Podcasts about Standard Model

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 42The Astronomy, Space and Science News PodcastUnraveling Antimatter Mysteries, New Techniques to Detect Dark Matter, and Insights into the Spectrum Rocket FailureIn this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into groundbreaking discoveries at the Large Hadron Collider, where physicists have identified a significant difference in the decay behaviors of ordinary matter and antimatter. This finding could provide vital clues to understanding why our universe is dominated by matter despite the Big Bang's creation of equal amounts of both. We explore the implications of these results and how they align with the Standard Model of particle physics.Innovative Approaches to Dark Matter DetectionNext, we discuss an innovative new technique developed by researchers at the University of Queensland to detect dark matter using atomic clocks and cavity-stabilized lasers. This cutting-edge approach aims to uncover the elusive nature of dark matter, which constitutes about 80% of the universe yet remains largely a mystery. We examine how this method could lead to new insights into the distribution and properties of dark matter.Spectrum Rocket Launch Failure InvestigationAdditionally, we analyze the recent failure of the Spectrum rocket during its inaugural launch from Norway. Investigators are looking into the causes of the incident, which involved thrust vectoring oscillations leading to the rocket's loss of control. We discuss potential technical issues and what this means for future European orbital launches.00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 42 for broadcast on 7 April 202500:49 Discovery of decay differences between matter and antimatter06:30 Implications for understanding the universe's matter dominance12:15 New techniques for detecting dark matter18:00 Using atomic clocks for dark matter research22:45 Analysis of the Spectrum rocket failure27:00 Summary of recent scientific developments30:15 Science report: Southern Ocean warming impactswww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com

In this thought-provoking episode, we explore the profound intersection between Kabbalah and modern science, particularly quantum physics. Join Gudni Gudnason, founder of the Modern Mystery School, as he reveals how ancient teachings align with cutting-edge physics to unlock the deeper mysteries of the universe. Discover how Kabbalah provides us with a divine blueprint that can guide us to personal and collective transformation, leading to a more harmonious, enlightened world.

Martin Lopez Corredoira is a physicist, philosopher, author, and playwright who has written extensively on the issues with standard cosmological theories, the role of science in society, and a number of short biographies of key figures in the history of science. He is both a theoretical and observational cosmologist, and we sit down with him for a conversation about what it would take for a theory like the Big Bang to finally come undone. In the course of our talk, we narrow down the list of substantive criticisms of the standard model, lay out the reasons to be optimistic, and find that there's actually a decent community of dissenting scholars that are doing everything they can to lay the groundwork for the revolution that's coming down the pipes in the wake of the James Webb Space Telescope. DEMYSTICON 2025 ANNUAL MEETING IN PORTUGAL!!! June 12-16: https://demystifysci.com/demysticon-2025 PATREON: get episodes early + join our weekly Patron Chat https://bit.ly/3lcAasB MERCH: Rock some DemystifySci gear : https://demystifysci.myspreadshop.com/ AMAZON: Do your shopping through this link: https://amzn.to/3YyoT98 SUBSTACK: https://substack.com/@UCqV4_7i9h1_V7hY48eZZSLw@demystifysci (00:00) Go! (00:04:31) Big Bang Theory and Its Cultural Resonance (00:07:28) Key Discoveries in Support of the Standard Model (00:13:48) Challenges in Falsifying Cosmological Theories (00:20:55) Core Assumptions in Cosmological Theories (00:29:11) Institutional Pragmatism (00:36:12) Funding and Scientific Orthodoxy (00:47:27) Community for Alternative Thinkers (01:00:07) Advancements in Astronomy Technologies (01:09:55) Determining the Age of the Universe (01:14:46) Standard Candles and Measurement Challenges (01:25:58) Observational limitations (01:46:07) Innovations and Constraints (01:52:17) Rethinking Information Access (02:08:30) The Future of Science and Intellectual Pursuits #cosmology, #alternativetheories, #bigbangtheory, #astronomy, #philosophyofscience, #jameswebb, #cosmicquestions, #theoreticalphysics, #alternativecosmology, #astrophysics, #cosmicmicrowavebackground, #darkmatter, #scienceandphilosophy, #philosophypodcast, #sciencepodcast, #longformpodcast Check our short-films channel, @DemystifySci: https://www.youtube.com/c/DemystifyingScience AND our material science investigations of atomics, @MaterialAtomics https://www.youtube.com/@MaterialAtomics Join our mailing list https://bit.ly/3v3kz2S PODCAST INFO: Anastasia completed her PhD studying bioelectricity at Columbia University. When not talking to brilliant people or making movies, she spends her time painting, reading, and guiding backcountry excursions. Shilo also did his PhD at Columbia studying the elastic properties of molecular water. When he's not in the film studio, he's exploring sound in music. They are both freelance professors at various universities. - Blog: http://DemystifySci.com/blog - RSS: https://anchor.fm/s/2be66934/podcast/rss - Donate: https://bit.ly/3wkPqaD - Swag: https://bit.ly/2PXdC2y SOCIAL: - Discord: https://discord.gg/MJzKT8CQub - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/DemystifySci - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/DemystifySci/ - Twitter: https://twitter.com/DemystifySci MUSIC: -Shilo Delay: https://g.co/kgs/oty671

As a listener of TOE you can get a special 20% off discount to The Economist and all it has to offer! Visit https://www.economist.com/toe In today's episode of Theories of Everything, Curt Jaimungal is joined by renowned physicists Peter Woit and Joseph Conlon to delve into the complexities of String Theory. Together, they explore its potential as a unified framework for understanding the fundamental forces of the universe, discussing both its strengths and the criticisms it faces. Peter Woit is a renowned mathematical physicist and outspoken critic of string theory, and Joseph Conlon is a distinguished theoretical physicist and strong proponent of string theory. New Substack! Follow my personal writings and EARLY ACCESS episodes here: https://curtjaimungal.substack.com Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction 02:44 Diverging Views on String Theory 06:17 The Standard Model's Shortcomings 10:27 The Axion and Experimental Hope 15:01 Critiques of String Theory 17:25 Evaluating String Theory's Validity 20:44 The Sociological Landscape of Physics 25:20 Holography and Its Implications 29:03 The Complexities of ADS-CFT 32:59 Witten's Influence and Controversies 36:32 The Balance of Arrogance and Humility 40:37 Structural Issues in Theoretical Physics 44:20 The Diminishing Returns of Mathematical Physics 48:55 Young Researchers and Career Concerns 52:42 The Disconnect from Experimental Data 56:24 The Evolution of Theoretical Physics 59:48 Challenges Facing the Field Today 01:02:28 Conclusion and Future Directions 01:35:36 The State of Fundamental Physics 01:47:07 Exploring Time Dimensions 02:04:31 Bridging Theory and Reality 02:16:09 The Politics of Physics 02:19:56 Finding Common Ground Links: •⁠ ⁠Why String Theory? (Joseph's book): https://amzn.to/4gSJr42 •⁠ ⁠Origins: The Cosmos in Verse (Joseph's book): https://amzn.to/3Dz887b •⁠ ⁠Not Even Wrong (Peter's book): https://amzn.to/49T1mFn •⁠ ⁠Quantum Theory (Peter's book): https://amzn.to/408Jp2h •⁠ ⁠Peter Woit's blog: https://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/ •⁠ ⁠Edward Witten's recent paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.15549 •⁠ ⁠Strings Conference (2024): https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLiSDiHgXimR9pHoFPhCDPfDOhreEg8vSp •⁠ ⁠Istanbul Stringy Meeting (2024): https://istringy.org/ism24/ •⁠ ⁠Physics Today: Edward Witten's 2015 post: https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/68/11/38/414984/What-every-physicist-should-know-about-string •⁠ ⁠Peter Woit's previous appearance on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTSeqsCgxj8 •⁠ ⁠Moduli Redefinitions and Moduli Stabilisation (Conlon's paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/1003.0388 •⁠ ⁠Scott Aaronson on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZpGCQoL2Rk •⁠ ⁠Brian Greene on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2EtTE9Czzo •⁠ ⁠TOE's String Theory Iceberg: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4PdPnQuwjY&t=1749s TOE'S TOP LINKS: - Enjoy TOE on Spotify! https://tinyurl.com/SpotifyTOE - Become a YouTube Member Here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join - Support TOE on Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal (early access to ad-free audio episodes!) - Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt - Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs - Subreddit r/TheoriesOfEverything: https://reddit.com/r/theoriesofeverything #science #physics #stringtheory Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Nassim Haramein was born in 1962 in Geneva, Switzerland. Haramein's father was a scholar at the University of Geneva completing a thesis under the guidance of the notable Jean Piaget, considered one of the fathers of child psychology. Although offered a position at the prestigious Piaget Institute, his father choose to accept a position at the child psychology department of the University of Montreal becoming the director of the orthopedagogy department. As a result, Nassim Haramein grew up in the Canadian environment and wilderness most of his childhood leading to an early successful career in the ski and mountaineering industry affording him a significant amount of time to observe and ponder the mechanics of the natural world. Starting in the early 1980's, Haramein developed a significant interest in sciences and philosophy, specifically in physics and the nature of the material world. This led him to a deep and dedicated self-study of both the foundation of general relativity and quantum theory. After some ten years of intensive study and exploration, Haramein started lecturing in various contexts both in Canada and the USA. This resulted in a first physics paper published in 2004 with co-author, prominent physicist, Dr. Elizabeth Rauscher "The Origin of Spin": a consideration of torque and Coriolis forces in Einstein's field equations and grand unification theory. Eventually Haramein published a seminal paper entitled “The Schwarzschild Proton” which described the proton as having equivalence energy and force structure to a mini-black hole due to quantum vacuum fluctuations. With the event of the holographic principle in physics, Haramein eventually published a series of papers describing the source of mass and the confining forces of subatomic particles being related to quantum vacuum fluctuations in a formalism dubbed the holographic mass solution. This peer-reviewed paper entitled “Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass”, published in 2013, employed a generalized holographic principle, relating the proton's charge radius and mass, and predicting a radius differing from the Standard Model by 4%. This proton radius was later validated through experiments at the Paul Scherrer Institute and is now the official CODATA value. From 2013 to present, Haramein publishes multiple papers addressing the nature of the electron and the so called missing mass issue in cosmology as well as a first paper on biophysics relating the structure of spacetime to the biological organizations of the brain entitled “The Unified Space Memory Network: from Cosmogenesis to Consciousness”. In September 2023, Haramein et al. pre-published a paper entitled “The Origin of Mass and Nature of Gravity” detailing the correlation functions related to the dynamic of the quantum vacuum and demonstrating that the mass and confining forces are the result of a screening mechanism of the density of the vacuum at the Planck scale. This initial paper is the first in a series that set the foundation for the unification of forces and physical constants which will follow.

