years that have seen Portugal's meteoric rise in popularity.Simply contact Carl by phone/WhatsApp on (00 351) 913 590 303, email carl@carlmunson.com or enter your details at www.goodmorningportugal.com And join The Portugal Club FREE here - www.theportugalclub.com

Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-good-morning-portugal-podcast-with-carl-munson--2903992/support.Let us help you find YOUR home in Portugal...Whether you are looking to BUY, RENT or SCOUT, reach out to Carl Munson and connect with the biggest and best network of professionals that have come together through Good Morning Portugal! over the last five years that have seen Portugal's meteoric rise in popularity.Simply contact Carl by phone/WhatsApp on (00 351) 913 590 303, email carl@carlmunson.com or enter your details at www.goodmorningportugal.com And join The Portugal Club FREE here - www.theportugalclub.com

No known people live further west than House Farwynd of Lonely Light, and few houses if any are considered as strange. Even other Ironborn regard them as mad and tell stories that sound like a Northern house. There's talk of Farwynd skinchangers, connecting them to killer whales, walruses, sea lions and more… not to mention rumors of Farwynds breeding with seals to make selkies. They are the Sunset Skinchanger Raiders of Westeros, and they even have a second branch on Great Wyk, giving us much to dive into.HoW Audience Survey - ⁠⁠⁠⁠bit.ly/howsurvey⁠⁠⁠⁠Bonus Eps & More -⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ patreon.com/historyofwesteros⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Shirts & Stickers -⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠historyofwesteros.threadless.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠www.historyofwesteros.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Intro/Maps - ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠klaradox.de⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Facebook Group -⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ bit.ly/howfb⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Discord -⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ bit.ly/howdiscord⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Nina - ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠goodqueenaly.tumblr.com/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠

Jonny has been learning about an obscure American car. Also in this episode, the Flintstones theme, being haunted by a Renault Estafette, an abandoned Allegro Vanden Plas and fly tipped Volvo, getting ambushed by Morris dancers, two-speed gearboxes, The Jonny Smith Automobilia Collection, a car called the Playboy, the Crazy World of Arthur Brown, the great Northern tradition of going out without a coat, being unable to whisper, and a Dodge Caravan for sale. For early, ad-free episodes and extra content go to patreon.com/smithandsniff To buy merch and tickets to live podcast recordings go to smithandsniff.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Trey's Table Episode 380 The Big Lie About Reconstruction We've been taught a version of history that was designed to oppress. In Episode 380 of Trey's Table, we're dismantling the "Dunning School." For decades, this school of thought dominated history books, pushing the false narrative that Reconstruction was a tragic failure—a period of "corrupt" Black leadership and "Northern aggression." It was a deliberate, academic lie created to justify Jim Crow and white supremacy by slandering the progress made after the Civil War. We have to understand these lies of the past to fight the misinformation of the present. Tap the link in my bio to listen to Episode 380: "Dismantling the Dunning School: The Lie That Shaped a Century." Hashtags: #TrevsTable #Podcast #AfricanAmericanHistory #Reconstruction #DunningSchool #BlackHistory #HistoryLesson #JimCrow #LearnOurHistory #FightMisinformation

Have you ever tried to take a portrait of a sunset, or the Northern lights, and then felt disappointed that it doesn't seem to display the full beauty you witnessed?  Yesterday, the Church celebrated the Commemoration of the Faithful Departed.  It falls this time every year on November 2.  It reminds us that the day is coming when we, and all who have trusted in the salvation given to us in Jesus, shall see the smiling face of our Savior. But how do you describe such an amazing sight?

Listen to the SF Daily podcast for today, November 3, 2025, with host Lorrie Boyer. These quick and informative episodes cover the commodity markets, weather, and the big things happening in agriculture each morning. It's a stronger start for grains due to light new month buying and trade tensions easing with China's purchase of seven U.S. soybean vessels. The U.S. harvest is 85-90% complete, with soybean ending stocks at 290 million bushels. The EPA is urged to reallocate small refiner waivers to maintain the Renewable Fuel Standard. Livestock markets saw lower cash prices, with Southern live cattle down $4 and Northern dress cattle down $9-$11. Dry conditions in Minnesota and Wisconsin pose wildfire risks, while frost warnings are issued for Arkansas. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tommy Devane reports from Swinford as Menlough-Skehana were crowned Connacht LGFA Junior Champions on Saturday afternoon, beating Northern Harps of Roscommon.

Keith McDonald is back for his fifth appearance on The Fasting Highway with his good friend Graeme Currie. At 45, Keith is a father of two daughters and has experienced a profound transformation—physically, emotionally, and mentally. His journey began at 317 pounds in 2015, and by 2019, he had lost 28 pounds, reaching 289 pounds when he discovered the benefits of fasting. Through dedication and deep self-reflection, he dropped to 173 lbs by 2021.But the journey wasn't without challenges. Keith became obsessed with weight loss, and the extreme drop led to years of sciatica and physical pain. That turning point led him to strength training 2.5 years ago, where he rebuilt hisbody, resolved his back issues, and added nearly 30 lbs of muscle—all while maintaining his clothing size. He also underwent skin surgery to complete his transformation.In this episode, Keith opens up about the real-life tribulations of maintenance, the emotional toll of transformation, and how fasting remains a foundational part of his life—not just for weight, but for wellness, resilience, and purposeOur Patreon Community Please consider joining the Fasting Highway Patreon community. It has been great for all who have joined. It has become an excellent add-on to our Patreon members' IF lifestyle, providing them with a wealth of bonus content to support their IF life.For less than a cup of coffee a month, you can join and support your own health goals.Graeme hosts three Zoom meetings monthly in the Northern and Southern hemispheres for members to receive support for their IF lifestyle, which has proven very popular with our Patreon members.You will not find anywhere that provides that kind of support and accountability for just 0.16 cents a day. I urge you to give it your utmost consideration. Please visit www.patreon.com/thefastinghighway to learn about the benefits you receive and how to join.Private coaching is available with Graeme on a one-on-one basis. Please visit www.thefastinghighway.com, click 'Help Get Coaching,' and book a time that suits you. All times you see are in your local time zone.Graeme's best-selling book, The Fasting Highway, about his journey and how he did it, is available in paperback and Kindle at your local Amazon store. It is also available on audio at Apple Books, Kobo, Spotify, and many other audiobook platforms. Disclaimer: Nothing in this podcast should be taken as medical advice. The opinions expressed herein are those of the host and guest only.

