Podcasts about muons

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 30, 2022 0:49

Multiplicity of TeV muons in air showers detected with IceTop and IceCube by Stef Verpoest. on Wednesday 30 November The IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole can provide unique tests of muon production models in extensive air showers by measuring both the low-energy (GeV) and high-energy (TeV) muon components. We present here a measurement of the TeV muon content in near-vertical air showers detected with IceTop in coincidence with IceCube. The primary cosmic-ray energy is estimated from the dominant electromagnetic component of the air shower observed at the surface. The high-energy muon content of the shower is studied based on the energy losses measured in the deep detector. Using a neural network, the primary energy and the multiplicity of TeV muons are estimated on an event-by-event basis. The baseline analysis determines the average multiplicity as a function of the primary energy between 2.5 PeV and 250 PeV using the hadronic interaction model Sibyll 2.1. Results obtained using simulations based on the post-LHC models QGSJet-II.04 and EPOS-LHC are presented for primary energies up to 100 PeV. For all three hadronic interaction models, the measurements of the TeV muon content are consistent with the predictions assuming recent composition models. Comparing the results to measurements of GeV muons in air showers reveals a tension in the obtained composition interpretation based on the post-LHC models. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.16970v1

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Stormy X-Rays

StarDate Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 29, 2022 2:14

Muons are handy things. The particles act as cosmic X-ray machines. They've allowed scientists to peer into volcanoes, pyramids, and other structures. They've also provided views of ocean tides and tsunamis. And in the past few years, scientists have used them to look into typhoons in Japan. The technique could help produce better forecasts for storms around the globe. Muons are produced when cosmic rays — particles from beyond the galaxy — slam into atoms and molecules in Earth's upper atmosphere. The collisions generate “showers” of many other particles. The muons almost never interact with other matter. But the rare interactions they do produce can help scientists map the material they've passed through — from ocean water to solid granite. Researchers set up detectors below typhoons that passed over Japan in 2016, '19, and '21. That revealed the three-dimensional structure of the storms. The scientists mapped warm, low-pressure air in the center of the storms, surrounded by colder, high-pressure air. The observations were provided in real-time, offering views that weren't available any other way. When combined with other observations, they provided some of the most complete pictures to date of what was going on inside big storms. So these cosmic X-ray machines could help scientists better understand all storms — and perhaps produce better forecasts of what they'll do. Script by Damond Benningfield Support McDonald Observatory

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Muons in showers with energy E 0 geq 5 EeV and QGSjetII-04 and EPOS LHC models of hadronic interactions Is there a muon deficit in the models?

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 29, 2022 0:33

Muons in showers with energy E 0 geq 5 EeV and QGSjetII-04 and EPOS LHC models of hadronic interactions Is there a muon deficit in the models? by Stanislav Knurenko et al. on Tuesday 29 November The paper presents data on the muon component with a threshold (varepsilon_{thr} geq) 1 GeV. Air showers were registered at the Yakutsk array during almost 50 years of continuous air shower observations. The characteristics of muons are compared with calculations of QGSjetII-04 and EPOS LHC models for a proton and an iron nucleus. There is a muon deficit in the models, at energies greater than 5 EeV. To make an agreement between experimental data and simulations on muons, further tuning of the models is required. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.00606v3

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Muons in showers with energy E 0 geq 5 EeV and QGSjetII-04 and EPOS LHC models of hadronic interactions Is there a muon deficit in the models?

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 28, 2022 0:36

Muons in showers with energy E 0 geq 5 EeV and QGSjetII-04 and EPOS LHC models of hadronic interactions Is there a muon deficit in the models? by Stanislav Knurenko et al. on Monday 28 November The paper presents data on the muon component with a threshold (varepsilon_{thr} geq) 1 GeV. Air showers were registered at the Yakutsk array during almost 50 years of continuous air shower observations. The characteristics of muons are compared with calculations of QGSjetII-04 and EPOS LHC models for a proton and an iron nucleus. There is a muon deficit in the models, at energies greater than 5 EeV. To make an agreement between experimental data and simulations on muons, further tuning of the models is required. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.00606v3

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Bonus : The Physics of Muon Colliders

physics field guides parity lhc particle physics muon muons high energy physics colliders

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 27, 2022 9:33

The rest of season three is still under development! We wanted to improve the clarity before publishing. Parity violation just isn't that easy to talk about! In the mean time, here is the second episode in a short bonus series about the state and future contemporary particle physics. I hope you enjoy it!This is an essay that we originally posted on our substack page:https://pasayteninstitute.substack.com/p/the-physics-of-muon-collidersThis is a follow up to our 4 Reasons to Build a New Particle ColliderYou can also get the bumper sticker version here!A Bonus Episode for The Field Guide to Particle Physics : Season 3https://pasayten.org/the-field-guide-to-particle-physics©2022 The Pasayten Institute cc by-sa-4.0The definitive resource for all data in particle physics is the Particle Data Group: https://pdg.lbl.gov.The Pasayten Institute is on a mission to build and share physics knowledge, without barriers! Get in touch.

Lowans, Muons, and the Entanglement of the Cosmos

Lexman Artificial

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 24, 2022 4:24

The discussion turns to what alien beings might look like, with Sara Seager speculating on the possible existence of "lowans." Lexman bursts into laughter, insisting that such creatures would resemble nothing so crude as humans. Seager counters with some entertaining speculation of her own, including the idea that giant, alien elephants might exist. Near the end of the conversation, Lexman and Seager discuss the feasibility and implications of quantum mechanics, a topic that proves far more challenging than either of them anticipates.

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Bonus: We should build a muon collider.

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Play Episode Listen Later Sep 22, 2022 9:13

The rest of season three is still under development! We wanted to improve the clarity before publishing. Parity violation just isn't that easy to talk about! In the mean time, here is the second episode in a short bonus series about the state and future contemporary particle physics. I hope you enjoy it!This is an essay that we originally posted on our substack page:https://pasayteninstitute.substack.com/p/we-should-build-a-muon-colliderFour Reasons we should build a new particle collider:1. We still have more science to do!2. Technology transfer to Medicine and Industry3. Institutional memory is valuable4. Even more science comes with it!Share these reasons with someone, especially if they doubt the need for more Scientific funding!You can also get the bumper sticker version here!A Bonus Episode for The Field Guide to Particle Physics : Season 3https://pasayten.org/the-field-guide-to-particle-physics©2022 The Pasayten Institute cc by-sa-4.0The definitive resource for all data in particle physics is the Particle Data Group: https://pdg.lbl.gov.The Pasayten Institute is on a mission to build and share physics knowledge, without barriers! Get in touch.

Muons in the aftermath of Neutron Star Mergers and their impact on Trapped Neutrinos

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 12, 2022 0:54

Muons in the aftermath of Neutron Star Mergers and their impact on Trapped Neutrinos by Eleonora Loffredo et al. on Monday 12 September In the upcoming years, present and next-generation gravitational wave observatories will detect a larger number of Binary Neutron Star (BNS) mergers with increasing accuracy. In this context, improving BNS merger numerical simulations is crucial to correctly interpret the data and constrain the Equation of State (EOS) of Neutron Stars (NSs). State-of-the-art simulations of BNS mergers do not include muons. However, muons are known to be relevant in the microphysics of cold NSs and are expected to have a significant role in mergers, where the typical thermodynamics conditions favor their production. Our work aims at investigating the impact of muons on the merger remnant. We post-process the outcome of four numerical relativity simulations, performed with three different baryonic EOSs and two mass ratios, considering the first $15$ milliseconds after the merger. We compute the abundance of muons in the remnant and analyse how muons affect the trapped neutrino component and the fluid pressure. We find that the net fraction of muons is between $30 %$ and $70 %$ the one of electrons, depending on the baryonic EOS. Muons change the flavour hierarchy of trapped (anti)neutrinos, so that muon anti-neutrinos are the most abundant, followed by electron anti-neutrinos. Finally, muons modify the neutron to proton ratio inducing variations of the remnant pressure up to $7%$. This work demonstrates that muons have a non-negligible effect on the outcome of BNS merger simulations, and they should be included to improve simulations accuracy. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.04458v1

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Muons in showers with energy E 0 geq 5 EeV and QGSjetII-04 and EPOS LHC models of hadronic interactions Is there a muon deficit in the models?