November 1974 became known as the “November Revolution” in particle physics. Two teams on either side of the US discovered the same particle - the “J/psi” meson. On the "J" team, at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Sau Lan Wu and colleagues were smashing protons and neutrons together and looking for electrons and positron pairs in the debris. Over at Stanford on the other side of the US, Dr Michael Riordan was in a lab with the "psi" team who, in some ways the other direction, were smashing electrons and positrons together to see what was created. They both, unbeknownst to each other, found a peak around 3.1Gev.It was shortly after that the full significance was clear. The existence of this particle confirmed a new type of quark, theorised in what we now call the Standard Model, but never before observed - the Charm quark. And with Prof Sau Lan Wu's team's subsequent discovery of gluons – the things that hold it all together – a pattern appeared in what had been the chaos of high energy physics and the nature of matter. Sau Lan and Michael (author of "The Hunting of the Quark: A True Story of Modern Physics") tell Roland the story.Prof Matthew Genge and colleagues at the Natural History Museum in London have found evidence of a bacillus growing on samples of the asteroid Ryugu brought back from space by the Hayabusa 2 mission. Rather than evidence for alien life, as they suggest in a paper this month, the contamination shows how easily terrestrial microorganisms can colonise space rocks, even when subjected to the strictest control precautions.And And Per Ahlberg of Uppsala University and colleagues report in Science how they have taken a load of fossilised faecal matter and mapped out the evolution of dinosaur diets. First came the carnivores… then the vegetarian revolution…(Photo: Samuel Ting (front) shown with members of his J/psi experimental team. Credit: Brookhaven National Laboratory)Presenter: Roland Pease Producer: Alex Mansfield

During their last Standard Model episode Kovi said, "we really need to get an expert to talk about this." So they did! This week's guest is Ciaran O'Hare - an ARC DECRA fellow at the University of Sydney. He works on aspects of dark matter particle physics and astrophysics, including direct detection, axions, and dark matter halo models. Although Kovi and Benjamin pretty much wrapped up all you need to know about the Standard Model and quarks and neutrinos in their last episode - they thought maybe this guy could help a little. Fun sidenote : in this episode you can actually hear Benjamin's mind explode.

Episode 42 - the answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything. Well, we don't actually have that answer just yet - but we're working on it - and the best we have thus far is the Standard Model. In this episode Kovi and Benjamin talk about the fundamental building blocks of matter, electromagnetism, the strong force, the weak force, why gravity's such a jerk it can't be worked into the Standard Model, and Kovi makes the decades long process of learning, researching, creating theories, getting a massive bathtub built inside a mountain, and making a new discovery seem very simple.

How old is the universe—and how fast is it expanding? These are part of one of the biggest—and most contested—questions in science, and the answers could change our understanding of physics.In this episode, we talk with renowned UChicago astronomer Wendy Freedman, who's spent decades trying to solve these very questions. There are two ways to measure how fast the universe is expanding, also known as the Hubble constant; Freedman has done groundbreaking research to calculate this number using stars, but the problem is, her numbers don't match up with scientists using a different method. And the implications of that difference are massive, because it could indicate that our Standard Model of physics could be broken.Yet Freedman's latest research, using the powerful James Webb Space Telescope, might finally give us a clearer answer. In our conversation, we explore the age of the universe, the mysteries of dark matter and what all this could mean for the future of physics—and maybe even the discovery of life beyond Earth.

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 116*Discovery of More Black Holes Than Expected in the Early UniverseA new study using the Hubble Space Telescope has uncovered a significantly higher number of supermassive black holes in the early universe than previously anticipated. Published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, the findings could revolutionise our understanding of how these ancient black holes formed shortly after the Big Bang. Astronomers, including Alice Young from Stockholm University, suggest that these massive black holes might have originated from the collapse of massive gas clouds or through rapid mergers of smaller stellar-mass black holes.*New Volcano Spotted on Jupiter's Moon IoAstronomers have discovered a new volcano on Io, one of Jupiter's moons, using the Junocam instrument aboard NASA's Juno mission. Io, the most geologically active object in the solar system, boasts over 400 active volcanoes. The newly discovered volcano, located just south of Io's equator, was identified in the first close-up images of Io in over 25 years. The images reveal multiple lava flows and volcanic deposits, with sulphur staining on the eastern side and dark lava streams on the western side.*Confirming the Mass of the W BosonScientists at CERN have confirmed the mass of the W boson, a fundamental particle in physics, to be 80,360.2 mega electron volts, with a margin of error of 9.9 mega electron volts. This confirmation resolves a previous unexpected measurement and aligns with the Standard Model of particle physics. The study utilised data from the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the Large Hadron Collider, involving the analysis of millions of events to achieve this precise measurement.www.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.comThis week's guests include: Alice Young from Stockholm University

As an experimental facility, the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva has been extraordinarily successful, discovering the Higgs boson and measuring multiple features of particle-physics interactions at unprecedented energies. But to theorists, the results have been somewhat frustrating, as we were hoping to find brand-new phenomena beyond the Standard Model. There is nothing to do but to keep looking, recognizing that we have to choose our methods judiciously. I talk with theoretical physicist Cari Cesarotti about what experimental results the modern particle physicist most looks forward to, and how we might eventually get there, especially through the prospect of a muon collider.Support Mindscape on Patreon.Blog post with transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2024/09/16/289-cari-cesarotti-on-the-next-generation-of-particle-experiments/Cari Cesarotti received her Ph.D. in physics from Harvard University. She is currently a postdoctoral fellow at MIT. Her research is on particle phenomenology theory, with an eye toward experimental searches. Among her awards are the Sakurai Dissertation Award in Theoretical Physics from the American Physical Society and the Young Scientist Award at the 14th International Conference on the Identification of Dark Matter.Web siteMIT web pagePublications at inSpireSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

In this episode, we tackle one of the most groundbreaking discoveries in modern physics – the Higgs boson. Join us as we attempt to break…

Patreon: https://bit.ly/3v8OhY7 Peter Woit is a senior lecturer in the Department of Mathematics at Columbia University, where he researches quantum field theory and quantum gravity. Peter is one of the most well-known critics of string theory, and in this episode he and Robinson discuss his work and research in the area, which is encapsulated in his book Not Even Wrong: The Failure of String Theory and the Search for Unity in Physical Law (Basic Books, 2007), as well as his website by the same name. More particularly, they talk about the standard model of particle physics, the problem of quantum gravity, the main figures in string theory, the arguments for and against this approach to physics, its many alleged failures, and the future of research in the area. Not Even Wrong (Book): https://a.co/d/iVnPEi1 Not Even Wrong (Website): https://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/ OUTLINE 00:00 Introduction 02:29 Peter's Training in Physics 06:21 What Is the Standard Model of Physics?  10:42 What Is Symmetry?  21:37 Experiment and the Standard Model of Particle Physics  26:15 What's Wrong with the Standard Model of Particle Physics?  29:36 What Are Grand Unified Theories in Physics? 34:47 What Is Supersymmetry?  40:15 On Ed Witten and the Genius Mind Behind M-Theory 49:08 What Is String Theory?  1:04:56 What Is M-Theory? 1:07:59 On AdS/CFT  1:16:03 On Holography and Quantum Gravity 1:20:27 String Theory and the Sokal Hoax 1:24:09 Peter's Love of Physics 1:32:13 On the String-Theoretic Landscape and the Multiverse  1:41:51 What's the Path Forward for Physics? 1:47:52 Is String Theory the Only Game in Time? 1:53:17 How Did String Theory Become Dominant? 1:56:45 String Theory: Not Even Wrong? Robinson's Website: http://robinsonerhardt.com Robinson Erhardt researches symbolic logic and the foundations of mathematics at Stanford University. Join him in conversations with philosophers, scientists, historians, economists, and everyone in-between.  --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/robinson-erhardt/support

