Podcasts about post reconstruction

Michael Steele speaks with Sophia A. Nelson, scholar, author, and DEI facilitator, about Trump's joint address on Tuesday, including his rhetoric on DEI, meritocracy and the culture wars. Michael and Sophia also discuss our current era of Post Reconstruction 2.0, white folks' misinterpretation of 'wokeness,' Trump's meeting with Zelenskyy and America's relationship with Russia. If you enjoyed this podcast, be sure to leave a review or share it with a friend! Follow Sophia A. Nelson @IAmSophiaNelson Follow Michael Steele @MichaelSteele Follow the podcast @steele_podcast Follow The Bulwark @BulwarkOnline

LiLi's thesis focused on the struggles that Chinese women faced in the U.S. after the Civil War, and the damage done to Asian American immigrants by the Page Act of 1875. Reed community members can read LiLi's thesis, "'For Lewd and Immoral Purposes': Chinese Women in the United States and the Page Act of 1875," online in the Electronic Theses Archive: https://rdc.reed.edu/i/c4ecba9a-61de-456f-8a3b-c3b23d5802aa

In 1894, Mary P. Evans, wrote in the Woman's Era, a Black women's magazine, that exercise: “enables you to keep in the best condition for work with the hands or with the brain… It prepares you to meet disappointment, sorrow, ill treatment, and great suffering as the strong, courageous and splendid woman meets them. It is a great aid to clear, quick, and right thinking.” She wasn't the only Black woman of the day encouraging Black women and girls to exercise as a way of improving not just themselves but also the whole race. Despite the lack of facilities and obstacles in their way, Black women and girls aspired to physical fitness. In 2010, Michelle Obama, the first Black First Lady of the United States echoed Mary P. Evans, encouraging everyone to pursue physical fitness with the “Let's Move” campaign.  Joining me in this episode is Dr. Ava Purkiss, assistant professor of women's and gender studies and American culture at the University of Michigan and author of Fit Citizens: A History of Black Women's Exercise from Post-Reconstruction to Postwar America. Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is Sunburst Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Nesrality from Pixabay and is used via the Pixabay Content License.The episode image is “Atlanta University, Founder's Day Drill,” from The Harmon Foundation Collection: Kenneth Space Photographs of the Activities of Southern Black Americans and available in the public domain via the National Archives (NAID: 26174852; Local ID: H-HS-2-214). Additional Sources: “First Lady Michelle Obama Launches Let's Move: America's Move to Raise a Healthier Generation of Kids,” White House Press Release, February 9, 2010. “African Americans and the YMCA (Archives and Special Collections),” University of Minnesota LIbraries. “A Brief History Of Diversity And Inclusion At The Y,” The YMCA of San Diego County, July 27, 2017. “Our History,” Boston University College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College. “Olivia A. Davidson (1854-1889),” by Nana Lawson Bush, BlackPast, January 19, 2007. “Physical Education Pioneer Maryrose Reeves Allen Dies,” The Washington Post, January 17, 1992. “The 'Hidden Figures' of Physical Education: Black Women Who Paved the Way in PE,” by Tara B. Blackshear and Brian Culp, Momentum magazine, co-authors, February 15, 2022. “Addressing Racism In The Fitness Industry Requires Understanding Its Roots,” by Rodney J. Morris and Pamela Kufahl, Club Industry, October 6, 2020. “A healthful legacy: Michelle Obama looks to the future of ‘Let's Move,'” by Krissah Thompson and Tim Carman, The Washington Post, May 3, 2015. Tweet by Michele Obama as First Lady, May 19, 2015.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this 50 for 50 edition of the podclass, we feature a conversation with Dr. Ava Purkiss, Assistant Professor of American Culture and Women's and Gender Studies at the University of Michigan and author of Fit Citizens:  A History of Black Women's Exercise from Post-Reconstruction to Postwar America.Support the show

