Podcast appearances and mentions of reid wilkins

New father, Chris Johnston was the first guest on today's show. He gave us an update on what being a father is like and then it was all hockey talk. He touched on Crosby getting injured, how close Canada was to losing, Czechia having six players on the ice, how clutch Binnington is, and finished with his thoughts on Paul Coffey being back behind the Oilers bench.   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   We then gave our beefs on this very beefy morning!   Reid Wilkins capped off hour two with his thoughts on his performance from this weeks draft, yesterday's Canada win over Czechia and then finished with his thoughts on the women's team facing the Americans for gold later today.

Its the EST Draft of Winter Olympics! Benny looks to defend his title, as he goes up against Reid Wilkins, Dustin Nielson and Lt. Eric. Quinn Phillips presides over the draft as the commish. The EST Hangout is presented by Sentinel Storage!

Bruce Boudreau was the first guest on today's show and the discussion was all Olympic talk! He gave his expectations for McDavid at the Olympics then touched on Wilson being on the first line with 97. He also gave his insight on the Americans and unlike Noodles, he isn't as worried about the Americans. He finished with his thoughts on the Oilers potentially bringing back Paul Coffey.   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   In the middle of the hour we got into our beefs from the week. What are the boys beefing about today..?   Reid Wilkins finished off hour with his beef, the thoughts on team Canada playing Czechia today and the Olympic Games thus far!

Luke Gazdic was the first guest on today's show. He started off with his thoughts on last night's Oilers game. Touched on the ice-time being deployed for the forwards, the struggles on the penalty kill and what's going on with the goaltending all the sudden. As the trade deadline approaches, he touched on whether they will make any acquisitions and finished with some words on Panarin getting traded to L.A..   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   In the middle of hour two, we got into I Got Beef! What are the boys beefing about today?!   To finish off hour two, Reid Wilkins stopped by! He gave his thoughts on who's the funniest EST staff member, his beef and of course some Oilers talk following last night's 4-3 loss.

The Oilers fail to comeback against the Leafs. Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Shawn Belle and Reid Wilkins break this one down as the Oilers end the homestand with a 4-4 record. How did Ingram play tonight? How bad did the Oilers play? Is 1st in the Pacific in jeopardy? All of this discussion and so much more on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

The Edmonton Oilers' win steak ends at three games after dropping a 7-3 decision to the Minnesota Wild at home. Tom Gazzola is joined by former NHLer Matt Kassian and EST's Reid Wilkins to break down the game. What set the Oilers behind? Do the Oilers need to address their defence? How bad was the night for Tristan Jarry really?   We summarize the contest, noting the important moments from either side, while going up and down the lineup of the Oilers and Wild. Are the Wild simply just a better team than the Oilers, sweeping Edmonton 3-0 this regular season? What's the biggest thing the Oilers are missing this year? Gazzola and Kass dive into it.   Reid Wilkins connects with Tommy to give his two cents, dissecting the turnovers, misplays and missed chances for the Oilers as they head into the final game of their homestand Tuesday against the Toronto Maple Leadfs.

Unfortunately, Bruce Boudreau was a no show on today's program. So instead of talking with Bruce, we touched on the Leafs and Canucks recent struggles. We then guessed what a Bruce Boudreau wrestling name could possibly be.   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   After the break, we got into everyone's beefs. What are you beefing about today?   We finished the second hour off with our one and only guest on today's show, who happens to be the sexiest member of EST, as voted by the nasties. He gave his thoughts on what a potential Reid Wilkins wrestling name could be, then his thoughts on the Oilers game tonight and play as of late.

The Oilers win in DRAMATIC fashion as they beat the Capitals 6-5 in OT! Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Shawn Belle and Reid Wilkins break this one down as the Oilers big dogs come out clutch. Was that Bouchard's best game of his career? Would you have pulled Ingram? Is this a win the Oiler can build off of? All of this discussed and so much more on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show right here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

Jamie McLennan was the first guest on today's show! He joined from Nashville, and gave us a pretty hilarious story of his younger days in Nashville. We then dove into tonight's game and touched on how beneficial the trade for both Jarry and Skinner has been. Noodles gave us some insight on the Penguins so far this season. We had to touch on the brilliance of Sidney Crosby as he's still chugging along.   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   We then got into I Got Beef in the middle of the hour. What are the boys beefing about today?   Reid Wilkins capped off hour two with some thoughts on last night, his beef, and of course some Oilers talk.

Craig Button was the first guest on today's show. He first touched on whether or not he thinks the Oilers will be able to win tonight against the Devils which will be the first time the Oilers have won 3 in a row all season long. He then touched on if he thinks the Oilers goaltending issues are finally solved. We took the conversation elsewhere and got his thoughts on the Rasmus Andersson trade. There was a goalie fight in the NHL last night, so we asked Craig, what was his favourite goalie fight in NHL history.   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   After the break, we got into Weekly Confessions for Spectrum Rent All. What were the boys confessing today?   We finished hour two with Fired Up for Gemco Fireplaces to discuss how fired up we are for Cory B getting a Reid Wilkins tattoo on him!?

The Oilers get shutout against the Islanders by the score of 1-0. Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Shawn Belle and Reid Wilkins break this game down as Sorokin shuts the door. How did the Oilers play? Are the Oilers lacking depth scoring? Is this loss a glimpse at a bigger issue? All of this discussion and so much more on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

Bruce Boudreau was the first guest on today's show! He came by like he always does with lots of laughs and plenty of stories. He then touched on the Oilers not being able to win three games in a row, the Oilers goaltending situation and Curtis Lazar's play as of late. We then went around the league with Bruce on all the latest.   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   We then got into I Got Beef after the break. What are the boys beefing about today???   Reid Wilkins capped off hour two with some laughs, his beef and some Oilers talk!

Murray McCourt, Reid Wilkins, Tom Gazzola and Matt Iwanyk hangout talking about the Oilers loss in shootout to the Kings on the weekend, their game vs Chicago tonight and the weekend in the NFL playoffs. The EST Hangout is presented by Sentinel Storage!

Luke Gazdic was the first guest on today's show. He started off with a quick story about his time with the Oil, then gave his thoughts on the Habs, Flames and Jets before he previewed the Oilers game tonight. We also asked if this is the best version we've ever seen from McDavid and will Kapanen and Podkolzin be on Leon's line for the next four games. He finished with his thoughts on Frederic and Mangiapane being healthy scratched.   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   After the break it was time for I Got Beef! What are the boys beefing about today?   Reid Wilkins capped off hour two with a story, a beef and his thoughts on tonight's Oilers game.

The Oilers with a big win over the Predators by the score of 6-2! Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Shawn Belle and Reid Wilkins break this one down as Connor McDavid continues his hot streak with a hat-trick! Depth scoring coming up clutch? How did Ingram look tonight? Do you change the lineup for next game? All of this discussion and so much more on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

Craig Button was the first guest on today's show. We started with Craig's thoughts on team Canada so far in the World Juniors. He then touched on the country that has looked the best thus far. We took a look at the Oilers game from last night and Craig touched on the Jets serious struggles as of late… And we finished with his thoughts on what a potential Mangiapane trade could look like…   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   It's Tuesday, which means it's time for Weekly Confessions presented by Spectrum Rent All. This one was a good one.   Reid Wilkins capped off hour two with lots of laughs, some words on YTT. And of course his thoughts on everything going on in Oil Country.

It's Battle of Alberta night, and 2 Guys & A Goalie has you covered. The fellas preview tonight's matchup as the Edmonton Oilers welcome in the Calgary Flames for another chapter in hockey's best rivalry. What should we expect from this game? Do the boys think the Oilers get the job done? And if they don't… how loud do the alarm bells start ringing? The fellas break it all down.   They'll also briefly look back at the Oilers' last outing against the Vegas Golden Knights, touching on what carried over and what absolutely can't. All that and more on another edition of 2 Guys & A Goalie.   Reid Wilkins, hosting today's show, asks Joaquin Gage and Matt Kassian to give one gift and one Grinch move to bring to the NHL. Should they shorten the schedule? What about bringing back cap retention? And what if all the players had to have the same stick? No extra length on the blade, kickpoints or anything. Gager and Kass share their thoughts!   2 Guys & a Goalie is presented by GS Construction!

In Hour 2, the guys are joined by Craig Button to talk Oilers vs Penguins, the Jarry trade, Hughes trade and much more! After the break, The boys give their weekly confessions before getting to Reid Wilkins where the guys tee up the Christmas Movie draft and a possible Jarry vs Skinner matchup! 

The Christmas Draft is finally here! Commish Quinn presides over another draft with Reid Wilkins, Benny Thomson, Dustin Nielson and Lt. Eric! The EST Hangout is presented by Sentinel Storage!

The Oilers outplay the Red Wings to get a 4-1 W on home ice! Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Matt Kassian and Reid Wilkins break the game down as Zach Hyman makes the hats rain with his 3 goal performance. Is Hyman back? How big was Skinner for the Oilers tonight? What's next for the Oilers as they start their road trip? All of these questions discussed around great conversation on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

Reid Wilkins, Benny Thomson and Matt Iwanyk hangout reacting to the news of the mornings with the Edmonton Oilers trading away Stuart Skinner and Brett Kulak, while bringing in Tristan Jarry and Spencer Stastney. The EST Hangout is presented by Sentinel Storage!

Luke Gazdic was the first guest on today's show. He started with who he'd select with the first overall pick in tomorrow's Christmas movie draft. He touched on the Oilers last game against the Sabres, tee'd up tonight's game against the Red Wings. He also shared what it was like to play alongside Cam Talbot which then dove into some of Gazdic's favourite stories on the road.   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   After the break we got into I Got Beef! Plenty of good beef from the boy's today.   Reid Wilkins finished the second hour with his beef, thoughts on tomorrow's Christmas movie draft and a preview on tonight's game between the Oilers and Red Wings.

The Oilers fail to finish the comeback as they fall to the Sabres 4-3 in OT. Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Shawn Belle and Reid Wilkins breakdown this action packed game we saw go down at Rogers Place. How bad was Bouchard tonight? Was Skinner to blame for any of the goals? Are there positives you can take from this loss? All of this discussion and so much more on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

The Oilers lay a beat down on the Jets at Rogers Place! Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Joaquin Gage and Reid Wilkins break this one down with lots of different topics discussed. Are the Oilers back? How good was that 4th line for the Oilers? How was Skinner tonight? All of these topics discussed and so much more on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show on Edmonton Sports Talk!

The Oilers lay a beat down on the Kraken by the score of 9-4! Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Matt Kassian and Reid Wilkins break this game down with on the GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show. McDavid shot the puck more! Could Savoie's performance propel him into more scoring this season? Are things turning around for Edmonton? All of these discussion points discussed on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

Bruce Boudreau was the first guest on today's show. He started off by telling the nasties his daily routine. It was then time for all Oilers talk. He touched on the progress they've made in their last 2 games, why the fans should not be worried, whether or not hockey will be played at the Olympics and finished with some WWE talk.   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   After the break we got right into I Got Beef. What were the boy's beefing about today?   Reid Wilkins capped off hour two with some words for YTT, his beef, and his thoughts on tonight's Oilers game.

The Oilers fail to solve Wallstedt as they lose to the Wild by the score of 1-0. Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Shawn Belle and Reid Wilkins break this game down with lots of talk around the possible Oilers goalie at the 2021 NHL Draft. Did you like the Oilers effort? Should Skinner have stopped the only goal tonight? Can the Oilers still build off this loss? All of this discussion and so much more on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

The Oilers shutout the Kraken in Seattle 4-0! Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson and Reid Wilkins breakdown a complete effort from the Edmonton Oilers as they come out victorious. Was that the Oilers most complete game this year? How crucial is Ryan Nugent-Hopkins to this team? How good was Skinner tonight? All of these questions answered followed by some great discussion on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show right here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

The boys are back for another edition of Hello Hockey coming at you on this Saturday morning! Tom Gazzola and Shawn Belle are here to talk about the latest headlines and stories from this past week in the NHL. In the first segment, the boys address some social media talk that has been brought up as of late before getting into the MDRN PP where Ritchie breaksdown some Dallas Stars outfits. Segment 2 sees David Pagnotta joining us to give us the inside scoop around the NHL with some check ins on teams like the Oilers and Predators. In segment 3, Reid Wilkins joins us for the final hour where they talk they greatest defenseman of all time. Is it Orr? Is it Makar? And in the final segment the boys play Benny's Blind Rankings and Bellezy's Saturday Picks. All of this and so much more on this edition of Hello Hockey here on Edmonton Sports Talk! Today's Guests: Reid Wilkins - The Reid Wilkins Show w/ Jay Milne David Pagnotta - The Fourth Period

Luke Gazdic was the first guest on today's show. He came by with a few hilarious stories about his time in Edmonton. Then he touched on the Oilers recent struggles. Gaz shared what the number one priority for this team is when they practice later today. And finished with his thoughts on a potential trade…   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   In the middle of the hour like we always do on Thursday's, we got into I Got Beef. Everyone had office beef today.   Reid Wilkins finished off hour two. He shared his beef, touched on everyone else's beef, then addressed the Oilers.

The Oilers get blown out against the Stars 8-3 on home ice. Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Shawn Belle and Reid Wilkins breakdown the game as the Orange and Blue get embarrassed on home ice. What needs to happen? Is a change coming? Where is the leadership? Is Knoblauch on the hot seat? All of these questions answered around some FRUSTRATED conversation on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show right here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

Bruce Boudreau was absolutely on fire today and he was the first guest on today's show. He was at last night's game and had a lot to stay. Touched on the coaching, the defence and the goaltending and of course finished with some WWE talk.   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   After the break it was time for a fan favourite segment, I Got Beef! What are you beefing with today?   Chet Palmer and Reid Wilkins capped off hour two with a sports report and some thoughts on last night's game.

Luke Gazdic was the first guest on today's show and he absolutely brought it as per usual. He gave his initial thoughts on last night's game, and shared why he thinks this Oilers team might be a little too soft, touched on Skinner's last few games, and finished with his thoughts on tonight's game.   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   In the middle of the hour we dove into I Got Beef which is always entertaining. What are the boys beefing about today?   Good ol' Reid Wilkins capped off hour two with some kind words on Jack Roslovic. We then dove into tonight's game where the Oil take on the Blue Jackets.

Well, the Oilers comeback from down 4-2 to win 5-4 in OT over the Blue Jackets! Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Shawn Belle and Reid Wilkins are here to breakdown this thriller that went down at Rogers Place. How well did Skinner play? Did sitting Bouchard help him? Is McDavid back to his old self? All of these questions answered around some great discussion and banter on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show right here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

Well..... that was interesting. The Oilers get PUMPED 9-1 on home ice to the Avalanche. Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Shawn Belle and Reid Wilkins are to breakdown this tire fire of a game. Who do you blame for this performance? Does this team have what it takes to get out of this rut? What's next? All of this discussion and so much more on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream right here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

Bruce Boudreau was the first guest on today's show and he brought some good chuckles with him. He shared his thoughts on the Oilers continuing to blow leads, what the Oilers need to change and finished with his thoughts on Alex Ovechkin's making more history last night by scoring goal 900.   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   In the middle of hour two, it was time for I Got Beef. What are the boys beefing about today?   To cap off hour two, Reid Wilkins joined the show to share his beef and share his thoughts on the Oilers.

The Oilers take down the Blackhawks in OT 3-2! Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Matt Kassian and Reid Wilkins are here to break down the Oilers coming out victorious. Stuart Skinner responds well, Bouchard redmption game? Roslovic looking great, McDavid starting to get going. Lots of great discussion we have here on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show right here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

The Oilers CHOKE after having a 3-1 lead heading into the 3rd period leading to the Rangers taking this one 4-3 in OT. Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Matt Kassian and Reid Wilkins are here to breakdown the Oilers failing to hold onto this lead. How much of this loss can you blame Skinner for? What was Bouchard doing all game? What does Knoblauch do next? All of these questions answered with some great discussion on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show right here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

Luke Gazdic got hour two started off with his initial thoughts on last night's Blue Jays win! He then gave his thoughts on the Oilers previous game and shared whether or not he thinks that momentum will carry over to tonight's game against the Rangers. He also gave the boys some input on this Rangers team.   It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day.   After the break, the fellas had plenty of beef to express. What's your beef today? Reid Wilkins capped off hour two with his beef with Trev, his thoughts on the Jays game last night and finished with some choice words on the Oilers.

The Oilers win big over the Mammoth at Rogers Arena! Good thing we have Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Shawn Belle and Reid Wilkins are here to breakdown the win. Edmonton takes down Utah 6-3 with some great play all through the lineup! Is McDavid returning to his former self? Has Roslovic saved his season with the Oilers? All of this with some great discussion on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show right here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

What a game! The Oilers somehow pull out a win against the red hot Canadiens by the score of 6-5. With that, Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Matt Kassian and Reid Wilkins are here to breakdown the action pack game we got. We had lots to discuss including Bouchard and Nurse's play, Pickard's game, Reffing and everything around it. Can the Oilers build off this win heading into their back to back over the weekend? All of this discussion and so much more on this edition of the GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show right here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

Bruce Boudreau was the first guest on today's show! He shared his thoughts on the Oilers road trip, touched on how Knoblauch is handling Savoie and Howards ice time. He also had some words on 97 & 29 playing on the PK. He finished with his thoughts on Jake Walman coming back from injury and what the Oilers should expect from the Habs tonight. It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day. After the break it was time for I Got Beef. The boys and nasties had plenty of beef on today's show. Reid Wilkins capped off hour two with his thoughts on the Jays being labeled as Canada's team, a preview on the Oilers game tonight, 97 & 29 being on the PK together, etc.

Luke Gazdic was the final guest on today's show. He shared his experience being at Rogers Arena for the last few games, and touch on the Blue Jays thus far in the postseason. And then it was time for all sorts of Oilers talk. He gave his thoughts on the young guns, touched on Skinner, shed some light on Tomášek being on the first line and finished with his thoughts on the Calgary Flames… It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day. In the middle of the hour it was time for I Got Beef. Plenty of relatable beefs from the boys today… Reid Wilkins capped off hour two with his thoughts on last night's pizza situation. He also educated us on how to use a trident. We then chatted some Blue Jays as they did come away with a huge win last night. He finished with his thoughts on tonight's Oilers game!

It's Tom Gazzola, Ben Thomson, Matt Kassian and Reid Wilkins breaking down the Oilers huge win over the Canucks by the score of 3-1. The guys dive into the Oilers top line buzzing around all night, Demko holding Vancouver in the game, Kane making his presence known and so much more. Does Pickard get the start in New York? All of that to be discussed on this edition of The GCL Diesel Oil Stream Postgame Show here on Edmonton Sports Talk!

The Edmonton Oilers collapse to the hands of the Calgary Flames in the Home Opener of the 2025-26 season. Tom Gazzola, Matt Kassian, Reid Wilkins and Ben Thomson breakdown the game for you. What was Skinner doing on the 3rd goal? Tomasek getting a bigger role? Lot's of questions that get answered for you. The Oilers come out hot with a 3-0 lead before letting the momentum change in Calgary's favour with bad turnovers and lazy penalties. The game ends in a 9 round shootout with Kadri putting it away for the Flames. We hear from Stuart Skinner about his performance and Stan Bowman on the Jack Roslovic signing.

Bruce Boudreau was the first guest on today's show! He first touched on winning his first ever ESTY. Then it was all Oilers talk. Boudreau touched on everything from last night's game including Skinner allowing the game tying goal, whether this team is better than last years and his thoughts on the Oilers signing Jack Roslovic. After Bruce, we then heard from Stan Bowman after the acquisition of signing Jack Roslovic late last night. It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day. It's Thursday, which means I Got Beef! What's your beef today..? Reid Wilkins finished the hour off with his thoughts on last night's game. He touched on everything, Skinner's performance, the overall gameplay from the Oil, lack of intensity and the signing of Jack Roslovic. He finished with his thoughts on 97 & 29 being on the PK.

On today's episode of The Oil Stream, Dusty and Tommy break down everything about the blockbuster deal:   How long McDavid has re-signed for and the price tag on the new contract. What does this mean for the future of the franchise and the team's championship window? Who could be the next Oilers star to sign now that the captain is locked in?   It's wall-to-wall Connor McDavid contract talk on an extended version of The Oil Stream! We also broadcast Oilers GM Stan Bowman's media availability, with the fellas breaking down what he has to say about #97 staying in E-Town. Hernan Salas and Reid Wilkins also pop into the show to discuss McDavid's deal.   The Oil Stream is presented by Boston Pizza!

Luke Gazdic was the first guest on today's show! He first touched on his summer and some Blue Jays talk. Then the Oilers talk began. He gave his thoughts on Connor McDavid's situation, how Savoie and Howard have looked in the preseason thus far and finished with some words on the Oilers trading for Connor Ingram. It was then time for the Play Alberta Early Bird Bet of the day. In the middle of the hour we got right into I Got Beef! As usual, great beefs from all the boys today. To cap off hour two, Reid Wilkins stopped by. He shared his thoughts on jury duty, touched on Ingram getting traded to Edmonton and finished with his thoughts on a Connor McDavid extension in Edmonton.

Reid Wilkins, Joaquin Gage and Matt Kassian are ready to give you this edition of 2 Guys & A Goalie! The guys will go around the NHL with the latest headlines and stories before getting into the Oilers Captain Skates going on this week. McDavid is supposed to speak tomorrow. What comments will he have about his contract? All of this and so much more on this edition of 2 Guys & A Goalie right here on Edmonton Sports Talk!   2 Guys & a Goalie is presented by GS Construction!

The LA Kings have signed forward Corey Perry to a one year contract. Reid Wilkins (The Reid Wilkins Show, Edmonton Sports Talk) joins host Jesse Cohen to talk about Perry's time in Edmonton and what the former Duck can bring to the Kings lineup in the coming season. Then The Royal Half joins the program to talk about the complicated feelings caused by the signing.