Peter Woit is a theoretical physicist and mathematician, currently a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Mathematics at Columbia University. Peter is known for his work in quantum field theory and representation theory, particularly for contributions to the understanding of gauge theories. In addition to his academic work, Woit is the author of "Not Even Wrong: The Failure of String Theory and the Search for Unity in Physical Law," where he critically examines string theory while advocating for alternative approaches in the quest for a unified physical theory. Become a YouTube Member Here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal (early access to ad-free audio episodes!) Join TOEmail at https://www.curtjaimungal.org Links: ⁠- Peter Woit's first appearance on TOE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9z3JYb_g2Qs - ⁠Peter Woit's book on Quantum Theory and Representations: https://www.amazon.com/Quantum-Theory-Groups-Representations-Introduction/dp/3319646109 - Peter Woit's Papers - https://inspirehep.net/literature?sort=mostrecent&size=25&page=1&q=a%20P.Woit.1 - Peter Woit's Blog - https://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/ - Peter Woit's book “Not Even Wrong”: https://amzn.to/3X8c1pS Timestamps: 00:00 - Introduction 01:31 - Overview of Unification in Physics and the Standard Model 05:11 - Historical Development of the Standard Model and its Success 07:00 - Introduction to General Relativity and its Challenges 09:32 - Unanswered Questions in the Standard Model (SU1, SU2, SU3) 13:12 - Technical Issues in Quantum Field Theory and General Relativity 17:24 - The Rise of Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) 21:07 - Challenges and Failures of GUTs (Proton Decay) 25:43 - Abandonment of GUTs and Introduction of Supersymmetry 26:45 - Basics of Supersymmetry and Its Predictions 31:28 - Failure of Supersymmetry (No Evidence for Superpartners) 32:08 - Supergravity, Kaluza-Klein Theories, and Extra Dimensions 35:52 - String Theory and the Unification Paradigm in the 1980s 39:00 - Experimental Failures and the Lack of Evidence for String Theory 41:00 - Ongoing Pursuit of Failed Theories and Resistance to New Ideas 47:09 - The Shift in Attitudes Towards Unification Efforts in Physics 48:13 - Introduction to Peter Woit's New Ideas on Unification 52:32 - The Role of Four-Dimensional Geometry and Spinors in Unification 58:11 - Wick Rotation and Differences Between Euclidean and Minkowski Space-Time 1:03:05 - Technical Challenges in Wick Rotation and Quantum Field Theory 1:09:01 - Unique Aspects of Spinors in Euclidean vs. Minkowski Space-Time 1:14:38 - The Dirac Operator and its Role in Space-Time Symmetry 1:18:02 - Relation to Supersymmetry and the Right-Handed Nature of Space-Time 1:22:04 - Connection to Gravity and Loop Quantum Gravity (Ashtakar Variables) 1:23:04 - Outro / Support TOE Support TOE: - Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal (early access to ad-free audio episodes!) - Crypto: https://tinyurl.com/cryptoTOE - PayPal: https://tinyurl.com/paypalTOE - TOE Merch: https://tinyurl.com/TOEmerch Follow TOE: - NEW Get my 'Top 10 TOEs' PDF + Weekly Personal Updates: https://www.curtjaimungal.org - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/theoriesofeverythingpod - TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@theoriesofeverything_ - Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt - Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs - iTunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/better-left-unsaid-with-curt-jaimungal/id1521758802 - Pandora: https://pdora.co/33b9lfP - Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4gL14b92xAErofYQA7bU4e - Subreddit r/TheoriesOfEverything: https://reddit.com/r/theoriesofeverything Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join #science #physics #stringtheory Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

We're joined by Dr. Jon Butterworth as we delve into two fascinating books he's written—Atom Land: A Guided Tour Through the Strange (and Impossibly Small) World of Particle Physic and Most Wanted Particle: Inside the World's Biggest Experiment. In Atom Land, Jon guides us through the minute world of particle physics, explaining fundamental forces, quarks, and leptons. Most Wanted Particle explores the mission of the Large Hadron Collider, focusing on the quest to find the Higgs boson. Dr. Butterworth shares his involvement with the machine and the importance of basic research for technological and economic advancement.   About Dr. Jon Butterworth Dr. Jon Butterworth is a distinguished physicist with undergraduate and graduate degrees from Oxford University. He is a professor of physics at University College London and has served as the head of the Department of Physics and Astronomy. At CERN's Large Hadron Collider, Jon is the scientific adviser for the UK delegation. He received the Chadwick Medal in 2013 for his contributions to high-energy particle physics. In addition to his academic achievements, Jon is a prolific author and blogger, making complex scientific concepts accessible to a broader audience.     Show Highlights (2:00) What forces are and how they underly everything (8:47) What bosons are and how they fit into the Standard Model (11:33) The importance of symmetry in physics (13:40) Which concepts Dr. Butterworth found most difficult to present in Most Wanted Particle (16:39) The mission of the Large Hadron Collider (20:23) How scientists interpret data from the Large Hadron Collider with certainty (22:47) What makes the Higgs boson special (27:01) Why searching for the Higgs boson and other basic research is so important     Links Referenced Atom Land: A Guided Tour Through the Strange (and Impossibly Small) World of Particle Physics https://www.amazon.com/Atom-Land-Through-Impossibly-Particle/dp/1615193731/ Most Wanted Particle: Inside the World's Biggest Experiment https://www.amazon.com/Most-Wanted-Particle-Inside-Physics/dp/161519245X/

Quantum mechanics, which arose from the necessity to describe events beyond classical physics, entails the quantization of energy and wave particle duality, which are fundamental notions introduced by Planck, Einstein, and de Broglie. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and Schrödinger's wavefunction formalism define quantum systems' probabilistic nature. Quantum field theory (QFT) applies these ideas to fields, characterizing particles as excitations within them, which is critical for understanding forces in the Standard Model of particle physics. Quantum computing, which takes advantage of qubits' superposition and entanglement, promises solutions to problems that classical computers cannot solve, including quantum error correction and encryption to ensure safe communication. Experimental developments such as Bose-Einstein condensates and quantum dots allow for precise control and observation of quantum systems.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/library-of-philosophy--5939304/support.

Eric Weinstein is a mathematician, economist, science policy expert and a frequent public speaker on a variety of subjects within the sciences. Dr Weinstein was formerly a co-founder of the Sloan Sponsored Science and Engineering Workforce Project at Harvard and the National Bureau of Economic Research, a co-founder and principal of the Natron Group in Manhattan as well as a visiting research fellow at Oxford University in the Mathematical Institute. Since completing a PhD dissertation in the Mathematics Department at Harvard in 1992, he has held research positions in Mathematics, Physics, and Economics departments (at MIT, Hebrew University, and Harvard respectively). He delivered the Special Simonyi Lectures at Oxford University in 2013 putting forth a theory he termed “Geometric Unity” to unify the twin geometries (Riemannian and Ehresmannian) thought to ground the two most fundamental physical theories (General Relativity and the so-called Standard Model of particle theory, respectively). He has been asked to address the National Academy of Sciences on five occasions on the future of scientific and academic research at elite institutions within the United States.