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 6, 2022 0:36

Muons in showers with energy E 0 geq 5 EeV and QGSjetII-04 and EPOS LHC models of hadronic interactions Is there a muon deficit in the models? by Stanislav Knurenko et al. on Tuesday 06 September The paper presents data on the muon component with a threshold (varepsilon_{thr} geq) 1 GeV. Air showers were registered at the Yakutsk array during almost 50 years of continuous air shower observations. The characteristics of muons are compared with calculations of QGSjetII-04 and EPOS LHC models for a proton and an iron nucleus. There is a muon deficit in the models, at energies greater than 5 EeV. To make an agreement between experimental data and simulations on muons, further tuning of the models is required. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.00606v2

energy air models interactions deficit showers epos arxiv gev muons eev

The Antiproton

Trò chuyện với người ngoại tinh Taygeta - Pleiades

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 27, 2022 6:55

The Field Guide to Particle Physics : Season 3https://pasayten.org/the-field-guide-to-particle-physics©2022 The Pasayten Institute cc by-sa-4.0The definitive resource for all data in particle physics is the Particle Data Group: https://pdg.lbl.gov.The Pasayten Institute is on a mission to build and share physics knowledge, without barriers! Get in touch.AntiprotonsAntiparticles are everywhere. They're just part of life. The electron has its positron partner. Muons and antimuons are both routinely created in the upper atmosphere. They're so familiar that we often just call them mu plus or mu minus. The antiparticle nature of mu plus just isn't that big a deal.If you've been paying attention to our series, you know we've talked about antiparticles quite a bit, at least in passing. Up and down quarks sometimes associate with anti-up and anti-down quarks to form pions. Other mesons like kaons form similar quark-antiquark pairs.It's fun to see composite particles made up from particles and antiparticles. The neutral pion - for example - is a bound state of particle/anti particle partners - uubar & ddbar - not unlike positronium: where an electron and a positron orbit each other like an atom. Of course, all these composite particles are unstable.Arguably what separates antimatter from antiparticles is finding a composite particle that is stable. Or at least really long lived. Something that looks and behaves like ordinary matter. Something like atoms.Enter the antiproton.Just like the proton, the antiproton is a tiny bag of subnuclear goo. Virtual pions and gluons and other quantum effects are all dressed up in the antiproton package around three valance antiquarks. That's two anti-up quarks and one anti-down quark. The antiproton looks virtually identical to the proton - except that it has a negative electric charge.Like the proton, the antiproton has a mass of about 931 MeV. In fact, it's difference from the proton's mass has been measured, and at present it looks like they're the same up to less than one part in a million!In fact, everything they measure from the antiproton seems to to line up exactly with the proton. The magnetic moment - a measure of a little dipole magnetic field generated by the anti proton - still appears to be equal and opposite to that of the proton.AntihydrogenAnd yes, the negatively charge antiproton can pick up a positively charge positron and form an atom. Like hydrogen. You know, Antihydrogen! Antihydrogen has been studied and confirmed to look and behave exactly like hydrogen. The positron energy levels of thes anti atom and the associated electromagnetic spectra are all the same. Even the fancy, hyperfine splitting of those energy levels have been experimentally shown to be identical with ordinary hydrogen, at least up to experimental precision.Antiproton decayBy all observations so far, the proton appears to be a stable particle. If the proton did decay, it would be big news and a boon for folks looking to study physics beyond the standard model.The antiproton - so far as we can tell - is also stable. Which is good - our theory is self consistent - but it does present the question: if they don't decay, then where are all the antiprotons in nature?!Sources of antiprotonsNobody knows why there's so little antimatter in the universe, but there definitely is some.Antiprotons impinge upon the Earth's upper atmosphere all the time. They're secondary cosmic rays that currently appear to be associated with super high energy protons smashing into gas and other material sitting in between the stars in our own galaxy. It's a by-product - in other words - of cosmic ray collisions. We can make them here on Earth too. The ALPHA experiment at CERN has an antiproton source made by smashing protons into iridium. The Tevatron at FermiLab had an antiproton source that used Nickel instead.The Tevatron was an interesting particle accelerator in that - unlike the LHC, which colliders protons together - the Tevatron collided protons against antiprotons, to give it a little extra boost in energy from quark-antiquark annihilation when those two, composite particles collided.The fact that there is so much more matter in the universe than antimatter means that antimatter is simply going to annihilate against any matter that it runs into. But how protons and antiprotons annihilate is a complicated issue.Antiproton annihilationElectrons and positrons annhilate cleanly into a pair of gamma rays. The antiproton and the proton do not cleanly annihilate. There is no easy, super clean signal when they annihilate. They're composite particles. Worse, they're both really messy composite particles.Typically what happens when a proton meets an antiproton is that one of the quarks meets up with one of the antiquarks and interacts from there. All kinds of particles can come out, things like pions, more protons, and other emissions from the subnuclear goo. The details all depend on how quickly those particles are moving when they meet each other.If they're moving slowly, their quantum clouds of subnuclear goo might overlap, and a pion might be exchanged. If they're moving quickly, like they were at the Tevatron, those antiquarks - who carry the highest fraction of the antiproton's momentum - will collide with the quarks in the proton, and all kinds of things can - and have! - come out.

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Swaruu Transcripts 113 . Người ngoài hành tinh giao tiếp như thế nào. MUONS và GRAVITY (Anéeka của Temmer - Taygeta - Pleiades)

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 15, 2022 16:14

Tổng hợp những bản ghi từ những lần liên lạc ( qua Internet ) với người ngoại tinh Taygeta - Pleiades Ủng hộ kênh số TK: Vietcombank - 1017567895 - Dinh Trung Thanh Buy me a coffee: Buymeacoffee.com/bestaudiobooks Paypal donate: Paypal.com/paypalme/dinhtrungthanhmoney Text to Speech service: Fiverr.com/dinhtrungthanh Email: Dinhtrungthanhmmo@gmail.com

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Stephen Wolfram Q&A, For Kids (and others) [June 25, 2021]

The Stephen Wolfram Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 8, 2022 87:30

Stephen Wolfram answers general questions from his viewers about science and technology as part of an unscripted livestream series, also available on YouTube here: https://wolfr.am/youtube-sw-qa Questions include: What do you think about civilization going to Mars? - Why do the planets orbit in the same plane? - Are Phobos and Diemos also on the same plane? Considering they're asteroids that were grabbed by Mars and now orbit Mars - What makes a planet a planet? - Why do most planets, stars and galaxies seem to spin the same way? - What did NASA do to avoid astronauts getting great amounts of cosmic rays? - How exactly do you detect Muons? I'm going to be taking a class next year that has a big fun project at the end of the semester that includes potentially making something that detects Muons - Why is water a good radiation shield if it has low atomic numbers inside? - Why does an iron core result in a super nova? - How do nuclear blasts affect computers?

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Science and U: The Magnetic Properties of Music - A Neighbor's Choice

David Gornoski

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 30, 2022 14:17

Physicist Dr. Weiping Yu returns to the show with a new segment of Science and U. Dr. Yu comments on the mystery of muons, the magnetism of music, why astrophysicists are taking UFOs seriously, the latest news about Voyager, and more. Visit A Neighbor's Choice website at aneighborschoice.com

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Musk's Twitter and Atheism Revisited | Think Inc. Thursdays #051

The Think Inc. Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 27, 2022 5:22