In this episode, Neil, Niki, and Natalia discuss the history of children's story hour.  Support Past Present on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/pastpresentpodcast On this week's Past Present episode, Nicole Hemmer, Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, and Neil J. Young discuss the history of children's story hour.   Here are some links and references mentioned during this week's show:   ·         “Drag queen story hours” have become the latest arena in the culture wars. Niki drew on this Slate piece about children's librarian Anne Carroll Moore. Neil referenced this New York Times piece on the history of drag queen story hours. Natalia referred to historian Julia Mickenberg's book Learning from the Left: Children's Literature, the Cold War, and Radical Politics in the United States.     In our regular closing feature, What's Making History: ·         Natalia discussed historian Ava Purkiss' new book, Fit Citizens: A History of Black Women's Exercise from Post Reconstruction to Postwar America. ·         Neil recommended Gina Kolata's New York Times article, “DNA From Beethoven's Hair Unlocks Medical and Family Secrets.” ·         Niki shared Maham Javaid's Washington Post article, “After a 1935 Tragedy, a Priest Vowed to Teach Kids About Menstruation.”

On this episode, Amber and Erika are joined by Broke-ish all-star, Dedrick Asante-Muhammad, to discuss the economic impact of the Great Migration on Black Americans. Post-Reconstruction and against the backdrop of Jim Crow, many Black people fled the South for the North and Midwest in hopes of less oppression and more economic opportunity. But new research on the long-term success of the Great Migration actually casts doubt on whether Black families proved to fare better as a result of the move. Dedrick walks us through both the history and the data to demonstrate how rising costs of living, inflation, and racist economic policies have made it difficult for Black Americans to thrive regardless of geographic location. He helps us gain insight on the influx of Blacks returning to the South and what really needs to happen for us to accumulate wealth and obtain financial liberation. Click the link to listen!        

Recorded history of the Chubb family in North America dates back to 1775. Nicholas Chubb, the oldest known ancestor, is listed as a free colored male, head of a household on the 1820 census of Caswell County, North Carolina. John Henry Chubb, along with his wife, daughter and eight sons were originally in North Carolina. Kenneth Jones, another descendent of the Chubbtown founders, researched the family's history and found that the 1830 census listed Chubbs living as free blacks in North Carolina. The Chubbs and other free blacks journeyed to Georgia and settled near a creek in the northwest corner of the state sometime between 1850 and 1864.According to records of Floyd County, where Chubbtown is located, Henry Chub (spelled with one b), one of the original eight sons, purchased 120 acres for $900 in 1864, before the end of the Civil War.The settlement grew to include a church, school, post office, meeting hall and a lodge. It also had businesses such as a saw mill, cotton gin, wagon company, blacksmith, grist mill, syrup mill and a company that made caskets. The settlers farmed the land and were self-sufficient.During the Post-Reconstruction period the Chubb brothers continued purchasing real estate to become the self-sufficient community known as Chubbtown. The Chubb family remained and prospered in Floyd County, Georgia, while many southern blacks were seeking prosperity in the north. The town was spared destruction by the Union Army during the Civil War.[5] The family's prosperity declined after 1916 when a devastating flood destroyed  ★ Support this podcast on Patreon ★

Application. In the year of the 150th anniversary of the Fifteenth Amendment Columbia University history professor and historian Eric Foner said about the Fifteenth Amendment as well as its history during the Reconstruction era and Post-Reconstruction era: It's a remarkable accomplishment given that slavery was such a dominant institution before the Civil War. But the history of the 15th Amendment also shows rights can never be taken for granted: Things can be achieved and things can be taken away. Reconstruction. African Americans called the amendment the nation's "second birth" and a "greater revolution than that of 1776" according to historian Eric Foner in his book The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution. The first black person known to vote after the amendment's adoption was Thomas Mundy Peterson, who cast his ballot on March 31, 1870, in a Perth Amboy, New Jersey referendum election adopting a revised city charter. African Americans—many of them newly freed slaves—put their newfound freedom to use, voting in scores of black candidates. During Reconstruction, 16 black men served in Congress and 2,000 black men served in elected local, state and federal positions according to Columbia University history professor Eric Foner. In United States v Reese (1876), the first U.S. Supreme Court decision interpreting the Fifteenth Amendment, the Court interpreted the amendment narrowly, upholding ostensibly race-neutral limitations on suffrage including poll taxes, literacy tests, and a grandfather clause that exempted citizens from other voting requirements if their grandfathers had been registered voters. The Court also stated that the amendment does not confer the right of suffrage, but it invests citizens of the United States with the right of exemption from discrimination in the exercise of the elective franchise on account of their race, color, or previous condition of servitude, and empowers Congress to enforce that right by "appropriate legislation". The Court wrote: The Fifteenth Amendment does not confer the right of suffrage upon anyone. It prevents the States, or the United States, however, from giving preference, in this particular, to one citizen of the United States over another on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Before its adoption, this could be done. It was as much within the power of a State to exclude citizens of the United States from voting on account of race, & color, as it was on account of age, property, or education. Now it is not. If citizens of one race having certain qualifications are permitted by law to vote, those of another having the same qualifications must be. Previous to this amendment, there was no constitutional guaranty against this discrimination: now there is. It follows that the amendment has invested the citizens of the United States with a new constitutional right which is within the protecting power of Congress. That right is an exemption from discrimination in the exercise of the elective franchise on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Under the express provisions of the second section of the amendment, Congress may enforce it by "appropriate legislation".

In this episode 264, we visit with Michael Almond, author of “The Tannery,” a story that rings true about racial injustice in 1900 in Wilkes County, North Carolina. The Tannery transports readers to the turbulent world of the post-Reconstruction South. Reflecting issues prominent in today's headlines, themes of Black voter suppression and intimidation, the violence and depravity of vigilante “justice,” and the rise of Jim Crow drive the narrative to its dramatic and surprising conclusion. Frye Gaillard, civil rights historian, author of “A Hard Rain: America in the 1960s,” says this about the book: “Riveting.... In his debut novel, Michael Almond has given us a page-turner. Far more than a legal thriller, though it is that, The Tannery is historical fiction at its finest - a story set near the turn of the 20th Century in North Carolina. Some of this tale will sound disturbingly familiar to readers in the 21st Century, all the more reason to consider its lessons. History can come alive in a great work of fiction. This is one of those times.” Engage with the show here: https://linktr.ee/CharlotteReadersPodcast Detailed show notes here: https://charlottereaderspodcast.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/charlottereaderspodcast Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/charlottereaderspodcast/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/charlottereader Charlotte Readers Podcast is a proud member of the Authors on the Air Global Radio Network and the Queen City Podcast Network. © Charlotte Readers Podcast and Authors on the Air Global Radio Network

In this episode 264, we visit with Michael Almond, author of “The Tannery,” a story that rings true about racial injustice in 1900 in Wilkes County, North Carolina. The Tannery transports readers to the turbulent world of the post-Reconstruction South. Reflecting issues prominent in today's headlines, themes of Black voter suppression and intimidation, the violence and depravity of vigilante “justice,” and the rise of Jim Crow drive the narrative to its dramatic and surprising conclusion. Frye Gaillard, civil rights historian, author of “A Hard Rain: America in the 1960s,” says this about the book: “Riveting.... In his debut novel, Michael Almond has given us a page-turner. Far more than a legal thriller, though it is that, The Tannery is historical fiction at its finest - a story set near the turn of the 20th Century in North Carolina. Some of this tale will sound disturbingly familiar to readers in the 21st Century, all the more reason to consider its lessons. History can come alive in a great work of fiction. This is one of those times.” Engage with the show here: https://linktr.ee/CharlotteReadersPodcast Detailed show notes here: https://charlottereaderspodcast.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/charlottereaderspodcast Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/charlottereaderspodcast/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/charlottereader Charlotte Readers Podcast is a proud member of the Authors on the Air Global Radio Network and the Queen City Podcast Network. © Charlotte Readers Podcast and Authors on the Air Global Radio Network

Abandon yourself to the absolute limits of obscenity. Sex murders, early clubs, and a woman who is paid literally to act bored while sleeping with men. We’ll survey clubs and saloons from the roughly forty years following the Civil War and discuss #SHEroes like Kate Townsend, Gertie Livingston, Josephine Icebox, the women of Smoky Row, and so much moreNote: I forgot to mention the Great Southern Babylon as a major source for this week’s episode. Music for this weeks episode was Ragtime Afternoons by Rich in Rags available through Epidemic Sound.Get in touch with me @quinnlarouxdrag or through quinnlarouxdrag@gmail.comIf you would like to gain access to extra episodes and support the podcast, I am on patreon at patreon.com/loosepodcastResources used in today’s episode include but are not limited to:The Great Southern Babylon by Alecia P Long (Directly quoted in the episode)The Accident of Color by Danile BrookWayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments by Saidiya HartmanStoryville, New Orleans by Al RoseThe Making of Asian America by Erika LeeAmerica for Americans by Erika LeeMore info and photos can be found at:http://www.storyvilledistrictnola.com/kate_townsend.htmlMore info on use of word fat (It’ll come up a lot in more episodes in the future)https://www.huffpost.com/entry/8-women-on-why-they-are-reclaiming-the-word-fat_b_57eec8d0e4b0972364deb2e4

(This episode was recorded a few weeks before the Iowa Caucuses, it doesn’t contain any refer to them but the content is still very apt). In all the conversations I have heard over Limited Government, Overbearing Government, Libertarianism, NeoConservatism, NeoLiberalism and a variant of other topics, seldom – if ever – have I heard any of the commentators answer the question posed in the title. I have come to believe answering this single question will unleash a force heretofore missing from our political dialogue, the force to rework and realign political ideologies. Such a realignment has happened twice before in this countries history, first in the Post-Reconstruction years and second in the Great Depression. Some argument could be made for the Progressive Era, since much of the corruption prevalent during the Post-Reconstruction years was unraveled during this time period; I decided to reject this argument though, deciding to see that era’s unraveling as becoming hypersonic and burning with social consciousness during the FDR response to the Great Depression. While this thinking colored my commentary, it did not make it into this podcast episode (I thought you might want to know about it anyway). Enjoy! To Download this Episode Go to: http://radio4all.net/index.php/program/105034 --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

In this episode, Dr. Akers examines how the harmful mindsets and policies of the Reconstruction and the Post-Reconstruction eras set the notion of equality and the Civil Rights Movement back decades.

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Benjamin R. Justesen is the author of the Pulitzer-Prize-nominated biography, George Henry White: An Even Chance in the Race for Life.Ben holds undergraduate degrees in English Literature and Journalism, graduate degrees in journalism, technical writing and political science, and a Ph.D. in Interdisciplinary Studies. His career has included stints as a newspaper reporter and a Foreign Service Officer for the U.S. Department of State. Today, Ben enjoys a career as a writer and editor.While in journalism school, Ben discovered and began to research the career of Congressman, George Henry White, the last African-American to represent North Carolina in the U.S. Congress in the nineteenth century.Ben also wrote the script for a 2012 documentary about George Henry White, American Phoenix. He is also the author of In His Own Words: The Writings, Speeches, and Letters of George Henry White and Broken Brotherhood: The Rise and Fall of the National Afro-American Council.His new book, Forgotten Legacy: William McKinley, George Henry White, and the Struggles for Black Equality, is set to be published by LSU Press in 2020.Click here to learn more about the life and career of George Henry White.Click here to find, George Henry White: An Even Chance in the Race for Life on AmazonClick here to connect with Ben on LinkedIn.The SuccessInSight Podcast is a production of Fox Coaching, Inc. and First Story Strategies.Link to Success InSight Podcast: https://www.successinsightpodcast.com/2020/01/ben-justesen.html

Parallels of Post-Reconstruction and Post-Obama Reconstruction Era" MONDAY, June, 2011 Listening to The Gist of Freedom Archives .... Parallels of Post-Reconstruction and Post-Obama Reconstruction Era As I witness the ongoing assault of all-things-Barack-Obama and the environment of hatred that has ensued after his election, this atmosphere is reminiscent of the Post-Reconstruction Era. Post-Reconstruction is also called the Nadir Era because it signified one of the lowest points of US history due to the violent, white backlash against African-American progress in the country. Today's whites have dirty little family secrets about a racist great-great-grandmother or a plantation-owning ancestor and even an heirloom of a picture postcard of a lynching circa 1907. Whereas black folk have many hushed family stories about an ancestor being the photo on the lynching postcard, someone who had to abandon their family in fear of being killed, or ran out of town, beat-up, or raped or unrightfully disposed of lands during these times.

Donald Trump has a lot in common with former Confederates 120 years ago – urging his minions to go to “certain areas” on Election Day and “watch” who is voting - REMINISCENT OF THE TENSIONS WHICH LED TO THE NEW ORLEANS MASSACRE OF 1866 ? At a recent rally in Pennsylvania – a must-win state – Trump digressed from his text to remind his mostly white audience of this danger, urging them to go to “certain areas” on Election Day and “watch” who was voting. The implication, of course, was that they should challenge anyone who appeared to be unqualified. Nor was this a random remark. The Trump campaign features a website where supporters can sign up to become a “Trump Election Observer” and “Stop Crooked Hillary From Rigging This Election!” -------- VOTING RIGHTS TENSION LED TO THE NEW ORLEANS MASSACRE OF 1866: The state Constitutional Convention of 1864 gave greater freedoms to blacks within Louisiana but did not provide for black voting rights. Free people of color had long been an important part of New Orleans; many owned property and were seeking the vote. Republicans had the goals of extending the suffrage to freedmen and eliminating the Black Codes. ------ Alonzo Jacob Ransier In 1866, Ransier attended South Carolina's first Republican convention and traveled to Washington with a petition from a Charleston meeting of the Friends of Equal Rights. While in Congress he fought for a civil rights bill, supported strong tariff laws, opposed arbitrary salary increases for federal officials, advocated term limits for politicians and petitioned for funds to improve the maintenance of Charleston harbor.     Ransier defended the record of Black soldiers who fought for the Union during the Civil War, recalling their support for President Grant in his 1872 reelection bid.    

Emmy-award winning journalist and former Georgia state senator Steen “The Newslady” Miles will join hosts A.Raquel & Mahoghany Dawn live May 14, 2013 at 7 PM EST to discuss How Journalists Have Changed the Course of Public Perception: Civil Rights, Race Relations, Post Reconstruction (1877) and more.  Also, celebrity entertainment blogger Ray Cornelius (http://raycornelius.com/) will stop by to share the latest on entertainment news. The call in number is (773) 897-3986. You will be empowered, educated and enlightened. Remember…“where there's NO DIALOGUE, there's NO CONVERSATION!” Connect with us on Twitter https://twitter.com/@TheConvoCafe and Facebook: www.facebook.com/TheConvoCafe. Remember…“where there's NO DIALOGUE, there's NO CONVERSATION!”

Andrei Williams‘ provocative new book on African American class divisions in Post-Reconstruction and Jim Crow America is sure to spark spirited debate among those interested in how the interplay of economic status and racial identity influence what has been called “the black experience.” Her insightful book is called Dividing Lines: Social Class Anxiety and Postbellum Black Fiction (University of Michigan, 2013). Specifically, the book examines how late-nineteenth-century black authors represent intra-racial stratification and class mobility. Analyzing works by such authors as Frances Harper, Sutton Griggs, Paul L. Dunbar, and Charles Chesnutt, Williams casts doubt on the now two-easy distinction between sell out and black nationalist when it comes to class ascension as she historicizes the moment when blacks were seeking to compete in the mainstream. Her look at representations of class at the turn of the 20th Century is fresh and illuminating. Please, listen in to the discussion. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Andrei Williams‘ provocative new book on African American class divisions in Post-Reconstruction and Jim Crow America is sure to spark spirited debate among those interested in how the interplay of economic status and racial identity influence what has been called “the black experience.” Her insightful book is called Dividing Lines: Social Class Anxiety and Postbellum Black Fiction (University of Michigan, 2013). Specifically, the book examines how late-nineteenth-century black authors represent intra-racial stratification and class mobility. Analyzing works by such authors as Frances Harper, Sutton Griggs, Paul L. Dunbar, and Charles Chesnutt, Williams casts doubt on the now two-easy distinction between sell out and black nationalist when it comes to class ascension as she historicizes the moment when blacks were seeking to compete in the mainstream. Her look at representations of class at the turn of the 20th Century is fresh and illuminating. Please, listen in to the discussion. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/african-american-studies

Andrei Williams‘ provocative new book on African American class divisions in Post-Reconstruction and Jim Crow America is sure to spark spirited debate among those interested in how the interplay of economic status and racial identity influence what has been called “the black experience.” Her insightful book is called Dividing Lines: Social Class Anxiety and Postbellum Black Fiction (University of Michigan, 2013). Specifically, the book examines how late-nineteenth-century black authors represent intra-racial stratification and class mobility. Analyzing works by such authors as Frances Harper, Sutton Griggs, Paul L. Dunbar, and Charles Chesnutt, Williams casts doubt on the now two-easy distinction between sell out and black nationalist when it comes to class ascension as she historicizes the moment when blacks were seeking to compete in the mainstream. Her look at representations of class at the turn of the 20th Century is fresh and illuminating. Please, listen in to the discussion. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Andrei Williams‘ provocative new book on African American class divisions in Post-Reconstruction and Jim Crow America is sure to spark spirited debate among those interested in how the interplay of economic status and racial identity influence what has been called “the black experience.” Her insightful book is called Dividing Lines: Social Class Anxiety and Postbellum Black Fiction (University of Michigan, 2013). Specifically, the book examines how late-nineteenth-century black authors represent intra-racial stratification and class mobility. Analyzing works by such authors as Frances Harper, Sutton Griggs, Paul L. Dunbar, and Charles Chesnutt, Williams casts doubt on the now two-easy distinction between sell out and black nationalist when it comes to class ascension as she historicizes the moment when blacks were seeking to compete in the mainstream. Her look at representations of class at the turn of the 20th Century is fresh and illuminating. Please, listen in to the discussion. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Context of White Supremacy hosts the weekly study session on Dr. William Pierce's The Turner Diaries. Many White Supremacists regard this book as the bible of White Terrorism. Timothy McVeigh is reported to have sold and freely disseminated Dr. Pierce's infamous text. The novel depicts the break down of White Terror Domination and an openly violent conflict between White people and black people. Turner's text may represent a "21st century Post-Reconstruction" climate. *Be on the look out for anti-sexual/"homosexual" content* #TimothyMcVeigh #TheCOWS13 INVEST in The COWS – http://paypal.me/TheCOWS Cash App: https://cash.app/$TheCOWS CALL IN NUMBER: 720.716.7300 CODE 564943#

The Context of White Supremacy hosts the weekly study session on Dr. William Pierce's The Turner Diaries. Many White Supremacists regard this book as the bible of White Terrorism. Timothy McVeigh is reported to have sold and freely disseminated Dr. Pierce's infamous text. The novel depicts the break down of White Terror Domination and an openly violent conflict between White people and black people. Turner's text may represent a "21st century Post-Reconstruction" climate. *Be on the look out for anti-sexual/"homosexual" content* INVEST in The COWS â?? http://tiny.cc/ledjb CALL IN NUMBER: 760.569.7676 CODE 564943# SKYPE: FREECONFERENCECALLHD.7676 CODE 564943# The C.O.W.S. archives: http://tiny.cc/76f6p

Meet Blogger Eco-Soul as she explains her controversial piece on Obama's presidency  "Parallels of Post-Reconstruction and Post-Obama Reconstruction Era" To view the slide-show click But before you understand Post-Reconstruction, let me briefly explain the period of Reconstruction. This time marked a period of serious rebuilding of a fractured infrastructure due to a Civil War that left the United States dismantled, broke, and uncertain of its future. One of the biggest plans that had to be put in place were policies and laws to ensure that recently emancipated enslaved black folk and quasi-free Negroes would be provided the opportunity to receive some of the civil liberties that whites had enjoyed for over two hundred years. Things such as basic public education, land ownership, business loans, military protection in the South, the ability to sue in court and the right to vote for black men (remember women were not a part of the public sphere during this time) were just a few of the things implemented. And what happened? Black folks flourished, often becoming more prosperous than the local whites.  Since black folk had command of many of the trades, knew the land, and were industrious, plus communal, fully-operating and self-contained black communities, began to spring up throughout the country. Eventually, they began to compete and in some cases, surpass the prosperity of with local markets, i.e. Black Wall Street, black communities