 MORE CHALLENGES FOR THE STANDARD MODEL: TOO MANY DWARF GALAXIES: 4/4: Flashes of Creation: George Gamow, Fred Hoyle, and the Great Big Bang Debate, by Paul Halpern https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-hubble-finds-dwarf-galaxies-formed-more-than-their-fair-share-of-universes-stars/ https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B08PV5CLZQ/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tkin_p1_i0 A respected physics professor and author breaks down the great debate over the Big Bang and the continuing quest to understand the fate of the universe. Today, the Big Bang is so entrenched in our understanding of the cosmos that to doubt it would seem crazy. But as Paul Halpern shows in Flashes of Creation, just decades ago its mere mention caused sparks to fly. At the center of the debate were the Russian-American physicist George Gamow and the British astrophysicist Fred Hoyle. Gamow insisted that a fiery explosion explained how the elements of the universe were created. Attacking the idea as half-baked, Hoyle countered that the universe was engaged in a never-ending process of creation. The battle was fierce. In the end, Gamow turned out to be right—mostly—and Hoyle, along with his many achievements, is remembered for giving the theory the silliest possible name: "the Big Bang." Halpern captures the brilliance of both thinkers and reminds us that even those proven wrong have much to teach us about boldness, imagination, and the universe, itself. 1958

 MORE CHALLENGES FOR THE STANDARD MODEL: TOO MANY DWARF GALAXIES: 1/4: Flashes of Creation: George Gamow, Fred Hoyle, and the Great Big Bang Debate, by Paul Halpern https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-hubble-finds-dwarf-galaxies-formed-more-than-their-fair-share-of-universes-stars/ https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B08PV5CLZQ/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tkin_p1_i0 A respected physics professor and author breaks down the great debate over the Big Bang and the continuing quest to understand the fate of the universe. Today, the Big Bang is so entrenched in our understanding of the cosmos that to doubt it would seem crazy. But as Paul Halpern shows in Flashes of Creation, just decades ago its mere mention caused sparks to fly. At the center of the debate were the Russian-American physicist George Gamow and the British astrophysicist Fred Hoyle. Gamow insisted that a fiery explosion explained how the elements of the universe were created. Attacking the idea as half-baked, Hoyle countered that the universe was engaged in a never-ending process of creation. The battle was fierce. In the end, Gamow turned out to be right—mostly—and Hoyle, along with his many achievements, is remembered for giving the theory the silliest possible name: "the Big Bang." Halpern captures the brilliance of both thinkers and reminds us that even those proven wrong have much to teach us about boldness, imagination, and the universe, itself. 1953

 MORE CHALLENGES FOR THE STANDARD MODEL: TOO MANY DWARF GALAXIES: 2/4: Flashes of Creation: George Gamow, Fred Hoyle, and the Great Big Bang Debate, by Paul Halpern https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-hubble-finds-dwarf-galaxies-formed-more-than-their-fair-share-of-universes-stars/ https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B08PV5CLZQ/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tkin_p1_i0 A respected physics professor and author breaks down the great debate over the Big Bang and the continuing quest to understand the fate of the universe. Today, the Big Bang is so entrenched in our understanding of the cosmos that to doubt it would seem crazy. But as Paul Halpern shows in Flashes of Creation, just decades ago its mere mention caused sparks to fly. At the center of the debate were the Russian-American physicist George Gamow and the British astrophysicist Fred Hoyle. Gamow insisted that a fiery explosion explained how the elements of the universe were created. Attacking the idea as half-baked, Hoyle countered that the universe was engaged in a never-ending process of creation. The battle was fierce. In the end, Gamow turned out to be right—mostly—and Hoyle, along with his many achievements, is remembered for giving the theory the silliest possible name: "the Big Bang." Halpern captures the brilliance of both thinkers and reminds us that even those proven wrong have much to teach us about boldness, imagination, and the universe, itself. 1954

 MORE CHALLENGES FOR THE STANDARD MODEL: TOO MANY DWARF GALAXIES: 3/4: Flashes of Creation: George Gamow, Fred Hoyle, and the Great Big Bang Debate, by Paul Halpern https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-hubble-finds-dwarf-galaxies-formed-more-than-their-fair-share-of-universes-stars/ https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B08PV5CLZQ/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tkin_p1_i0 A respected physics professor and author breaks down the great debate over the Big Bang and the continuing quest to understand the fate of the universe. Today, the Big Bang is so entrenched in our understanding of the cosmos that to doubt it would seem crazy. But as Paul Halpern shows in Flashes of Creation, just decades ago its mere mention caused sparks to fly. At the center of the debate were the Russian-American physicist George Gamow and the British astrophysicist Fred Hoyle. Gamow insisted that a fiery explosion explained how the elements of the universe were created. Attacking the idea as half-baked, Hoyle countered that the universe was engaged in a never-ending process of creation. The battle was fierce. In the end, Gamow turned out to be right—mostly—and Hoyle, along with his many achievements, is remembered for giving the theory the silliest possible name: "the Big Bang." Halpern captures the brilliance of both thinkers and reminds us that even those proven wrong have much to teach us about boldness, imagination, and the universe, itself. 1955

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: A more systematic case for inner misalignment, published by Richard Ngo on July 20, 2024 on The AI Alignment Forum. This post builds on my previous post making the case that squiggle-maximizers are plausible. The argument I presented was a deliberately simplified one, though, and glossed over several possible issues. In this post I'll raise and explore three broad objections. (Before looking at mine, I encourage you to think of your own biggest objections to the argument, and jot them down in the comments.) Intelligence requires easily-usable representations "Intelligence as compression" is an interesting frame, but it ignores the tradeoff between simplicity and speed. Compressing knowledge too heavily makes it difficult to use. For example, it's very hard to identify most macroscopic implications of the Standard Model of physics, even though in theory all of chemistry could be deduced from it. That's why both humans and LLMs store a huge number of facts and memories in ways that our minds can access immediately, using up more space in exchange for rapid recall. Even superintelligences which are much better than humans at deriving low-level facts from high-level facts would still save time by storing the low-level facts as well. So we need to draw a distinction between having compressed representations, and having only compressed representations. The latter is what would compress a mind overall; the former could actually increase the space requirements, since the new compressed representations would need to be stored alongside non-compressed representations. This consideration makes premise 1 from my previous post much less plausible. In order to salvage it, we need some characterization of the relationship between compressed and non-compressed representations. I'll loosely define systematicity to mean the extent to which an agent's representations are stored in a hierarchical structure where representations at the bottom could be rederived from simple representations at the top. Intuitively speaking, this measures the simplicity of representations weighted by how "fundamental" they are to the agent's ontology. Let me characterize systematicity with an example. Suppose you're a park ranger, and you know a huge number of facts about the animals that live in your park. One day you learn evolutionary theory for the first time, which helps explain a lot of the different observations you'd made. In theory, this could allow you to compress your knowledge: you could forget some facts about animals, and still be able to rederive them later by reasoning backwards from evolutionary theory if you wanted to. But in practice, it's very helpful for you to have those facts readily available. So learning about evolution doesn't actually reduce the amount of knowledge you need to store. What it does do, though, is help structure that knowledge. Now you have a range of new categories (like "costly signaling" or "kin altruism") into which you can fit examples of animal behavior. You'll be able to identify when existing concepts are approximations to more principled concepts, and figure out when you should be using each one. You'll also be able to generalize far better to predict novel phenomena - e.g. the properties of new animals that move into your park. So let's replace premise 1 in my previous post with the claim that increasing intelligence puts pressure on representations to become more systematic. I don't think we're in a position where we can justify this in any rigorous way. But are there at least good intuitions for why this is plausible? One suggestive analogy: intelligent minds are like high-functioning organizations, and many of the properties you want in minds correspond to properties of such organizations: 1. You want disagreements between different people to be resolved...

In this episode of The Founder Spirit, Fabiola Gianotti, the first female Director General of CERN, shares her journey and the importance of fundamental research in addressing global challenges and advancing society.She discusses her decision to pursue science as a career, the discovery of the Higgs boson and its significance in explaining the origin of mass. With only 5% of the universe currently being understood by science, CERN plays a crucial role in answering open questions on dark matter and dark energy, etc. While the next scientific revolution may be led by quantum computing, Fabiola is focused on expanding CERN's mission of research, collaboration, training the next generation of scientists, and education of the public. How did a classically trained pianist manage to break the glass ceiling and head up one of the world's largest and most respected centers for scientific research? TUNE IN to this memorable conversation & find out. For detailed transcript and show notes, please visit TheFounderSpirit.com.Also follow us on: - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/TheFounderSpirit- Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/TheFounderSpirit- YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TheFounderSpirit- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheFounderSpirit- X: https://twitter.com/founder_spiritIf this podcast has been beneficial or valuable to you, feel free to become a patron and support us on Patreon.com, that is P-A-T-R-E-O-N.com/TheFounderSpirit.As always, you can find us on Apple, Google, Amazon and Spotify, as well as social media and our website at TheFounderSpirit.com.The Founder Spirit podcast is proud to be a partner of the Villars Institute, a non-profit foundation focused on accelerating the transition to a net-zero economy and restoring planetary health.About This Podcast:Whether you are an entrepreneur, a mid-career professional or someone who's just starting out in life, The Founder Spirit podcast is for you!In this podcast series, we'll be interviewing exceptional individuals from all over the world with the founder spirit, ranging from social entrepreneurs, tech founders, to philanthropists, elite athletes, and more. Together, we'll uncover not only how they manage to succeed in face of multiple challenges, but also who they are as people and their human story.So TUNE IN & be inspired by stories from their life journey!

