Podcasts about mussi

Arizona is still waiting on Gov. Katie Hobbs' budget proposal.

Ospite: Andrea Mussi Piazza Affari con Cristiano Cesarini e Alessandro Sticozzi

O Mesacast BBB desta terça foi composto apenas por ex-BBBs. Ana Clara, Rodrigo Mussi e Marcela McGowan debateram os impactos de um relacionamento amoroso no jogo, repercutiram a treta entre Leidy Elin e Matteus depois do Sincerão e espiaram bastante a casa em dia de Eliminação. Acompanhe o Mesacast BBB ao vivo, diariamente, em novo horário: às 20h no Globoplay, Gshow e Multishow.

Ciro Hamen e Matheus Laneri comentam o caso Marcelinho Carioca, que foi sequestrado, e depois disse que apenas estava pegando mulher casada. Também analisamos o surto de Eliezer contra Rodrigo Mussi no Instagram depois de indiretas por conta do jogo do tigrinho. O fim de ano está quente!

História E Arqueologia Da Bíblia | Jorge Mussi - Aula 8 by Igreja Fonte

História E Arqueologia Da Bíblia | Jorge Mussi - Aula 7 by Igreja Fonte

Secretary of State Adrian Fontes sued over unstaffed ballot drop boxes.

Descubra evidências arqueológicas e fontes histórico-documentais que validam eventos e personagens bíblicos. Enriqueça sua compreensão das Escrituras e do agir de Deus na história da humanidade ao longo dos milênios e tenha a sua fé sendo fortalecida.

História E Arqueologia Da Bíblia | Jorge Mussi - Aula 3 by Igreja Fonte

Desvende o Universo do Tráfego Pago com Gustavo Mussi! Aprenda com o especialista enquanto exploramos estratégias, segredos e táticas que impulsionam o sucesso no mundo dos anúncios online.

Scott Mussi, President and Executive Director of the Arizona Free Enterprise Club, joins Seth in-studio to discuss Proposition reform in Arizona, the push for ranked-choice voting, the upcoming Keep AZ Free Summit, ASU's censorship of free speech and tomorrow's upcoming hearing in the Arizona State Legislature in which Seth will testify. The Left's mastery of Lawfare. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Eric est essayiste, militant et enseignant de philosophie au Cegep de St-Jean-sur-Richelieu. Il vient de publier avec son collègue Sébastien Mussi un essai sur la place des nouvelles technologies dans l'enseignement. La discussion prend cependant une envergure beaucoup plus large et on aborde des thèmes aussi essentiels que la démocratie, le fatalisme, la justice climatique et l'importance des médias locaux. L'émission est enregistrée en direct depuis la Maison de la culture du Pic Champlain.

Seja bem-vindo(a) ao meu canal literário! Este é um espaço onde eu compartilho a minha paixão pela literatura e tudo o que envolve esse universo mágico. Aqui, você encontrará resenhas de livros, dicas de leitura, recomendações de obras, curiosidades sobre escritores e muito mais.

Pam Machefsky AKA Teacher Pam is known for running the most sought out classroom in every preschool she's ever worked in. And she's worked in quite a few. Pam was successfully guiding and inspiring little hearts and minds long before the Nurtured Heart even came into existence. As a girl, I always marveled at Pam's twinkly smile, ready laugh, and positive way of saying everything. She had a way of making you feel important and valued and I wanted to get some of her wisdom on air. Enjoy people, she is a treasure! Want to hear more from Pam? Send your question to QandAwithMussi@gmail.com and I'll book another recording. See you next time! Mussi

Suposto namorado de Gugu revela vídeos secretos; “Azedou!” Larissa e Mussi brigam (?) após beijo

Ok, this takes my Nurtured Heart Approach® conversations to the next level. These amazing beings of light, love, and energetic congruence are such a treasure to me and I am so blessed to know them! Meet Sagara Sanchez (founder of the Nurtured Heart Foundation), Richard Berger MFT Freddy Mendoza (Nurtured Heart community leader and ambassador of connection) and me, Mussi Diskin. We connected heart to heart and discussed the power of it all as we went along. I am so grateful to be able to share this incredible heart level connection with you all! Please comment or reach out, your feedback is so meaningful! What else do you want to hear about? Lots of Love, Mussi

What if greatness was informed by purpose, and purpose was informed by qualities? Sounds deep? It is! Join us for this deep dive into true recognition of the perfection of difference, the unity of diversity, and the purpose in owning who we really are. Reality is what it is, why not appreciate it's beauty? Find us all on social media. To Reach Dr. Friend go to Greatnesschair.com To reach Mussi go to Mussidiskin.com Got feedback? We'd love to hear it! Questions or request for the next episode? Please share it! Email q&awithmussi@gmail.com

It's my sister Menucha Klyne again! This time for a full length recording on the topic of navigating being an imperfect human while simultaneously raising our growing children. Like it or not, their childhood won't wait for us to become experts at this parenting thing.... so what if the messy beginner parent's we are is actually the best parent they could have? What if falling was a crucial part of learning to walk, and getting things wrong was a crucial part of getting things right? How might we view our imperfections differently if we were completely in acceptance, and actually expecting ourselves to make mistakes and get it wrong? And how might our new view inform our ability to keep trying? Enjoy the conversation and share what you think! To reach Mussi go to MussiDiskin.com To reach Menucha email MenuchaklyneNHA@gmail.com Love to you, incredible human! After all, you are reading this right now, which tells me that you are alive, engaged and trying! So pause and appreciate your commitment because it is a wonderful quality of your greatness.

