Podcasts about paleoclimatology

1/2: #PALEOCLIMATOLOGY: Hot and Cold Earth for the last 540 million (Phanerozoic) years. Benjamin Mills, University of Leeds. David Livingston 1852 Mastodon

2/2: #PALEOCLIMATOLOGY: ot and Cold Earth for the last 540 million years. Benjamin Mills, University of Leeds. David Livingston, SpaceShow.com 1923 Mongolia

Thank you so much for listening to the Bob Harden Show, celebrating nearly 13 years broadcasting on the internet. On Wednesday's show, Bob Levy, Chairman Emeritus of the Cato Institute, and I continue our discussion of the legal framework for campus unrest. Author and Professor Andrew Joppa and I discuss a variety of topics including the 2020 Presidential election, the Trump trial in New York, and an interesting and informative discussion on the causes of climate change. Please join us on Thursday's show. We'll visit with Keith Flaugh from the Florida Citizens Alliance, Director of Health Policy Studies at the Cato Institute Michael Cannon, Less Government's Seton Motley, and former Mayor of Naples, Bill Barnett. Please access this or past shows at your convenience on my web site, social media platforms or podcast platforms.

Thank you so much for listening to the Bob Harden Show, celebrating nearly 13 years broadcasting on the internet. On Wednesday's show, Bob Levy, Chairman Emeritus of the Cato Institute, and I continue our discussion of the legal framework for campus unrest. Author and Professor Andrew Joppa and I discuss a variety of topics including … The post Paleoclimatology and Climate Change appeared first on Bob Harden Show.

Uncovering Earth's Secrets: A Journey Through Paleoclimatology is a podcast hosted by MrEarthGuy that delves into the fascinating field of Paleoclimatology. Join met as we explore the Earth's history and how its climate has changed over time through the analysis of tree rings, ice cores, and sediment layers. Discover how Paleoclimatology helps us better understand natural climate variations and the impact of human activities on our planet. With engaging storytelling and expert insights, this podcast will inspire you to take action to protect our planet and create a more sustainable future.

Climate change isn't waiting for us to act. We've missed several deadlines to mitigate the dangers of this existential threat, which suggests we prefer to avert our gaze rather than deal with the problem. It's similar to the way society reacts to an incoming comet in the movie “Don't Look Up!”  As a major Antarctic ice sheet shows signs of collapse, it's no wonder we feel some “climate anxiety.” Can we leverage this emotion to spur action? That, and where hope lies, in this episode. Guests: Joellen Russell – Oceanographer and climate scientist at the University of Arizona Katie Mack – Professor of Theoretical Physics at North Carolina State University, and author of “The End of Everything (Astrophysically Speaking)” Jessica Tierney – Professor of Paleoclimatology at the University of Arizona Susan Clayton – Professor of Psychology and Environmental Studies, College of Wooster Originally aired February 21, 2022 Big Picture Science is part of the Airwave Media podcast network. Please contact sales@advertisecast.com to inquire about advertising on Big Picture Science. You can get early access to ad-free versions of every episode by joining us on Patreon. Thanks for your support!   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Climate change isn't waiting for us to act. We've missed several deadlines to mitigate the dangers of this existential threat, which suggests we prefer to avert our gaze rather than deal with the problem. It's similar to the way society reacts to an incoming comet in the movie “Don't Look Up!”  As a major Antarctic ice sheet shows signs of collapse, it's no wonder we feel some “climate anxiety.” Can we leverage this emotion to spur action? That, and where hope lies, in this episode. Guests: Joellen Russell – Oceanographer and climate scientist at the University of Arizona Katie Mack – Professor of Theoretical Physics at North Carolina State University, and author of “The End of Everything (Astrophysically Speaking)” Jessica Tierney – Professor of Paleoclimatology at the University of Arizona Susan Clayton – Professor of Psychology and Environmental Studies, College of Wooster Originally aired February 21, 2022 Big Picture Science is part of the Airwave Media podcast network. Please contact sales@advertisecast.com to inquire about advertising on Big Picture Science. You can get early access to ad-free versions of every episode by joining us on Patreon. Thanks for your support!   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Guest: Dr. Tyler WInklerIntroduction: The 2020 and 2021 hurricane seasons were among the top 3 most active on record. But, for now, the hurricane “record” extends only as far back as historical stories or modern weather data. Could we actually be at a historical low in tropical cyclone activity? Scientists, like Dr. Tyler Winkler, have discovered a new way of uncovering the past using sediment cores from Blue Holes. Tyler's work was featured on an episode of the Nat Geo documentary “Years of Living Dangerously”, and he joins us on Weather Geeks.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Read More: https://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2022/08/inside-head-of-one-of-australia%E2%80%99s-smallest-fossil-crocs https://news.griffith.edu.au/2022/08/23/fossil-ape-teeth-open-a-new-window-into-ancient-seasonal-climates/ https://hai.stanford.edu/news/new-app-videosticker-uses-ai-help-students-take-rich-notes-video-lessons EPISODE SPONSOR Craze Environmental (Pty) Ltd: How much do you know about eco-friendly lifestyle transition? Go to https://crazeenvironmental.com/ to learn more about eco-friendly products and services.