This week: Brian Greene on why we're religious, physicists discover what's inside the Great Pyramid of Giza, switching on the Large Hadron Collider, Elon Musk buys Twitter, and what is the future of atheism?BRIAN GREENE LIVESTREAMWhy did our ancient relatives create art and ritual if it didn't help them find food?If you know anything about evolution, you'll know that ancient humans didn't like to waste much time or energy on things that weren't necessary for survival - things like hunting or building shelters. So why did they create beautiful trinkets or elaborate rituals?This is a question Darwin himself considered, and it's the topic of a whole chapter in Brian Greene's latest book Until the End of Time. Brian explains that the common belief that religion gave our ancestors might have helped them work and fight together.He also talks about the terror management theory of religion. It's the theory that religion offering people an afterlife helped our ancestors not be frozen in fear, thinking about their death 24/7.Brian talks about religion and other fascinating topics, including his theories on consciousness and his predictions for the next big steps in cosmology, in his recent talk with Progressive Forum - it's definitely worth a look!And, there's nothing like seeing events in-person, so come and see, or even MEET, Brian when we tour him across Australia and New Zealand this June! Tickets are at the link in our bio.PYRAMID PARTICLESEver wondered what's inside the Great Pyramid of Giza? Well soon we'll know, all thanks to subatomic particles called muons.Muons are the awkward cousins of electrons. Their mass is about 207 times as large as an electron's, making them able to pass through hundreds of metres of rock.Picture an electron like a bullet, and a muon like a cannonball. The cannonball can smash through walls while bullets get stuck. Other technologies, such as ultrasound, ground-penetrating radar and X-rays, can only penetrate a short distance from the surface, but muons can go further.It was thanks to muons that in 2017 scientists discovered a surprising hidden chamber inside the Great Pyramid. Now, as part of international project ScanPyramids, the detectors are back to scan the Great Pyramid from another angle. The team also plan on scanning other ruins such as the Mayan Chichen Itza in Mexico, and they've already started mapping out the inner workings of Mount Vesuvius using muography.We can't wait to see what they find!HADRON COLLIDERAfter a 3 year nap, the Large Hadron Collider was switched on last week to help explain why the universe exists.During its well-earned break, the LHC got pampered with some maintenance and upgrades, to prepare it for its third and most powerful experimental period. If all goes to plan, scientists at CERN will begin experiments in June.Run 3 is all about the elusive neutrino. Neutrinos are among the most abundant particles in the universe. They're the size of an electron, but have no charge, hence the name “neutrino”.The question is, what are the properties of neutrinos? We still know pretty much nothing about them. If CERN manages to solve the neutrino conundrum, then it will be a landmark moment and could help refine the Standard Model.The Standard Model helps explain the forces in the universe and how different fundamental particles fit together to generate the cosmos we call home. Neutrinos are also critical to understanding nuclear physics, from the fusion reactions that power stars, to the fission reactions that occur in nuclear energy reactors.Let's hope they solve the conundrum!MUSK BUYS TWITTERWill Elon Musk be a free speech champion or new tech overlord? That's what everyone's wondering now that he's the owner of Twitter.Musk has been critical of Twitter's moderation of speech, and within a day of his takeover, some high-profile banned users have been allowed back on the site. As for Donald Trump, Alex Jones, Milo Yiannopoulos, and even Azealia Banks and Tila Tequila (yes- they're banned as well!), it's not clear whether they'll get their accounts back.Elon has said that he hopes that even his worst critics remain on Twitter, because that is what free speech is about. But despite his wishes, many people are already announcing they're leaving Twitter.With Elon at the helm, Twitter users could also expect an edit button, and an open source algorithm, meaning they'd be able to view the code that curates what they see. Musk has also said that users should be able to see if their post has been promoted or demoted.So, do you think Elon will have a positive or negative influence ? Let us know in the comments!NEW LANDSCAPE ATHEISMWho was the first atheist?If you listen to the British philosopher Julian Baggini in his recent talk “Atheism Revisited”, the first open and proud atheist was actually a Catholic priest.His name was Jean Meslier, and while working as a priest in 18th century France, he came to see that the church was not helping the poor as they said they were, but were actually lining their pockets.After that, there was David Hume, a Scottish Enlightenment philosopher who is the hero of many atheists today.But long after that came the New Atheist movement, fronted by some of the thinkers we've toured here at Think Inc.: Sam Harris and Richard Dawkins.These thinkers popularised atheism, but did they go too far? According to Baggini, author of ”Atheism: A Very Short Introduction”, perhaps they were a bit too militant, and isolated people from the cause instead of creating a “coalition of the reasonable”, which could also include reasonable religious believers.Have a listen to his talk, and make up your mind for yourself. And if you want to learn more about different schools of philosophical ethics, come along to our course starting next week. Tickets are at the link in our bio.---That's all for this week. Don't forget we've got two Think Inc. Academy courses starting next week, and tickets to our upcoming Brian Greene tour can be found at the link in our bio.Sign up to our newsletter → bit.ly/think-sign-up

96: Space Particles Probe Pyramids

Syzygy

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 15, 2022 76:11

A very different story this week: using high-energy particles, originating from violent supernovae and supermassive black holes, to scan the insides of the Great Pyramid of Cheops. Physicists are teaming up with Egyptologists to check some tantalising results from 2017 thaty suggest there just might be a previously unknown cavity — an open space — inside the Great Pyramid. Could it be a new, hidden room? A vault filled with ancient treasure? Or just somewhere they kept all the heating ducts and old pain cans? Plus, Syzygy is officially setting the agenda for astronomy research, and Emily unwraps some baby presents!Syzygy Merch! Get it at the store.Help us make Syzygy even better! Tell your friends and give us a review, or show your support on Patreon: patreon.com/syzygypodSyzygy is produced by Chris Stewart and co-hosted by Dr Emily Brunsden from the Department of Physics at the University of York.On the web: syzygy.fm | Twitter: @syzygypodThings we talk about in this episode:· The oldest galaxy ever found· Get your Syzygy merch here· ScanPyramids misson in 2017· Explore Great Pyramid mission· The Pyramids of Giza· The Great Pyramid· Cosmic rays· The solar wind· Active Galactic Nuclei· Cosmic rays causing havoc in computers· Muons and relativity· Air showers of particles· The IceCube neutrino detector· Brian Cox makes a cloud chamber

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Cosmic Rays : Part 4 : Paleoclimatology and Muons

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 9, 2022 16:47

The Field Guide to Particle Physics https://pasayten.org/the-field-guide-to-particle-physics©2021 The Pasayten Institute cc by-sa-4.0The definitive resource for all data in particle physics is the Particle Data Group: https://pdg.lbl.gov.The Pasayten Institute is on a mission to build and share physics knowledge, without barriers! Get in touch.The Particle Data Group's write up on cosmic rays. See Figure 29.8 for a representation of the "ankle" feature in the spectrum.https://pdg.lbl.gov/2019/reviews/rpp2019-rev-cosmic-rays.pdfAnother representation of the power laws can be found in Professor Peter Gorham's Coursework on Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~gorham/UHECR.htmlNatalie Wolchover has written two great articles in Quanta on Cosmic Rays, both which talk about what might accelerate these particles.The Particle That Broke a Cosmic Speed Limit and Cosmic Map of Ultrahigh-Energy Particles Points to Long-Hidden TreasuresColussi & HoffmannIn situ photolysis of deep ice core contaminants by Çerenkov radiation of cosmic originGephysical Research Letters: https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016112Guzmán, Colussi & HoffmannPhotolysis of pyruvic acid in ice: Possible relevance to CO and CO2 ice core record anomaliesAtmospheres: https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007886A quick primer on Cherenkov Radiation: https://www.radioactivity.eu.com/site/pages/Cherenkov_Effect.htmTheme music "Sneaking Up on You" by the New Fools, licensed by Epidemic Sound.Cosmic RaysPart 4 - Paleoclimatology and MuonsOur atmosphere is one giant filter for cosmic rays. The sparse molecules near the top of our atmosphere begin the process of catching the energy of those energetic particles from space and transferring it into heat or muons. These cosmogenic muons that typically make it all the way down to the surface.Near the surface, the atmosphere is a lot thicker, but it's still just a collection of ballistic molecules bashing into each other at 1000 miles per hour. Some of those molecules hit us, and some hit the ground. We perceive these molecular impacts as air pressure. By contrast, cosmogenic muons are moving through this mess at over 600 million miles per hour. To those muons, the surface of the Earth is barely noticeable. They fly through a lot of things: hundreds of meters of rock, oceans, plants and animals before colliding or decaying. By contrast, those particles of atmospheric gas typically reflect off the surface of the Earth. Rocks just aren't that permeable to most gas. As we explained in the ALPHA particle miniseries, helium gas generated from radioactive decay deep within the earth collects underground, trapped by rocks.One thing gas can permeate is surface water.Quite a bit of our atmospheric gases get dissolved into the ocean. Oxygen in the air allows the fish to breathe too, once dissolved into the water so it can be picked up by their gills. Increased carbon dioxide levels also imply more CO2 gets put under water. When the water on Earth's surface freezes, as it might do near the polar ice caps, it traps some of that dissolved gas with it. This has been happening for millions of years, and until somewhat recently at least, that ice has been compounding. New ice forms above, pushing old ice down. This has resulted in a LOT of ice.In Antarctica there are areas where the ice is over four kilometers deep! That's miles of ice! Greenland also carries massive glaciers, two to three kilometers deep, built up in same fashion.The gases trapped in that glacial ice is a frozen relic of an older atmosphere. The deeper the ice, the older the dissolved gases. As the mixture of molecules in our atmosphere changes over time, it sets down a record in the glacial ice. The deepest ice, millions of years old, can tell us what the atmosphere was like millions of years ago.Extracting that ice is quite the scientific adventure!This all easy to say in theory - but the practice of Science requires a lot of gory, technical detail. Different measurements from different samples of ice at different depths from different parts of the world need to be calibrated. Ice can form at different rates in different places under different conditions.But, at least averaged over a given year or decade or so, the atmosphere should be well mixed. Huge weather patterns around the world mix the air, ensuring should be about the same. And so the Scientific logic goes like this:Assuming older ice is usually below the younger ice and the atmosphere is well mixed, then given any two ice sheets on earth, there should be a way compare them. The concentrations of different gases dissolved at different times should sequentially be the same. Like multi-colored stripes on a pole. The stripes may be different sizes, but they should be in the same order. If we can find the same sequences in gas concentrations across different ice sheets then we can start to put together a history of the Earth's atmosphere.Near the turn of the 21st century, geophysicists were working on exactly this problem. They were trying to calibrate the gas concentrations trapped in ancient ice samples by comparing ice from Antarctica with Greenland. And things just weren't adding up. The sequences didn't align. The gas concentrations were just too different. There was some kind of missing variable in the data.As it turned out, that variable involved cosmogenic muons.The Speed of Sound and LightTo understand how muons resolved this Paleoclimatology puzzle, we need to go back to the source. The source of cosmic rays.In episode two of this series we talked about Fermi Acceleration - the process by which electrically charged particles like protons get accelerated to outrageous velocities by SHOCKWAVES in astrophysical plasmas.And shockwaves occur in glacial ice too.To understand shockwaves, let's think about sound waves.Sound usually travels in the atmosphere like a wave. A wave of air pressure. Those atmospheric particles slam against each other in an organized and oscillating way, spreading out away from source.The speed of those waves depends on the amount and types of molecules present, as well as the overall temperature of the atmospheric gas. The sound waves we experience travel at around 343 meters per second, which is about 767 miles per hour.Here's the thing, humans routinely fly supersonic jets that travel faster than that.Supersonic jets - like fighter jets - travel faster than the speed of sound. They travel faster than noise they make. You can't hear them coming until they're already past you. And when you do finally hear them, it's a tremendous noise.It's a shockwave, actually, that you hear. The particles of air are being disturbed faster than speed of sound. In some sense, the sound waves that are produced all kind of pile up on each other, forming the shock front or wall of pressure that some folks call a sonic boom.It's a wall of energy collected by atmospheric particles moving far from equilibrium. This wall is similar to those plasma shockwaves that accelerated the cosmic rays deep in outer space.The important point is that the shockwave was generated by something moving faster than normal waves could. The jet was moving faster than speed of sound.As we'll now see, another kind of shockwave - one driven by cosmogenic muons - is responsible for disrupting the gases dissolved in that ancient ice.Quasi Particles of LightSo fighter jets move faster than the noise they make. That's a nice trick to try to sneak up on folks, but we have radar. Radar works by using radio waves - electromagnetic or light waves with really long wavelengths - and reflecting it off of objects. Unless the fighter jet is moving faster than the speed of light, we can still see it coming.But this whole idea presents a fun riddle. Question: When does the speed of light not equal the speed of light?Answer: When it is SLOWER than the speed of light.Wait. What?!Question: When is the speed of light SLOWER than the speed of light?Answer: When light moves through water. Or glass. Or. You guessed it. Ice.Wait. What?!Glass, like water, reflects and refracts light. You can typically tell when there's water in a glass, or when you're looking through a window. The light coming through them behaves in a funny way. Things just look different. A straw inside your glass of water usually looks disconnected from the part of it that is outside.We usually say that water “bends” light. In physics class we say it refracts it. And this happens because light SLOWS DOWN A LOT when its inside water. Or glass. Or Ice. By a lot I mean like 30 percent.Microscopically, at the level of photons, of course that notion is silly. The speed of light is a constant. It's not LIGHT that's moving through the water, it's not a pure collection of photons per say. It's something else, something that connects with light, and it is light that comes out the other side.If that sounds a little wild, don't panic. It has a very simple physical analogy.Imagine being inside your home when a supersonic jet flies by. The shockwave of that sonic boom slams into your walls, shaking the windows and rattling your doors. Did the sound you hear come from molecules in the air? Sure. But the air inside your house. The molecules from the sonic boom slammed into your walls and windows, which in turn shook themselves. They vibrated in place. They vibrated in such a way that it shook the air molecules in your room, and the sound made it to your ears.Inside or outside, the sonic boom sounded basically the same. A bit muffled sure, but otherwise the same. Those sound waves from the air outside where transferred to the air inside through the physical materials of your house.Inside that glass of water, the electromagnetic energy is still moving. It's just tangled up now with all the electromagnetic fields of all the molecules moving around inside the fluid. The resulting excitations - the slower light waves if you like - aren't really made up of photons, they're collective excitations of an electromagnetic disturbance passing through. But once out the other side, they spit out photons again. The air of course also has an index of refraction so this is something of a simplification, but hopefully the point is clear. It's not pure photons that are traveling through the water, the glass or the ice. It's something else. And that something else - those quasiparticles - don't quite move as fast as light. They move a lot slower. 30 percent slower.Cherenkov RadiationCosmogenic muons travel at 99.4% of the speed of light. But light - or the quasiparticles that appear as light anyway - moves 30% slower in water or ice.So in water you cannot see those cosmogenic muons coming. Effectively, they're moving faster than the speed of light. And that's trouble because they carry an electric charge.As you might recall from our earliest episodes, electrically charged particles transfer energy with each other by exchanging photons. Therefore, cosmogenic muons moving through an electromagnetically dense medium like glacial ice are creating distortions in that electromagnetic field faster than those distortions can propagate as waves.In short, cosmogenic muons create electromagnetic shockwaves in water, and glass and ice. Just like with the fighter jets whose sound waves all piled up into a sonic boom, the cosmogenic muons create electromagnetic disturbances in the ice that pile up to create a shockwave of light. Or you know, quasi-particle light inside the ice. Or water.Traditionally, those electromagnetic shockwaves are called CHERENKOV RADIATION.Cherenkov radiation is famous for the eerie blue glow it gives to the water inside of radioactive cooling ponds near nuclear reactors. It appears blue but the shockwaves are mostly in the ultraviolet or UV spectrum. UV photons - or their associated quasi particles - have a bit higher energy than visible light.And if there's one thing we know about ultraviolet light, it's powerful enough to burn our eyes and skin. That's because it's powerful enough to break down chemical bonds between organic molecules.Given that, can you guess what the different is between Greenland Ice and Antarctic Ice?The PaperOrganic Molecules. Frozen plant matter. Greenland's got it. Antarctica doesn't. Surrounded by water and much closer to life as we know it, Greenland ice has much more contaminants that the center of antactiac, which though covered in ice, is effectively a desert.In a 2003 paper published in Geophysics Research Letters, entitled “*In situ photolysis of deep ice core contaminants by Çerenkov radiation of cosmic origin*, the authors Augstin Colussi and Michael Hoffmann argued that an unexplained excess of carbon monoixde gas trapped was consistent with the disintegration of the tiny bits of plant matter present in the Greenland ice by Cherenkov radiation induced by the flux cosmic rays.Remember, that's over a hundred cosmic rays per square meter per second!In 2007, those authors, together with Marcelo Guzman, now at university of Kentucky, published a follow on study describing concrete chemical mechanisms that could generate carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide from cosmic rays.While protected from the sun's natural ultraviolet rays by layers upon layers of ice, atmospheric gases from over a 1000 years go are still exposed to the penetrating flux of muons from cosmic rays. And the electromagnetic shockwave of those ridiculously fast muons - their Cherenkov radiation - constantly exposes organic matter to tiny bits of ultraviolet radiation. Just enough, as it turns out, to rip a few carbon atoms off of some big, frozen organic molecules to mix with the otherwise trapped, historical atmospheric gas.Like adventure, elementary particles are everywhere, my friends. Go seek them out.

The Daniel That Nobody Can See [SG1 S3E21]

Stargatezing

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 6, 2022 60:46

The team pretends to run around in a giant pyramid. Muons, neutrinos, and sparkles fly around all over the place. Daniel learns that, like a solar eclipse, you should never directly at a crystal skull. And we find out that Daniel and his grandfather are pretty much the exact same person.

muons

Cosmic Rays : Part 3 : Cosmogenic Muons and Special Relativity

The Archaeology Podcast Network Feed

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 3, 2022 12:01

The Field Guide to Particle Physics https://pasayten.org/the-field-guide-to-particle-physics©2021 The Pasayten Institute cc by-sa-4.0The definitive resource for all data in particle physics is the Particle Data Group: https://pdg.lbl.gov.The Pasayten Institute is on a mission to build and share physics knowledge, without barriers! Get in touch.The Particle Data Group's write up on cosmic rays. See Figure 29.8 for a representation of the "ankle" feature in the spectrum.https://pdg.lbl.gov/2019/reviews/rpp2019-rev-cosmic-rays.pdfAnother representation of the power laws can be found in Professor Peter Gorham's Coursework on Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~gorham/UHECR.htmlNatalie Wolchover has written two great articles in Quanta on Cosmic Rays, both which talk about what might accelerate these particles.The Particle That Broke a Cosmic Speed Limit and Cosmic Map of Ultrahigh-Energy Particles Points to Long-Hidden TreasuresMIT's GameLab has a fun example of how Special Relativity works. See also Gamow's popular science book on Special Relativity. CERN's DIY Cloud Chamber DesignCloud Chamber without Dry Ice (see also references within)Other References:Measurement of muon flux as a function of elevationICRP Paper on Aviation and RadiationRadiation Exposure During Commercial Airline FlightsRadiation from Air Travel as per the CDCCalculate Your Radiation Dose (EPA) Cosmic RaysPart 3 - Cosmogenic Muons and Special RelativityMuons - those heavy, unstable cousins of the electron - are all around us. All the time.On average, every square centimeter of Earth sees a muon about once a minute. While that might not seem like a lot, if you consider your personal space. Say, about square meter around you - you know, 10 square feet . Over 160 muons pass through your personal space per second! Per second!Those muons coming form the upper atmosphere. They are the debris left over from the constant bombardment Earth experiences from high energy cosmic rays.If only there was a way to see them.Do you remember when I said that a particle physicist will look for particles WHEREVER they can find them? Well, before weather balloons, before particle colliders, there were cloud chambers.Cloud chambers are boxes full of super saturated vapor or some kind. Any little disturbance will cause that vapor to condense, as clouds do up in the sky.High energy particles blasting through a cloud chamber leave tracks. Little clouds form around the path of the particle, just like the contrails of a jet flying through the sky.The muon and the positron were both discovered this way!Cloud chambers are fun because you can build them yourself at home! The main thing you need is a sustained temperature gradient and tiny bit of very pure isopropol alcohol.We'll link to two great examples of DIY cloud chamber designs in the show notes.Building a cloud chamber at home is a great way to come face to face with the fact muons - the debris from cosmic rays - are passing through us all the time.The Atmosphere as a Muon FilterThe magnetic field generated by the Earth's core protects us from many incident particles from space. Especially all that plasma in the solar wind.But those high energy cosmic rays blast straight through the magnetic field. It's just not strong enough to contain them.Our upper atmosphere is our next layer of defense. Cosmic rays collide with its molecules tens of miles above the Earth, creating a shower of debris that itself can be miles across. In some sense, the atmosphere serves as a filter, converting all those particles like protons and pions into muons. Muons comprise the bulk of what we see down here at the surface. Muons are unstable particles. They decay to electrons after about 2.2 microseconds. This means that while many muons make to the ground, not all of them do. The higher you are above sea level, the more muons you're likely to see.At 10,000 ft above sea level, this number can triple! Given that commercial airline flights typically occur above 40,000 ft, it's important to realize that flying exposes you to more Cosmogenic Muons.Fortunately for you frequent flyers, the extra does radiation exposure is still a very small amount of radiation exposure! The International Commission on Radiological Protection has well established professional limits to protect even commercial flight crews from exposure to all those cosmogenic muons.Long Lived MuonsDespite the atmospheric filter, those Cosmogenic Muons are still traveling really, really fast. Like 99.9 percent of the speed of light fast. Muons moving that fast don't behave like you'd expect. For one thing, they take far longer than they should to decay.How do we know that?As you might recall from their eponymous episode, muons only live for about 2.2 microseconds. That's 2.2 millonths of a second. Even traveling near the speed of light, that's simply not enough time to get from the upper atmosphere to anywhere near the surface of the Earth. That's a bit over 9 miles - or 15 kilometers. It takes light about 50 microseconds to travel that far.Muons that make it to Earth, then, live over 22 times as long as they should.Why that happens - what causes the muons to live so long - requires a small digression on the theory of relativity. On Special RelativityAs they say, Nothing travels faster than the speed of light. Which is true, at least, in outer space and to some extent in the air around us. You see, it's not so much that LIGHT is the fastest thing around. It's that the universe itself has a maximum possible speed - a speed limit, if you like - which is just shy of 300 million meters per second.When left to its own devices, light - or any particle with zero mass - travels at that speed.That universal speed limit is just a fact of life, but we don't notice is much because a typical human moves at about 1 meter per second. Not 300 million meters per second.But having a speed limit like the speed of light leads to some pretty strange paradoxes.For example: you cannot race a photon. Photons, you might recall, are particles of light.If you ran towards a photon, the photon sill still move away from you at the speed of light.If you drove towards the photon at 100 miles and hour, the photon will still move away from you at the speed of light.If you jumped into a supersonic fighter just and chased a photon, the photon will still move away from you at the speed of light.Even if you built and launched in a rocket ship so fast you were traveling at 200 million meters per second - you know, 67% of the speed of light - and chased that photon, the photon will still move away from you at the speed of light.At least in the vacuum of space, light always moves at the speed of light. No matter how fast you are going. Frustrating, huh? Maddening even. But that's how the universe enforces its speed limit. No matter how hard you try, you can never catch up.But how could this be? What weirdness could explain this paradox?Well speeds don't really add like normal numbers do. This is Einstein's famous theory of Special Relativity. There's re some technical details and nuances of course, but essentially, relativity says that light always moves at the speed of light, relative to you.The implication is that EVERYONE, ANYONE sees light moving at the same speed, no matter how fast they're moving.That same universal speed limit, just shy of 300 million meters per second.The way the universe affords this is by exchanging your perception of time for a perception of distance.The faster you go, the LONGER the distance you have to travel. Your perception of one meter is LONGER than someone going slower than you. That's why is so hard to get up to light speed. The faster you go, the further you have to go to catch up. Of course, to account for this cheat, the universe also shortens your sense of time. So yeah you have to go further, but you don't really notice that because time has slowed down for you. But the net result is even “doubling your speed” only really inches you closer to the speed of light.In a VERY real sense, motion trades TIME for SPACE. At least that's how the mathematics of special relativity work out. In some sense, trading time for space is literally what it means to be in motion.If that's too heavy to take in, don't worry about it. If it excites you, AWESOME. I'll link to some further reading on special relativity in the show notes. But in either case, all you need to know at this point is that those cosmogenic muons, those particles screaming in at over 99% of the speed of light, have traded a LOT of their sense of time for space. So their internal clocks ticks much, much, much slower. Well over twenty times slower! Which is why they take so long to decay.In other words, the cosmogenic muons all around us near the surface of the earth - the things you can detect with your own cloud chamber at home - are a testament to the peculiarity of Einstein's theory of special relativity.ConclusionMuons, borne of debris from cosmic rays collisions in the upper atmosphere, travel at outrageous speeds to surround us here on the surface of the Earth. They travel so fast that Einstein's theory of special relativity directly manifests itself in the very existence of those muons.Other particles created in those cosmic rays collisions - like pions or lambda baryons - are also moving at outrageous speeds, but since they contain quarks, they communicate via all of nature's forces. They are much more susceptible to not only decay but collisions with other particles. Far more susceptible than the muons are.Even the humble electron, when traveling at relativistic speeds, will quickly lose much of its energy via the brehmstrahlung radiation, which depends inversely on its small mass. Muons, being heavy, don't have this problem. So this is what we mean when we say the atmosphere behaves like an energy filter, catching all that cosmic ray collision energy, all except for those muons. They're fast, heavy and don't interact as frequently.But they do eventually interact. With the molecules in our body. In the rocks. Or even, in the snow and ice the covers the high mountain tops and polar regions of our Earth. In our concluding episode in this mini-series, we'll explore how cosmogenic muons have helped scientists understand the history of Earth's atmosphere and the associated implications for its climate.

Muons and More - Archaeotech 169

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 23, 2021 47:03

Chris and Paul discuss a couple recent articles. One describes the use of muons as a non-invasive technique for looking inside solid objects, and the other discusses the authors' R project for visualizing chronology. They might not seem related, but both articles predict exciting advancements in archaeology. Links Seeing deeper with atmospheric muons: From archaeology to geology Atmospheric muons as an imaging tool Muon Scanning Finds Hidden Chamber in Great Pyramid of Giza datplot: A New R Package for the Visualization of Date Ranges in Archaeology datplot GitHub repository Contact Chris Webster Twitter: @archeowebby Email: chris@archaeologypodcastnetwork.com Paul Zimmerman Twitter: @lugal Email: paul@lugal.com ArchPodNet APN Website: https://www.archpodnet.com APN on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/archpodnet APN on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/archpodnet APN on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/archpodnet Tee Public Store Affiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular

visualizations great pyramid muons

Muons and More - Ep 169

The ArchaeoTech Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 23, 2021 47:03

Chris and Paul discuss a couple recent articles. One describes the use of muons as a non-invasive technique for looking inside solid objects, and the other discusses the authors' R project for visualizing chronology. They might not seem related, but both articles predict exciting advancements in archaeology. Links Seeing deeper with atmospheric muons: From archaeology to geology Atmospheric muons as an imaging tool Muon Scanning Finds Hidden Chamber in Great Pyramid of Giza datplot: A New R Package for the Visualization of Date Ranges in Archaeology datplot GitHub repository Contact Chris Webster Twitter: @archeowebby Email: chris@archaeologypodcastnetwork.com Paul Zimmerman Twitter: @lugal Email: paul@lugal.com ArchPodNet APN Website: https://www.archpodnet.com APN on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/archpodnet APN on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/archpodnet APN on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/archpodnet Tee Public Store Affiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular

visualizations great pyramid muons

Muons and the Terracotta Army, Mesolithic Baby burial and Pseudoscience in Jordan - TAS 150

The Archaeology Podcast Network Feed

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 19, 2021 52:44

This week we discuss three very different archaeological news stories! First, archaeologists in China plan to use Muons to “see” inside the unopened and presumably un-looted tomb of China's first Emperor Qin Shi Huang. His tomb is protected by the famed Terracotta Army, but has remained unopened due to preservation concerns. The second article is about a European Mesolithic baby burial, and the great care with which she was buried. Finally, we head over to Jordan to learn about recent research that was twisted to “prove” the story of the city of Sodom in the Bible, and how this is dangerous pseudoscience that damages the archaeology of the area. Links Segment 1 Cosmic rays could unearth secrets of Terracotta Army tomb Seeing deeper with atmospheric muons: From archaeology to geology Segment 2 Baby Buried With Care 10,000 Years Ago Found in Italian Cave Earliest modern female human infant burial found in Europe Segment 3 When Biblically Inspired Pseudoscience and Clickbait Cause Looting Contact Chris Webster chris@archaeologypodcastnetwork.com ArchPodNet APN Website: https://www.archpodnet.com APN on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/archpodnet APN on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/archpodnet APN on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/archpodnet Tee Public Store Affiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular

babies china bible sodom burial pseudoscience terracotta army mesolithic muons

Muons and the Terracotta Army, Mesolithic Baby burial and Pseudoscience in Jordan - Ep 150

The Archaeology Show

Play Episode Listen Later Dec 19, 2021 52:44

This week we discuss three very different archaeological news stories! First, archaeologists in China plan to use Muons to “see” inside the unopened and presumably un-looted tomb of China's first Emperor Qin Shi Huang. His tomb is protected by the famed Terracotta Army, but has remained unopened due to preservation concerns. The second article is about a European Mesolithic baby burial, and the great care with which she was buried. Finally, we head over to Jordan to learn about recent research that was twisted to “prove” the story of the city of Sodom in the Bible, and how this is dangerous pseudoscience that damages the archaeology of the area. Links Segment 1 Cosmic rays could unearth secrets of Terracotta Army tomb Seeing deeper with atmospheric muons: From archaeology to geology Segment 2 Baby Buried With Care 10,000 Years Ago Found in Italian Cave Earliest modern female human infant burial found in Europe Segment 3 When Biblically Inspired Pseudoscience and Clickbait Cause Looting Contact Chris Webster chris@archaeologypodcastnetwork.com ArchPodNet APN Website: https://www.archpodnet.com APN on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/archpodnet APN on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/archpodnet APN on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/archpodnet Tee Public Store Affiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular

babies china bible sodom burial pseudoscience terracotta army mesolithic muons

Pure Science : Using space particles to look inside volcanoes

ThePrint

Play Episode Listen Later Nov 15, 2021 10:06

Muons are fast moving subatomic particles that pass through solid items while losing mass. ThePrint's Sandhya Ramesh explains how the field of muography works and how muons can now be used to look deep inside a volcanic structure.

space look inside volcanoes particles muons theprint pure science

Stereo Embers The Podcast: Jerry Vessel (Red House Painters)

Stereo Embers: The Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 22, 2021 88:25

“Her Favourite Hitchcock Films” A native of Northern California, Jerry Vessel was the bassist for the beloved San Francisco outfit Red House Painters. The band, who formed in 1989, put out four albums on 4AD and toured all over North America and Europe before calling it a day in 2001. Post-Painters, Vessel played drums for the Muons and bass for Six Eye Columbia and he also put out two solo albums under the moniker Heirlooms of August. Heirlooms' sophomore album Down at the 5-Star found one of the songs featured in the TV series Parenthood. Vessel's third effort is under his own name this time around and it really makes sense. A stripped down affair that's stark, spare, personal and unflinchingly honest, Her Favorite Hitchcock Films was written about his relationship with fashion designer Alexis O'Connell and it not only details their time together, it also confronts dealing with her sudden loss. Punctuated by piano violins, cellos, and atmospheric production courtesy of American Music Club's Bruce Kaphan, the compositions on Her Favorite Hitchcock Films are as poetic as they are conversational. Beautifully constructed, they're parenthetical, interstitial, referential and emotional. Name-checking Darby Crash, David Lynch, aluminum boats, Thelonious Monk, druid forts and Townes Van Zandt, the songs that make up this album are filled with lyrical intensity in that they conjure the world Vessel and O'Connell built and occupied together. When you're close with someone you construct universes that are made up of the things you mutually love and this is a stirring homage to those universes. Yes, there's darkness and of course, there's pain here, but every song is charged with love. It's vulnerable but in that vulnerability there's tremendous life-affirming strength. It's quite an album. And this is quite a conversation—Vessel talks to Alex about grief, his friendships with his former Red House Painters bandmates, Townes Van Zandt, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Jack London and why the piano was his go-to instrument this time around. www.jerryvesselmusic.bandcamp.com www.jerryvesselmusic.com www.bombshell radio.com www.alexgreenonline.com

Particle Problems and How to Solve Them

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 12, 2021 56:33

This week, we're journeying into the world of the smallest objects known to humanity: the tiny particles that make up us and the entire universe around us. Plus, in the news, getting the world vaccinated against COVID-19 - half the global population have been jabbed so far, but the many countries in the Global South lag far behind; the Nobel prizes are announced; and, have scientists finally solved the biggest problem of them all: leaves on the line delaying trains... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

Particle Problems and How to Solve Them

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 12, 2021 56:33

This week, we're journeying into the world of the smallest objects known to humanity: the tiny particles that make up us and the entire universe around us. Plus, in the news, getting the world vaccinated against COVID-19 - half the global population have been jabbed so far, but the many countries in the Global South lag far behind; the Nobel prizes are announced; and, have scientists finally solved the biggest problem of them all: leaves on the line delaying trains... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

The Tau

physics generally eighty field guides tau electron calculations mev particle physics cataloging muon muons

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 27, 2021 3:22

The Field Guide to Particle Physics https://pasayten.org/the-field-guide-to-particle-physics©2021 The Pasayten Institute cc by-sa-4.0The definitive resource for all data in particle physics is the Particle Data Group: https://pdg.lbl.gov.The Pasayten Institute is on a mission to build and share physics knowledge, without barriers! Get in touch.The TauThe tau is a very heavy species of elementary particle that aren't quite as common as the electron or the muon. Nevertheless, just as the muon shares many of the properties with the electron, so too does the tau.Like all elementary particles, taus have no known size. But they do have a known mass. At 1776.86 MeV, it's a pretty big mass. That's well over 3000 times the mass of the electron, or just shy of 17 times the mass of the muon. That large mass is key to understanding the tau, especially how it decays.Taus are not stable. Heavy particles rarely are. Taus decay to all kinds of other stuff. Generally, heavier particles can decay into lighter particles so long as things like electric charge are conserved. Muons aren't terribly heavy, and so decay primarily to electrons because there's not much else to decay to. Taus by contrast, are so heavy they can decay into all kinds of things.Because taus are so heavy, they can decay to hadrons - a fancy name for all that nuclear junk - and those decays happen quickly. Very quickly. There are just so many options. On average the taus only live for about 2.9×10^-13 seconds. Forget nanoseconds. That's less than a picosecond! That's why taus so rare, they just don't survive very long.Taus, like electrons, also have antiparticle partners. The antitau, which comes complete with a positive electric charge.Eighty-six percent of the time, taus decay to nuclear junk. There are so many possibilities. The other twenty-four percent of tau decays go to muons. Given the large mass of the tau, there is a lot of rest mass energy - E = mc^2- to go around. Cataloging all the different options is a precision science that lets us study the minute details of particle physics. Those details can tell us a lot about other kinds of things. The tau is the heaviest in the family of charged leptons: Electron. Muon. Tau. So far as we can tell, that's the end of the pattern. Calculations have shown that another, even heavier version of the electron would throw off many of the precise relationships between other particles, and lead to predictions that are already ruled out by experimental observations.Like I said, those precision details of tau decays - together with other precision measurements in particle physics - can tell us a lot about our universe.

The Muon

earth science physics radiation field guides mev particle physics cosmic rays muon rarer muons

Play Episode Listen Later Sep 26, 2021 4:01

The Field Guide to Particle Physics https://pasayten.org/the-field-guide-to-particle-physics©2021 The Pasayten Institute cc by-sa-4.0The definitive resource for all data in particle physics is the Particle Data Group: https://pdg.lbl.gov.The Pasayten Institute is on a mission to build and share physics knowledge, without barriers! Get in touch.The MuonMuons are a lesser known species of elementary particles that are extremely common, at least on Earth. They're falling all around us, all the time. Muons are created by the collision of particles from outer space smashing into the molecules of the upper atmosphere.Like all elementary particles, muons have no known size. But they do have a known mass. At 105.7 MeV, its a moderately sized mass. Its about two hundred times the mass of the electron. The muon's electric charge is identical with that of the electron. Indeed, the muon and the electron share many of the same properties.Like the electron, the muon interacts via the electromagnetic, weak and gravitational forces.Unlike the electron, muons are not stable particles. Heavy particles seldom are. They're heavy, and because they otherwise act like electrons, they decay to electrons. That's a pattern we will see in particle physics, over and over again.Muons also have antiparticle partners. Like the positron they're also positively charged. Since muons and antimuons decay, we don't usually worry too much about who's who, unless we're counting charges.Muons decay courtesy of the weak nuclear force, which of course, is a very weak force. So that decay takes a long time. Muons, despite being unstable, are relatively long lived particles, hanging around just over a couple of microseconds. By particle physics standards, a microsecond is an eternity.Muons typically decay into electrons and a pair of neutrini: very light, electrically neutral particles we will meet soon. That decay process is mediated by a heavy, photon like particle, the W boson.Schematically, the muon transforms into that W-boson and a muon neutrino. The W-boson itself then transforms into the electron and an anti-electron neutrino.Life is complicated, of course, and there are a few other alternative scenarios. You see, E=mc^2, and the mass difference between the muon and an electron is pretty sizable, so much of that extra energy gets converted into velocity. But conservation of energy still allows for a few other options.Occasionally - far less than one percent of the time - the muon's decay will create a bonus pair of particles: an electron/positron pair. Rarer still, an extra photon will be produced. Muons, electrons and the W-bosons all participate in the electromagnetic force, so while rare, it isn't totally unexpected.You might be surprised to learn that muons make up a pretty sizable chunk of your annual exposure to radiation. Especially if you fly.

Meat Disgust, Cosmic Rays for Medicine, Immortal Battery

Curiosity Daily

Play Episode Listen Later Aug 11, 2021 13:04

Learn about how meat-eaters really feel; using cosmic rays in medical diagnoses; and the Oxford Electric Bell mystery. People who eat meat think it's gross, which suggests new ideas for cutting consumption by Kelsey Donk Even Some Meat-Eaters Are Disgusted By Meat — And Encouraging Those Feelings Could Help Reduce Consumption. (2021, June 3). Research Digest. https://digest.bps.org.uk/2021/06/03/even-some-meat-eaters-are-disgusted-by-meat-and-encouraging-those-feelings-could-help-reduce-consumption/ Becker, E., & Lawrence, N. S. (2021). Meat disgust is negatively associated with meat intake – Evidence from a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Appetite, 164, 105299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105299 Doctors can use cosmic rays in medical diagnosis by Grant Currin Gough, E. (2021, June 8). The Universe is Constantly Bathing you in Radiation. Incredibly, This Could be Used for Medical Diagnosis - Universe Today. Universe Today. https://www.universetoday.com/151419/the-universe-is-constantly-bathing-you-in-radiation-incredibly-this-could-be-used-for-medical-diagnosis/#more-151419 Morris, C., Perry, J., & Merrill, F. E. (2021). Cosmic ray radiography of a human phantom. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2106/2106.01542.pdf The Mysterious Battery That Has Lasted More Than 175 Years by Mae Rice originally aired May 28, 2018 https://omny.fm/shows/curiosity-daily/personality-predicting-eye-movements-a-mysterious Follow Curiosity Daily on your favorite podcast app to learn something new every day withCody Gough andAshley Hamer. Still curious? Get exclusive science shows, nature documentaries, and more real-life entertainment on discovery+! Go to https://discoveryplus.com/curiosity to start your 7-day free trial. discovery+ is currently only available for US subscribers. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

What's up with muons?

Explaining Science to my Dad

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 4, 2021 28:23

Something is up with muons. They are not behaving in the way we would expect. Does this mean our model of the universe is wrong? Lily explains to her Dad what is going on, why the Standard Model is always evolving, and just what on earth the Standard Model is anyway. She is helped by Dominika Vasilkova, a PhD student at University College London who works on Fermilab's g-2 experiment - the actual experiment which is bringing the strange behaviour of muons to light. Credits: Podcast theme written exclusively for us by Ben Vize (@benvizemusic on Instagram).

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How Do Muons Work?

BrainStuff

Play Episode Listen Later Jul 1, 2021 7:38

The muon is a type of subatomic particle that researchers are still learning about -- and what they're learning may change our concept of physics as we know it. Learn more in this episode of BrainStuff, based on this article: https://science.howstuffworks.com/muon.htm Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com

muons

LNE.news - BoxerBlu & Bram - S1E10 - Beeple Sells an NFT for $69 million, Cloud Seeding, Muons

Little News Ears

Play Episode Listen Later Jun 27, 2021 12:43

It's April 20, 2021. On this special episode of BoxerBlu & Bram, something scary happens to Bram! They also teach us about NFTs and Beeple, cloud seeding, maple sugaring, discoveries with muons, and the newest pasta in the world. Full cartoon video episodes are found at https://www.LittleNewsEars.com

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78: Muons broke my physics!

Syzygy

Play Episode Listen Later May 11, 2021 68:29

Syzygy Merch! Get it at the store.Help us make Syzygy even better! Tell your friends and give us a review, or show your support on Patreon: patreon.com/syzygypodSyzygy is produced by Chris Stewart and co-hosted by Dr Emily Brunsden from the Department of Physics at the University of York.On the web: syzygy.fm | Twitter: @syzygypodSince you’re here, you might be interested in a new, sciencey podcast: Science, possibly — science-adjacent stories by Chris Stewart and James Lees.Things we talk about in this episode:Ingenuity’s first flights on Mars!The Fermilab g-2 experimentA cartoon explainer of the muon g-2The Standard Model of particle physicsLattice QCDLattice results and the muon g-2

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Muons matter with Professor Lewis (230)

Shirtloads of Science

Play Episode Listen Later May 2, 2021 28:31

When subatomic particles make news, Dr Karl and Professor Lewis are ready to help. The "chubby electron" has been neglected for decades, so why the fuss ? By popular request here is a special episode dedicated to why muons matter. www.geraintflewis.com http://drkarl.com

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Science and U: Oxygen Produced on Mars - A Neighbor's Choice

David Gornoski

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 29, 2021 21:22

Dr. Weiping Yu returns to the show with a brand new segment of Science and U. The physicist comments on the muon results that show discrepancies in the standard theory of fundamental particles. "I believe there are no orbiting electrons," Dr. Yu astonishingly claims. Dr. Yu also comments on the news that MOXIE has produced five grams of oxygen on Mars. Listen to the full segment for all this and more. Visit A Neighbor's Choice website at aneighborschoice.com

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147 - The Problem with Muons, Killing Flies, Florida Smoking Law - Room 101 Gautier Cognac

Cigars Liquor And More

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 29, 2021 55:40

They get all science again talking about the problems with muons. Recent discoveries are fun. They smoke another Room 101. The Ichiban Maduro Toro. They drink Gautier VS Cognac. How to kill flies. Florida strikes down a bill that would ban smoking on beaches and parks.

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Mysteries of the Universe: To Be Revealed By Studying Muons and Neutrinos?

Move the human story forward! ™ ideaXme

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 23, 2021 46:32

Andrea Macdonald founder of ideaXme interviews Dr. Kevin Pitts, Chief Research Officer at Fermilab and Physics Professor, University of Illinois. They spoke of 2 exciting research projects. The first focuses on neutrinos and the second on muons: Will these experiments reveal new laws? 13.8 billion years ago matter pitted against antimatter and won. DUNE, a new experiment in the making, hosted by Fermilab attempts to discover why matter won - that is, why the universe and galaxies exist at all. The current models dictate that the Big Bang created equal parts matter and antimatter. Within a second, all the matter and antimatter should have met and annihilated, leaving behind a universe with nothing but energy in the form of light. The first results for a second experiment from the same lab - Muon g-2 were recently published. Although, at the early stages of the experiment (5 runs in total and less than 10% of the data processed) many believe that the results to date show promise to challenge The Standard Model of Physics. Dr. Kevin Pitts: Kevin Pitts of the University of Illinois has been named chief research officer at Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory beginning March 1. His focus will be on oversight for the international Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment, including advancing scientific excellence across the laboratory through strong communication, collaboration and coordination with the Department of Energy and other partners. He joins the laboratory as it prepares to usher in a new era of science and innovation in particle physics research and discovery. “We are proud to have Kevin Pitts join Fermilab at a time when DUNE is underway,” said Joe Lykken, deputy director for research at Fermilab. “His leadership and research collaboration with Fermilab make him the ideal person to direct the development of the DUNE research program both at the laboratory and with our partner institutions.” Upon its completion, DUNE, supported by the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility, will make Fermilab the premier neutrino research institution globally. DUNE is the first international mega-science project at a DOE lab and Fermilab’s flagship project. Hosted by Fermilab, it comprises over 200 institutions in more than 30 countries. Construction work for LBNF, along with the PIP-II accelerator, are in progress at Fermilab in Illinois and at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota. Pitts joins Fermilab after 22 years with the University of Illinois where he was most recently the vice provost for undergraduate education and a professor of physics in the Grainger College of Engineering. He has a long history working on experiments at Fermilab, including participation in the discovery of the top quark in 1995. Additionally, he has been serving on the Long Baseline Neutrino Committee since 2016. “Fermilab has been an important part of the first-half of my career and I am thrilled to be joining the laboratory as chief research officer,” Pitts said. “After numerous Fermilab research projects and collaborations, I am honored to be leading the ball down the field to further the development of DUNE and other neutrino research projects.” He received a B.A. in physics and mathematics from Anderson University and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the University of Oregon. Pitts was a research associate at Fermilab on the CDF experiment. He also works on the Muon g-2 experiment. Kevin Pitts is a fellow of the American Physics Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and is a member of the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel. He has received numerous awards and recognitions for his research, teaching and advising. Fermilab is supported by the Department of Energy Office of Science. The DOE Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit science.energy.gov. Official bio Fermilab. Dr. Kevin Pitts links: Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/kevin-pit... Twitter: https://twitter.com/kevintpitts?lang=en Fermilab: https://news.fnal.gov/2021/03/fermila... University of Illinois: https://experts.illinois.edu/en/perso... ideaXme links: Website: https://radioideaxme.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ideaxme/?hl... Twitter: https://twitter.com/ideaxm?ref_src=tw... Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ideaXme/ Linkedin:https://www.linkedin.com/company/1867... Podcast:https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast... ideaXme is a global network - podcast on 12 platforms, 40 countries, mentor programme and creator series. Mission: To share knowledge of the future. Our passion: Rich Connectedness™!

Season 3 Episode 8: Muon Madness, Puppy Power and Michael Norton, Forestry Director General

The Science Pawdcast

Play Episode Play 30 sec Highlight Listen Later Apr 22, 2021 97:32

I got my first SHOT! YES!Even though the immune response kicked my butt, I'm so happy!So on the podcast this week we will take a look at the crazy physics happening with Muons! Don't know what those are? Well you will! HA! In pet science we taking a look at therapy dog science again! Our expert guest is Michael Norton, who is the Forestry Director General in Alberta. It's an AMAZING chat and runs long, but we are sure you'll love the science and conversation!As always we have trivia and family stories!For Science, Empathy, and Cuteness!Michael on Twitterhttps://twitter.com/northern_norton Natural Resources Canada Twitterhttps://twitter.com/NRCanNatural Resources Canada https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/homeSupport The Show AND Follow Buns and Beaks!The Bunsen Website www.bunsenbernerbmd.comThe Bunsen Website has adorable merch with hundreds of different combinations of designs and apparel- all with Printful- one of the highest quality companies we could find!Genius Lab Gear for 10% link!-10% off science dog bandanas, science stickers and science Pocket toolshttps://t.co/UIxKJ1uX8J?amp=1Bunsen and Beaker on Twitter:https://twitter.com/bunsenbernerbmdBunsen and Beaker on Facebookhttps://www.facebook.com/bunsenberner.bmd/InstaBunsandBeakshttps://www.instagram.com/bunsenberner.bmd/?hl=en Support the show

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How Does My Radio Work?

covid-19 radio seti mussels amateur radio naked scientists muons

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 20, 2021 56:04

How is it that you can listen to signals on your radio? We delve into the science of radio. From how one is made, to listening out for alien broadcasts. Plus in the news, we look at the potential for the third wave of Covid, how the vaccine fairs in pregnant people, and some muons behaving badly? Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

How Does My Radio Work?