Réecoutez le Global Techno du Tough waves by Fernanda Martins invite Amanda Mussi du samedi 21 mai 2023

Recebemos a cientista política e professora Daniela Mussi para uma conversa sobre Antonio Gramsci. O diálogo acabou colocando os termos gramscinianos em movimento em uma tentativa de análise de alguns aspectos do debate contemporâneo. Por isso intitulei o episódio como gramsciando (e peço indulgência do ouvinte por minha reiterada obsessão por música sertaneja).    Leia mais → O post 180- Gramsciando, com Daniela Mussi apareceu primeiro em filosofia pop.

I'm so excited for all of you to meet Scott. He was one of the Peer Leaders at my fist Nurtured Heart intensive and his energetic alignment, open and gracious heart, and twinkly smile and eyes just blew me away. He has been a mentor and role model for both me and Freddy and this conversation was such a treat! Enjoy! Also this is the first recorded conversation I've ever done like this... can you tell ;)

WOW! What a conversation with my personal Nurtured Heart mentor Stacie Lancester. It sort of turned into her interviewing me! But what a treat because when do I get to share my story? I am so invigorated and energized! Enjoy! To reach us: MussiDiskin.com EnergizingHearts@gmail.com Stacie: Zaunah@outlook.com

*btzelem Elokim is a Hebrew term referencing the concept that we are created in G-de image. **viacharacter.org is the website for the survey Richard mentions Join Advanced Nurtured Heart Approach® Trainers Mussi Diskin and Richard Berger for a candid conversation about Nurtured Heart, Domestic violence, love languages and just a bunch more. Neither of us met each other before even though we share a Jewish Orthodox background. What a great conversation it was. Enjoy! To reach Mussi Mussidiskin.com EnergizingHearts@gmail.com insta: @MussiDiskin To reach Richard richard@rbtherapy

Amali Mussi é graduada em Pedagogia pela Universidade de Taubaté, mestra e doutora em Educação pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. Ela também é pós-graduada em Psicopedagogia, especialista em Gestão Estratégica e Universitária. A reitora eleita já atuou como gestora em cargos de coordenação e direção de instituições educacionais e atualmente permanece como membro do Fórum Estadual de Educação da Bahia (FEEBA) e é presidente da Associação Nacional de Didática e Prática de Ensino (ANDIPE).

TECH CLUBBERS PODCAST W/ AMANDA MUSSI Combining the sounds of techno, acid, breaks and house music, São Paulo DJ, producer and label/agency boss Amanda Mussi works hard to bring something fresh and new to the dance-floor. Amanda is known as a strong presence in the queer underground music scene in São Paulo where she held her monthly party Dûsk for 5 years and now she is a resident at some of the best events in Brazil: Mamba Negra - where she debuted at her first Boiler Room, Dando and Kode ( Rio de Janeiro ); she often appears as a guest at events like DGTL, Photon, Gop Tun, Tantsa, and many others. Amanda has taken her sound on the road to many cities around the world and now she is based between São Paulo, Berlin and Paraguay where she grew up and has a strong connection with the local scene and also has a residency at Tango Club. She has been a very known presence in New York, at the infamous and best-regarded party Unter, touring every year to the USA and Europe, becoming a frequent presence in cities like, Stockholm, Budapest, Milan amongst many others, but especially in Berlin where she constantly performs at Pornceptual and Berghain, where he plays every summer, being one of the first female Brazilian DJs to perform there on the main floor. Her music releases started in the past 4 years with her Paraguayan crew from LPZ records, Renato Cohen's Massa Records, The Lady Machine's Unterwegs, PG Tune and the recently launched label Macro Hits in collaboration with her partner Ananda, where they're having a monthly residency on The Lot Radio in NYC. In between shows and producing, Amanda runs the .alt bookings agency, a collective dedicated to promoting cultural exchanges in South America's underground scene; this new platform allows her to collaborate with world wide artists, and brings together many scenes from her continent. Follow AMANDA MUSSI here: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/amanda.mussi Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ohmussi/ Soudcloud: https://soundcloud.com/ohmussi

Segment éditorial de Richard Martineau : l'actualité vue par Richard Martineau Chronique de Luc Laliberté, spécialiste en politique américaine : Nikki Haley dans la course pour la présidentielle de 2024. Une artiste irano-américaine au milieu d'une controverse. Segment LCN avec Richard et Jean-François Guérin : Marc Garneau est en guerre contre la loi 96. La Suède se prépare pour la guerre et mobilise ses civils ! La rencontre  Lisée - Mulcair avec Jean-François Lisée, ancien chef du Parti québécois et chroniqueur politique et Thomas Mulcair, ancien chef du NPD et analyste politique (La Joute, chroniqueur au Journal)  : le tour de l'actualité politique avec nos analystes. Entrevue avec Sébastien Mussi, professeur de philosophie au Collège de Maisonneuve et Éric Martin, professeur de philosophie au Cégep Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu , tous deux auteurs : on parle de leur nouveau livre « Bienvenue dans la machine, Enseigner à l'ère numérique » , disponible depuis le 15 février dernier. Chronique économique avec Yves Daoust, directeur de la section Argent du Journal de Montréal et du Journal de Québec : l'ancien patron du présumé espion chinois à Hydro-Québec se dit encore sous le choc. Fitzgibbon est occupé à dresser sa liste de candidats. Un ex-pilote de Nascar et millionnaire québécois veut mettre la main sur le Village de Tremblant! Le géant Netflix sème la pagaille dans les familles avec sa nouvelle politique sur les mots de passe. Chronique Crime et Société avec Félix Séguin, journaliste au Bureau d'enquête de Québecor : le prof proxénète n'était apparemment pas très agréable avec ses élèves. Un entraîneur blâmé pour des propos inacceptables. Des ballons russes au-dessus de l'Ukraine! La rencontre Bock-Côté - Martineau avec Mathieu Bock Côté, chroniqueur blogueur au Journal de Montréal et au Journal de Québec et animateur du balado « Les idées mènent le monde » à QUB radio : une ministre réclame que CNews cesse ses activités. Entrevue avec Natalie Staké-Doucet, docteure en sciences infirmières et infirmière : projet de loi 10 : en s'opérant avec trois phases, Québec veut cesser de recourir aux agences privées d'ici 2026. Chronique de Guy Perkins, blogueur, militant pour la laïcité et la pensée critique : bilan de la crise en Iran. Les 10 commandements de la pensée critique. Dieu est-il non-binaire? Chronique de Gilles Proulx, chroniqueur au Journal de Montréal et au Journal de Québec : grosse saisie de GBH. Loi 96. Marc Garneau. Trudeau et Legault. Une production QUB Radio Février 2023Pour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

Entrevue avec Sébastien Mussi, professeur de philosophie au Collège de Maisonneuve et Éric Martin, professeur de philosophie au Cégep Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu , tous deux auteurs : on parle de leur nouveau livre « Bienvenue dans la machine, Enseigner à l'ère numérique » , disponible depuis le 15 février dernier.Pour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

O BBB Tá On e já no clima da estreia do BBB 23! No primeiro episódio da temporada, Jeska Grecco analisa os 22 participantes da mas nova edição do reality e comenta as duplas formadas entre Camarotes e Pipocas por meio do voto popular. Tudo isso ao lado de Nicole Bahls e do ex-BBB Rodrigo Mussi. Ouça agora!

A Bíblia | A Bíblia e a Arqueologia - Jorge Mussi by Igreja Fonte

There are many propositions you need to know about ahead of the 2022 midterm elections here in Arizona.

HJK:n ja AS Roman välisen Eurooppa-liigaottelun tapahtumiin palataan mm. italialaislehdistön näkemyksien kautta.  Sen lisäksi marraskuun ensimmäisessä jaksossa tutustutaan uusiin termeihin sekä ennakoidaan tulevan viikonlopun huippuotteluita.* HJK-AS Roma + europelit (01:31)* Termit tutuiksi (27:13)* Serie A (44:56)* Fritto Misto (1:09:35)Italopodcastin jaksoissa Kimmo Kantolan vakiovieraana on italialaisen jalkapallon ekspertti Mitri Pakkanen.Jakso nauhoitettu ti 1.11.

O que é a terapia afirmativa? Qual a importância de uma terapia comportamental afirmativa? O que é o Coletivo Vale Análise do Comportamento (CVAC)? O que são identidade de gênero, orientação sexual, papéis de gênero e papéis sexuais? Como o contexto cultural cisheteronormativo perpetua o estresse de minorias? Qual o papel político da psicologia na interrupção das violências contra as minorias sexuais e de gênero? Para navegarmos nessa pauta, o Podcast Pandora recebe Samir Vidal Mussi, psicólogo formado pela Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ - MG), mestre em Análise do Comportamento pela Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL - PR), doutorando em Psicologia Experimental: Análise do Comportamento pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC - SP), homem-cis-gay, crescido no interior de Minas Gerais em uma família católica. As dicas do unboxing estarão aqui. Que você esteja bem!

Depois dos boatos de que Maíra Cardi proibia Arthur Aguiar de sair com os amigos ganharem as redes sociais neste sábado (15/10), o ex-BBB Rodrigo Mussi saiu em defesa da empresária e disse que isso nunca foi verdade. “Estou vendo fofoquinha sem fundamento nenhum, falando que o Arthur saiu porque não está mais com a Maíra, porque a Maíra não deixava. Mentira, tá, gente? Eu conversei bastante com o Arthur. Ele é supercarinhoso com a Maíra, que também é muito carinhosa com ele. Então não acredite nas fofoquinhas aí, não, tá?”, disse Rodrigo. Após Arthur Aguiar ir com os ex-BBBs Eliezer e Rodrigo Mussi a um restaurante, nesta sexta-feira (14/10), internautas questionaram se o motivo de ele não ter se encontrado antes com os colegas de confinamento seria o seu antigo casamento com Maíra Cardi. “Nossa, é impressão minha ou foi só ele se separar da Maíra pra reencontrar os amigos? Será que ela proibia?”, indagou uma seguidora da empresária no perfil da página Gina Indelicada. Maíra Cardi fez questão de rebater: “Ai, que preguiça desse pensamento tão pequeno! Enquanto Arthur ainda estava lá dentro, eu falei com o Rodrigo, nos encontramos e batemos papo no desfile da GKay, e amei ele. Assim que Arthur ganhou, falei com Eliezer, e Arthur chegou a chamar ele para vir aqui em casa para almoçar”. “Eu não tenho nada com isso. Arthur sempre odiou sair e manter as relações. Eu acho importante, mas ele não curte, e é dono da própria vida, ninguém manda em ninguém! As poucas festas que íamos era porque eu insistia muito. Não vamos começar a criar mais histórias onde não existem! Por mim, ele tinha feito esse encontro na primeira semana aqui em casa, acho os dois incríveis”, finalizou. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/nativa-fm-campinas/support

Melinda Gulick and Angela Rabago-Mussi with First Things First E32 From birth to age 5, children's brains develop faster than any other time in their lives and set the foundation for future learning. That's why Arizonans created First Things First--a voter-initiated state agency that funds early childhood programs and services to prepare young children to […] The post Melinda Gulick and Angela Rabago-Mussi with First Things First E32 appeared first on Business RadioX ®.

The flat tax in Arizona is being implemented early and the benefits from it will be seen sooner for the people.

The inflation rate in Phoenix is the worst in the nation. Scott Mussi from The Arizona Free Enterprise Club discusses how it happened and how to get out of this bad situation.

The fight for free and fair elections continues as the laws are being challenged at every level.

Election integrity and voter election integrity must be all the forefront and have laws to protect both.

O podcast STJ No Seu Dia desta semana traz uma conversa com Ricardo Viula, assessor da Secretaria de Comunicação Social do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ), sobre os dois anos da gestão dos ministros Humberto Martins e Jorge Mussi, respectivamente na presidência e vice-presidência do tribunal no biênio 2020-2022. No bate-papo com os jornalistas Fátima Uchôa e Thiago Gomide, Ricardo Viula destaca o lema da gestão, que marcou esse período: De mãos dadas, magistratura e cidadania. “Com esse lema, foi dado início a uma gestão participativa e agregadora, na qual os ministros sempre foram ouvidos antes da tomada de grandes decisões. Nos últimos dois anos, o STJ também fez jus ao título de Tribunal da Cidadania ao levar a sério a bandeira do diálogo com a sociedade. 192 cidadãos de todo o Brasil puderam apresentar demandas diretamente à presidência da Corte Superior”, disse. Viula ressalta que, dentro do compromisso com o diálogo, houve o empenho da Presidência do tribunal para se aproximar não apenas da cidadã e do cidadão, mas também dos diferentes atores do sistema de Justiça e dos demais poderes da República. Ele lembra que, para a direção da corte, a união cívica entre as instituições democráticas é o único caminho para o crescimento e o desenvolvimento do Brasil. “Um dos principais legados da bandeira de cooperação entre as instituições foi a promulgação pelo Congresso Nacional, em julho de 2022, da nova regra da Constituição Federal (Emenda Constitucional 125) que cria o filtro de relevância para a admissão dos recursos especiais que serão julgados pelo STJ”, afirmou. Na conversa, Ricardo Viula fala, ainda, sobre os esforços para reduzir litígios e fortalecer precedentes, o crescente emprego da inteligência artificial na corte, a produtividade, mesmo durante a pandemia da Covid-19, e a criação do Tribunal Regional Federal da 6ª Região. ​​STJ No Seu Dia O podcast traz, semanalmente, um bate-papo com o redator de uma reportagem especial sobre a jurisprudência da corte. As matérias são publicadas todo domingo no site do STJ, abordando questões institucionais ou jurisprudenciais. Produzido pela Coordenadoria de TV e Rádio do tribunal, o STJ No Seu Dia é veiculado às sextas-feiras, das 14h30 às 14h45, na Rádio Justiça (104,7 FM – Brasília). Também está disponível nas plataformas Spotify e SoundCloud.

It is with a sad and heavy heart, that we re-release episode 54 on Monday as a remastered version into episode 151. We do this in tribute and to honour the incredible woman, Anna Mussi, who tragically passed away in a car accident late June of 2022. Anna, who was the manager of Rhino Revolution, has a lasting legacy that we at the Media company wanted to remember and celebrate.

Universal school choice is not a concept that the teacher unions are on board with. The pushback is real!

O Tricolor vencia até os acréscimos, mas cedeu o empate e ficou no 3 a 3 com o Goiás, no Morumbi. O duelo marcou o retorno do são-paulino ilustre Rodrigo Mussi ao estádio, meses após sofrer um grave acidente após assistir à vitória sobre o Palmeiras na primeira decisão do Paulista. No programa de hoje, José Edgar de Matos, Felipe Ruiz e Caio Dominguez, o “Voz da Torcida”, recebem o ex-BBB, que contou sobre a relação com o clube e a experiência de encontrar o grande amor depois de um longo período de recuperação. Tem também atualização da reapresentação do elenco e projeção do duelo decisivo com o América-MG.

Vídeo: Dynho e Christian voltam a tretar; Motivo da briga de Rodrigo Mussi e irmão é revelado

Neste episódio, Murilo Salviano recebe o repórter Maurício Ferraz, que conversou com o ex-BBB sobre o acidente, a recuperação e os próximos planos.

The flat tax in Arizona is a good idea for many but the group that is most against it are teachers and their union.

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Gov. Doug Ducey protected a bill that prohibits Federal ballots from contributing to illegal voting. Scot Mussi discusses the impact this will have for Arizona.

The death of Özbeg, Khan of the Golden Horde, in 1341 marked the end of an era for the Jochid Khanate. The thirty year reign of Özbeg had been one of relative internal stability; a stability his successors were not to enjoy. Bloody succession struggles, plague and economic woe were now to be the news of the day within the Horde. And it was Özbeg's sons Tini Beg and Jani Beg Khan who were to face the front of it. Today we take you through the reigns of Özbeg's sons, the eve of the great anarchy which would rip asunder at the very foundation of the Golden Horde. I'm your host David, and this is Kings and Generals: Ages of Conquest.   Özbeg Khan, during his long life, seems to have initially desired his eldest son Temür to succeed him. Having violently purged the Jochid lineage upon his own accession in 1313, Özbeg had the luxury to decide on a successor. But Temür's death around 1330 left Özbeg bereaved, and forced him to make due with his other two sons, Tini Beg and Jani Beg. Born to his wife Taydula Khatun, Tini Beg and Jani Beg were well educated princes. Ibn Battuta noted numerous islamic advisors for both princes, and Jani Beg is specifically described as knowledgeable in Islamic laws. Their names both came from Turkic and Persian words for “spirit,” making them “lords of the spirit.” Tini Beg, as the elder, was preferred by Özbeg to succeed him. During his trip to the Golden Horde, Ibn Battuta describes Özbeg showering Tini Beg in preferences and honours for this purpose. Additionally, Ibn Battuta describes Tini Beg as one of the most handsome of men. There is slight indication that Özbeg and Tini Beg fell out towards the end of his life, when Jani Beg's name begins to appear alongside Özbeg's on coinage, suggesting perhaps the second son was being groomed to be heir.   On Özbeg's death in late 1341, Tini Beg still maneuvered his way onto the throne, likely to the displeasure of Jani Beg. We know little of his reign. There is some suggestion that he was not a Muslim, and had some close links with Franciscans, whom he sent as his envoys to the Pope. One of the earliest pieces of surviving Golden Horde literature dates to his reign, too; a Turkic language poem by the Horde poet Qutb, adapting the Persian language “Khosrow and Shirin” by Nizami. Dedicated to Tini Beg and his wife, it remains a fascinating, if brief, look at the courtly life and social structure of the Horde in the mid-fourteenth century.   We can tell you little else of Tini Beg's reign with any certainty. Jani Beg never took kindly to Tini Beg's ascension; we may suspect he felt that Tini Beg had stolen the throne from him. The order of events is conflicting in the sources; potentially their mother, Taydula, preferred Jani Beg and whispered into his ear while Jani Beg's Islamic advisers may have encouraged him, in reaction to the possibly non-Muslim Tini Beg's enthronement. In some versions, Jani Beg first kills one of their brothers, Khidr Beg, in very uncertain circumstances. In Tini Beg's anger, he raises an army to confront his brother Jani Beg, only to be defeated in battle, taken captive and executed. In other versions, Jani Beg only kills Khidr Beg after Tini Beg's death. The fact of the fratricide of two of his brothers though, is well attested.   So, Jani Beg became Khan in 1342. There can be little doubt of Jani Beg's islam. We are told he even set out orders for his troops to all don turbans and cloaks. Neither could there be any hesitation among the Rus' princes about recognizing Jani Beg's rule; one of Jani Beg's first orders was sending an army to install a new prince in Pereiaslavl'. The meaning was clear. Jani Beg was going to continue his father's policy of firm mastery over the Rus'. In quick order the Rus' princes all travelled to the Horde to recognize Jani Beg's overlordship; the Grand Prince, now Simeon Ivanovich, too made clear his subservience to Jani Beg Khan. Simeon was a close ally to the Khan, and over his reign made regular trips to the Horde, always returning with gifts, honours and Jani Beg's favour. A smart move, lest the Khan remove him from his post. In doing so, they continued the slow if steady consolidation of Moscow's influence regarding the other Rus' cities.        There is also indication that Jani Beg held loftier pretensions. By the start of Jani Beg's reign, he was essentially the last remaining Chinggisid khan with authority. The Blue Horde khans were his vassals, and the Chagatai Khanate and Ilkhanate were either divided or dissolved. In the Yuan Dynasty, with whom contact was infrequent, the Great Khan Töghön Temür was  a figurehead in comparison to his Chancellors. In reaction, it seems to an extent Jani Beg went about presenting himself not just as successors to Özbeg, but the rightful heir to Chinggis Khan. Not Jani Beg was not just the Jochid Khan, but the supreme Khan. Özbeg himself seems to have used in some instances the title of “khan of khans,” as did Jani Beg. In letters to the Ilkhanid successors in the Caucasus, Jani Beg calls himself the “khan of the three ulusus,” and references to “great Khan,” as a Jochid title continued among his successors for centuries. A subtle shift in ideology, but one indicating a recognition, perhaps, that the Mongol Empire was dead, and now the Jochid Khan was supreme monarch by the grace of Eternal Heaven.    Jani Beg did not quite share Özbeg's tolerance to other religions.  While he mellowed later in his reign, initially Jani Beg seemed rather set on reducing privileges enjoyed by Franciscans and the Orthodox Church in Rus', normally a strong supporter of Mongol rule. “Idol temples,” —that is, Buddhist or shamanist sites— were specified for destruction. And as we will see shortly, Jani Beg reacted with particular ire when Christians within his empire caused trouble. But even this animosity should not be too overstated; there is no recorded attempt by Jani Beg, or other Jochid khans, to try and convert the Rus' and other Christian populations to Islam. In the 1350s a Rus' Metropolitan, Alexii, healed the eyes of Jani Beg's mother, Taydula, for which he earned great reward. On Jani Beg's death in 1357 the Rus' Nikonian Chronicle describes the late Jani Beg as a friend to Christians, a  monarch who had given the Rus' many privileges. We might suspect that Jani Beg took the throne with a zealousness to prove his Islamic bona fides, and cooled in this fervour as the years passed.   Unfortunately for the Italian merchants in the Horde, in 1343 Jani Beg was still very much full of zeal.  That year, the second of Jani Beg's reign, news came to him of a murder of a Mongol notable in Tana. Tana was the Italian name for Azov, a trading community Özbeg had granted to the Venetians on the mouth of the Don River, nestled on the edge of the Azov Sea east of the Crimea. In September of 1343, an argument between an Italian and a Mongol, Hajji ‘Umar, resulted in the Italians murdering him in the street.  Jani Beg was white hot with rage directed at the Italians. His father Özbeg had generally handled the Italian traders relatively well, playing them off each other and making the Golden Horde a good deal of money. Initially, Jani Beg had reconfirmed the privileges of the Italians. However, Jani Beg took umbrage with the autonomy of the port cities, and felt they had too much control over the Jochid state's trade. The Italians' continued dealing in nomadic slaves may also have frustrated the Khan. After the poor relationship between Özbeg  and the Mamluk Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad, Jani Beg basically let the relationship with the Mamluks die. With the disintegration of the Ilkhanate, there was little need for such worthless allies, as far as Jani Beg was concerned. He only sent two embassies to the Mamluks; one alerting them of his enthronement, and one informing them of his conquest of Tabriz. There was no interest or desire to allow the Mamluks their continued access to Qipchap troops, and little patience for Italians selling perfectly good potential warriors to distant Egypt. Not surprisingly, it is about this time that Circassians were gaining prominence as the source of Mamluks in Egypt.    The murder of the Mongol in Tana was either the final straw, or simply a good pretence to rid himself of the Italians, and perhaps put his own men in charge of the trade. No more could the Italians enrich themselves at the expense of the Horde! In quick order Jani Beg had the westerners in the Black Sea trade cities of  Tana and Solkhat expelled or killed, and an army bearing down on Caffa in 1343. As the chief of the port cities, and the primary Geneose settlement, Caffa was the prize of the campaign. But it would be no easy nut to crack. Caffa's harbour allowed it to be resupplied by sea no matter how strong the land blockade. Caffa had also learned lessons from sieges suffered during the reign of Toqta Khan thirty years prior. The city walls were stout, its supplies well stocked. Khan Jani Beg found the city withstood his initial assaults over 1343 and 1344. On one occasion a night foray resulted in the Genoese burning down Jani Beg's siege machines. All Jani Beg could do was cut it off by land, for the Genoese could continue to bring in provisions.    A further issue had developed too. While the Venetian-Genoese rivalry was normally strong, in the midst of this emergency they had put aside their differences, the Venetians seeking shelter in Caffa and the city-states putting a trade embargo on the Golden Horde. Recall in our previous episodes, how we described the ways in which the economy of the Golden Horde relied on the overland Asian trade. Much of this funneled through the Golden Horde's Black Sea coastline, and booned with the relative stability of inner-Asian travel. But by the 1340s, this economic system was already reeling with the collapse of the Ilkhanate and Chagatai Khanate, and now with this embargo due to the war with Genoa and Venice, the Horde was effectively cut out of the international trade routes. As early as 1344, a Franciscan observer remarked in a letter that protests were breaking out in the Horde's city with the unintended economic strangulation. The consequences were felt across Europe, with the doubling of the prices of silk and spices. The Horde was a major grain exporter for much of the Black Sea region, and the war was now resulting in famine in Constantinople, as Jani Beg prevented Italian access to the grain harvests.   In an effort to bring about a resolution, Jani Beg needed a new ploy. He found just the ticket. In an unusual for any Mongol khan, with the exception of Khubilai, Jani Beg decided to build a navy. Harbouring it in the Sea of Azov, Jani Beg was going to attack Caffa land and sea, or at least choke it out. Unfortunately for Jani Beg, such an effort could not go unnoticed as sailors, labourers and materials were called into the region. Once the Genoese learned of it in 1345, a specialty raiding fleet was organized in Genoa, sailed across the Mediterranean and literally dashed Jani Beg's dreams to pieces; the Golden Horde's fledgling navy was nipped in the bud, burnt and sunk.    Jani Beg was denied his swift victory. In 1346 he maintained siege lines but undertook no assaults, and in 1347 concluded separate treaties with Genoa and Venice. Once more the Genoese were able to sail their cargo out of Caffa's harbour, and the Venetians returned to their colony at Tana. The entire campaign in the end was nought but an expensive failure, returning to status quo ante bellum. The situation remained tense, particularly when Genoese and Venetian rivalry reasserted itself, and not until the late 1350s do things appear to have normalized, and Caffa remained the preeminent trade center of the northern Black Sea coast. But by then, a much more significant crisis now faced the international market, in the form of that intolerable little bugaboo, Yersinia pestis. Or as you may know it by its more colloquial name, the Black Death.    Wherever its origins were, the Black Death had reached the Golden Horde's cities by 1346, travelling along the Central Asian trade lines.  It likely began ravaging Jani Beg's army outside of Caffa in 1346, and it is here that we get one of the most infamous cases of biological warfare ever recorded, wherein Jani Beg ordered his troops to catapult the plague bodies of their fallen men into Caffa, causing it to spread among the defenders. Fleeing Genoese thus took it back to Europe with them. The rest, as they say, is history.   Except maybe it's not. There's a number of issues with this popular story. Firstly, it's described in only a single, by Gabriele de Mussi, who was not an eyewitness. At the time of the siege, de Mussi was in northern Italy, and may have only learned of the information, at-best secondhand, but perhaps only after it passed through multiple informants. The manuscript itself is a matter of question: not only do no other medieval accounts reference Jani Beg launching corpses like this, but no other source mentions de Mussi's account in particular. In fact, it was unknown until it was discovered in the mid-19th century in what is now Poland! The document itself shows a poor understanding of the chronology, which is suspect for a supposedly educated lawyer like de Mussi. Caffa appears depopulated and abandoned by the end of the siege, though this was far from the case; it also portrays ships coming directly to Genoa from Caffa and spreading the plague thusly. But we know this to be false: the siege ended in 1346, but plague did not come to Genoa until early 1348, and from ships which had come from Sicily. As you probably know, not a lot of plague victims managed two years with it.    Further issues come from the logic presented in the text. The Mongols' deep reverence for their own dead, compounded by their conversion to Islam means that launching the bodies of their own fellows into Caffa seems an extraordinary taboo in their culture to break. In fact, there are effectively no historical anecdotes of an army tossing bodies of its own men into a city in order to spread plague; you'll find very few cultures in history in which soldiers would be willing to disrespect the bodies of their fallen comrades in such a manner. It's one thing to do it to bodies of the enemy, but the desecration of friends and allies is another matter entirely. The Mongols had a very well established reaction to disease outbreaks; leaving a site entirely, rather than stopping to continually handle the plague bodies. This makes a prolonged proximity to plague victims in order to load them into trebuchets even more unlikely. There have also been arguments that this would be a very ineffective means to actually spread plague!  We can even comment on the fact that, had Caffa been so decimated, why did the Mongols not simply overrun it?    Suffice to say, very few modern scholars accept de Mussi's version of events, if the manuscript is even authentic. At best, we might wonder if the Mongols had thrown bodies of prisoners, or even animals, into the city at some point during the siege, which through a game of telephone turned into lobbing thousands of Mongol cadavers into Caffa, as de Mussi suggests. An accidental conflation of timelines and events in the midst of monumental horror of the Black Death is an understandable mistake to make.    The more likely explanation is that the citizens of Caffa picked up the plague after the siege ended. Either looting the abandoned Mongol siege camp, or when the blockade was lifted and trade restarted with the Golden Horde. With the plague already running rampant in the Horde's cities, it was only a matter of time before it entered Caffa through  normal means. The port of Caffa began sending ships out for trade again in spring 1347; by the late summer, the plague was in Constantinople, and by early 1348 in Genoa.  Caffa may very well have been the launching point for the plague into the Mediterranean, but the launching point for plague into Caffa was probably not a Mongol siege weapon.       We have very little information on the effect the Black Death had on the Golden Horde. It seems to have had, just as it did everywhere, a devastating impact on urban centres. As we already established, there were a number of great cities in the steppes which had grown rich on the trans-continental trade. They had already been hurting in previous years with the fall of the other khanates and the Black Sea embargo; now the plague seemed a mortal blow.  The only references we have are vague mentions of thousands upon thousands of losses in these cities. The Rus' Nikonian Chronicle states that so many died in the Horde's cities, that there was noone left to bury them.    For the nomadic population, plague seems to have had a lesser impact. Steppe nomads essentially had a cultural system of quarantine for sick persons; gers would be marked off, and none allowed to enter which a sick person was inside. Those who had been in the presence of a person who died in a ger were forbidden from the khan's presence entirely. Areas where infected animals or persons were seen were strictly avoided. Such systems remain in place even in modern Mongolia, where Yersinis pestis occurs normally in some animal populations. There, the normally sparse population allows the disease to be avoided like the plague. And it seems it proved beneficial for the Mongols; while Jani Beg had around a dozen children alive by the time of his death, at the same time in the Rus' principalities numerous princes, notables and even the Grand Prince, Simeon, succumbed to the plague.        Yet most assuredly, the 1340s and 50s marked a downward path for the Horde. While occupied with the Crimean venture, Jani Beg's western bordering was further slipping from his grasp. In 1345 a Mongol army was defeated by the Hungarian King, Louis the Great. Lithuania continued its expansion into Galicia-Volhynia in competition with the Polish King Casimir III. Jani Beg was frustrated by them, and his mood proved fickle. Initially he granted consent for Casimir's campaigning in Galicia against the Lithaunains, but then in the early 1350s Mongol troops raided as far as Lublin.  In the end, Jani Beg ceded control of Galicia to Poland, and Volhynia to the Lithuanians, in exchange for the continuation of tribute for rights to both lands. While raids by Tatar troops would follow irregularly, Jani Beg's reign marks the surrendering of the western frontier of the Golden Horde.       Sinking the resources and men of his empire into Crimea, meant Jani Beg had been unable to take advantage of the disintegration of the Ilkhanate. Though we might wonder if this was in part a reluctance to press that frontier, given the troubles his father had faced attempting to do so. It was not until the end of the 1350s that Jani Beg finally threw his weight against the Ilkhanate's successors. For years, individuals had fled the Chobanid state to the Golden Horde, bringing news of the poor rulership of Malik Ashraf. For a bit more context, check out episode 58 of this podcast for these post-Ilkhanid states. But in short, the Chobanids were a non-Chinggisid dynasty based in what is now Azerbaijan. Their final ruler was Malik Ashraf, a cruel and violent man who alienated essentially everyone he could. Jani Beg must have felt that the greatly weakened Malik Ashraf would be a pushover. His intentions were clear in the letter he sent to Malik Ashraf in Tabriz:       “I am coming to take possession of the ulus of Hülagü. You are the son of Choban whose name was in the yarligh  of the four uluses. Today three uluses are under my command and I also wish to appoint you emir of the ulus; get up and come to meet me.” At best, as a non-Chinggisid, Malik Ashraf could rule as a governor on behalf of a khan. Malik Ashraf asserted in his response that this is what he was doing, ruling on behalf of Hülagü's line. The fact that Malik Ashraf by that point had no Ilkhanid puppet khan was glossed over. Additionally, Malik Ashraf sought to ease worries among his men by stating that as the ruler of the lands of Berke, Jani Beg had no right to the lands of Hülegü. Such an argument did little good as Jani Beg's host entered the Caucasus in 1357. After a single battle the Chobanid army disintegrated, and the fleeing Malik Ashraf was caught and executed. After almost a century of on and off warfare, Tabriz finally came under Jochid rule. Jani Beg was victorious as none of his ancestors had been. After years of reverses, difficulties and other trials, Jani Beg finally had his great victory. He appointed his son Berdi Beg as governor of the region, and returned triumphant to the Golden Horde… only to die two months later. The blame is usually attributed to Berdi Beg, who in various sources was convinced into the action by poison-tongued emirs. In one account, Berdi Beg strangles his father himself.  Berdi Beg quickly followed this up with murdering many of his brothers, including one who was only eight months old. He is alleged to have killed this one with his own hands. This, as we will see next week, was very far from being the end of the killing.        So ended the reign of Jani Beg Khan, and with it, the golden age of the Horde. Jani Beg appears as an almost pale imitation of Öz Beg, ambitious enough for the throne, but not the man to steer the ship in a time of crisis. He wasted men and resources on his effort to expel the Italians, and achieved nothing for the outburst, preventing him from sooner seizing opportunity in the Caucasus. The Black Death and unraveling of the overland trade was of course outside of his power, but Jani Beg's clumsy hand did nothing to assuage the situation. The fact that he did not face a real threat to his power until 1357 though, speaks to the strength of the Jochid political system that it could essentially coast through these years without major disaster. Such a thing could not be said of Berdi Beg's reign, or those who were soon to follow him, as the Golden Horde entered its period of bulqhaq: anarchy. Our next episodes will detail the steady collapse of the Golden Horde, so be sure to subscribe to the Kings and Generals Podcast to follow. If you enjoyed this and would like to help us continue bringing you great content, consider supporting us on patreon at www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. This episode was researched and written by our series historian, Jack Wilson. I'm your host David, and we'll catch you on the next one. 

Alexis Mussi is the First Female CEO of Southern Hills Hospital. Alexis has been recognized in a Forty Under Forty in 2021, she is a founding member of the Ronald McDonald House Red Shoe Society, a Trauma Intervention Program Heroes with Heart Award Recipient and she sits on the board for the Cohn's and Colitis Foundation.