Dr. David Curtin is the Canada Research Chair in Theoretical Particle Physics at the University of Toronto, and specializes in exotic theories of dark matter that describe a "dark sector" which may include complex dark matter.  These  "banana-town weirdo" dark matter models include dark electrons, dark protons and dark photons that form dark atoms and possibly an entire mirror universe that exists transparently all around us.  We discuss Jim Al-Khalili's book 'Sunfall' and the relatively tame dark matter scenario presented there, in what David calls a "nostalgic book, reminiscent of the days when theoretical physicists moved nations"!  We also talk about the spectacular success of the Standard Model of particle physics, super-symmetry and our failure to detect its predictions at the LHC, and the "whackadoodle possibilities" this opens up for more sophisticated and interesting models of dark matter.  Along the way David tells us us about WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), theories of neutral naturalness, the hierarchy problem, calculating the electron's dipole moment to 12 decimal places, and the mind-expanding power of science fiction.Buzzsprout (podcast host):https://thescienceinthefiction.buzzsprout.comEmail: thescienceinthefiction@gmail.comFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/743522660965257/Twitter:https://twitter.com/MartyK5463

Ever heard of a beauty quark? How about a glueball? Physics is full of weird particles that leave many of us scratching our heads. But these tiny particles make up everything in the quantum world and in us and are the basis of the fundamental scientific theory called The Standard Model. But it doesn't explain everything. It can't account for dark matter or dark energy, for example. We find out whether new physics experiments might force us to rewrite the Standard Model. Plus, we discuss a NASA proposal to fly spacecraft close to the sun in search of new physics. Guests: Phil Plait – Aka the Bad Astronomer, former astronomer on Hubble, teacher, lecturer and debunker of conspiracy theories. He is also the author of a new book “Under Alien Skies: A Sightseer's Guide to the Universe.” Harry Cliff – Particle physicist at the University of Cambridge who works on the LHCb experiment at the largest particle physics laboratory in the world, CERN. He is the author of: “Space Oddities, The Mysterious Anomalies Challenging Our Understanding of the Universe.” Slava Turyshev – Research scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Featuring music by Dewey Dellay and Jun Miyake You can get early access to ad-free versions of every episode by joining us on Patreon. Thanks for your support! Big Picture Science is part of the Airwave Media podcast network. Please contact advertising@airwavemedia.com to inquire about advertising on Big Picture Science.   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Ever heard of a beauty quark? How about a glueball? Physics is full of weird particles that leave many of us scratching our heads. But these tiny particles make up everything in the quantum world and in us and are the basis of the fundamental scientific theory called The Standard Model. But it doesn't explain everything. It can't account for dark matter or dark energy, for example. We find out whether new physics experiments might force us to rewrite the Standard Model. Plus, we discuss a NASA proposal to fly spacecraft close to the sun in search of new physics. Guests: Phil Plait – Aka the Bad Astronomer, former astronomer on Hubble, teacher, lecturer and debunker of conspiracy theories. He is also the author of a new book “Under Alien Skies: A Sightseer's Guide to the Universe.” Harry Cliff – Particle physicist at the University of Cambridge who works on the LHCb experiment at the largest particle physics laboratory in the world, CERN. He is the author of: “Space Oddities, The Mysterious Anomalies Challenging Our Understanding of the Universe.” Slava Turyshev – Research scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Featuring music by Dewey Dellay and Jun Miyake You can get early access to ad-free versions of every episode by joining us on Patreon. Thanks for your support! Big Picture Science is part of the Airwave Media podcast network. Please contact advertising@airwavemedia.com to inquire about advertising on Big Picture Science.   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The "Standard Model" of particle physics is science's attempt to explain the basic, fundamental building blocks of the universe. In many ways, the Standard Model has accurately predicted many groundbreaking discoveries at the subatomic levels. But for everything the Standard Model has predicted and described, there are a great many things for which it cannot account. Never in a million years could anyone look at the intricacies of the atom and think that from this tiny Lego-block-like structure things like giant sequoia redwoods, or blue whales, or even enormous variegated swirling arms of stars in galaxies would come about! And the mysteries just continue to deepen! Last October, astronomers using the James Webb Space Telescope discovered a plethora of mysterious objects in the Orion Nebula, things for which there were really no classification schemes. Not stars, not planets, not asteroids, moons, comets, or brown dwarfs. What exactly was discovered, then? Haha! Think we would tell you before you listened to the episode? Come and see! (But if you must cheat and find out before you listen, well, ok. You can click below to articles written by Wayne and Dan). Wayne's article on the subject. https://creationanswers.net/answersblog/2024/05/13/jumbos-in-orion/ Dan's article on the subject. https://thestoryofthecosmos.substack.com/p/a-jumbo-discovery-in-the-orion-nebula   Podbean enables our podcast to be on Apple Podcasts and other major podcast platforms.  To support Good Heavens! on Podbean as a patron, you can use the Podbean app, or go to https://patron.podbean.com/goodheavens.  This goes to Wayne Spencer. If you would like to give to the ministry of Watchman Fellowship or to Daniel Ray, you can donate at https://www.watchman.org/daniel. Donations to Watchman are tax deductible.

Patreon: https://bit.ly/3v8OhY7 Sean Carroll is Homewood Professor of Natural Philosophy at Johns Hopkins University and fractal faculty at the Santa Fe Institute. He is also the host of Sean Carroll's Mindscape, a podcast about science, society, philosophy, culture, arts, and ideas. This is Sean's fourth appearance on the show. He appeared with David Albert of Columbia University on episode 106, which covers the Many-Worlds theory of quantum mechanics, Boltzmann Brains, and the fine-tuned universe. He was also on episode 118 with Slavoj Žižek on quantum physics, the multiverse, time travel, and a whole lot more, and then episode 200 with Daniel Dennett and Steven Pinker on AI, parapsychology, and consciousness. This episode is coming out in advance of Sean's next book, Quanta and Fields: The Biggest Ideas in the Universe (Penguin, 2024), which will be released on May 14, 2024. Sean and Robinson discuss many of the topics and themes of Quanta and Fields, including the books' namesake subjects, as well as more decides, like scientific realism, free will, the simulation hypothesis, and the end of physics. If you're interested in the foundations of physics—which you absolutely should be—then please check out the JBI, which is devoted to providing a home for research and education in this important area. Any donations are immensely helpful at this early stage in the institute's life. Sean's Website: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com Sean's Twitter: https://twitter.com/seanmcarroll Quanta and Fields (The Biggest Ideas in the Universe): https://a.co/d/gfMDLQo The John Bell Institute: https://www.johnbellinstitute.org OUTLINE 00:00 Introduction 5:00 The Biggest Ideas in the Universe 9:38 Do Physicists Understand Physics? 15:51 What Is the Role of Philosophers in Physics? 18:24 The Measurement Problem and Quantum Field Theory 20:24 Scientific Realism and the Standard Model of Particle Physics 25:11 What Is the Wave Function? 34:46 What Is Quantum Field Theory? 37:45 What Is the Fundamental Layer of Reality? 41:01 What Is the Standard Model of Particle Physics? 45:42 What Are the Fundamental Objects in the Standard Model of Particle Physics? 47:39 How Do We Test the Standard Model of Particle Physics? 49:38 What Are the Weaknesses of the Standard Model of Particle Physics? 54:41 Will We Ever Find a Theory of Everything? 56:19 Is String Theory the Final Theory of Physics? 58:14 String theory and the Fine-Tuning Problem 01:00:18 Is Quantum Gravity the End of Progress in Physics? 01:06:12 What is Philosophical Naturalism? 01:08:05 On Naturalized Epistemology 01:10:24 On the Philosophy of Mathematics 01:19:08 On Naturalizing Morality 01:22:33 The Myths of Quantum Entanglement 01:29:53 Is There Only One Electron? 01:34:09 Are Atoms Mostly Empty Space? 01:36:51 Are We Living in a Simulation? 01:39:58 Is Infinity a Problem for Quantum Mechanics?  01:41:59 The Mysteries of Quantum Mechanics Robinson's Website: http://robinsonerhardt.com Robinson Erhardt researches symbolic logic and the foundations of mathematics at Stanford University. Join him in conversations with philosophers, scientists, and everyone in-between.  --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/robinson-erhardt/support

 I've got a real soft spot for heretics and people who carve their own path outside of the institutions and societal norms and things that everyone is so pressured into because it creates this echo chamber and there's these cookie cutter outcomes, it's not conducive to getting to new ideas, it's not good for figuring out new things and to discover how the world works and invent new things. It's always a real privilege to spend time with a true heretic and today we're hanging out with Garret Lisi. He has his own unified theory of particle physics, combining that with Einstein's theory of gravitation Garrett's been slagged by the scientific community for this, even though nobody's managed to do a really good job of proving he's wrong and. I think it's a really great story. You don't need to know anything about these topics to be interested in this conversation. It's a lot less about the science, you can learn about that independently if you want. What we're really doing is discussing his experience of what it's like trying to bring a new idea from outside of the ivory tower of academia, especially in a field that has been trying really hard for 40, 50 years now with very little to show for it, with string theory and these other things that soaked up a lot of the resources and attention but didn't really get us where we thought we wanted to go. No disrespect to the people who tried, but we need new ideas and we need to work on those too. This is a case where the credentialism where the established folks in the scientific community exhibited pretty poor behavior and really tried to shut down an idea in the wrong way, instead of doing it the right way, which is to just come up with one that is better. Garrett is a super fascinating guy! If you are interested in figuring out how to live a life of surfing, snowboarding and doing a little bit of stock trading and not having to fit into the corporate world: this is a great conversation for you, cause Garrett has been doing that for his whole career. He's living off of stocks and he started trading as early as high school. I'm going to link to a couple of things that Garrett has written, his papers and things, but also I'm going to link to a YouTube video by Sabine Hossenfelder, who you may recognize cause now she's getting huge on YouTube, but she's doing a great job of explaining physics. She even has an episode that I really like where she discusses some of the problem with the scientific establishment, from her perspective as well. Important Links: An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything on Wikipedia Quantum mechanics from a universal action reservoir An Explicit Embedding of Gravity and the Standard Model in E8 The Pacific Science Institute Also recommended Sabine Hossenfelder on What's Going Wrong in Particle Physics About Garrett Lisi Antony Garrett Lisi, known as Garrett Lisi, is an American Theoretical Physicist who works as an independent researcher. Lisi has proposed a new "theory of everything" — a grand unified theory that explains all the elementary particles, as well as gravity. His theory is based on a mathematical shape called "E8". With 248 symmetries, E8 is very large and complex and Garrett believes the relationships of its symmetries correspond to known particles and forces, including gravity. Throughout his career in research and education, he has made full use of the technological tools available and developed strong expertise in advanced problem solving, the invention of mathematical algorithms, and complex calculations. This extensive background in science, education, and computing enables him to be very effective in addressing the complex social as well as technological needs of those wishing to solve hard problems. Currently Lisi is the director of The Pacific Science Institute, a "Science Hostel" that aims to provide scientists the freedom to explore the boundaries of knowledge in an independent and transdisciplinary research community outside the confines of traditional academic institutions.

It was a radical idea a century ago, when Einstein said space and time can be bent, and gravity was really geometry. We hear how his theories inspire young minds even today. At small scales, different rules apply: quantum mechanics and the Standard Model for particles. New experiments suggest that muons – cousins of the electron – may be telling us that the Standard Model is wrong. Also, where the physics of both the large and small apply, and why black holes have no hair. Guests: Hakeem Oluseyi – Astrophysicist, affiliated professor at George Mason University, and author of “A Quantum Life: My Unlikely Journey from the Street to the Stars” Janna Levin – Professor of physics and astronomy, Barnard College at Columbia University Mark Lancaster – Professor of particle physics, University of Manchester *Originally aired August 16, 2021 Featuring music by Dewey Dellay and Jun Miyake You can get early access to ad-free versions of every episode by joining us on Patreon. Thanks for your support! Big Picture Science is part of the Airwave Media podcast network. Please contact advertising@airwavemedia.com to inquire about advertising on Big Picture Science.   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

It was a radical idea a century ago, when Einstein said space and time can be bent, and gravity was really geometry. We hear how his theories inspire young minds even today. At small scales, different rules apply: quantum mechanics and the Standard Model for particles. New experiments suggest that muons – cousins of the electron – may be telling us that the Standard Model is wrong. Also, where the physics of both the large and small apply, and why black holes have no hair. Guests: Hakeem Oluseyi – Astrophysicist, affiliated professor at George Mason University, and author of “A Quantum Life: My Unlikely Journey from the Street to the Stars” Janna Levin – Professor of physics and astronomy, Barnard College at Columbia University Mark Lancaster – Professor of particle physics, University of Manchester *Originally aired August 16, 2021 Featuring music by Dewey Dellay and Jun Miyake You can get early access to ad-free versions of every episode by joining us on Patreon. Thanks for your support! Big Picture Science is part of the Airwave Media podcast network. Please contact advertising@airwavemedia.com to inquire about advertising on Big Picture Science.   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Tim Palmer joins Curt Jaimungal to discuss the progress and persistent challenges in fundamental physics, touching on topics such as the successes of the Standard Model, the unresolved issues of quantum mechanics and general relativity, and the potential implications of quantum entanglement and non-locality for our understanding of the universe. Please consider signing up for TOEmail at https://www.curtjaimungal.org  Support TOE: - Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal (early access to ad-free audio episodes!) - Crypto: https://tinyurl.com/cryptoTOE - PayPal: https://tinyurl.com/paypalTOE - TOE Merch: https://tinyurl.com/TOEmerch  Follow TOE: - *NEW* Get my 'Top 10 TOEs' PDF + Weekly Personal Updates: https://www.curtjaimungal.org - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/theoriesofeverythingpod - TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@theoriesofeverything_ - Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt - Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs - iTunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/better-left-unsaid-with-curt-jaimungal/id1521758802 - Pandora: https://pdora.co/33b9lfP - Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4gL14b92xAErofYQA7bU4e - Subreddit r/TheoriesOfEverything: https://reddit.com/r/theoriesofeverything  

Peter Ware Higgs (29 May 1929 – 8 April 2024) was a British theoretical physicist, professor at the University of Edinburgh, and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the mass of subatomic particles. In the 1960s, Higgs proposed that broken symmetry in electroweak theory could explain the origin of mass of elementary particles in general and of the W and Z bosons in particular. This so-called Higgs mechanism, which was proposed by several physicists besides Higgs at about the same time, predicts the existence of a new particle, the Higgs boson, the detection of which became one of the great goals of physics. On 4 July 2012, CERN announced the discovery of the boson at the Large Hadron Collider. The Higgs mechanism is generally accepted as an important ingredient in the Standard Model of particle physics, without which certain particles would have no mass. The discovery of the Higgs boson prompted fellow physicist Stephen Hawking to note that he thought that Higgs should receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work, which he finally did, shared with François Englert in 2013. Audio source Peter Higgs - Wikipedia Internet Archive⁠ --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/theunadulteratedintellect/support

In this episode I talk to Andras Gerlits, who founded omniledger.io. Andras has a very interesting view on how Distributed Consistency should work that can get rid of several bottlenecks when it comes to maintaining Distributed consistency. He argues how getting rid of a global wall clock and using causality to approach Distributed consistency helps you build resilient, simple and performant systems. We have gone deeper into how that can be achieved and how the product works. Chapters: 00:00 Introduction 00:52 Andras's Journey into Distributed Consistency 03:04 The Evolution of Data Consistency in Banking and Beyond 08:04 Introducing Client-Centric Consistency 10:36 Exploring the Standard Model of Distributed Consistency 16:01 Redefining Strong Consistency with a Relativistic Approach 34:25 Practical Implications of Client-Centric Consistency in Banking 36:20 Mitigating Latencies and Partitions in Distributed Systems 41:08 Exploring System Reliability and Availability 41:52 Tuning System Properties for Specific Use Cases 43:07 Comparing Standard and New Models for Data Management 45:08 Understanding Local Progress and Mutex-Free Updates 47:23 Deep Dive into Token-Based Ordering and Global Calibration 58:30 Introducing OmniLedger: A New Approach to Distributed Consistency 01:02:41 Performance Optimizations and Tunable Consistency 01:08:20 Ideal Use Cases and Potential Limitations of OmniLedger 01:14:30 Future Directions and Closing Thoughts Links: Our website: https://omniledger.io A long-form essay on the thinking behind our model: https://medium.com/p/5e397cb12e63 A demo of transactionality https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJSSjY4szZE I think my blog in general might be interesting to some https://medium.com/@andrasgerlits The science-paper with all its mathematical rigour: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359578461_Continuous_Integration_of_Data_Histories_into_Consistent_Namespaces =============================================================================== For discount on the below courses: Appsync: https://appsyncmasterclass.com/?affiliateId=41c07a65-24c8-4499-af3c-b853a3495003 Testing serverless: https://testserverlessapps.com/?affiliateId=41c07a65-24c8-4499-af3c-b853a3495003 Production-Ready Serverless: https://productionreadyserverless.com/?affiliateId=41c07a65-24c8-4499-af3c-b853a3495003 Use the button, Add Discount and enter "geeknarrator" discount code to get 20% discount. =============================================================================== Follow me on Linkedin and Twitter: https://www.linkedin.com/in/kaivalyaapte/ and https://twitter.com/thegeeknarrator If you like this episode, please hit the like button and share it with your network. Also please subscribe if you haven't yet. Database internals series: https://youtu.be/yV_Zp0Mi3xs Popular playlists: Realtime streaming systems: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLL7QpTxsA4se-mAKKoVOs3VcaP71X_LA- Software Engineering: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLL7QpTxsA4sf6By03bot5BhKoMgxDUU17 Distributed systems and databases: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLL7QpTxsA4sfLDUnjBJXJGFhhz94jDd_d Modern databases: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLL7QpTxsA4scSeZAsCUXijtnfW5ARlrsN Stay Curios! Keep Learning! #databases #sql #consistency #distributedsystems

In part 2,  Prof Lewis introduces Dr Karl to Quarks, Leptons and Bosons. It's a messy subatomic zoo and still our Standard Model of everything.Avoid brain pain and listen to part 1 first .  Dr Karl Professor Geraint Lewis  

The Standard Model for everything ... is full of weird names and strange numbers. In part 1,  Prof Lewis explains to Dr Karl how we got into this mess and why this mess still holds true. Dr Karl Professor Geraint Lewis

Einstein's theory of general relativity is distinguished by its singular simplicity and beauty. The Standard Model of Particle Physics, by contrast, is a bit of a mess. So many particles and interactions, each acting somewhat differently, with a bunch of seemingly random parameters. But lurking beneath the mess are a number of powerful and elegant ideas, many of them stemming from symmetries and how they are broken. I talk about some of these ideas with Chris Quigg, who with collaborator Robert Cahn has written a new book on the development of the Standard Model: Grace in All Simplicity.Blog post with transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2024/01/22/263-chris-quigg-on-symmetry-and-the-birth-of-the-standard-model/Support Mindscape on Patreon.Chris Quigg received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley. He is currently Distinguished Scientist Emeritus at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Among his awards is the J.J. Sakurai Prize in theoretical particle physics from the American Physical Society. He is also the author of Gauge Theories of the Strong, Weak, and Electromagnetic Interactions.WebsitePublicationsAmazon author pageWikipediaSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/robinsonerhardt Jon Butterworth is Professor of Physics in the Department of Physics & Astronomy at University College London, where he works on the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider near Geneva, Switzerland. In this episode, Robinson and Jon discuss his work on the standard model of particle physics, it's connection to quantum theory, life at the LHC, the search for the Higgs Boson, and its role in physics as we know it and going forward. Jon's book on the Higgs boson is Most Wanted Particle: The Inside Story of the Hunt for the Higgs, the Heart of the Future of Physics (The Experiment, 2016). Most Wanted Particle: https://a.co/d/02B0H5C 00:00 Pre-Roll 00:16 Introduction 03:01 Jon's Interest in Physics 10:02 What Is the Standard Model of Particle Physics? 19:31 How Does Quantum Theory Fit into the Standard Model?  25:28 How Does the Large Hadron Collider Work?  44:39 On The Theory Behind the Higgs Boson  56:45 Is the Higgs Boson the God Particle? 58:50 How Does The Higgs Boson Work (For Dummies)? 01:02:22 Where Does Mass Come From in the Universe?  01:11:01 The Higgs Boson, Quantum Gravity, and Meta-Stability 01:25:28 Life at the LHC Robinson's Website: http://robinsonerhardt.com Robinson Erhardt researches symbolic logic and the foundations of mathematics at Stanford University. Join him in conversations with philosophers, scientists, weightlifters, artists, and everyone in-between.  --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/robinson-erhardt/support

Mass is the source of gravity. The Higgs particle plays a role in creating this source, while the graviton plays a role in explaining the mechanism of gravity (but not what causes it to be there in the first place). It is hypothesized that gravitational interactions are mediated by an as yet undiscovered elementary particle, dubbed the graviton. The three other known forces of nature are mediated by elementary particles: electromagnetism by the photon, the strong interaction by gluons, and the weak interaction by the W and Z bosons. All three of these forces appear to be accurately described by the Standard Model of particle physics. In the classical limit, a successful theory of gravitons would reduce to general relativity, which itself reduces to Newton's law of gravitation in the weak-field limit.[6][7][8] QUANTUM FINITE GRAVITY INFINITE First published Mon Dec 26, 2005; substantive revision Thu May 2, 2019 Quantum Gravity, broadly construed, is a physical theory (still ‘under construction') incorporating both the principles of general relativity and quantum theory. Such a theory is expected to be able to provide a satisfactory description of the microstructure of spacetime at the so-called Planck scale, at which all fundamental constants of the ingredient theories, c (the velocity of light in vacuum), ℏ (the reduced Planck's constant), and G (Newton's constant), come together to form units of mass, length, and time. This scale is so remote from current experimental capabilities that the empirical testing of quantum gravity proposals along standard lines is rendered near-impossible. In most, though not all, theories of quantum gravity, the gravitational field itself is also quantized. Since the contemporary theory of gravity, general relativity, describes gravitation as the curvature of spacetime by matter and energy, a quantization of gravity seemingly implies some sort of quantization of spacetime geometry: quantum spacetime. Insofar as all extant physical theories rely on a classical (non-quantum) spacetime background, this presents not only extreme technical difficulties, but also profound methodological and ontological challenges for the philosopher and the physicist. Though quantum gravity has been the subject of investigation by physicists for almost a century, philosophers have only just begun to investigate its philosophical implications.

The simplest way to improve your performance is to get stronger. Strength is the basis of physical performance. The Standard Model of strength and conditioning tries to blend practice and training and, therefore, does neither well. 01:42 Comments from the Haters! 12:03 Things we like 19:54 Starr Rehab explained 30:01 Two-Factor Model 36:59 Being athletic improves skill in skill-based things 48:19 You are not a freak athlete 59:16 How did they get there?

This week I wander off the topic of Life Extension (more next episode) to take advantage of an opportunity to interview an anthropologist about the White Sands footprints.Not since the Laetoli Australopithecus prints has a set of human footprints rocked the world of paleontology like those found in White Sands, New Mexico. Studies have dated these prints to 21-23,000 year ago, more than 6000 years older than humans were known to have arrived in the Americas!Many scientist are convinced the date is accurate; but if it is, it means a reshaping of an entire paradigm.In this episode I speak with Dr. Edward Jolie about his work, and about those prints. Dr. Jolie is the Clara Lee Tanner Associate Professor of Anthropology (School of Anthropology) and Associate Curator of Ethnology (Arizona State Museum) at the University of Arizona. In this wide-ranging discussion we cover:0: 00 Intro to Dr. Jolie and his work12:10 Were the Anasazi (Ancestral Pueblo people) cannibals? (Sorry, I couldn't resist the Man Corn debate!)14:40 The White Sands footprints16:40 The "Clovis First" paradigm (ie., the "Standard Model" of peopling of Americas20:50. Why the White Sands prints are potential paradigm changers28:40 The reliability of oral cultural transmission30:40 Two objections to the 21-23K year old datingThank you to Dr. Jolie for sharing his insights with us. See him here: https://www.nps.gov/media/video/view.htm%3Fid%3DA09EF77D-2A1B-47FD-A9B9-B9F1EC9BD00EGraphic by Ian ArmstrongThis show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/5806452/advertisement

‘อะไรเล็กที่สุดในจักรวาล' คือสิ่งที่ถามกันมาตั้งแต่สมัยกรีกโบราณ การค้นพบอะตอม นิวเคลียส จนถึงอิเล็กตรอน โปรตอน นิวตรอน และอนุภาคเล็กๆ อีกมากมาย ทำให้นักฟิสิกส์ในยุคหนึ่งเชื่อว่าพวกมันคือสิ่งที่เล็กที่สุด ทว่าปัจจุบันเราพบว่าอนุภาคเหล่านั้นส่วนใหญ่ไม่ใช่อนุภาคมูลฐาน หรืออนุภาคที่เล็กที่สุด รายการ ใดๆ ในโลกล้วนฟิสิกส์ เอพิโสดนี้ พาไปทำความรู้จัก ‘Standard Model' หรือแบบจำลองมาตรฐาน ค้นหาอนุภาคที่เล็กที่สุดเท่าที่ค้นพบได้ ณ ขณะนี้ การทำความเข้าใจแบบจำลองมาตรฐานสำคัญอย่างไรต่อการทำความเข้าใจเอกภพ? ทำไมจนถึงปัจจุบันนักฟิสิกส์ก็ยังไม่หยุดค้นหาความเป็นไปได้เกี่ยวกับอนุภาคใหม่ๆ? ดำเนินรายการโดย ป๋องแป๋ง-อาจวรงค์ จันทมาศ นักสื่อสารวิทยาศาสตร์ และ ฟาง-รัฐโรจน์ จิตรพนา ครีเอทีฟมากฝีมือจาก THE STANDARD

Topics: Leadership, Masculinity, Self-Leadership, Healthy Masculinity, Men, Emotions Jack used to work in the IT industry on the sales recruiting side. We first met on an event he was running at Net-a-Porter, the fashion brand. Later on in life as a beautiful synchronicity, we met again as we were both invited to be on the International Men's Day panel. Jack is currently a leadership coach and guide, helping men and, recently women to create a deeper relationship with themselves and a foundation to changing the outer world. Jack also does a lot of speaking, mainly on the topic of Masculinity, Mental health & Leadership. Approaching life from the perspective of a leader is a pinnacle part of his life, however it has not always been like that. Jack had a challenging upbringing, growing up without a father as he had problems with drug and alcohol addiction. Lacking a healthy male role model initially led Jack on a wrong path in life involving crime and violence. With hard work and a little bit of luck he managed to make a turn by starting a career in the city and later finding men's work, which helped him to build that relationship with himself and open up his heart. Jack's pivotal moment was when he became a father at 23. He had to make a tough decision to leave a difficult relationship with his daughter's mother, breaking a generational cycle and committing to being present and a positive influence in his kids' lives. Key topics include:  ⭐️ The Standard Model of Leadership for Men in the Corporate World ⭐️ The Importance of Developing Interpersonal Skills as a Leader  ⭐️ The Problem With Prioritizing Revenue in Companies and Neglecting Culture ⭐️ The High Levels of Stress in the Corporate Environment  ⭐️ Slowing Down & Creating a Head Space and Its Impact on Our Performance  ⭐️ Self-Leadership ⭐️ Developing the Capacity and Range for all the Different Emotions We Feel ⭐️ The Ability to Share Our Emotions as an Important Part of Leadership ⭐️ Shifting the Focus from Competitive Zero-Sum Game to a Collaborative Win-Win ⭐️ Asking For Feedback and Being Open To Receive It ⭐️ Creating Safe Space For Open And Honest Conversations Connect With Jack Villiers:   Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/jack.villiers_/ Website: https://www.jackvilliers.com/ Human Work In Ibiza: https://www.jackvilliers.com/human-work   Connect With David - The Authentic Man:   Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/theauthenticman_/  Website: https://www.theauthenticman.net/  For Coaching: hello@theauthenticman.net  Newsletter: https://www.theauthenticman.net/home-subscribe   

Geraint F. Lewis is Professor of Astrophysics at the Sydney Institute for Astronomy in the University of Sydney's School of Physics. While the focus of his research is on dark matter and energy, Geraint has written about and worked on many topics in cosmology and astrophysics more generally. In this episode, Robinson and Geraint discuss the question of fine-tuning: Our universe seems extremely well-suited for life, and with just the slightest variations in physics life as we know it would not exist. In what ways does the universe appear finely tuned, and how should we account for this? Geraint's Website: https://www.geraintflewis.com A Fortunate Universe: https://a.co/d/aLKIcG5 OUTLINE 00:00 In This Episode… 00:34 Introduction 2:59 The Bigger Questions 05:40 Was the Earth Designed for Humans? 10:33 Fine-Tuning and the Standard Model of Particle Physics 18:40 What Is the Anthropic Principle? 28:46 Is the Weak Nuclear Force Necessary For Life? 36:36 Are The Strong and Electromagnetic Forces Necessary for Life? 52:52 The Higgs Boson and Fine-Tuning 59:23 Is Gravity Necessary for Life? 01:03:10 Fine-Tuning and the Multiverse 01:14:03 Entropy and Fine-Tuning 01:37:54 Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and Fine-Tuning Robinson's Website: http://robinsonerhardt.com Robinson Erhardt researches symbolic logic and the foundations of mathematics at Stanford University. Join him in conversations with philosophers, scientists, weightlifters, artists, and everyone in-between.  --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/robinson-erhardt/support

Ad Badger CTO Nick Isber sits down with Michael to talk about all things data in regards to your Amazon PPC Campaign. They delve into Amazon's data delays, how to analyze your keyword numbers, how AI affects campaigns, and more!  We'll see you in The PPC Den!

On this episode of Cut to the Chase: we give some of the exciting updates in the world of science. As we approach the Fall of 2023, this year continues to demonstrate that perhaps the scientists still don't know everything there is to know about our planet. Amongst the exciting updates, Dr. Adam Leibovich, our regular contributor on all things physics, has been named Dean of the Arts and Science at University of Pittsburgh.   So major congratulations are in order for that achievement.  Dr. Leibovich goes through three topics in this update. First, we go through the recent experiment with the muon, a subatomic particle, and what that means for the Standard Model. The experiment was run and confirmed the existence of other types of matter and energy that exist in the universe that scientists have not accounted for. So now the search for what these particles, matter, and energy are will keep physicists busy and excited for the future. Second, the James Webb Space Telescope has passed its one year anniversary. Dr. Leibovich goes through a few of the exciting things that the telescope has observed, including the most detailed infrared image of the universe ever created. And third, the ongoing dream of trying to make nuclear fusion a reality reached a recent milestone at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory which used 192 lasers to ignite a fusion reaction that produced more energy than was used to trigger it.   Although the old saying that we are “30 years away” from making nuclear fusion commercially viable might still be the case, the milestone was significant as it replicated the achievement of creating more energy than was used to create the reaction. As Dr. Leibovich notes, in the world of science, replication of the experiment is always significant. Now, the world just needs a significant amount of funding and effort to help make nuclear fusion commercially viable. Scaled up nuclear fusion could be a solution towards getting the world off fossil fuels without having to mine the planet for materials to making EVS, solar and wind powered apparatus. Listen to the previous episodes Adam has been on here: Leibovich's Biased Top 10 Unknowns In Physics Are You In Outer Space? Check Out Who Is and the Science Behind It James Webb Space Telescope: Will it Solve Unanswered Questions of the Planet? First Images from James Webb Telescope Revealed-What We Saw Learn more about Adam and his career https://www.as.pitt.edu/adam-leibovich-dean Follow Adam on LinkedIn  To learn more about mass tort law cases and lawyer best practices, subscribe to the Cut to the Chase: Podcast with Gregg Goldfarb

In this episode:00:49 The search for animals' magnetic sense sufferers a potential setbackExactly how animals sense Earth's magnetic field has long eluded researchers. To understand it, many have turned to the fly model Drosophila melanogaster, long thought to be able to detect magnetic fields. However, a recent Nature paper has raised questions about this ability, a finding that could have repercussions for scientists' efforts to understand the mechanism behind magnetic sensing, one of the biggest questions in sensory biology.Research article: Bassetto et al.News & Views: Replication study casts doubt on magnetic sensing in flies10:53 Research HighlightsThe world's first filter feeder, and human-caused climate change in the Bronze Age.Research Highlight: This ancient reptile wanted to be a whaleResearch Highlight: Bronze Age deforestation changed Europe's climate13:03 An iconic observatory shuts downThis week the famed Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico shut down. The facility's main telescope collapsed in 2020 and the site has since been battered by storms and pandemic-related shutdowns. Now, with funding exhausted and no clear plan in place, scientists are wondering what will become of the site.Nature News: Closing down an icon: will Arecibo Observatory ever do science again?20:28 Briefing ChatThis time, the Standard Model of physics still isn't dead according to new measurements of muons' magnetic moment, and finding the most diverse habitat on Earth under your feet.Nature News: Dreams of new physics fade with latest muon magnetism resultThe Guardian: More than half of Earth's species live in the soil, study findsSubscribe to Nature Briefing, an unmissable daily round-up of science news, opinion and analysis free in your inbox every weekday. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Support the show to get full episodes and join the Discord community. Check out my free video series about what's missing in AI and Neuroscience My guest is Michael C. Frank, better known as Mike Frank, who runs the Language and Cognition lab at Stanford. Mike's main interests center on how children learn language - in particular he focuses a lot on early word learning, and what that tells us about our other cognitive functions, like concept formation and social cognition. We discuss that, his love for developing open data sets that anyone can use, The dance he dances between bottom-up data-driven approaches in this big data era, traditional experimental approaches, and top-down theory-driven approaches How early language learning in children differs from LLM learning Mike's rational speech act model of language use, which considers the intentions or pragmatics of speakers and listeners in dialogue. Language & Cognition Lab Twitter: @mcxfrank. I mentioned Mike's tweet thread about saying LLMs "have" cognitive functions: Related papers: Pragmatic language interpretation as probabilistic inference. Toward a “Standard Model” of Early Language Learning. The pervasive role of pragmatics in early language. The Structure of Developmental Variation in Early Childhood. Relational reasoning and generalization using non-symbolic neural networks. Unsupervised neural network models of the ventral visual stream.

Daniel and Jorge talk about the holes in the current theory of the Universe.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Can a whole universe fit inside a black hole? Neil deGrasse Tyson and Paul Mecurio explore grand unification, dark matter, wave function collapse, and other problems in physics with theoretical physicist and author of “Existential Physics,” Sabine Hossenfelder. NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can watch or listen to this entire episode commercial-free here: https://startalkmedia.com/show/cosmic-queries-fixing-physics-with-sabine-hossenfelder/Thanks to our Patrons Frederick DesCamps, Devon, Sunny Irving, Michael Gessner, and jack50 for supporting us this week.Photo Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech