Wisuru‘s Biography Podcast

This is the final part of Stephen Hawking's biography. In this episode, find out about his family life, how the disease progressed, and also some interesting facts about him. After this episode, I will take a break for a few months, and will meet you again next year with the biography of another famous person. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography Or send us a message in Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/WisuruBiography

Last week, we looked at how Stephen Hawking found out that he had Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and fell into depression. We also looked at how his girl friend Jane, and his PhD supervisor Dennis Sciama helped him get out of the depression and start focusing on his research. We ended the episode by looking at how Stephen Hawking publicly humiliated Fred Hoyle. This week, let's find out how Stephen Hawking finished his research and started his career. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

Last week, we looked at the theories that existed before Stephen Hawking's time, which explained the origin of the universe. We ended the episode by looking at how and why Stephen Hawking joined the university of Cambridge and how the year 1963 became a year of ups and downs in his life. It was in this year that he was diagnosed with the motor neuron disease. This week, we look at how the disease affected him, and how he found the courage to keep moving forward. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

Last week, we looked at Stephen Hawking's childhood, and how his interest for mathematics and physics began. We finished the episode by looking at how his father thought that mathematics had no career prospects, and hence, forced him to study medicine at oxford, where he himself had studied, and follow in his footsteps. In this week's episode of Stephen Hawking's biography, we look at what choice he made, after his father forced him to study Medicine at Cambridge university. We also look at his life at Cambridge and the theories regarding the origin of the universe that existed at that time. Summary Stephen Hawking chose to study at Cambridge. But he didn't choose medicine like his father wanted him to. Instead, he chose Physics and Chemistry. Life at Cambridge Initially, life at Cambridge was too boring and lonely for Stephen Hawking, because he finished all his assignments early. But his classmates weren't as brilliant as him. So, they took a long time to finish it. Therefore, when they were doing assignments, he had to idle away the time. As one can imagine, that would have been too boring for Hawking. But in the second year, he joined the university's rowing club, so that he could make friends. But contrary to his expectations, the club assigned him the job of steering the boat, because he was too weak to row. But Stephen Hawking steered the boat through dangerous water routes, thus damaging the boats. Thus he became the daredevil of his rowing club. During this time, he also found other interests like cosmology, music, etc. Stephen Hawking's parents Stephen Hawking's father was Frank Hawking [Citation 1], who worked as a medical researcher in a medical institute in Hampstead. His mother, Isobel Eileen Hawking [Citation 2], worked as a secretary in the same medical institute. That's how they met, fell in love and got married. As a result of this love, on January 8th, 1942, Stephen Hawking was born. Stephen Hawking's childhood The Hawkings were people who were considered eccentric by others. They used an old taxi for traveling, grew bees, and produced fireworks. They also ate food in complete silence, while reading books. But despite being born to eccentric, but intelligent parents, Hawking wasn't initially a high-achiever at school. He was actually ranked third from the last in his class.  Until he was eight years old, he didn't even learn to read properly, because the school he was studying at, Byron House School, used hands-on projects to teach pupils to solve problems, instead of teaching them to read and write. After he turned eight years old, he started studying at the St.Albans all-girls' school. The girls' school permitted boys less than ten years old to study at the school, and hence, Hawking continued his education there. Once he turned ten years old, he began studying at the St.Alban's partially co-educational school. But even in this school, he did not focus much on his studies. He considered the subjects boring, and hence, spent time with his friends, discussing Christianity, playing board games, and making model boats and airplanes instead of studying. But all this changed when Dikran Tahta, a British Armenian mathematician [Citation 3] came to work at St.Albans school, and started teaching Hawking and his class mathematics. The teaching methods he used impressed Hawking immediately. He also liked to have discussions with his students. So, Hawking became interested in mathematics and science, and decided to do his Bachelor's degree in mathematics. But Hawking's father wanted him to study medicine at Oxford, so that he could follow in his footsteps. But what did Hawking do? Find out in the next episode of this podcast. Citations https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/frank-hawking https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/stephen-hawkings-scottish-mum-isobel-12184420 https://rhed.amsi.org.au/stephen-hawking-honours-maths-teacher-inspired/ Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this week's episode, we take a look at Stephen Hawking's parents and his childhood. Summary Stephen Hawking is one of those people who have shaped our understanding of the universe. At a time when nobody thought that Black Holes could shrink, Stephen Hawking postulated that Black Holes could shrink too, not just keep expanding with time. Even though people vehemently opposed him when he postulated his theory, now, it is widely accepted among the scientific community. Stephen Hawking's birth was like a movie A few years back I watched a movie in my mother tongue Tamil. In this movie, hero's friend, let's call him Raj, falls in love with a girl. But unfortunately for him, the girl whom he falls in love with, let's call her Priya, is the daughter of a political leader. Raj, on the other hand, works as a car driver in the same political leader's home. As a driver, one of his tasks was to bring Priya to the places she wanted to go. So, that's how they got to know each other and fell in love. But even though Raj loves Priya so much, he is shit scared of her mother. Unlike in the USA and European countries, marrying the person one loves, is not such a simple thing in India. There are lots of factors that should match - caste, horoscope, financial status, etc. So, as a driver, Raj was neither of the same caste as Priya, nor did he have a respectable financial status. So, he asks his friend, the hero, lets call him Vijay, for help. So, the hero agrees to help them get married. According to our tradition, the marriage is considered complete when the bridegroom ties a holy thread around the neck of the bride. So, all three of them, the hero Vijay, his friend Raj, and Raj's lover Priya, get into a car and go to a temple to get married. But somehow, Priya's mother keeps finding out their location, regardless of wherever they go, and sends thugs to stop them. So, at one point of time, they are just one km away from the temple, but they abandon the car and start running into a crowd, because they are surrounded. They run, while the thugs belonging to Priya's mother try to kill them by shooting at them. But somehow they reach the temple. At that time, the hero Vijay vanishes suddenly. But Raj and Priya enter the temple, and notice that they don't have the holy thread, and without it, the marriage is not considered complete. Vijay was supposed to bring the holy thread, but he has suddenly gone missing. Exactly at that moment, Priya's mother enters the temple with her thugs, and standing behind them, showing them where Raj and Priya were, was Vijay. It's only then that it becomes apparent to Raj and Priya that the person who was revealing their location to Priya's mother all this time was none other than Vijay. While Priya's mother thanks Vijay for helping them, Vijay suddenly throws the holy thread to Raj and asks him to tie it around Priya's neck. So, Raj does that and completes the marriage. Now, Priya's mother cannot separate them anymore. Finally Raj and Priya are happy, even though Priya's mother is furious at them and also at Vijay for backstabbing her. But Raj and Priya still can't understand why Vijay revealed their location to Priya's mother and made them struggle so much for a marriage that could have been done easily without any struggle. So, they ask Vijay why he did that. Vijay replies, that if they had done a simple marriage, it would have been mundane. But now, it has become extremely thrilling and interesting, because of the chasing, the shooting, and their great escape. So, for those of you who are by this point of time, wondering, what has this story go to do with Stephen Hawking's biography, just like this story, Stephen Hawking's birth was also an interesting event. To give birth to him, his mother had to run away to Oxford, and his birth itself, was shrouded in prophecies.   Stephen Hawking's parents Stephen Hawking's father was Frank Hawking [Citation 1], who worked as a medical researcher in a medical institute in Hampstead. His mother, Isobel Eileen Hawking [Citation 2], worked as a secretary in the same medical institute. That's how they met, fell in love and got married. As a result of this love, on January 8th, 1942, Stephen Hawking was born. Stephen Hawking's childhood The Hawkings were people who were considered eccentric by others. They used an old taxi for traveling, grew bees, and produced fireworks. They also ate food in complete silence, while reading books. But despite being born to eccentric, but intelligent parents, Hawking wasn't initially a high-achiever at school. He was actually ranked third from the last in his class.  Until he was eight years old, he didn't even learn to read properly, because the school he was studying at, Byron House School, used hands-on projects to teach pupils to solve problems, instead of teaching them to read and write. After he turned eight years old, he started studying at the St.Albans all-girls' school. The girls' school permitted boys less than ten years old to study at the school, and hence, Hawking continued his education there. Once he turned ten years old, he began studying at the St.Alban's partially co-educational school. But even in this school, he did not focus much on his studies. He considered the subjects boring, and hence, spent time with his friends, discussing Christianity, playing board games, and making model boats and airplanes instead of studying. But all this changed when Dikran Tahta, a British Armenian mathematician [Citation 3] came to work at St.Albans school, and started teaching Hawking and his class mathematics. The teaching methods he used impressed Hawking immediately. He also liked to have discussions with his students. So, Hawking became interested in mathematics and science, and decided to do his Bachelor's degree in mathematics. But Hawking's father wanted him to study medicine at Oxford, so that he could follow in his footsteps. But what did Hawking do? Find out in the next episode of this podcast. Citations https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/frank-hawking https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/stephen-hawkings-scottish-mum-isobel-12184420 https://rhed.amsi.org.au/stephen-hawking-honours-maths-teacher-inspired/ Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this week's episode, we find out if Charles Darwin or his theories were behind social Darwinism and eugenics. Read our blog post Would you rather read about his biography? Click here: Darwin, social Darwinism, and eugenics. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/science/eugenics-and-social-darwinism/ Summary In today's episode, we look at social Darwinism and eugenics. Then we go on to find out if Darwin or his theories were really behind these practices. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this week's episode, we take a look at which of Charles Darwin's theories were correct, and which were wrong.   Read our blog post Would you rather read about his biography? Click here: Charles Darwin. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/charles-darwin/   Summary When I posted about Charles Darwin in several Facebook groups, many people argued that Darwin was a failure since many of his theories were disproved. As a kids, I liked monkeys, particularly the way they jump from one branch to another. Even my favorite god is the monkey god Hanuman (I have attached a picture of Hanuman below). So, when I learned about Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, I immediately thought of him as a hero. So, even though I wasn't offended by people arguing that Darwin's theories have been disproved, I wanted to find out how much of it is actually true. So, I decided to create this (and the next episode) which focuses on finding out which of Darwin's theories are accepted today, and which are not. The Theories that Darwin got correct 1. Theory of Natural selection This is the theory of evolution that Darwin proposed [Citation 1]. He postulated that variations occur randomly in individuals among a species. If these variations are favorable, they help the organism survive and reproduce, and hence, these variations are passed on to the next generation. If they are not favorable, they are lost. Natural Selection is the name given to the combination of factors that automatically decide which organisms get to reproduce and which do not. 2. Anagenesis Anagenesis is just an extension of Natural Selection. It says that if a species continually evolves, then after several hundreds or thousands of generations, the resulting species would be completely different from the original species. Thus, the new species would have completely replaced the old species. In this case, the original species produces only one new species. There is no branching involved here. 3. Speciation In this concept, the old species does not change into just one new species, but many species. This can happen in species where different populations migrate to different environmentally diverse locations. These populations, facing different natural selection factors, evolve differently into different species after several generations. They wouldn't even be able to mate with each other. Darwin provided several evidence, from different fields, to support these theories. Moreover, the fossils we have obtained over the years prove that he was correct [Citation 2].   The Theories that Darwin got wrong 1. The concept of Gemmules Even though Darwin could tell that evolution happened due to the variations that occur in some individuals, he couldn't explain why these variations occurred. It became a big hole in his theory. So, to plug this hole, Darwin introduced the concept of Gemmules. He postulated that Gemmules were small particles shed by all cells in our bodies. Gemmules can grow into the cells from which they were originally shed, if provided with the required nutrition. These Gemmules accumulate in the genital organs. So, when two individuals of opposite sexes mate, a baby is formed from the Gemmules of the parents. However, this theory was proven wrong, when the concept of Genetics was invented. 2. Earth's age During Darwin's time, Europeans, who were mostly Christians, believed in Bible which said that the earth is 6,000 years old. But Darwin knew that 6,000 years weren't enough for life to originate and evolve to such an extent, that an intelligent species like human beings came to existence. So, when a Scottish engineer proposed that earth was actually 100 million years old, Darwin immediately sided with him. But Darwin was wrong, since the earth is actually more than 4.5 billion years old. 3. The Tree of Life Darwin imagined the evolution as a single tree, which he called 'The Tree of Life' [Citation 3]. You can see Darwin's sketch of the Tree of Life from 1837, below. Darwin thought that life would have originated from a single species, and eventually branched out into the innumerable species he saw then, like in a tree where a big branch branches out into several small branches and these small branches branch out into even smaller branches. But recent research shows that species not only breed within themselves, but also with other species. Thus, evolution can no more be thought of as a tree, instead, it should be thought of as a web. So, this is one more thing that Darwin got wrong. Next week, we will look at Charles Darwin's role in Eugenics.   Citations https://www.britannica.com/list/what-darwin-got-right-and-wrong-about-evolution https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zcqbdxs/revision/7 https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/jan/21/charles-darwin-evolution-species-tree-life Resources Picture of Hanuman - https://www.flipkart.com/god-god-s-large-hanuman-ji-modern-art-107/p/itmfehy26thtzbm8 Charles Darwin's drawing of the Tree of Life - By Charles Darwin - Page 36 of Notebook B: [Transmutation of species (1837-1838)]. 'commenced. . . July 1837'; from Darwin Online, Public Domain, Public Domain, Link Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this week's episode, we take a look at how Charles Darwin postulated the Theory of Natural Selection. We also look at what that theory was and finally finish the episode with some interesting facts about Darwin. Read our blog post Would you rather read about his biography? Click here: Charles Darwin. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/charles-darwin/ Summary Two theories of evolution existed during Charles Darwin's time. Darwin, who read these two theories, was motivated to find out how evolution really happened [Citation1]. Malthus' essay While Darwin was pondering over how evolution really happens, in 1838, he read an essay written by Thomas Malthus. In this essay, Malthus argues that, if left unchecked, all species have the ability to reproduce indefinitely and overpopulate the earth within a few hundred generations and outstrip food production. And yet, it doesn't happen. Every year, the populations of varied species remain stable. Natural Selection While thinking about what Malthus had written, Darwin realized that there must be some combination of natural factors that keeps the populations of different species in check. Due to these factors, many of the organisms in varied species must have died even before they could have had the chance to reproduce. Darwin named this combination of natural factors 'Natural Selection,' because he felt that these factors select which organisms get to reproduce and have children, and which do not. According to Darwin, Natural Selection was the force behind evolution. Thus, the Theory of Natural Selection originated. For example, in places where there was no grass, but only tall trees, giraffes with slightly elongated necks and front legs would have had a better chance of procuring food, while those that didn't possess these attributes would have died out, before reproducing. Thus, the next generation of giraffes would have longer front legs and necks. This process would have continued for hundreds of generations. As a result, the giraffes we see today have extremely long necks and front legs when compared to any other organism in this world. Reluctance to publish his theory But even though Darwin had come up with his own theory of evolution in the year 1838, he did not publish it then, because he was afraid that he might be ostracized by society for mentioning something like that. After all, he would be suggesting that human beings actually evolved from other organisms, and were not created by god. This would go against the beliefs of many major religions at that time. So, for the next two decades, he kept experimenting and gathering more evidence to prove his theory. (Darwin's drawing below is based on his belief that evolution would have begun with one organism (1 in the drawing) and then branched and rebranched, to produce the numerous varied species in this world). Wallace's essay On June 18th, 1858, Darwin read an essay [Citation 2] published by Alfred Russel Wallace, an English naturalist who had sailed to South East Asia and collected specimens there. Darwin was spellbound by the similarities Wallace's essay had, with his own theory of evolution. So, even though he had originally planned to write a big book on his thoughts about evolution, he hurriedly wrote an abstract, called 'On the Origin of Species.' Then, he had both his abstract and Wallace's essay read out in the Biological Society in London. Then, he started working on the big book he had always dreamt to finish. Sexual Selection In his abstract (On the Origin of Species), Darwin explains that natural selection is not the only catalyst behind evolution. There was one more catalyst, called Sexual Selection. Sexual Selection is the process in which, in many organisms, the female (mostly) chooses which male to mate with. The males, on the other hand, compete with each other, to attract the attention of the female. Sexual selection is another factor, which decides which members of a species get to reproduce and which do not. Able members of one sex (mostly males) can mate with many females and have lots of children, while less able males have the least chance of mating and reproducing. Thus, the next generation would have more individuals with the characteristics of the more able males, and fewer individuals with the characteristics of the less able males. Copley Medal Darwin finally finished the first part of the big book, which he had always wanted to write, in 1868. He named it, 'The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication.' But before finishing its second part, he died. Darwin also published other books, like, 'The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex' and 'The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.' Both these books became hugely popular, exceeding his own expectations. The Royal Society of London (Britain's national academy of sciences) honored Darwin for his lifelong contribution to science by awarding him the Copley medal (Britain's highest scientific honor) in 1864. (A picture of Charles Darwin in 1868 can be found below) Death In 1882, Charles Darwin was diagnosed with 'Angina Pectoris.' It is an illness that causes chest pain due to the insufficient flow of blood to the heart. Darwin died on April 19th of the same year. Finally, I end the episode by looking at some interesting facts about Darwin. Citations http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html http://darwin-online.org.uk/converted/published/1858_species_F350.html   Resources Charles Darwin's drawing - By Charles Darwin - Page 36 of Notebook B: [Transmutation of species (1837-1838)]. 'commenced. . . July 1837'; from Darwin Online, Public Domain, Public Domain, Link Picture of Charles Darwin - By Julia Margaret Cameron - Reprinted in Charles Darwin: His Life Told in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters, edited by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. 1892.Scanned by User:Davepape, Public Domain, Link Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this week's episode, we take a look at how Charles Darwin began his journey, which eventually led to the formulation of his theory of Evolution. We also take a look at the theories of evolution that existed before Charles Darwin's time. Read our blog post Would you rather read about his biography? Click here: Charles Darwin. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/charles-darwin/ Summary Cambridge University When Charles Darwin returned home without finishing his medical degree, his father was disappointed. He thought that if medicine did not interest Darwin, he should become a parson [Citation1]. So, he sent Darwin to Cambridge University, so that he could do a BA degree and become a parson. But in Cambridge University, too, Darwin spent most of his time pursuing his hobbies. His most important hobby was collecting beetles, which was a big craze at that time. But besides that, he also loved riding horses and shooting. But besides spending a lot of time on his hobbies, he disregarded them and started studying whenever exams neared. Therefore, he could pass his BA degree on time. During his time at Cambridge University, he came to like the classes of his botany professor, Revd. John Stevens Henslow. Henslow would eventually become Darwin's mentor. Desire to travel After his final exams were over, Darwin read several books. One of these books was the personal narrative of a German explorer called Alexander von Humboldt. Humbolt had spent five years traveling extensively on the American continent. He then described his travel from a scientific point of view. After reading this book, Darwin decided to travel the world, and contribute to science. The place he chose for this purpose was the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. But his trip got postponed for a year. So, he got sad. But his botany professor Henslow recommended him for an expedition which was arranged by the geologist Adam Sedgwick. So, Sedgwick took Darwin with him to the expedition in Wales, England. The expedition lasted two weeks. After he returned home from the expedition, he found a letter addressed to him. The Voyage that changed everything At the recommendation of Darwin's botany professor Henslow, the captain of the ship called HMS Beagle decided to take Darwin on his voyage. HMS Beagle was preparing for its second voyage to South America to survey the land and water bodies there. The ship needed someone to investigate the geology of these areas. This is the position that Darwin was supposed to fill in. The ship and its crew, along with Darwin, set sail in 1831. Darwin was just 22 years old at that time. The 5-year-voyage (A map of this voyage is attached below) turned out to be a boon for Darwin. He visited four continents and collected countless samples of the plants, animals, birds, and fossils there. After he returned to England, he gave these samples to zoologists, so that they could examine them. Darwin's natural history collections proved extremely useful. Darwin started publishing the reports of the analysis of the samples, provided by the zoologists, as a book called 'Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle.' He even got a grant of £1,000 for publishing these books. Darwin planned to publish several volumes of this book. His voyage, the samples he had collected during the voyage, and the reports of these samples provided by zoologists helped him understand a lot about evolution. So, he started working on formulating a theory about evolution. Darwin worked too hard to finish his books, as well as formulate his own theory of evolution at the same time. But due to the resulting stress, he got sick and was bedridden. He started trembling and vomiting, suffered from stomach pain, and severe boils started appearing on his body. Even though he got better with time, these symptoms reoccurred again and again in his life, whenever he got overstressed. His disease was never diagnosed or cured. Evolution theories before Darwin's time Even before Darwin proposed his theory of evolution, there were two theories of evolution that were famous. But they had a lot of opposition.  The first of these theories was the 'Theory of Acquired Characteristics' or 'Lamarckism.' It was proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck [Citation2], a French zoologist. He proposed, that when environments change, organisms change their behavior, and as a result, the organs of these organisms change as well. These organisms then pass on these changes to their offspring.  The second theory was proposed by none other than Charles Darwin's paternal grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. In his book called 'Zooomia,' [Citation3] Erasmus argues that all organisms undergo changes constantly, which their offspring inherit from them. Citations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parson http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/02/3/l_023_01.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonomia Resources A map of the second voyage of HMS Beagle - https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/ones-could-charles-darwin-seen-voyage-hms-beagle-1830s-could-supported-theory-evolution-se-q9257813 Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this week's episode, we take a look at the childhood and early life of Charles Darwin, the man who proposed the theory of evolution (theory of natural selection).  Read our blog post Would you rather read about his biography? Click here: Charles Darwin. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/charles-darwin/ Summary Ancestors Charles Darwin's great grandfather was Robert Darwin. He brought the discovery of a Jurassic era reptile to the attention of the UK's Royal Society. His son was Erasmus Darwin. Erasmus Darwin had a friend called Josiah Wedgewood. When Josiah' business partner died, Erasmus became his business partner. This brought them closer. As a result, their children - Erasmus Darwin's son Robert Darwin and Josiah Wedgewood's daughter Susannah - got married. The fifth child of this couple was Erasmus Charles Darwin. He was born on February 12th, 1809. Childhood In the 17th and 18th centuries, Enlightenment [what is Enlightenment? - Citation 1] became popular in Europe. It was a movement that put religion on the backseat by emphasizing on the importance of logic and reasoning in gaining understanding and knowledge. But by the time Charles Darwin was born, the Churches in England had already rejected Enlightenment, and started controlling the syllabus in schools, to prevent people from learning science. But Darwin's grandfathers had always emphasized that an individual should find the truth by himself. So, Darwin grew up unconstrained by the religious norms of his times. Love for nature Charles Darwin had always been interested in nature - He learned the names of plants; he collected insects; he observed the behavior of organisms around him. He inherited this interest in nature from his father. His father was a naturalist, who had studied natural history [What is natural history? - Citation 2]. As he reached his teenage, he started reading about natural history. Interest in natural history Even after his father got him admission in the Edinburgh University to study medicine, Darwin's interest in nature did not fade away. So, he continued to collect insects, observe sea birds, and animals even after he joined the university. He attended zoology and natural history courses and spent a considerable amount of time in the university's natural history museum. He joined a natural history students' group, where he made friends with the same interests as him, and listened to other students' theories about transmutation (which is how evolution was known at that time). But he did not like the subjects that were related to the medical profession. He complained that anatomy was boring. During Darwin's time, anesthetic wasn't invented. So, surgeries were too disturbing for him to watch. So, even though his friend from the natural history students' group abandoned his love for natural history and started medical practice, Darwin quit college. Until now, Charles Darwin hasn't accomplished anything significant in his life. Nor has he laid a solid foundation for a promising career. So, how did he go from here, to formulating the Theory of Natural Selection? We will find out in the next episodes of Charles Darwin's biography. Citations https://www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/enlightenment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this week's episode, we take a look at the Incas, one of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas.  Read our blog post Would you rather read about the Inca Empire? Click here: The Inca Empire. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/history/inca-empire/ Summary The Inca Empire The Inca civilization started as a pastoral society around 1200 AD. But it is not clear where they were before that. The Inca did not have a writing system. So, we have to rely on their creation myths [Citation 1]. The Inca passed down these creation myths from generation to the next orally. According to one of these creation myths, they were created by their sun god. He then sent his four sons and four daughters to lead them. But eventually only one of these four sons, Ayar Manco, lived, and founded the Inca civilization. He led the Inca to Cusco, where they settled around 1200 AD.  Cusco, the place where the Inca settled, was located at the focal point of two previous empires. So, the Inca used their infrastructure to expand rapidly.  The Inca first started their expansion under their fourth emperor Mayta Capac. But their expansion really started to gather speed, under their ninth emperor Cusi Inca Yupanqui, also known as Pachacuti. Under his rule, the Inca Empire expanded rapidly. Pachacuti changed the form of governing, by implementing the system of Tawantinsuyu.  Inca government Under this system, the capital city Cusco was at the center of the Empire. This is where the Inca emperor lived. It was surrounded by four Suyus on four sides (See picture below). Each Suyu was further divided into provinces and each of these provinces were further subdivided into Ayllus. Ayllu is a collection of families, which, in effect, acted as a single large family.  Inca social structure While the Inca Empire was regionally divided as explained above, it was socially divided into four classes: 1. Sapa Inca - the Inca emperor 2. Royalty - The Sapa Inca's family and relatives 3. Nobility - People who helped run the empire, like high priests, military officers, artisans, architects, and local leaders.  4. Commoners - Farmers, shephers, and slaves.  Thus by using a good governing system and a strict social hierarchy, the Inca emperor was able to rule the empire easily. Factors that contributed to the Inca Empire's expansion There were several factors that contributed to the rapid growth of the Inca Empire into the largest empire in the world at that time. Some of these factors were: 1. Efficient road system [Citation 2] 2. Superior farming system 3. Expertise in architecture 4. Religious tolerance The downfall of the Inca Empire Thus, the Inca Empire was prospering greatly in the 16th century. But everything changed suddenly, when the Spanish arrived in Central America. The diseases they spread, reached South America, even before the Spanish reached there. So, many Incas died. The Inca Emperor, and his crown prince were among them. So, left without an emperor, the Inca Empire was in chaos. A civil war started, many people died, and five years later, a leader emerged. But he was tricked by the Spanish, arrested, [Citation 3] and eventually killed (See painting below). Without a strong leader to lead them anymore, the Inca Empire slowly disintegrated, and ended in the year 1572. Citations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Incas https://www.history.com/topics/south-america/inca http://www.discover-peru.org/category/history/history-inca-culture-civilization/ Resources Map of Cusco and four Siyus - http://www.socialhizo.com/images/edad_antigua/incas/ubicacion-geografica/ Inca social classes - https://www.sutori.com/story/inca-empire--YhYJNUQ98ECxTnbyG2LfoWCS Death of the last Inca emperor - By Luis Montero (Piura, 1826 - Callao, 1869) – painter (Peruvian)Born in Piura. Dead in Callao.Details of artist on Google Art Project - LgEg2gaAx_wK1w at Google Cultural Institute maximum zoom level, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21855697 Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, we look at one of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas who rose to power quickly as the dominant force in Central America - The Aztecs Read our blog post Would you rather read about the Aztecs? Click here: Aztecs. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/history/aztecs/ Summary The Aztec Empire - Origin, Expansion, & Downfall Nobody knows where the Aztecs came from. But there is an Aztec legend [Citation1] which is mentioned in Crónica Mexicayotl [Citation 2]. This legend sheds some insight into where the Aztecs came from. According to this story, the Aztecs were nomads who originally lived in a mythical place called Aztlan, in Northern Mexico. Even the name Aztec comes from Aztecah, which means people from Aztlan. One day, one of their gods asked them to move south, because that's where their real home was. So, they started migrating South. He also asked them to change their name to Mexica and they did so. Thus, the Aztecs became Mexica. Then, he told them to look for a sign - an eagle sitting on a cactus fruit. If they found this sign, they should settle there. The Mexica searched far and wide, and found this sign near Lake Texcoco. So, they established their city there in 1325 AD. This city would come to be known as Tenochtitlán, the powerful Mexica city. But Tenochtitlán was initially not so strong even though the Mexica were ferocious warriors. So, for they served as mercenaries for 50 years. Then they served as the tributary of Azcapotzalco for another 50 years. When everything was going fine for the Mexica, suddenly, things took a turn for the worse. The ruler of Azcapotzalco died. So, his sons started a power struggle among themselves. In their squabble, they killed the Mexica king, considering him a threat to the throne. So, his uncle Itzcoatl, who was elected to be the next Mexica king, decided to seek revenge on Azcapotzalco. So he formed an alliance with Tlacopan and Texcoco, two nearby cities which were also wronged by Azcapotzalco. Together, they defeated Azcapotzalco and killed its princes. After the war, these three cities expanded rapidly and their alliance gave rise to the Aztec Empire. They subjugated other smaller cities in the area by conquering them or forcing them to surrender and pay tributes. Thus, the Aztec empire grew in size every day. But with increasing size came increasing instability, because the Aztec Empire expanded by bullying other smaller cities. The biggest problem was its lack of a system to integrate new cities into the Empire. So, the cities that were under the Aztec Empire were always looking for a chance to rebel. Hernán Cortés, a Spanish invader, utilized this instability of the Aztec Empire to gather an army consisting of Native American soldiers belonging to these rebel cities, and defeated Tenochtitlán. Thus, the Aztec Empire fell, and in the place of Tenochtitlán, the Spanish raised a new city, which later came to be known as Mexico city. Aztec society The Aztec people were divided into different classes [Citation 3]. Different people in the Aztec society are listed below in terms of the decreasing order of their power in the empire. The Aztec king and his family - Top of the hierarchy The kings of individual cities Nobles Commoners Slaves Religion The Aztecs prayed to many gods. They believed that they had to sacrifice humans to nourish their gods. They considered it both their duty and obligation to do so. The sacrificed person could go directly where their god lives, and fight in his army. So, people might have considered being sacrificed as an honor and volunteered. But many people who were sacrificed were only slaves.  The nobles in the Aztec society might have also eaten the corpses of the people who were sacrificed [Citation 4], thinking that it will get them closer to their gods. They might have also sacrificed children to their rain god, believing that their tears would bring them rain [Citation 5]. Citations http://www.mesoweb.com/features/aztecs/migration_text.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B3nica_Mexicayotl https://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/aztec-and-maya-law/aztec-social-structure https://www.history.com/news/aztec-human-sacrifice-religion https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/human-sacrifice-aztecs-why-how-ritual-common/ Resources Map of the Aztec empire - https://historylink101.com/1/aztec/aztec_maps.htm Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, we look at one of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas - The Mayas. Read our blog post Would you rather read about the Maya? Read it here: Maya. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/history/the-maya/ Summary The earliest Maya settlements in North America date back to 1800BC [Citation 1]. At that time, they were just a bunch of farmers. But they expanded continuously for the next 2000 years. As a result, by the year 250AD, there were several powerful Maya cities.  The Maya were very religious people. According to them, the gods needed nourishment. So, they offered human blood and human sacrifices to them.  Each of these cities was ruled by a king. The king was at the center of the Maya culture. He was the political, religious, and military head of the country. All the people other than the king fell into one of these three classes - the upper, middle, and lower classes. While the Maya were socially divided into three classes, their empire was regionally divided into several city-states. Each of these city-states had a king. But people in these city-states were not politically united. They did not share a common identity either. But these cities thrived greatly until the ninth century. Then, in the ninth century, these cities were deserted by their own people. The reason for that could be one or a combination of more than one of the below factors: Overexploitation of resources made the soil infertile Constant wars [Citation 2] Severe drought A rigid social structure made responding to natural disasters and wars difficult But regardless of the reason, the Maya cities were abandoned. As a result, when the Spanish came to these places, all they saw were the remnants of what was once a great empire. Finally, this episode ends by discussing some fun facts/common myths about the Maya people, in the below order. 1. Where did the Maya get their name from? 2. Why did the Maya make human sacrifices? [Citation 3] 3. Did the Maya really sacrifice the losers of their ball game, Ulama? [Citation 4 & Citation 5] 4. Did the Maya really predict that the world would end on December 21st, 2012?   Citations https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-americas/maya https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007813518630 https://www.worldhistory.org/Maya_Civilization/ https://cdn.vanderbilt.edu/vu-wp0/wp-content/uploads/sites/99/2017/06/09204236/The-Maya-Ball-Game.pdf https://www.livescience.com/65611-how-to-play-maya-ballgame.html Resources An illustration of the Maya Social class - http://www.historyshistories.com/maya-society.html An illustration of the Maya Ball game - https://santacruzarchitect.wordpress.com/2013/11/17/the-architecture-of-the-mayan-ballgame/ Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out about the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas, whom Christopher Columbus met. We will first find out who the ancestors of these Indigenous Peoples were. Then, we will proceed to find out how these Indigenous People lived. Read our blog post Would you rather read about the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas? Read it here: 1. The Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/history/the-indigenous-peoples-of-the-americas/ 2. The Caribs and the Arawaks. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/history/caribs-and-arawaks/ Summary The first humans came to the Americas through the Bering bridge, which is also known as Beringia. Since the global temperature at that time was 8°C lower [Citation 1] than it is today, and a lot of water was in the form of ice, Beringia was not covered by water. So, people came to this Beringia, 24,000 years ago [Citation 2] & [Citation 3], because it offered them better chances of survival [citation 4]. They stayed there for around 10,000 years or lesser and then moved to the Americas [Citation 5]. These people were the ancestors of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. Caribbean Islands Two Indigenous Peoples lived in the Caribbean during the time of Columbus' arrival. They were the Lokono and the Kalinaga. Lokono [Citation 6] Friendly people who loved peace Lived by fishing, hunting, and farming Each man had around two to three wives Cacique, the leader, had around 30 wives They lived in big houses. Around 100 people lived in each house Had weapons like poisoned arrows, spears with fish hooks on one end Kalinaga [Citation 7] Fierce people who loved war and fighting Lived by fishing, hunting, and farming Men lived together in one big house where they trained Women lived in many smaller houses Trained their children from a very early age for warfare Had weapons like poisoned arrows, burning arrows, etc. When Christopher Columbus first came to the Caribbean, he met the Lokono. Then, he sailed further south and met the Kalinaga. He called the Lokono as Arawaks and Kalinaga as Caribs. The Caribs had a custom of eating human flesh to acquire the characteristics of the person who died. It was a ritual for them. They used this ritual before going to a battle and when they trained children. But they did not eat human flesh like for the taste or pleasure of it. But Columbus used their custom to spread the rumor that they were cannibals. So, he was able to acquire Queen Isabella's permission to capture the Caribs. Christopher Columbus used the queen's permission as an excuse to capture Caribs and Arawaks and use them as slaves. In the years that followed, most of the Caribs and Arawaks died not only due to abuse and inhuman working conditions, but also due to the diseases brought by the Spanish. Citations https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/ice-age-climate-was-cooler-than-expected/46613272 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237529882_Beringian_Standstill_and_Spread_of_Native_American http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169486 https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/scott-elias_da6e306a-f31c-40ad-9ea8-89aa74bba587.html https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/coopers-landing-idaho-site-americas-oldest https://carriacou.biz/arawaks-amerindians/ https://prezi.com/wxjixtonjql5/the-kalinagos/ Resources A map of Beringia - https://www.hakaimagazine.com/features/sunken-bridge-size-continent/ Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out about what territories Christopher Columbus discovered, which people he met, and what atrocities he committed. Listen to the biography of Christopher Columbus now. Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: History of Christopher Columbus. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/history-of-christopher-columbus/ Summary Christopher Columbus makes a lucrative deal with the Spanish monarchs to retain a part of the wealth he would procure from the areas he would discover. They also promised to appoint him as the governor of the areas he would discover, and declare him an Admiral of the ocean. First Voyage So, Columbus sets sail for the first time with 3 ships. After sailing for 5 weeks, he lands in the Bahamas. He meets the Arawaks and the Caribs there. After observing them, he decides that Arawaks are weak and can be easily enslaved. He also notices that these people wear gold ornaments. So, he thinks that there should be reserves of gold there. So, he establishes a small settlement there, and returns to Spain, to bring more people. This settlement is named La Navidad. (A map of his voyages can be found below) Second voyage Vasco da Gama and the other Portuguese explorers hadn't reached India yet. So, when Columbus returns to Spain, Europeans think that he had landed in the Indies, which is how Asian countries like India and China were called back then. So, with the support of the Spanish monarchs, he gathers more ships and more men than his first voyage and sets sail. After he reaches La Navidad and finds it destroyed, Columbus establishes a second settlement there. Then, he captures the Arawaks and starts ruling over them. He commands them to find gold for him. If any Arawak fails to provide his share of gold, Columbus cuts off his limbs. Thus, after establishing his tyrannic rule, he returns to Spain. This reminds me of my state in India, called Tamil Nadu, where I was born. People in my state are proud of their hospitality. In rural areas even now, you can find houses with Thinnai (see picture below), a raised platform outside the house. A Thinnai was meant to be a traveler's resting place. Any traveler can come and rest here. Since Tamil people are very hospitable, they give travelers anything they ask for. But a bad traveler who sits in the Thinnai can ask for a place to sleep inside the house. If you let the traveler sleep inside the house for one night, he would want to have the entire house for himself. Even though this sounds ridiculous, this is exactly what the Spanish did to the Arawaks. Third voyage When he returns to the Americas on his third voyage, he finds the settlers and the Arawaks revolting against him. So, he awards them horrific punishments without even conducting a trial (Citation 1). When even that doesn't end the revolt, he stops ruling the entire place by himself. Instead, he decentralizes the power and lets individual Spanish settlers rule over Arawaks. Even though the Arawaks rejoice due to the change in administration, the reality doesn't change much for them. Their new Spanish masters award the same horrific punishments to them. I can understand why Columbus awarded horrific punishments by dismembering the Arawaks. But why would the Spanish settlers do the same too? Were most Europeans at that time sadists, or was there a reason for their actions? To find out, I take a look at the Stanford prison experiment. Unable to cope with the atrocities committed by their Spanish masters, many Arawaks commit suicide. Some of them burn the crops, hoping that it will cause drought and kill the settlers. As a result, the Arawaks' population declines exponentially (Citation 2). By this time, the news of Columbus's failure in effectively ruling the newly discovered regions reaches the Spanish monarchy, and they send him a ship to arrest him and bring him back. After he was brought back to Spain, he is imprisoned for 6 weeks. After that, he is released, and his wealth is restored. But he loses the support of the Spanish Monarchy, due to his poor administrative skills. Fourth & Final voyage Columbus somehow manages to convince the Spanish monarchs to fund his journey for the fourth time. The Spanish monarchy accepts his request but appoints a new governor. Columbus' fourth voyage is uneventful, because he spends most of his voyage in Jamaica, shipwrecked. The new governor doesn't like Columbus, and hence, tries his level best to prevent Columbus from being rescued. But eventually, Columbus and his men get help and return to Spain. Two years later, Columbus dies due to Reactive Arthritis (Citation 3). Citations https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/07/books.spain https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/columbus-confusion-about-the-new-world-140132422/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus Resources A Map of Columbus' voyages - https://yourwildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/columbus-voyage.jpg A picture of a Thinna in a house in south India - https://www.quora.com/What-is-meant-by-the-Tamil-word-Thinnai-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88 Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out about why people set sail in the 15th century. Listen to the biography of Christopher Columbus now. Summary of this episode Christopher Colombus' early life Christopher Columbus' father, Domenico Colombo, was born in a port city in Italy in 1418. He worked multiple jobs, like being a wool weaver, cheesemaker, wine dealer, and tavern keeper. In 1445, he married a woman called Susanna Fontanarossa. The first of their five children, Christophoro Colombo, was born in 1451.  Christopher Columbus' early life is not well-documented. So, we don't know much about his childhood. But we do know that he set sail at the age of ten. He sailed for fifteen years until his ship sank. Christopher, however, managed to reach Lisbon, a port city in Portugal.  Portugal turned out to be a turning point for him because he learned several languages there. Then, he joined Prince Henry's School of Navigation to study navigation (According to Citation 1). He also got married in Portugal. Portuguese explorers sail east to reach the Indies At the time Christopher Columbus lived, people were scared of sailing because many ships sank into the sea. People held various superstitious beliefs as to why these ships sank. But two technological inventions of the 15th century and the sponsors from Prince Henry of Portugal encouraged many people to abandon their illogical fears and start sailing. The primary goal of all these sailors was only one thing - to find a sea route to the Indies. The Indies was the name the Europeans had given to the spice islands of Asia (including India and China). They also had two secondary goals - to loot the gold and silver from the unknown lands they discovered and spread Christianity.  Under the sponsor of Prince Henry, these Portuguese explorers sailed along the West coast of Africa to reach Asia. But until the late 1480s, they didn't reach the southern tip of Africa. (As we know today), reaching Asia would still take a long time. A map of the route taken by these explorers and their progress can be seen below: Columbus sails west to reach the Indies People at that time already knew that the earth was spherical. So, they knew that they could reach the Indies by sailing West. But most people thought that it would take significantly longer to do so when compared to sailing East. But Christopher Columbus believed the opposite. He believed that sailing West would be faster. The map of the Atlantic ocean, which he received in 1481, confirmed his beliefs. You can find a copy of the map is attached below. Note that the map almost completely leaves out the American continent because people at that time did not know the existence of such a continent.  So, in 1484, Christopher Columbus, who also wanted to get rich by finding a route to the Indies (According to Citation 2), met Portugal's king to propose sailing West. But the Portuguese king rejected his proposal because his experts warned him that Christopher Columbus had wrongly calculated the distance to the Indies.  So, Christopher Columbus met Castille's queen Isabella I, to ask for help. At that time, Isabella I was ruling almost the entirety of present-day Spain, along with her husband, King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Castille had previously lost a naval battle against Portugal. Since then, Portugal started dominating the waters near Africa. So, sailing East to the Indies meant that Castille had to fight another naval battle against Portugal and win it. So, to avoid this situation, Isabella I decided to sponsor Christopher Columbus, even though her experts warned her that Christopher Columbus had falsely estimated the distance to the Indies.  Therefore, in 1492, after making a lucrative deal with Isabella I, Christopher Columbus set sail Westward. After sailing for five weeks, he reached the Bahamas.  What happened after that? Find out in our next episode. You can also read our detailed blog post here - History of Christopher Columbus. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/history-of-christopher-columbus/ Citations: https://biography.yourdictionary.com/articles/some-facts-about-christopher-columbus.html https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-motivations-caused-christopher-columbus-go-470855 Images Map indicating the voyages of other (Portuguese) explorers - Portuguese Discoveries 1415 AD to 1543 AD - By Descobrimentos_e_explorações_portugueses.png: *Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorations.png: *Portuguese_Empire_map.jpg: Toklederivative work: Uxbona (talk) - Descobrimentos_e_explorações_portugueses.png, CC BY-SA 3.0, Link The Map that Columbus got from Toscanelli - Toscanelli's map of the Atlantic Ocean (shown superimposed on a modern map) - By Bartholomew, J. G. - A literary and historical atlas of America, by Bartholomew, J. G. [1], Link Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact me Have some suggestions to share with me? Just tweet to me using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out about why people set sail in the 15th century. Listen to the biography of Christopher Columbus now. Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: History of Christopher Columbus. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/history-of-christopher-columbus/ Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact us Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out how Walt Disney made a big decision that affected the entire animation industry. Also find out what he did in his last years, how he died, and some interesting facts about him. Listen to the biography of Walt Disney now. Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Walt Disney. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/biography-of-walt-disney/ Resources Snow White and the seven dwarfs - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJOCqDl9Dtc Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact us Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out how Walt Disney became a famous cartoon maker after being betrayed by his own film distributor. Listen to the biography of Walt Disney now. Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Walt Disney. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/biography-of-walt-disney/ Resources Walt Disney's 'Laugh-o-grams' - https://youtu.be/51CRL1EtMN4 Steamboat Willie, the first Mickey Mouse cartoon with a soundtrack - https://youtu.be/BBgghnQF6E4 Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact us Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out about Walt Disney's ancestors, how his childhood was, and how his last name originated. Listen to the biography of Walt Disney now. Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Walt Disney. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/biography-of-walt-disney/ Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact us Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out how and why Leonardo da Vinci painted the Vitruvian Man, the Last Supper, and the Mona Lisa. Also find out what he did during his later life, how he died, and some interesting facts about him. Listen to the biography of Leonardo da Vinci now. Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Leonardo da Vinci. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/biography-of-leonardo-da-vinci/ Resources Vitruvian man, as imagined by Vitruvius - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvian_Man#/media/File:De_Architectura030.jpg Vitruvian man, painted by Leonardo - Depositphotos_3972688_l-2015-768x1111.jpg (768×1111) (wisuru.com) The Last Supper, painted by Leonardo - 1917px-Ultima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5-768x433.jpg (768×433) (wisuru.com) The Mona Lisa, painted by Leonardo - Depositphotos_44969577_l-2015-768x1019.jpg (768×1019) (wisuru.com) Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact us Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out what Leonardo learned during his apprenticeship with Verrocchio, and how he started his career. Listen to the biography of Leonardo da Vinci now. Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Leonardo da Vinci. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/biography-of-leonardo-da-vinci/ Resources Vitruvian man - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvian_Man#/media/File:De_Architectura030.jpg Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact us Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out who Leonardo's mother was, how his childhood was, and how he started his apprenticeship with Verrocchio. Listen to the biography of Leonardo da Vinci now. Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Leonardo da Vinci. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/biography-of-leonardo-da-vinci/ Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact us Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out why and when the Renaissance started, and who Leonardo da Vinci's father is. Listen to the biography of Leonardo da Vinci now. Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Leonardo da Vinci. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/biography-of-leonardo-da-vinci/ Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact us Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out why Nelson Mandela went to prison, and what happened in his life after that. Listen to the biography of Nelson Mandela now. Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Nelson Mandela. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/biography-of-nelson-mandela/ Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact us Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, listen to Nelson Mandela's early life, and find out how he became involved in the fight for justice for the blacks. Listen to the biography of Nelson Mandela now. Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Nelson Mandela. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/biography-of-nelson-mandela/ Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact us Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, listen to the history of South Africa and find out what destroyed the lives of Black people there before Nelson Mandela's time. Listen to the biography of Nelson Mandela now. Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Nelson Mandela. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/biography-of-nelson-mandela/ Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Contact us Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out how Alexader Graham Bell invented the telephone and what he did after that. Also, listen to the controversies surrounding his most famous invention. Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Alexander Graham Bell. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/alexander-graham-bell/ Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Resources Visible speech illustration - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_Speech#/media/File:VisibleSpeech-illustrations.jpg A drawing of the Phonautograph - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonautograph#/media/File:Phonautograph_1859.jpg Alexander Graham Bell opening long-distance communication between New York and Chicago - http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/recon/jb_recon_telephone_1_e.html Alexander Graham Bell's Family - http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsc.00856/ Contact us Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

This is the trailer for Wisuru's Biography Podcast.

In this part of our biography podcast, find out how Alexader Graham Bell became the teacher of the deaf, and what made him want to invent the telephone. Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Alexander Graham Bell. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/alexander-graham-bell/ Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Resources Visible speech illustration - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_Speech#/media/File:VisibleSpeech-illustrations.jpg A drawing of the Phonautograph - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonautograph#/media/File:Phonautograph_1859.jpg Contact us Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out everything about Alexader Graham Bell's childhood. Listen to the biography of Alexander Graham Bell now. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Alexander Graham Bell. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/biography/alexander-graham-bell/ Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

This month, we don't have enough time to create new episodes. So, we decided to create shorter versions of already created biographies. This week, we will look at Helen Keller. Listen to the short biography of Helen Keller now. Read our blog post Do you want to read her biography? Read it here: The Biography of Helen Keller. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/the-biography-of-helen-keller/. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Twitter link Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

This month, we don't have enough time to create new episodes. So, we decided to create shorter versions of already created biographies. This week, we will look at Sylvester Stallone. Listen to the short biography of Sylvester Stallone. Read our blog post Do you want to read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Sylvester Stallone. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Twitter link Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

This month, we don't have enough time to create new episodes. So, we decided to create shorter versions of already created biographies. This week, we will look at Charlie Chaplin. Listen to the short biography of Charlie Chaplin. Read our blog post Would you rather read his life story instead of listening to it? Read it here: Biography of Charlie Chaplin. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Twitter link Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

This month, we don't have enough time to create new episodes. So, we decided to create shorter versions of already created biographies. This week, we will look at Madam Marie Curie. Listen to the short biography of Madam Marie Curie. Read our blog post Do you want to read her life story instead? Read it here: Interesting facts about Marie Curie. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Twitter link Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out how Microsoft's success made Bill Gates the richest person in the world, and Bill Gates' contribution to charity. Listen to the biography of Bill Gates now. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Bill Gates. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/biography-of-bill-gates/ Resources Investigations from the Justice department - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp. List of the richest people in the world in 1995 - https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/07/05/bill-gates-tops-forbess-list-of-worlds-richest/d6fa8522-2ccb-4635-b722-0b0b6b31bbd3/ Microsoft's employees become millionaires - https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/29/business/yourmoney/the-microsoft-millionaires-come-of-age.html Ten largest non-profit organizations in the world in 2019 - https://largest.org/misc/nonprofits/ Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation - https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gates-Foundation Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out how Bill Gates made Microsoft the number 1 computer software maker in the world. Listen to the biography of Bill Gates now. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Bill Gates. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/biography-of-bill-gates/ Resources Bill Gates and Steve Jobs - https://www.ranker.com/list/relationship-between-steve-jobs-and-bill-gates/melissa-sartore Microsoft vs. Apple - https://www.ranker.com/list/relationship-between-steve-jobs-and-bill-gates/melissa-sartore Windows 1.0 vs. Windows 2.0 - https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1358665&seqNum=2 Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out all about who Bill Gates is, how he founded Microsoft, how Microsoft launched Microsoft DOS, and started becoming famous. Listen to the biography of Bill Gates now. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Bill Gates. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/biography-of-bill-gates/ Resources What did William become Bill? - https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/24761/origins-10-nicknames What is Hodgkin Lymphoma? - https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hodgkin-lymphoma/ Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out all about Genghis Khan's conquests. Find out how and why the Mongol Empire became so formidable. Listen to the biography of Genghis Khan now. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Genghis Khan. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/biography-of-genghis-khan/ Resources: The map of the Mongol Empire at its peak (depicted in Blue color) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_empires#/media/File:Combined_map_-_British_and_Mongol_Empires.svg Different Mongolian tribes in 1207A.D. (depicting Khamog Mongols, Tatars, Kereits, Naimans and Merkits) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamag_Mongol#/media/File:Mongol_Empire_c.1207.png Map of all the Chinese kingdoms, Mongol Empire, and Qara Khitai - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)#/media/File:Jin_Dynasty_1141_(no_borders).png Map of different empires, including Khwarezmian Empire (premongol era) - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Premongol.png Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

This is the trailer for the Biography Podcast.

In this part of our biography podcast, find out how Temüjin became Genghis Khan. Listen to the biography of Genghis Khan now. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Genghis Khan. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/biography-of-genghis-khan/ Resources: The map of the Mongol Empire at its peak (depicted in Blue color) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_empires#/media/File:Combined_map_-_British_and_Mongol_Empires.svg The map of China (depicted as Jhin Dynasty) and the map of Xianbei empire (ca. 300A.D.) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei_state#/media/File:East-Hem_300ad.jpg Different Mongolian tribes between 907A.D. and 1125A.D. (depicting Shiwei)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan#/media/File:Mongolia_XI.jpg Different Mongolian tribes in 1207A.D. (depicting Khamog Mongols, Tatars, Kereits, Naimans and Merkits) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamag_Mongol#/media/File:Mongol_Empire_c.1207.png Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out who the Mongols were, where they originated from, who Genghis Khan was, and what made him choose the path of a conqueror. Listen to the biography of Genghis Khan now. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Read our blog post Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Genghis Khan. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/biography-of-genghis-khan/ Resources: The map of the Mongol Empire at its peak (depicted in Blue color) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_empires#/media/File:Combined_map_-_British_and_Mongol_Empires.svg The map of China (depicted as Jhin Dynasty) and the map of Xianbei empire (ca. 300A.D.) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei_state#/media/File:East-Hem_300ad.jpg Different Mongolian tribes between 907A.D. and 1125A.D. (depicting Shiwei)- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan#/media/File:Mongolia_XI.jpg Different Mongolian tribes in 1207A.D. (depicting Khamog Mongols, Tatars, Kereits, Naimans and Merkits) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamag_Mongol#/media/File:Mongol_Empire_c.1207.png Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out how Lee Kuan Yew transformed Singapore after it became a free nation. Also find out the hidden side of Lee Kuan Yew that many people don't talk about. Listen to the biography of Lee Kuan Yew now. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Resources: Lee Kuan Yew's tearful speech after separation from Malaysia - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anAYPAmg0IM Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Lee Kuan Yew. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/biography-of-lee-kuan-yew-singapores-grand-architect/ Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

In this part of our biography podcast, find out how Lee Kuan Yew became the first Prime Minister of Singapore and how Singapore became a free nation. Listen to the biography of Lee Kuan Yew now. Donation link Do you like our work and want to donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Resources: Lee Kuan Yew's tearful speech after separation from Malaysia - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anAYPAmg0IM Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Lee Kuan Yew. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/biography-of-lee-kuan-yew-singapores-grand-architect/ Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

Listen to the motivational story of Bruce Lee. In this part of our biography podcast, find out how Bruce Lee became famous, why he created Jeet Kune Do, and the real reason behind his death. Donation link Do you like our work and donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Useful links: Original Unedited Footage of Bruce Lee's 1967 Long Beach Demonstration - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHHQF1SHHLw&feature=youtu.be Bruce Lee with his family - https://imgur.com/gallery/9yMC04S Jackie Chan on working for Bruce Lee: ‘Everyone thought he was a god' - https://www.scmp.com/culture/film-tv/article/2154384/jackie-chan-working-bruce-lee-everyone-thought-he-was-god Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Bruce Lee. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/the-biography-of-bruce-lee-the-greatest-martial-artist/ Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

Listen to the motivational story of Bruce Lee. In this part of our biography podcast, find out about Bruce Lee's ancestry, why he went to the USA, and how he set up his first martial arts school. Donation link Do you like our work and donate to us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Useful links: Picture of Bosman, Bruce Lee's great grandfather - https://www.geni.com/photo/view/6000000013563062630?album_type=photos_of_me&photo_id=6000000079211336475 Pictures of Ho Kom-Tong, Bruce Lee's grandfather, and his family - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hotung#/media/File:Hotung_boys.jpg Bruce Lee with his master Yip Man - https://www.pinterest.com/pin/20618110765777468/ Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Bruce Lee. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/the-biography-of-bruce-lee-the-greatest-martial-artist/ Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

Listen to the motivational story of Henry Ford. In this part of our biography podcast, find out how Henry Ford's idealism, ego and his tendency to control others affected the people around him and sabotaged the growth of his company. Useful links: Video of Henry Ford driving his Quadricycle - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zEkKU49NWUA What is an assembly line? https://www.thoughtco.com/henry-ford-and-the-assembly-line-1779201 Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Henry Ford. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/the-biography-of-henry-ford-the-innovator/ Do you like our work and want to help us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

Listen to the motivational story of Henry Ford. In this part, find out how Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company. Also find out how the Ford Motor Company became the biggest automobile manufacturer in the USA. Useful links: Video of Henry Ford driving his Quadricycle - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zEkKU49NWUA What is an assembly line? https://www.thoughtco.com/henry-ford-and-the-assembly-line-1779201 Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Henry Ford. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/the-biography-of-henry-ford-the-innovator/ Do you like our work and want to help us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

Listen to the motivational story of Henry Ford. In this part, find out all about Henry Ford's early life - Who his ancestors and parents were, how his childhood was, how he decided to become an engineer, and how he built his first automobile. Useful links: Video of Henry Ford driving his Quadricycle - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zEkKU49NWUA Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Henry Ford. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/the-biography-of-henry-ford-the-innovator/ Do you like our work and want to help us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

This is the biography of Che Guevara. In this part, find out how Che Guevara helped win the Cuban revolution and what he did afterwards. Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Che Guevara. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/biography-of-che-guevera-the-true-revolutionary/ Do you like our work and want to help us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography

This is the biography of Che Guevara. In this part, find out how Che Guevara became a revolutionary, how he met Fidel Castro, and how he got involved in the Cuban revolution. Would you rather read his biography? Read it here: Biography of Che Guevara. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser - https://wisuru.com/blogposts/biography/biography-of-che-guevera-the-true-revolutionary/ Do you like our work and want to help us? You can do so by using this Patreon link: https://www.patreon.com/wisuru Have some suggestions to share with us? Just tweet to us using our Twitter link: https://twitter.com/WisuruBiography