The sin-offerings and others needs to be slaughtered in the northern part of the Temple courtyard -- as derived by biblical verses. Plus, the collecting of the blood, the sprinkling of the blood, and the placement of the person collecting the blood. Also, the way "he shall slaughter it" comes to exclude. And the laying on of hands comes into play as a possible exclusion, rather than it being about the northern location for the slaughtering. With a deep dive as to whether the person handling the offering needs to stand in the north too.

Orchestrating the Nomad Century: Quotas, New Cities, and the Food Production Revolution. Gaia Vince encourages a proactive vision for managing massive climate-driven migration, involving facing expected heat, enlarging northern cities, and building entirely new ones. Vince provides an optimistic example of a managed migration where a farmer in Gujarat, India, applies for migration and is assigned to Aberdeen, Scotland. She suggests establishing a new United Nations agency with "real teeth" to organize migration among host and origin nations, allocating people via a quota system to specific jobs and areas. To mitigate hostility, migrants would commit to taking jobs in high-need industries for their first few years. A major challenge is food supply, requiring a complete overhaul of global food production, necessitating a shift toward a plant-based diet, as mass meat production is extremely inefficient. Alternative food sources like plant-based meats, insects, and vertical farming in cities are essential. Vince emphasizes the enormous potential for biodiversity restoration if damaged natural landscapes are left alone.

This episode we start to get more into the material culture of the period with court fashion, as we look at the court robes that went along with the updated court ranks.  Granted, we only have a few resources, but from those it does seem like we can construct at least a plausible idea of what the court may have looked like at this time. For more discussion, check out the blogpost:  https://sengokudaimyo.com/podcast/episode-137   Rough Transcript Welcome to Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.  My name is Joshua and this is Episode 137:  Courtly Fashion. In the New Year's ceremony, the court officials lined up in front of the Kiyomihara Palace, arranged by their relative court rank, dressed in their assigned court robes.  The effect was impressive—the rows of officials painting the courtyard like the bands of color in a rainbow, albeit one with only a couple of hues.  The fact that they were all wearing the same style of dress and black, stiffened gauze hats only added to the effect.  The individual officers were all but lost in what was, at least in outward form, a single, homogenous machine of government, just waiting for the command of their monarch to attend to the important matters of state. We are covering the reign of Ohoama no Ohokimi, aka Ama no Nunahara oki no mabito no Sumera no Mikoto, aka Temmu Tennou.  Last episode we went over the changes he had made to the family titles—the kabane—as well as to the courtly rank system.  For the former, he had consolidated the myriad kabane and traditional titles across Yamato into a series of eight—the Yakusa no Kabane.   These were, from highest to lowest: Mabito, Asomi, Sukune, Imiki, Michinoshi, Omi, Muraji, and Inaki.  By the way, you might notice that "Mabito" actually occurs in Ohoama's posthumous name:  Ama no Nunahara oki no mabito, which lends more credence to the idea that that kabane was for those with a special connection to the royal lineage. Besides simplifying and restructuring the kabane, Ohoama also reformed the court rank system.  He divided the Princely ranks into two categories:  Myou, or Bright, and Jou, or Pure.  For the court nobles the categories were:                Shou – Upright                Jiki – Straight                Gon – Diligent                Mu – Earnest                Tsui – Pursue                Shin – Advancement Each category was further divided into four grades (except for the very first princely category, Myou, which was only two).  Each grade was then further divided into large, "dai", or broad, "kou". And this brings us to our topic today. Along with this new rank system, Ohoama's administration also instituted a new set of court sumptuary laws. Some are vague in the record—we can just make assumptions for what is going on based on what we know from later fashion choices.  Others are a little more clear.  We'll take a look at those sumptuary laws, particularly those that were directly associated with the new court rank system, but we'll also look at the clothing styles more generally. To start with, let's talk about what we know about clothing in the archipelago in general.  Unfortunately, fabric doesn't tend to survive very well in the generally acidic soils of the Japanese archipelago.  Cloth tends to break down pretty quickly.  That said, we have fragments here and there and impressions in pottery, so we have some idea that there was some kind of woven fabric from which to make clothing out of. And before I go too far I want to give a shout out to the amazing people at the Kyoto Costume Museum.  They have a tremendous website and I will link to it in the comments.  While there may be some debate over particular interpretations of historical clothing, it is an excellent resource to get a feel for what we know of the fashion of the various periods.  I'll also plug our own website, SengokuDaimyo.com, which has a "Clothing and Accessory" section that, while more geared towards Heian and later periods, may still be of some use in looking up particular terms and getting to know the clothing and outfits. At the farthest reaches of pre-history, we really don't have a lot of information for clothing.  There is evidence of woven goods in the Jomon period, and we have Yayoi burials with bits of cloth here and there, but these are all scraps.  So at best we have some conjecture as to what people were wearing, and possibly some ability to look across the Korean peninsula and see what people had, there. There are scant to no reliable records from early on in Japanese history, and most of those don't really do a great job of describing the clothing.  Even where we do get something, like the Weizhi, one has to wonder given how they tended to crib notes from other entries. There is at least one picture scroll of interest: Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang, or Liáng -Zhígòngtú.  It is said to have been painted by Xiao Yi in the early 6th century, and while the original no longer exists there is an 11th century copy from the time of the Song Dynasty.  The scroll shows  various ambassadors to the Liang court, including one from Wa.  The Wa ambassador is shown with what appears to be a wide piece of cloth around his hips and legs, tied in front.  His lower legs are covered in what we might call kyahan today: a rather simple wrap around leg from below the knee to the foot.  He has another, blue piece of cloth around his shoulders, almost like a shawl, and it is also tied in front.  Then there is a cloth wrapped and tied around his head. It's hard to know how much of this depiction is accurate and how much the artist was drawing on memory and descriptions from things like the Weizhi or Wei Chronicles, which stated that the Wa people wore wide cloths wrapped around and seamlessly tied As such, it may be more helpful to look at depictions actually from the archipelago: specifically, some of the human-figured haniwa, those clay cylinders and statues that adorned the burial mounds which gave the kofun period its name.  Some of these haniwa are fairly detailed, and we can see ties, collars, and similar features of clothing. These haniwa primarily seem to cluster towards the end of the Kofun period, in the later 6th century, so it is hard to say how much they can be used for earlier periods, though that is exactly what you will typically see for periods where we have little to know evidence.  I'm also not sure how regional certain fashions might have been, and we could very much be suffering from survivorship bias—that is we only know what survived and assume that was everything, or even the majority. Still, it is something. Much of what we see in these figures is some kind of upper garment that has relatively tight sleeves, like a modern shirt or jacket might have, with the front pieces overlapping create a V-shaped neckline.  The garment hem often hangs down to just above the knee, flaring out away from the body, and it's held closed with ties and some kind of belt, possibly leather in some cases, and in others it looks like a tied loop of cloth.  There is evidence of a kind of trouser, with two legs, and we see ties around the knee.  In some cases, they even have small bells hanging from the ties.  Presumably the trousers might have ties up towards the waist, but we cannot see that in the examples we have. We also see individuals who have no evidence of any kind of bifurcated lower garment.  That may indicate an underskirt of some kind, or possibly what's called a "mo"—but it could also be just a simplification for stability, since a haniwa has a cylindrical base anyway.  It is not always obvious when you are looking at a haniwa figure whether it depicts a man or woman: in some cases there are two dots on the chest that seem to make it obvious, but the haniwa do come from different artisans in different regions, so there is a lot of variability. We also see evidence of what seem to be decorative sashes that are worn across the body, though not in all cases.  There are various types of headgear and hairstyles.  Wide-brimmed and domed hats are not uncommon, and we also see combs and elaborate hairstyles depicted.  On some occasions we can even see that they had closed toed shoes.  For accessories, we see haniwa wearing jewelry, including necklaces (worn by both men and women), bracelets, and earrings.  In terms of actual human jewelry, early shell bracelets demonstrate trade routes, and the distinctive magatama, or comma shaped jewel, can be found in the archipelago and on the Korean peninsula, where it is known as "gogok".  Based on lines or even colored pigment on the haniwa, it appears that many of these outfits were actually quite heavily decorated.  Paint on the outfits is sometimes also placed on the face, suggesting that they either painted or tattooed themselves, something mentioned in the Wei Chronicles.  We also have archaeological examples of dyed cloth, so it is interesting that people are often depicted in undyed clothing.  There is one haniwa that I find particularly interesting, because they appear to be wearing more of a round-necked garment, and they have a hat that is reminiscent of the phrygian cap: a conical cap with the top bent forward.  These are traits common to some of the Sogdians and other Persian merchants along the silk road, raising the possibility that it is meant to depict a foreigner, though it is also possible that it was just another local style. If we compare this to the continent, we can see some immediate difference.  In the contemporaneous Sui dynasty, we can see long flowing robes, with large sleeves for men and women.  The shoes often had an upturned placket that appears to have been useful to prevent one from tripping on long, flowing garments.  Many of these outfits were also of the v-neck variety, with two overlapping pieces, though it is often shown held together with a fabric belt that is tied in front.  The hats appear to either be a kind of loose piece of fabric, often described as a turban, wrapped around the head, the ends where it ties together trailing behind, or black lacquered crowns—though there were also some fairly elaborate pieces for the sovereign. As Yamato started to import continental philosophy, governance, and religion, they would also start to pick up on continental fashion.  This seems particularly true as they adopted the continental concept of "cap rank" or "kan-i". Let's go over what we know about this system, from its first mention in the Chronicles up to where we are in Ohoama's reign. As a caveat, there is a lot we don't know about the details of these garments, but we can make some guesses. The first twelve cap-ranks, theoretically established in 603, are somewhat questionable in their historicity, as are so many things related to Shotoku Taishi.  And their names are clearly based on Confucian values:  Virtue, Humanity, Propriety, Faith, Justice, and Wisdom, or Toku, Nin, Rei, Shin, Gi, and Chi.  The five values and then just "Virtue", itself. The existence of this system does seem to be confirmed by the Sui Shu, the Book of Sui, which includes a note in the section on the country of Wa that they used a 12 rank system based on the Confucian values, but those values were given in the traditional Confucian order vice the order given in the Nihon Shoki.   The rank system of the contemporaneous Sui and Tang dynasties was different from these 12 ranks, suggesting that the Yamato system either came from older dynasties—perhaps from works on the Han dynasty or the Northern and Southern Dynasty, periods—or they got it from their neighbors, Baekje, Silla, and Goguryeo.  There does seem to be a common thread, though, that court rank was identifiable in one's clothes. As for the caps themselves, what did they look like?  One would assume that the Yamato court just adopted a continental style cap, and yet, which one? It isn't fully described, and there are a number of types of headwear that we see in the various continental courts. Given that, we aren't entirely sure exactly what it looked like, but we do have a couple of sources that we can look at and use to make some assumptions.  These sources l ead us to the idea of a round, colored cap made of fabric, around the brim that was probably the fabric or image prescribed for that rank.  It is also often depicted with a bulbous top, likely for the wearer's hair, and may have been tied to their top knot.     Our main source for this is the Tenjukoku Mandala Embroidery (Tenjukoku-mandara-shuuchou) at Chuuguuji temple, which was a temple built for the mother of Prince Umayado, aka Shotoku Taishi.    This embroidery was created in 622, so 19 years after the 12 ranks would have been implemented. It depicts individuals in round-necked jackets that appear to have a part straight down the center.  Beneath the jacket one can see a pleated hem, possibly something like a "hirami", a wrapped skirt that is still found in some ceremonial imperial robes.  It strikes me that this could also be the hem of something like the hanpi, which was kind of like a vest with a pleated lower edge.  Below that we see trousers—hakama—with a red colored hem—at least on one figure that we can see.  He also appears to be wearing a kind of slipper-like shoe. As for the women, there are a few that appear to be in the mandala, but it is hard to say for certain as the embroidery has been damaged over the years. That said, from what we can tell, women probably would have worn something similar to the men in terms of the jacket and the pleated under-skirt, but then, instead of hakama, we see a pleated full-length skirt, or mo.  We also don't have a lot of evidence for them wearing hats or anything like that. The round necked jacket is interesting as it appears to be similar to the hou that was common from northern China across the Silk Road, especially amongst foreigners.  This garment  came to displace the traditional robes of the Tang court and would become the basis for much of the court clothing from that period, onwards.  The round necked garment had central panels that overlapped, and small ties or fastenings at either side of the neck to allow for an entirely enclosed neckline.  This was more intricate than just two, straight collars, and so may have taken time to adopt, fully. The next change to the cap-rank system was made in 647, two years into the Taika Reform.  The ranks then were more directly named for the caps, or crowns—kanmuri—and their materials and colors.  The ranks translate to Woven, Embroidered, Purple, Brocade, Blue, Black, and finally "Establish Valor" for the entry level rank. The system gets updated two years later, but only slightly.  We still see a reference to Woven stuff, Embroidery, and Purple, but then the next several ranks change to Flower, Mountain, and Tiger—or possibly Kingfisher.  These were a little more removed from the cap color and material, and may have had something to do with designs that were meant to be embroidered on the cap or on the robes in some way, though that is just speculation based on later Ming and Qing court outfits. Naka no Ohoye then updates it again in 664, but again only a little.  He seems to add back in the "brocade" category, swapping out the "flower", and otherwise just adds extra grades within each category to expand to 26 total rank grades. And that brings us to the reforms of 685, mentioned last episode.  This new system was built around what appear to be moral exhortations—Upright, Straight, Diligent, Earnest, etc.  And that is great and all, but how does that match up with the official robes? What color goes with each rank category?  Fortunately, this time around, the Chronicle lays it out for us pretty clearly. First off we are given the color red for the Princely ranks—not purple as one might have thought.  Specifically, it is "Vermillion Flower", hanezu-iro, which Bentley translates as the color of the "Oriental bush" or salmon.  In the blogpost we'll link to a table of colors that the founder of Sengoku Daimyo, Anthony Bryant, had put together, with some explanation of how to apply it.  I would note that there is often no way to know exactly what a given color was like or what shades were considered an acceptable range.  Everything was hand-dyed, and leaving fabric in the dye a little longer, changing the proportions, or just fading over time could create slightly different variants in the hue, but we think we can get pretty close. From there we have the six "common" ranks for the nobility.  Starting with the first rank, Upright, we have "Dark Purple".  Then we have "Light Purple".  This pattern continues with Dark and Light Green and then Dark and Light Grape or Lilac.  Purple in this case is Murasaki, and green here is specifically Midori, which is more specifically green than the larger category of "Aoi", which covers a spectrum of blue to green.  The grape or lilac is specifically "suou", and based on Bentley's colors it would be a kind of purple or violet. The idea is that the official court outfits for each rank would be the proper color.  And yes, that means if you get promoted in rank, your first paycheck—or rice stipend—is probably going to pay for a new set of official clothes.  Fortunately for the existing court nobles at the time, in the last month of 685, the Queen provided court clothing for 55 Princes and Ministers, so they could all look the part. And the look at court was important.  In fact, several of the edicts from this time focus specifically on who was allowed—or expected—to wear what.  For instance, in the 4th month of 681, they established 92 articles of the law code, and among those were various sumptuary laws—that is to say, laws as to what you could wear.  We are told that they applied to everyone from Princes of the blood down to the common person, and it regulated the wearing of precious metals, pearls, and jewels; the type of fabric one could use, whether purple, brocade, embroidery, or fine silks; and it also regulated woollen carpets, caps, belts, and the colors of various things. And here I'd like to pause and give some brief thought to how this played into the goals of the court, generally, which is to say the goal of creating and establishing this new system of governance in the cultural psyche of the people of the archipelago.  From the continental style palaces, to the temples, and right down to the clothing that people were wearing, this was all orchestrated, consciously or otherwise, to emphasize and even normalize the changes that were being introduced.  