Climate change deniers often ask "How can you possibly know what happened 10,000 years ago?". Paleoclimatology is a fascinating field of study that gives us insights into the past, in order to help us model the future.Support the show

The Field Guide to Particle Physics https://pasayten.org/the-field-guide-to-particle-physics©2021 The Pasayten Institute cc by-sa-4.0The definitive resource for all data in particle physics is the Particle Data Group: https://pdg.lbl.gov.The Pasayten Institute is on a mission to build and share physics knowledge, without barriers! Get in touch.The Particle Data Group's write up on cosmic rays. See Figure 29.8 for a representation of the "ankle" feature in the spectrum.https://pdg.lbl.gov/2019/reviews/rpp2019-rev-cosmic-rays.pdfAnother representation of the power laws can be found in Professor Peter Gorham's Coursework on Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~gorham/UHECR.htmlNatalie Wolchover has written two great articles in Quanta on Cosmic Rays, both which talk about what might accelerate these particles.The Particle That Broke a Cosmic Speed Limit and Cosmic Map of Ultrahigh-Energy Particles Points to Long-Hidden TreasuresColussi & HoffmannIn situ photolysis of deep ice core contaminants by Çerenkov radiation of cosmic originGephysical Research Letters: https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016112Guzmán, Colussi & HoffmannPhotolysis of pyruvic acid in ice: Possible relevance to CO and CO2 ice core record anomaliesAtmospheres: https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007886A quick primer on Cherenkov Radiation: https://www.radioactivity.eu.com/site/pages/Cherenkov_Effect.htmTheme music "Sneaking Up on You" by the New Fools, licensed by Epidemic Sound.Cosmic RaysPart 4 - Paleoclimatology and MuonsOur atmosphere is one giant filter for cosmic rays. The sparse molecules near the top of our atmosphere begin the process of catching the energy of those energetic particles from space and transferring it into heat or muons. These cosmogenic muons that typically make it all the way down to the surface.Near the surface, the atmosphere is a lot thicker, but it's still just a collection of ballistic molecules bashing into each other at 1000 miles per hour. Some of those molecules hit us, and some hit the ground. We perceive these molecular impacts as air pressure. By contrast, cosmogenic muons are moving through this mess at over 600 million miles per hour. To those muons, the surface of the Earth is barely noticeable. They fly through a lot of things: hundreds of meters of rock, oceans, plants and animals before colliding or decaying. By contrast, those particles of atmospheric gas typically reflect off the surface of the Earth. Rocks just aren't that permeable to most gas. As we explained in the ALPHA particle miniseries, helium gas generated from radioactive decay deep within the earth collects underground, trapped by rocks.One thing gas can permeate is surface water.Quite a bit of our atmospheric gases get dissolved into the ocean. Oxygen in the air allows the fish to breathe too, once dissolved into the water so it can be picked up by their gills. Increased carbon dioxide levels also imply more CO2 gets put under water. When the water on Earth's surface freezes, as it might do near the polar ice caps, it traps some of that dissolved gas with it. This has been happening for millions of years, and until somewhat recently at least, that ice has been compounding. New ice forms above, pushing old ice down. This has resulted in a LOT of ice.In Antarctica there are areas where the ice is over four kilometers deep! That's miles of ice! Greenland also carries massive glaciers, two to three kilometers deep, built up in same fashion.The gases trapped in that glacial ice is a frozen relic of an older atmosphere. The deeper the ice, the older the dissolved gases. As the mixture of molecules in our atmosphere changes over time, it sets down a record in the glacial ice. The deepest ice, millions of years old, can tell us what the atmosphere was like millions of years ago.Extracting that ice is quite the scientific adventure!This all easy to say in theory - but the practice of Science requires a lot of gory, technical detail. Different measurements from different samples of ice at different depths from different parts of the world need to be calibrated.  Ice can form at different rates in different places under different conditions.But, at least averaged over a given year or decade or so, the atmosphere should be well mixed. Huge weather patterns around the world mix the air, ensuring should be about the same. And so the Scientific logic goes like this:Assuming older ice is usually below the younger ice and the atmosphere is well mixed, then given any two ice sheets on earth, there should be a way compare them. The concentrations of different gases dissolved at different times should sequentially be the same. Like multi-colored stripes on a pole. The stripes may be different sizes, but they should be in the same order. If we can find the same sequences in gas concentrations across different ice sheets then we can start to put together a history of the Earth's atmosphere.Near the turn of the 21st century, geophysicists were working on exactly this problem. They were trying to calibrate the gas concentrations trapped in ancient ice samples by comparing ice from Antarctica with Greenland. And things just weren't adding up. The sequences didn't align. The gas concentrations were just too different. There was some kind of missing variable in the data.As it turned out, that variable involved cosmogenic muons.The Speed of Sound and LightTo understand how muons resolved this Paleoclimatology puzzle, we need to go back to the source. The source of cosmic rays.In episode two of this series we talked about Fermi Acceleration - the process by which electrically charged particles like protons get accelerated to outrageous velocities by SHOCKWAVES in astrophysical plasmas.And shockwaves occur in glacial ice too.To understand shockwaves, let's think about sound waves.Sound usually travels in the atmosphere like a wave. A wave of air pressure. Those atmospheric particles slam against each other in an organized and oscillating way, spreading out away from source.The speed of those waves depends on the amount and types of molecules present, as well as the overall temperature of the atmospheric gas. The sound waves we experience travel at around 343 meters per second, which is about 767 miles per hour.Here's the thing, humans routinely fly supersonic jets that travel faster than that.Supersonic jets - like fighter jets - travel faster than the speed of sound. They travel faster than noise they make. You can't hear them coming until they're already past you. And when you do finally hear them, it's a tremendous noise.It's a shockwave, actually, that you hear. The particles of air are being disturbed faster than speed of sound. In some sense, the sound waves that are produced all kind of pile up on each other, forming the shock front or wall of pressure that some folks call a sonic boom.It's a wall of energy collected by atmospheric particles moving far from equilibrium. This wall is similar to those plasma shockwaves that accelerated the cosmic rays deep in outer space.The important point is that the shockwave was generated by something moving faster than normal waves could. The jet was moving faster than speed of sound.As we'll now see, another kind of shockwave - one driven by cosmogenic muons - is responsible for disrupting the gases dissolved in that ancient ice.Quasi Particles of LightSo fighter jets move faster than the noise they make. That's a nice trick to try to sneak up on folks, but we have radar. Radar works by using radio waves - electromagnetic or light waves with really long wavelengths - and reflecting it off of objects. Unless the fighter jet is moving faster than the speed of light, we can still see it coming.But this whole idea presents a fun riddle. Question: When does the speed of light not equal the speed of light?Answer: When it is SLOWER than the speed of light.Wait. What?!Question: When is the speed of light SLOWER than the speed of light?Answer: When light moves through water. Or glass. Or. You guessed it. Ice.Wait. What?!Glass, like water, reflects and refracts light. You can typically tell when there's water in a glass, or when you're looking through a window. The light  coming through them behaves in a funny way. Things just look different. A straw inside your glass of water usually looks disconnected from the part of it that is outside.We usually say that water “bends” light. In physics class we say it refracts it. And this happens because light SLOWS DOWN A LOT when its inside water. Or glass. Or Ice. By a lot I mean like 30 percent.Microscopically, at the level of photons, of course that notion is silly. The speed of light is a constant. It's not LIGHT that's moving through the water, it's not a pure collection of photons per say. It's something else, something that connects with light, and it is light that comes out the other side.If that sounds a little wild, don't panic. It has a very simple physical analogy.Imagine being inside your home when a supersonic jet flies by. The shockwave of that sonic boom slams into your walls, shaking the windows and rattling your doors. Did the sound you hear come from molecules in the air? Sure. But the air inside your house. The molecules from the sonic boom slammed into your walls and windows, which in turn shook themselves. They vibrated in place. They vibrated in such a way that it shook the air molecules in your room, and the sound made it to your ears.Inside or outside, the sonic boom sounded basically the same. A bit muffled sure, but otherwise the same. Those sound waves from the air outside where transferred to the air inside through the physical materials of your house.Inside that glass of water, the electromagnetic energy is still moving. It's just tangled up now with all the electromagnetic fields of all the molecules moving around inside the fluid. The resulting excitations - the slower light waves if you like - aren't really made up of photons, they're collective excitations of an electromagnetic disturbance passing through. But once out the other side, they spit out photons again. The air of course also has an index of refraction so this is something of a simplification, but hopefully the point is clear. It's not pure photons that are traveling through the water, the glass or the ice. It's something else. And that something else - those quasiparticles - don't quite move as fast as light. They move a lot slower. 30 percent slower.Cherenkov RadiationCosmogenic muons travel at 99.4% of the speed of light. But light - or the quasiparticles that appear as light anyway - moves 30% slower in water or ice.So in water you cannot see those cosmogenic muons coming. Effectively, they're moving faster than the speed of light.  And that's trouble because they carry an electric charge.As you might recall from our earliest episodes, electrically charged particles transfer energy with each other by exchanging photons. Therefore, cosmogenic muons moving through an electromagnetically dense medium like glacial ice are creating distortions in that electromagnetic field faster than those distortions can propagate as waves.In short, cosmogenic muons create electromagnetic shockwaves in water, and glass and ice. Just like with the fighter jets whose sound waves all piled up into a sonic boom, the cosmogenic muons create electromagnetic disturbances in the ice that pile up to create a shockwave of light. Or you know, quasi-particle light inside the ice. Or water.Traditionally, those electromagnetic shockwaves are called CHERENKOV RADIATION.Cherenkov radiation is famous for the eerie blue glow it gives to the water inside of radioactive cooling ponds near nuclear reactors. It appears blue but the shockwaves are mostly in the ultraviolet or UV spectrum. UV photons - or their associated quasi particles - have a bit higher energy than visible light.And if there's one thing we know about ultraviolet light, it's powerful enough to burn our eyes and skin. That's because it's powerful enough to break down chemical bonds between organic molecules.Given that, can you guess what the different is between Greenland Ice and Antarctic Ice?The PaperOrganic Molecules. Frozen plant matter. Greenland's got it. Antarctica doesn't. Surrounded by water and much closer to life as we know it, Greenland ice has much more contaminants that the center of antactiac, which though covered in ice, is effectively a desert.In a 2003 paper published in Geophysics Research Letters, entitled “*In situ photolysis of deep ice core contaminants by Çerenkov radiation of cosmic origin*, the authors Augstin  Colussi and Michael Hoffmann argued that an unexplained excess of carbon monoixde gas trapped was consistent with the disintegration of the tiny bits of plant matter present in the Greenland ice by Cherenkov radiation induced by the flux cosmic rays.Remember, that's over a hundred cosmic rays per square meter per second!In 2007, those authors, together with Marcelo Guzman, now at university of Kentucky, published a follow on study describing concrete chemical mechanisms that could generate carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide from cosmic rays.While protected from the sun's natural ultraviolet rays by layers upon layers of ice, atmospheric gases from over a 1000 years go are still exposed to the penetrating flux of muons from cosmic rays. And the electromagnetic shockwave of those ridiculously fast muons - their Cherenkov radiation - constantly exposes organic matter to tiny bits of ultraviolet radiation. Just enough, as it turns out, to rip a few carbon atoms off of some big, frozen organic molecules to mix with the otherwise trapped, historical atmospheric gas.Like adventure, elementary particles are everywhere, my friends. Go seek them out.

Climate change isn't waiting for us to act. We've missed several deadlines to mitigate the dangers of this existential threat, which suggests we prefer to avert our gaze rather than deal with the problem. It's similar to the way society reacts to an incoming comet in the movie “Don't Look Up!”  As a major Antarctic ice sheet shows signs of collapse, it's no wonder we feel some “climate anxiety.” Can we leverage this emotion to spur action? That, and where hope lies, in this episode. Guests: Joellen Russell – Oceanographer and climate scientist at the University of Arizona Katie Mack – Professor of Theoretical Physics at North Carolina State University, and author of “The End of Everything (Astrophysically Speaking)” Jessica Tierney – Professor of Paleoclimatology at the University of Arizona Susan Clayton – Professor of Psychology and Environmental Studies, College of Wooster Big Picture Science is part of the Airwave Media podcast network. Please contact sales@advertisecast.com to inquire about advertising on Big Picture Science. You can get early access to ad-free versions of every episode by joining us on Patreon. Thanks for your support!   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Climate change isn't waiting for us to act. We've missed several deadlines to mitigate the dangers of this existential threat, which suggests we prefer to avert our gaze rather than deal with the problem. It's similar to the way society reacts to an incoming comet in the movie “Don't Look Up!”  As a major Antarctic ice sheet shows signs of collapse, it's no wonder we feel some “climate anxiety.” Can we leverage this emotion to spur action? That, and where hope lies, in this episode. Guests: Joellen Russell – Oceanographer and climate scientist at the University of Arizona Katie Mack – Professor of Theoretical Physics at North Carolina State University, and author of “The End of Everything (Astrophysically Speaking)” Jessica Tierney – Professor of Paleoclimatology at the University of Arizona Susan Clayton – Professor of Psychology and Environmental Studies, College of Wooster Big Picture Science is part of the Airwave Media podcast network. Please contact sales@advertisecast.com to inquire about advertising on Big Picture Science. You can get early access to ad-free versions of every episode by joining us on Patreon. Thanks for your support!   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Sindia is a paleoclimatologist, which means she studies how the earth used to look, millions of years ago, in order to better understand what may be going on with our current climate. Sindia is a past Sir Keith Murdoch fellow, Fulbright Distinguished Scholar, and currently teaches and conducts research at Cardiff University in the UK. In today's episode, we chat about how surfing influenced Sindia's worldwide travel and studies taking her from the States to Australia, and then the UK, what paleoclimateology is and how you can get involved.show notes: marinebio.life/70Support the show (http://patreon.com/marinebiolife)

Andrew Parker has a PhD in PaleoClimatology. He thought he would become a climate activist.  As an intern for Shell, he learned how energy producers are working hard to produce clean energy. That you can be 100% pro-environment and 100% pro-energy.    Today, Andrew is the Director of ESG & General Manager for SPL, an end-to-end environmental monitoring & measurement company that serves 1,600 oil & gas operators.    In this interview, we discuss: The impact of climate change and what we can do to produce clean energy without harming operators or the environment. How AI will impact the future of methane intensity monitoring.  How automation will impact ESG, compliance and operational efficiency. How CleanConnect.ai and SPL can provide autonomous end-to-end methane intensity monitoring that meets new EPA standards.

In this episode, we talk about how we know the climate is changing, as well as how and why we study past climates.We also explore things like mass extinction events, isotopes, and science communication. (0:01:06) So many specialities. (0:01:51) Turonian Global sea levels: Was there ice?  (0:03:45) Geochemical proxies: Helping reconstruct climate. (0:04:49) Milankovitch cycles and our wobbly Earth. (0:05:56) Our dependence on the other planets: A synergy that keeps us alive. (0:07:26) Mars: A butterfly effect. (0:08:23) Predictions and the climate archives. (0:09:05) Global warming today: Undoubtedly caused by humans. (0:10:50) The climate archives: Ice cores, gas bubbles and pollen records. (0:12:45) Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence: How it helps us learn. (0:13:43) Radioactive isotopes vs stable isotopes. (0:14:30) Isotopes: What are they and what are we looking for? (0:16:41) How isotopes show climate changes in the past: The ice record and corals. (0:18:04) Field trips and the Niagara Escarpment fossils. (0:21:11) Focusing on global warming: Studying the rock record. (0:22:15) Carbon isotopes and what they tell us. (0:26:03) The effects of depleted carbon: A unique signature. (0:27:11) What does this mean for the atmosphere and the Earth itself? (0:31:19) The wobbly Moon and tidal sea level rise. (0:32:43) Science communication: Should it be a requirement? (0:34:41) Communicating in science: The importance of understanding the Why. (0:37:38) Moving to alternate fuel sources: Will it make a difference? (0:41:11) Climate cycles and C02: How the Arctic cooled. (0:42:38) Plankton, trapped carbon and bacteria: Cycles of oxygen levels. (0:44:31) Mass extinction events: Why we need to care because the Earth doesn't.  (0:46:36) Educating the public about climate change: One of many passions. (0:48:04) Working in forensics: A possible branching out. (0:49:31) Film criticism, stories and other interests. (0:50:46) Indiana Jones and Archeology in film: An untapped potential. (0:51:44) The artistic mindset: How art can make you think differently. (0:53:45) Classical art and appreciating the detail.  Follow Nic on Twitter: https://twitter.com/Nic_Randazzo Visit Nic's website: https://www.nicolasrandazzo.com/ Visit Planet B612 on the web: http://planetb612.fm/ Follow Planet B612 on Twitter: https://twitter.com/PlanetB612fm

Dr. Ray Bohlin reveals scientific data about the amount of CO2 in our atmosphere and global temperatures, then explores the correlation between the two. You may find a new way of thinking about this issue or data that challenges your perspective.

Dr. Ray Bohlin reveals scientific data about the amount of CO2 in our atmosphere and global temperatures, then explores the correlation between the two. You may find a new way of thinking about this issue or data that challenges your perspective.

This episode of Ask Theory features Dr. Deborah Tangunan, a geologist specializing in micropaleontology, biogeochemistry, paleoceanography, and paleoclimatology. Aside from her research, she also devotes time and energy to science communication, like when she became part of the Department of Science and Technology's Balik Scientist program. We talked about what paleoceanographers and paleoclimatologists do, the joy of studying coccolithophores, her collaborative storybook project with scientists from different countries, how the Balik Scientist program helps Pinoy scientists here and abroad, why scientists must share their work with the public, and more. Download the free science e-storybook Once Upon A Time... A Scientific Fairy Tale (available in different languages, including English and Filipino) here: https://www.marum.de/en/Discover/Once-upon-a-time/Stories.html

The climate has changed before, so why are we worried now? How do we actually know climate change is “our fault?” To find out, I spoke to paleoenvironmental expert Dr. Jane Teranes, a teaching professor at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Selected readings: Fourth National Climate Assessment - Chapter 1: Overview The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) This episode has been written and produced by Morgan Block as part of my master’s final capstone project at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego. Music written by Dan Bomer. A special thanks to my capstone committee members who have helped create this podcast: Dr. Jane Teranes, Dr. Corey Gabriel, and Brittany Hook.

Mason, Larry and returning guest Hayden speak about the latest update on Elon Musk's Neuralink start-up. Also, a discussion on Climate Change considering there has been a rise in Climate activism over the past couple of years. Support the channel with a donation. Every donation gets a book FREE (include email in payment info): https://paypal.me/powerpassionpodcast https://www.pateron.com/user?u=20681507 Larry's Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/realm_of_irony/ Mason's Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/mason_devereux_smith/ Chicago 16th References: Youtube Thumbnail bar chart: Wall Street Journal: Gottfried, Mike. 2019. "Elon Musk Tweets He Is Considering Taking Tesla Private". WSJ. https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musks-twitter-account-am-considering-taking-tesla-private-at-420-1533661152. Shaftel, Holly. 2019. "What’S In A Name? Weather, Global Warming And Climate Change". Climate Change: Vital Signs Of The Planet. https://climate.nasa.gov/resources/global-warming/. "Mike Munger On Destinationists And Directionalists". 2019. Escape Velocity. https://chrispacia.wordpress.com/2013/12/09/mike-munger-on-destinationists-and-directionalists/. "Elon Musk’S Neuralink Says It’S Ready For Brain Surgery". 2019. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vf6ZOiTxTi4. "Elon Musk "I Tried To Warn Them" The Danger Of AI". 2019. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zdy6m3pvdNE. "Skeptical Science.Com". 2019. Arguments For Climate Change Skeptics. https://skepticalscience.com/argument.php. Crowley, T. J. 2000. "Causes Of Climate Change Over The Past 1000 Years". Science 289 (5477): 270-277. doi:10.1126/science.289.5477.270. MACLEAN, ILYA M. D., GRAHAM E. AUSTIN, MARK M. REHFISCH, JAN BLEW, OLIVIA CROWE, SIMON DELANY, and KOEN DEVOS et al. 2008. "Climate Change Causes Rapid Changes In The Distribution And Site Abundance Of Birds In Winter". Global Change Biology, ???-???. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01666.x. "Paleoclimatology". 2019. En.Wikipedia.Org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology. Dryzek, John S., Richard B. Norgaard, and David Schlosberg. 2011. "Climate Change And Society: Approaches And Responses". Oxford Handbooks Online. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566600.003.0001. "The Bell Curve". 2019. En.Wikipedia.Org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bell_Curve.

Climate scientist and paleoclimatologist Dr Joelle Gergis has spent over a decade painstakingly piecing together Australia’s climate history, using historical records dating back to the First Fleet, natural records held in our trees, corals and ice and computer modelling. As she outlines in her book Sunburnt Country, published by Melbourne University Publishing, Australia’s climate has always been “spectacularly erratic”, but human activity has accelerated these rates of change. As the developed nation most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, she says we must act now to slow its worst impacts.Episode recorded: 11 May 2018Interviewer: Steve GrimwadeProducers: Dr Andi Horvath, Chris Hatzis and Silvi Vann-WallAudio engineer and editor: Chris HatzisBanner image: Brisbane floods, 1893/State Library of Queensland

Origins Roland Emmerich. And from a book by Art Bell! …of all people. Not known for hard scifi. Climate science communication Some examples are better than others. Arctic vs Antarctic They are… different! How they are different and why the movie might have chosen to go with the “wrong” one for the real-life event on which the opening scene based. Larsen B Ice Shelf. Continental ice vs glacial ice. Antarctic ice shelves A. J. Cook and D. G. Vaughan CC-BY-3.0 Thermohaline circulation Arctic/antarctic events and affect on the thermohaline circulation. The Younger Dryas event as an irl historical example of extreme climate shift which still took decades longer than the events of the film. Paleoclimatology Human records. Ice Cores! Meteoric ice. Tree rings! Water body beds! Caves! Ice cores Age and layers. Ash, gas, life, temperatures from oxygen isotope ratios. Climate modeling Colbert’s insights from The Supercomputing Conference. The big data; it is very big. “Landicanes” … which are the name we’ve made up for the misnomered “hurricanes” that seem to form over land in the movie. Air flow. the Coriolis effect, thermodynamics and superfreezing in the center of the storm. attr_text: Inside The Giant American Freezer Filled With Polar Ice by tom Scott: YouTube 13 Misconceptions About Global Warming: YouTube Support the show!

STEMxm Episode 26 -  Paleo-Oceanography with Jennifer Walker This is the 4th episode in a series touching on climate change careers and research. Check out the others here: Episode 23 - Atmospheric Physics with Dr. Joanna Haigh Episode 24 - Theoretical Ecology with Dr. Emily Moberg Episode 25 - Ocean Corals and Climate Change with Dr. Jessica Carilli Envirothon - Environmental resources research competition for highschoolers Related Headline: Sea level rise in 20th century was fastest in 3,000 years, Rutgers-led study finds Rutgers Department website where Jennifer is completing a PhD   Research concepts discussed with Jennifer on episode 26 Proxy - "In paleoclimatology, or the study of past climates, scientists use what is known as proxy data to reconstruct past climate conditions. These proxy data are preserved physical characteristics of the environment that can stand in for direct measurements. Paleoclimatologists gather proxy data from natural recorders of climate variability such as tree rings, ice cores, fossil pollen, ocean sediments, corals and historical data. By analyzing records taken from these and other proxy sources, scientists can extend our understanding of climate far beyond the instrumental record." Foraminifera are a species that are used as proxy indicators for scientists like Jennifer to study historic sea level changes. "Foraminifera (forams for short) are single-celled protists with shells. Their shells are also referred to as tests because in some forms the protoplasm covers the exterior of the shell. The shells are commonly divided into chambers which are added during growth, though the simplest forms are open tubes or hollow spheres. Depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains and other particles cemented together, or crystalline calcite." You can read a peer-reviewed article about that here. Sediment Stratigraphy - "The branch of geology that seeks to understand the geometric relationships between different rock layers (called strata), and to interpret the history represented by these rock layers." Marsh - "A marsh is a type of wetland, an area of land where water covers ground for long periods of time. Unlike swamps, which are dominated by trees, marshes are usually treeless and dominated by grasses and other herbaceous plants. Herbaceous plants have no woody stem above ground, and they grow and die back on a regular cycle. Herbaceous plants can be annuals (which grow anew every year), biennials (which take two years to complete their life cycle), or perennials (which take more than two years to complete their life cycle.) Marsh grasses and other herbaceous plants grow in the waterlogged but rich soil deposited by rivers. The plants roots bind to the muddy soil and slow the water flow, encouraging the spread of the marsh. These watery pastures are rich in biodiversity. There are three types of marshes: tidal salt marshes, tidal freshwater marshes, and inland freshwater marshes. Marshes are also common in deltas, where rivers empty into a larger body of water. Although all are waterlogged and dominated by herbaceous plants, they each have unique ecosystems." Glacial isostatic adjustment - the ongoing movement of land once burdened by ice-age glaciers.

Join Kevin, Nancy, Teresa and Scott as they discuss the non-controversial topic of climate change with Jonathan Baker, soon to be PHD in paleoclimatology. We ask Jonathan the very same questions deniers ask about this very real threat and let him tell us what is REALLY going on. http://skepticalscience.com Nancy talks about an exceptional rowing team in This Day in History, and a congresman wants to declare holy war on Islam because Jesus

Jane Francis, Richard Corfield and Carrie Lear join Melvyn Bragg to discuss ice ages, periods when a reduction in the surface temperature of the Earth has resulted in ice sheets at the Poles. Although the term 'ice age' is commonly associated with prehistoric eras when much of northern Europe was covered in ice, we are in fact currently in an ice age which began up to 40 million years ago. Geological evidence indicates that there have been several in the Earth's history, although their precise cause is not known. Ice ages have had profound effects on the geography and biology of our planet.With:Jane Francis Professor of Paleoclimatology at the University of LeedsRichard Corfield Visiting Research Fellow in the Department of Earth Sciences at Oxford UniversityCarrie Lear Senior Lecturer in Palaeoceanography at Cardiff University.Producer: Thomas Morris.

Jane Francis, Richard Corfield and Carrie Lear join Melvyn Bragg to discuss ice ages, periods when a reduction in the surface temperature of the Earth has resulted in ice sheets at the Poles. Although the term 'ice age' is commonly associated with prehistoric eras when much of northern Europe was covered in ice, we are in fact currently in an ice age which began up to 40 million years ago. Geological evidence indicates that there have been several in the Earth's history, although their precise cause is not known. Ice ages have had profound effects on the geography and biology of our planet. With: Jane Francis Professor of Paleoclimatology at the University of Leeds Richard Corfield Visiting Research Fellow in the Department of Earth Sciences at Oxford University Carrie Lear Senior Lecturer in Palaeoceanography at Cardiff University. Producer: Thomas Morris.

Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the history of Antarctica.The most southerly of the continents is the bleakest and coldest place on Earth. Almost entirely covered in ice, Antarctica spends much of the winter in total darkness.Antarctica was first named in the second century AD by the geographer Marinus of Tyre, who was one of many early geographers to speculate about the existence of a huge southern landmass to balance the known lands of northern Europe. But it wasn't until the nineteenth century that modern man laid eyes on the continent.In the intervening two hundred years the continent has been the scene for some of the most famous - and tragic - events of human exploration. In 1959 an international treaty declared Antarctica a scientific reserve, set aside for peaceful use by any nation willing to subscribe to the terms of the agreement.With: Jane FrancisProfessor of Paleoclimatology at the University of LeedsJulian DowdeswellDirector of the Scott Polar Research Institute and Professor of Physical Geography at the University of CambridgeDavid WaltonEmeritus Professor at the British Antarctic Survey and Visiting Professor at the University of Liverpool.Producer: Thomas Morris.

Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the history of Antarctica.The most southerly of the continents is the bleakest and coldest place on Earth. Almost entirely covered in ice, Antarctica spends much of the winter in total darkness.Antarctica was first named in the second century AD by the geographer Marinus of Tyre, who was one of many early geographers to speculate about the existence of a huge southern landmass to balance the known lands of northern Europe. But it wasn't until the nineteenth century that modern man laid eyes on the continent.In the intervening two hundred years the continent has been the scene for some of the most famous - and tragic - events of human exploration. In 1959 an international treaty declared Antarctica a scientific reserve, set aside for peaceful use by any nation willing to subscribe to the terms of the agreement.With: Jane FrancisProfessor of Paleoclimatology at the University of LeedsJulian DowdeswellDirector of the Scott Polar Research Institute and Professor of Physical Geography at the University of CambridgeDavid WaltonEmeritus Professor at the British Antarctic Survey and Visiting Professor at the University of Liverpool.Producer: Thomas Morris.