When everything around you is conforming to the new rules, it makes it quite easy for others to get on board. The court had surrounded themselves with monumental architecture that was designed along continental models and could best be explained through continental reasoning.  Even if they weren't Confucian or Daoist, those lines of reasoning ran through the various cultural and material changes that they were taking up.  Sure, they put their own stamp on it, but at the same time, when everything is right in front of you, it would become that much harder to deny or push back against it. And when you participated in the important rituals of the state, the clothing itself became a part of the pageantry.  It reinforced the notion that this was something new and different, and yet also emphasized that pushing against it would be going against the majority.  So court uniforms were another arm of the state's propaganda machine, all designed to reinforce the idea that the heavenly sovereign—the Tennou—was the right and just center of political life and deserving of their position.  Getting back to the sumptuary laws and rank based regulations: It is unfortunate that the record in the Nihon Shoki doesn't tell us exactly how things were regulated, only that they were, at least in some cases.  So for anything more we can only make assumptions based on later rules and traditions.  A few things we can see right away, though.  First is the restriction of the color purple.  Much as in Europe and elsewhere in the world, getting a dark purple was something that was not as easy as one might think, and so it tended to be an expensive dye and thus it would be restricted to the upper classes—in this case the princely and ministerial rank, no doubt.  Similarly brocade and fine silks were also expensive items that were likely restricted to people of a particular social station for that reason. The mention of woolen rugs is particularly intriguing.  Bentley translates this as woven mattresses, but I think that woolen rugs makes sense, as we do have examples of woolen "rugs" in Japan in at least the 8th century, stored in the famous Shousouin repository at Toudaiji temple, in Nara.  These are all imported from the continent and are actually made of felt, rather than woven.  As an imported item, out of a material that you could not get in the archipelago, due to a notable lack of sheep, they would have no doubt been expensive. The funny thing is that the carpets in the Shousouin may not have been meant as carpets.  For the most part they are of a similar size and rectangular shape, and one could see how they may have been used as sleeping mattresses or floor coverings.  However, there is some conjecture that they came from the Silk Road and may have been originally meant as felt doors for the tents used by the nomadic steppe peoples.  This is only conjecture, as I do not believe any of these rugs have survived in the lands where they would have been made, but given the size and shape and the modern yurt, it is not hard to see how that may have been the case.  Either way, I tend to trust that this could very well have meant woolen rugs, as Aston and the kanji themselves suggest, though I would understand if there was confusion or if it meant something else as wool was not exactly common in the archipelago at that time or in the centuries following. The last section of the regulations talks about the use of caps and belts.  The caps here were probably of continental origin:  The kanmuri, or official cap of state of the court nobles, or the more relaxed eboshi—though at this time, they were no doubt closely related. In fact, a year later, we have the most specific mention to-date of what people were actually wearing on their heads: there is a mention of men tying up their hair and wearing caps of varnished gauze.  Earlier caps related to the cap rank system are often thought to be something like a simple hemisphere  that was placed upon the head, with a bulbous top where the wearer's hair could be pulled up as in a bun. The kanmuri seems to have evolved from the soft black headcloth that was worn on the continent, which would have tied around the head, leaving two ends hanging down behind.  Hairstyles of the time often meant that men had a small bun or similar gathering of hair towards the back of their head, and tying a cloth around the head gave the effect of a small bump.  This is probably what we see in depictions of the early caps of state.  Sometimes this topknot could be covered with a small crown or other decoration, or wrapped with a cloth, often referred to as a "Tokin" in Japanese.  But over time we see the development of hardened forms to be worn under a hat to provide the appropriate silhouette, whether or not you actually had a topknot (possibly helpful for gentlemen suffering from hair loss).  And then the hat becomes less of a piece of cloth and more just a hat of black, lacquered gauze made on a form, which was much easier to wear.  At this point in the Chronicle, the cap was likely still somewhat malleable, and would made to tie or be pinned to that bun or queue of hair.  This explains the mention of men wearing their hair up.  This pin would become important for several different types of headgear, but ties were also used for those who did not have hair to hold the hat on properly. Two years after the edict on hats, we get another edict on clothing, further suggesting that the court were wearing Tang inspired clothing.  In 685 we see that individuals are given leave to wear their outer robe either open or tied closed. This is a clue that this outer robe might something akin to the round-necked hou that we see in the Tenjukoku Mandala, where the neck seems to close with a small tie or button.  However, we do see some examples, later, of v-necked garments with a tie in the center of the neck, so that may be the reference..  Opening the collar of the formal robes was somewhat akin to loosening a necktie, or unbuttoning the top button of a shirt.  It provided a more relaxed and comfortable feeling.  It could also be a boon in the warm days of summer.  Leaving it closed could create a more formal appearance. The courtiers also had the option of whether or not to wear the "Susotsuki", which Bentley translates as "skirt-band".  I believe this refers to the nai'i, or inner garment.  This would often have a pleated hem—a suso or ran—which would show below the main robe as just a slight hem.  Again, this is something that many would dispense with in the summer, or just when dressing a bit more casually, but it was required at court, as well as making sure that the tassles were tied so that they hung down.  This was the uniform of the court.  We are also told that they would have trousers that could be tied up, which sounds like later sashinuki, though it may have referred to something slightly different.  We are also given some regulations specifically for women, such as the fact that women over 40 years of age were allowed the discretion on whether or not to tie up their hair, as well as whether they would ride horses astride or side-saddle.  Presumably, younger women did not get a choice in the matter.  Female shrine attendants and functionaries were likewise given some leeway with their hairstyles. A year later, in 686, they do seem to have relaxed the hairstyles a bit more: women were allowed to let their hair down to their backs as they had before, so it seems that, for at least a couple of years, women under the age of 40 were expected to wear their hair tied up in one fashion or another. In that same edict, men were then allowed to wear "habakimo".  Aston translates this as "leggings" while Bentley suggests it is a "waist skirt".  There are an example of extant habakimo in the Shousouin, once again, and they appear to be wrappings for the lower leg.  It actually seems very closely related to the "kyahan" depicted all the way back in the 6th century painting of the Wo ambassador to Liang. Even though these edicts give a lot more references to clothing, there is still plenty that is missing.  It isn't like the Chroniclers were giving a red carpet style stitch-by-stitch critique of what was being worn at court.  Fortunately, there is a rather remarkable archaeological discovery from about this time. Takamatsuzuka is a kofun, or ancient burial mound, found in Asuka and dated to the late 7th or early 8th century.  Compared to the keyhole shaped tombs of previous centuries, this tomb is quite simple: a two-tiered circular tomb nestled in the quiet hills.  What makes it remarkable is that the inside of the stone burial chamber was elaborately painted.  There are depictions of the four guardian animals, as well as the sun and the moon, as well as common constellations.  More importantly, though, are the intricate pictures of men and women dressed in elaborate clothing. The burial chamber of Takamatsuzuka is rectangular in shape.  There are images on the four vertical sides as well as on the ceiling.  The chamber is oriented north-south, with genbu, the black tortoise, on the north wall and presumably Suzaku, the vermillion bird, on the south wall—though that had been broken at some point and it is hard to make out exactly what is there. The east and west walls are about three times as long as the north and south walls.  In the center of each is a guardian animal—byakko, the white tiger, on the west wall and seiryuu, the blue—or green—dragon on the east.  All of these images are faded, and since opening of the tomb have faded even more, so while photos can help, it may require a bit more investigation and some extrapolation to understand all of what we are looking at. On the northern side of both the east and west wall we see groups of four women.  We can make out green, yellow, and red or vermillion outer robes with thin fabric belt sashes, or obi, tied loosely and low around the waist.  There is another, lightly colored—possibly white, cream or pink—that is so faded it is hard to make out, and I don't know if that is the original color.  These are v-necked robes, with what appear to be ties at the bottom of the "v".  Around the belt-sash we see a strip of white peaking out from between the two sides of the robe—most likely showing the lining on an edge that has turned back slightly.  The cuffs of the robe are folded back, showing a contrasting color—either the sleeves of an underrobe or a lining of some kind.  Below the outer robe is a white, pleated hem—possibly a hirami or similar, though where we can make it out, it seems to be the same or similar color as the sleeves.  Under all of that, they then have a relatively simple mo, or pleated skirt.  The ones in the foreground are vertically striped in alternating white, green, red, and blue stripes.  There is one that may just be red and blue stripes, but I'm not sure.  In the background we see a dark blue—and possibly a dark green—mo.  At the base of each mo is a pleated fringe that appears to be connected to the bottom of the skirt.  The toe of a shoe seems to peek out from underneath in at least one instance.  They don't have any obvious hair ornaments, and their hair appears to be swept back and tied in such a way that it actually comes back up in the back, slightly.  They appear to be holding fans and something that might be a fly swatter—a pole with what looks like tassels on the end. In comparison, at the southern end of the tomb we have two groups of men.  These are much more damaged and harder to make out clearly.  They have robes of green, yellow, grey, blue, and what looks like dark blue, purple, or even black.  The neckline appears to be a v-necked, but tied closed, similar to what we see on the women.  We also see a contrasting color at the cuff, where it looks like the sleeves have turned back, slightly.  They have belt-sashes similar to the women, made of contrasting fabric to the robe itself.  Below that we see white trousers, or hakama, and shallow, black shoes.  On some of the others it is suggested that maybe they have a kind of woven sandal, but that is hard to make out in the current image.  On their heads are hats or headgear of black, stiffened—probably lacquered—gauze.  They have a bump in the back, which is probably the wearer's hair, and there is evidence of small ties on top and larger ties in the back, hanging down.  Some interpretations also show a couple with chin straps, as well, or at least a black cord that goes down to the chin.  They carry a variety of implements, suggesting they are attendants, with an umbrella, a folding chair, a pouch worn around the neck, a pole or cane of some kind, and a bag with some kind of long thing—possibly a sword or similar. The tomb was originally found by farmers in 1962, but wasn't fully examined until 1970, with an excavation starting in 1972.  The stone at the entryway was broken, probably from graverobbers, who are thought to have looted the tomb in the Kamakura period.  Fortunately, along with the bones of the deceased and a few scattered grave goods that the robbers must have missed, the murals also survived, and somehow they remained largely intact through the centuries.  They have not been entirely safe, and many of the images are damaged or faded, but you can still make out a remarkable amount of detail, which is extremely helpful in determining what clothing might have looked like at this time—assuming it is depicting local individuals. And there is the rub, since we don't know exactly whom the tomb was for.  Furthermore, in style it has been compared with Goguryeo tombs from the peninsula, much as nearby Kitora kofun is.  Kitora had images as well, but just of the guardian animals and the constellations, not of human figures. There are three theories as to who might have been buried at Takamatsuzuka.  One theory is that it was one of Ohoama's sons.  Prince Osakabe is one theory, based on the time of his death and his age.  Others have suggested Prince Takechi.  Based on the teeth of the deceased, they were probably in their 40s to 60s when they passed away. Some scholars believe that it may be a later, Nara period vassal—possibly, Isonokami no Maro.  That would certainly place it later than the Asuka period. The third theory is that it is the tomb of a member of one of the royal families from the Korean peninsula—possibly someone who had taken up refuge in the archipelago as Silla came to dominate the entire peninsula.  This last theory matches with the fact that Takamatsuzuka appears to be similar to tombs found in Goguryeo, though that could just have to do with where the tomb builders were coming from, or what they had learned. That does bring up the question of the figures in the tomb.  Were they contemporary figures, indicating people and dress of the court at the time, or were they meant to depict people from the continent?  Without any other examples, we may never know, but even if was indicative of continental styles, those were the very styles that Yamato was importing, so it may not matter, in the long run.     One other garment that isn't mentioned here is the hire, a scarf that is typically associated with women.  It is unclear if it has any relationship to the sashes we see in the Kofun period, though there is at least one mention of a woman with a hire during one of the campaigns on the Korean peninsula.  Later we see it depicted as a fairly gauzy piece of silk, that is worn somewhat like a shawl.  It is ubiquitous in Sui and Tang paintings of women, indicating a wide-ranging fashion trend.  The hire is a fairly simple piece of clothing, and yet it creates a very distinctive look which we certainly see, later. Finally, I want to take a moment to acknowledge that almost everything we have discussed here has to do with the elites of society—the nobles of the court.  For most people, working the land, we can assume that they were probably not immediately adopting the latest continental fashions, and they probably weren't dressing in silk very much.  Instead, it is likely that they continued to wear some version of the same outfits we see in the haniwa figures of the kofun period.  This goes along with the fact that even as the elite are moving into palaces built to stand well above the ground, we still have evidence of common people building and living in pit dwellings, as they had been for centuries.  This would eventually change, but overall they stuck around for quite some time.  However, farmers and common people are often ignored by various sources—they aren't often written about, they often aren't shown in paintings or statues, and they did often not get specialized burials.  Nonetheless, they were the most populous group in the archipelago, supporting all of the rest. And with that, I think we will stop for now.  Still plenty more to cover this reign.  We are definitely into the more historical period, where we have more faith in the dates—though we should remember that this is also one of the reigns that our sources were specifically designed to prop up, so we can't necessarily take everything without at least a hint of salt and speculation, even if the dates themselves are more likely to be accurate. Until then, if you like what we are doing, please tell your friends and feel free to rate us wherever you listen to podcasts.  If you feel the need to do more, and want to help us keep this going, we have information about how you can donate on Patreon or through our KoFi site, ko-fi.com/sengokudaimyo, or find the links over at our main website,  SengokuDaimyo.com/Podcast, where we will have some more discussion on topics from this episode. Also, feel free to reach out to our Sengoku Daimyo Facebook page.  You can also email us at the.sengoku.daimyo@gmail.com.  Thank you, also, to Ellen for their work editing the podcast. And that's all for now.  Thank you again, and I'll see you next episode on Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.  

Born in August 1992 in Ankara, Türkiye, Tuva Atasever attended the Bilkent University, where he received a Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.  After completing his undergraduate studies in 2014, Atasever moved to the United States and received a master's degree in photonics from the University of California, Irvine. In addition, in 2018 Atasever completed the Space Studies Program (SSP) organized by Delft University of Technology, European Space Research and Technology Centre, and International Space University (ISU).After receiving his Master's degree in 2016, Atasever co-founded and acted as the CEO of Blue Dot VR where he worked on creating compelling experiences in virtual reality to induce pro-social, pro-environmental, and empathetic behaviors in users. In 2017,Atasever co-founded another startup called HyperSight, Inc., which focused on augmented reality.After working on those ventures and gaining life-changing experiences, Atasever started working for ROKETSAN, Inc as an avionics systems engineer responsible from the avionic subsystems in the Micro Satellite Launch Vehicle (MSLV) and Space Sounding Rocket (SSR) development projects. As the payload integration manager for SSR, Atasever's latest responsibility at ROKETSAN included selecting scientific and commercial payloads that were going to be launched on the SSR, creating technical requirements for those payloads, and successfully integrating them on the launch vehicle following the design verification process.In May of 2022, Atasever enthusiastically applied for the first-ever astronaut selection campaign of the Turkish Space Agency (TUA). After passing all the phases successfully, he was selected as one of the first two astronauts of Türkiye.Atasever enjoys swimming, outdoor running, camping, and backpacking, previously journeying across several national parks in Northern and Southern California and along the Mediterranean coast.Atasever is honored and excited for the opportunity to be a part of the historic Ax-3 mission as the backup mission specialist, and looks forward to advancing Türkiye's human spaceflight program in close cooperation with international partners to improve people's lives here on Earth.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Dennis and Brady are joined by Tatti as he nerds out on the Marysville - PH game, Northern looks for playoff success vs Lakeview, Armada and Richmond renew their rivalry, and the rest of the playoff slate and the last edition of the picks!

The All Blacks Northern tour kicks off tomorrow, when they face Ireland in Chicago. It's the same place the Irish secured their first ever win over the All Blacks. RNZ sports reporter Jamie Wall spoke to Corin Dann.

Thanks for listening to Northern Ag Network On Demand! Here's our program schedule: 6:10AM - Morning Market Report 6:20AM - News in Agriculture 1:00PM - Noon Market Report Have suggestions or a comment? Email us at info@northernbroadcasting.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Loved this episode, Tonya has had an amazing journey. Enjoy this encore episode as we take a short holiday break , We will be back next week with all new episodes. Tonya Kortekaas lives in Pontiac, Michigan, with her husband, Michael, of 11 years. She is the mother of three adult sons and a “bonus” mom to Michael's three children.Tonya spent most of her adult life as a stay-at-home mom of 3 growing boys and self-employed as a portrait photographer.  She felt that her most important mission in life was to raise her children and give them all the care and love they deserved.  She has been good at putting her family before her own needs, but the costs of that have been not caring for her mind and body as she should.  As her children have become adults and she has had more time to work on herself, she has entered into the full timeworking world and currently works for Oakland University.  She enjoys outdoor walks, kayaking, biking, watercolour painting and coffee in her free time. Tonya has struggled with her weight since her early 20s. She realizes that emotional eating and overindulging in sweets have been her issues.   She has tried countless diets, which have allowed her to lose weight but eventually gain it all back and more over the years.  At her annual physical exam in March of 2022, she was confronted with the highestweight of her lifetime at 349 lbs. and a BMI of 51.  Her blood pressure was soaring to a dangerous high, and her blood tests showed she was pre-diabetic.  She knew at that moment it was time for a significant change. Shewas sick of living life with this ongoing weight struggle and longed deeply to be a “normal” "-sized person.  Little did she know that change was going to lead her to an intermittent fasting lifestyle and complete freedom from her struggles with eating.  She's lost 155 lbs over 26 months of her weight loss journey. Since being on the podcast in February of 2023, episode 161, Tonya has discovered the benefits of a carnivore lifestyle and hasnoticed numerous health benefits by cutting the sugar and processed foods out of her life.   Our Patreon Supporters Community Please consider joining the Fasting Highway Patreon community. It has been great for all who have joined. It has become an excellent add-on to our Patreon members' IF lifestyle, who enjoy a lot of bonus content to support them in living an IF life.For less than a cup of coffee a month, you can join and support your own health goals.Graeme hosts three Zoom meetings monthly in the Northern and Southern hemispheres for members to come and get support for their IF lifestyle, which has proven very popular with our Patreon members.You will not find anywhere that provides that kind of support and accountability for just 0.16 cents a day. I cannot urge you more strongly to give it your utmost consideration. Please go to www.patreon.com/thefastinghighway to see the benefits you get back and how to join.Private coaching is available with Graeme one-on-one. Please go to www.thefastinghighway.com, click help get coaching, and book a time that suits you. All times you see are in your local time zone.Graeme's best-selling book, The Fasting Highway, about his journey and how he did it, is available in paperback and Kindle at your local Amazon store. It is also available on audio at Applebooks, Kobo, Spotify, and many other audiobook platforms. Disclaimer: Nothing in this podcast should be taken as medical advice. The opinions expressed herein are those of the host and guest only.

1. A Future in Flames: Worldwide Wildfire Phenomenon and Historical Context. Danielle Clode's book, A Future in Flames, addresses wildfires (or bushfires in Australia) as a worldwide phenomenon challenging civilization in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The discussion emphasizes that bushfires are not solely a product of civilization but were present historically. Early European explorers, such as Captain Cook in 1770, frequently reported seeing fires along the Australian coast, often interpreting them as indicators of people ashore. Once explorers went ashore, some observed really intense fires that were clearly out of control. The sources highlight the long history of fire use by humans, focusing on Indigenous Australians. Prior to European settlement, Indigenous people used fire in various ways, including hunting, clearing movement passages, signaling, defense, and crucially, land management. They used fire selectively to stimulate new growth and promote grass for grazing prey. This land management system, perfected over more than 60,000 years, is known as "fire stick farming" and is integral to the Australian ecology. In contrast, early European settlers failed to apply these lessons well, often using fire indiscriminately merely to clear forests. While the land clearance supported the economy by regenerating grass for sheep, the uncontrolled fires became a serious problem relatively early in the colony's history. By 1851, settlers realized the severity of the issue, exemplified by events like Black Thursday (February 5, 1851), which featured extreme heat (47°C or 120+°F). 1864 QUEENSLAND

After an economic data blackout for weeks, we got an inflation update this morning showing a lower-than-expected increase in the consumer price index. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the price of everyday goods like gasoline, groceries, and rent costs rose 0.3% in September compared to August, and the annual inflation rate rose to 3%. That is above the Federal Reserve's target rate of 2% as policymakers there meet next week to decide their next interest rate move With the Fed, CEOs, investors, and pretty much everyone flying blind in regard to economic data, thanks to the nearly month-long government shutdown, how important was today's inflation update? Kenny Polcari, the Chief Market Strategist at Slatestone Wealth, joins Fox Business' Gerri Willis to discuss how investors are navigating the current data desert, the President's latest spat with Canada over trade talks, and some of the headlines coming out of the White House. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices