Podcasts about mn2

There are 7 stages or knowledges set out in Sutta MN 48. Here is covered the first 3 steps the lead from ordinary mind through the beginning of the path of sotapanna up to the mid point, the start of the fruit of sotapanna. It's all about eradication of doubt. Sutta MN 24 and MN2 are also referenced. See the video version of this call on YouTube. ►YouTube Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QE3aAj2qP24 Find the full video chats on the Dhammarato Dhamma YouTube channel. ►YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/c/DhammaratoDhamma Weekly Sangha calls, everyone is welcome! ►The Sangha US - https://join.skype.com/uyYzUwJ3e3TO ►The Sangha UK - https://join.skype.com/w6nFHnra6vdh To meet Dhamma friends or volunteer to help spread the Dhamma, join our discord. ►Discord - https://discord.gg/epphTGY To unite the growing interest in Buddhism with the hundreds of Buddhist wats in the West, we are in the process of starting the Open Sangha Foundation. If you want to learn more or volunteer to help, join the discord link above and navigate to the "open-sangha" text channel. We are in the process of timestamping and organizing the 1000+ Dhammarato skype calls on this channel. If you would like to help with the process, find more information here - https://bit.ly/3H1EWSA What do the numbers in the title mean? The number by the name of the student indicates the total amount of recorded calls with Dhammarato. The date in the title indicates the date the call was recorded.

Pete Moss and Colette on the "Virtual Sessions" presented by The DJ Sessions 2/27/21 Pete and Colette talking about their collaboration album "THE DAYS" A Retrospective Part 1" and other things... About Pete Moss - Philadelphia based Pete Moss knows a thing or two about house music having traveled the world in search of the ultimate underground dance floors, and releasing over 150 projects on top labels such as, Ovum, Dessous, ALola, Definity, Large, Seamless, I records, MN2's, Acryl and dozens of others, including his own underground Recline imprint.  Known as one of the finest late night/underground Dj's on the map, crushing it at Fabric London, La Terrazza Barcelona, Roxy Prague, Salon Daome Montreal, Harlot San Francisco, King King L.A, The Arches GLasgow, La Santanera PDC Mexico, Rioma Mexico City, Smartbar Chicago, Living Room Miami, among others, Pete has a reputation for giving his all at every gig and leaving people touched and inspired by his signature deep and eclectic sound. Candy Talk Records kicked off 2021 with its twenty-second release, featuring the first in a two part retrospective compilation "The Days", from label favorite, Philly's deep house aficionado, Pete Moss. This two-part retrospective compiled by label head Colette features some of Moss' most memorable moments, with many tracks originally only available in limited quantities. These hand chosen tracks have all been remastered for today's modern fidelity. Part one of this series features an eclectic collection of sounds and moods. From the dubbed out aesthetics of tracks like "So Sweet", "2012", and "All Ova the World", to the spaced out elemental disco-tinged "Turn U Back" and "Back in the Daze", this is just scraping the surface of this release's brilliance. Paring the sweet and subtle spatial delicacy of "Too Soon", "I See the Beauty", and his rework of "Dreams feat. Colette" with the emotive tracks like the deep and driving "Rain Day" or "Solutionz", this compilation is a true testament to the exploratory musical magic that has become a benchmark of the sound of Pete Moss.   About Colette - Always seeking to push boundaries and explore new territories, Chicago native DJ Colette, continues to discover ways to push her craft and career forward even after over two decades of leading the pack. A founding member of the pioneering DJ collective Superjane—along with DJ Heather, Lady D, and Dayhota—Colette has been an integral part of the Midwest underground since the birth of the 90s. Crafting events in Chicago—ones that would see most of Chicago's second generation of house music artists and DJs graduate to global scales—her Material events at the storied club Shelter in Chicago's West Loop neighborhood were seminal in the development of the house sound of Chicago's North Side, from the early 1990s on. Colette's groundbreaking combination of incorporating her live vocals over into DJ sets became her signature and a definitive technique that's won her fans from six continents. As a natural extension of her formative musical academia at Lane Tech College Prep, she began making recordings, with her first release appearing on 1995's “Moments of Epiphany” produced by Mazi & DJ Motion for Shroom Records. With an ever-increasing velocity of singles released for independent mainstays such as Icon Recordings, Moody Recordings, Nordic Trax, Brique Rouge, including Derrick Carter's seminal Classic Music Company, eventually led to recording two successful full-length efforts—2005's Hypnotized ​and 2007's ​Push​—for San Franciso's legendary imprint OM Records. With multiple Dancestar Awards, commercial licenses, TV placements, and a Top #5 Billboard Hit, Colette was ready to make the next move in her career from not only just making records and playing them, but the upward motion to releasing them as well. About "The DJ Sessions" - “The DJ Sessions" is a online/downloadable series featuring the hottest electronic music DJ's with live mixes and interviews, streamed live to a global audience. Check out the website: www.thedjsessions.com   With over 1,900 episodes produced over the last ten years "The DJ Sessions" has featured international artists such as: BT, Cut Chemist, Lindsey Stirling, Mako, Simon Patterson, Morgan Page, Jes, David Morales, Thievery Corporation, Sander Van Dorn, GAWP, Somna, Roxanne, Scotty Boy, Jody Wisternoff, Benny Bennasi, Christopher Lawrence, Oliver Twizt, Ricardo Torres, Alex Harrington, Pete Moss, Colette, 4 Strings, Sunshine Jones, Elite Force, Revolvr, Kenneth Thomas, Paul Oakenfold, George Acosta, Reid Speed, TyDi, Donald Glaude, Jimbo, Ricardo Torres, Hotel Garuda, Bryn Liedl, Rodg, Kems, Mr. Sam, Steve Aoki, Funtcase, Dirtyloud, Marco Bailey, Dirtmonkey, Crystal Method, Beltek, Dyro, Andy Caldwell, Darin Epsilon, Kyau & Albert, Kutski, Vaski, Moguai, Blackliquid, Sunny Lax, Matt Darey, and many more.   In addition to featuring national/international artists “The DJ Sessions” featured hundreds local top DJs from their homebase of Seattle.   We have also undergone a massive upgrade in our TDJS studios and to our TDJS Mobile Studio to full HD streaming and HD audio to make the quality of the shows even better than before. Along with that we have launched a new website that now features our current live streams and past episodes in a much more user friendly mobile/social environment.   About The DJ Sessions Event Services - TDJSES is a WA State Non-profit charitable organization that's main purpose is to provide music, art, fashion, dance, and entertainment to local and regional communities via events and video production programming distributed through broadcast television and the internet for live and archival viewing.   "The DJ Sessions" is a Twitch "Featured Partner" and MixCloud "Featured Partner" series and has been recognized by Apple twice as a "New and Noteworthy" and "Featured Video” podcast. UStream and Livestream have also listed TDJS as a "Featured" stream in their lineups. The TDJS combined live streaming/podcast audience is over 90,000 viewers per week.   For all press inquiries regarding “The DJ Sessions”, or to schedule an interview with Darran Bruce, please contact us at info@thedjsessions.com Colette launched Candy Talk Records in June of 2010 as a platform for more creative control with her own music, their collaborations, and the choice and freedom to work with other record producers of whom she is a fan. Since then, Colette has personally released eight singles and two full-length efforts of her own work—2013's crowd-funded ​When The Music's Loud (named ​one of Vice's 99 greatest dance albums of all time​) a​nd 2017's​ Retrospective. Releasing remixed and original works from the likes of Gettoblaster, Sonny Fodera, Late Nite Alumni, Lawnchair Generals, Rubb Sound System, Scrubfish, WhiteNoize, Demarkus Lewis, Chuck Love, Golf Clap, Local Options, Change Request, and more she has created a home for other like-minded creators to have a platform for their work. With an ever-growing roster of musicians, producers, and DJs, 2019—thus far—has seen Candy Talk release East Coast production stalwart Pete Moss' mixes of Colette's “Dreams”, which peaked at #4 on the Traxsource Deep House Top 100. Establishing a remix series highlighting particular producers, Candy Talk has released two volumes in this series thus far with The Rubb Sound System Remixes (CTR015) and The Gettoblaster Remixes (CTR016), and The Demarkus Lewis Remixes (CTR018) featuring his reworks of "Call On Me", “Dreams”, and “We Feel So Hot” slated for the last quarter of 2019. Looking forward, the label anticipates celebrating its 10th anniversary in 2020 with a compilation centered around the best of the Candy Talk catalog—including some new tracks—(CTR019) in the first half of the new year.  

In solid-state chemistry, the existence of homonuclear diatomic nitrogen anions has proven existence only very recently, although the latter represent a common and well-characterized structural motif in biological and synthetic chemistry. Thereby, high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) syntheses starting from the elements and using specialized equipments have introduced binary diazenides (M = Sr, Ba, La) and pernitrides (M = Os, Ir, Pd, Pt) with MN2 stoichiometry consisting of [N2]2– and [N2]4– ions, respectively. Nevertheless, synthesis and characterization of only a handful of examples of both materials classes since their identification in 2001 is quite surprising. Within this context, it is likewise remarkable that solids with isoelectronic, homonuclear diatomic ions consisting of elements to the left (carbon) and to the right (oxygen) of nitrogen in the periodic table have already been synthesized and characterized decades ago. Introducing the approach of controlled thermal decomposition of ionic azides of Group I and II metals in a multianvil device at extreme conditions resulted in a renaissance of homonuclear diatomic nitrogen chemistry. This high-pressure route proved as excellent tool for the synthesis of hitherto unknown binary and even ternary materials with homonuclear diatomic nitrogen anions. However, compared to the classification of valencies in bound N2 entities observed in bioinorganic or metal-organic chemistry, their adequate description in solid-state chemistry is hindered due to, for example potential metallicity in such compounds. Nevertheless, by the use of a variety of complementary experimental and theoretical methods, such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), density functional theory (DFT), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic and electron spin resonance spectroscopy (NMR, ESR), the identification of [N2]2- anions in solid-state compounds was possible.

Oxygenic photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy and is responsible for generating most of our atmosphere’s oxygen and biomass on earth. Several multimeric protein complexes are involved in the underlying photosynthetic electron transfer chain with photosystem II (PSII) representing the initial complex mediating the extraction of electrons from water molecules, thus generating molecular oxygen as a by-product. During recent years, the structural details and components of the PSII complex, including its inorganic and organic cofactors, have been elucidated in great detail. However, little is known about the assembly pathway of this at least 20 protein subunits containing machinery. Previous work indicated that PSII assembly occurs in a step-wise fashion and requires a number of facilitating factors, which interact transiently with nascent PSII complexes. Earlier studies of one of those assembly factors, the cyanobacterial PratA protein, suggested that PSII biogenesis does not only underlie a temporal order but is also organized at the spatial level, as PratA was shown to mark a special intermediate membrane subfraction (PDMs), hypothesized to represent regions for initial steps of PSII biogenesis. The presented work focused on a more detailed characterization of PDMs, clearly supporting their significance not only with regard to early protein assembly, but also concerning pigment synthesis and integration into the PSII precomplexes. The PDMs could further be allocated to special membrane regions, named biogenesis centers, at sites where thylakoid membranes converge to the plasma membrane, thus demonstrating the spatial organization of PSII assembly at the cellular level. Moreover, a novel function of PratA in preloading of PSII with Mn2+ ions, necessary for construction of the water-splitting complex, was discovered. Concomitantly with progression of the assembly, the nascent PSII complexes are transported from the PDMs to the thylakoid membrane system, where Sll0933 – a novel PSII assembly factor identified in this thesis – mediates the integration of the PSII inner antenna proteins followed by completion of the assembly process. Additionally, it could be shown that many of the so far identified facilitating factors interact with each other and, thus, form a complex network for PSII assembly. Especially the interaction between the two assembly factors YCF48 and Sll0933 was characterized in more detail, revealing a successive mode of action with YCF48 operating upstream of Sll0933. Taken together, the presented results enable the development of an extended and elaborated model of PSII assembly, which is a concerted process connecting protein and cofactor synthesis/integration in a spatiotemporal manner, and thus contribute to a more profound understanding of photosynthesis itself.

The present doctoral thesis introduces a method for semi-automatic volumetric analysis of the hippocampus and other distinct brain regions in laboratory mice. The method of volumetric manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (vMEMRI) makes use of the paramagnetic property of the manganese ion, Mn2+, which results in a positive contrast enhancement of specific brain areas on the MR image and enables a more detailed image of brain morphology. The chemical similarity of Mn2+ to Calcium leads to an accumulation of Mn2+ in excited cells and consequentially an enhanced signal in certain brain regions in an activity dependent manner. However, one major drawback for vMEMRI is the toxicity of Mn2+. Therefore, the aims of the thesis have been: (1) Establishment of a MEMRI protocol in mice (2) Optimization of a Mn2+ application procedure to reduce toxic side effects (3) Development of an automatized method to determine hippocampal volume (4) Validation of vMEMRI analysis (5) Application of volumetric analysis in mouse models of psychopathology This thesis splits into 3 studies. Study 1 deals with Mn2+ toxicity and introduces an application method that considerably reduces the toxic side effects of Mn2+. Study 2 validates vMEMRI as a method to reliably determine hippocampal volume and explores its utilization it in animals with genetically and chemically modified hippocampi. Study 3 displays the application vMEMRI in a mouse model of a psychiatric disorder. Study 1 shows that a single application of Mn2+ in dosages used in current MEMRI studies leads to considerable toxic side effects measurable with physiological, behavioral and endocrine markers. In contrast, a fractionated application of a low dose of Mn2+ is proposed as an alternative to a single injection of a high dose. Repeated application of low dosages of 30 mg/kg Mn2+ showed less toxic side effects compared to the application schemes with higher dosages of 60 mg/kg. Additionally, the best vMEMRI signal contrast was seen for an injection protocol of 30 mg/kg 8 times with an inter-injection interval of 24 h (8x30/24 protocol). The impact of the 8x30/24 application protocol on longitudinal studies was tested by determining whether learning processes are disturbed. Mice were injected with the 8x30/24 protocol 2 weeks prior to receiving a single footshock. Manganese injected mice showed less contextual freezing to the shock context and a shock context reminder one month after shock application. Furthermore, mice showed increased hyperarousal and no avoidance of shock context related odors. This impairment in fear conditioning indicates a disturbed associative learning of Mn2+ injected mice. Therefore, it was investigated whether Mn2+ application shows a specific disturbance of hippocampus dependent learning. Mice were subjected to habitual and spatial learning protocols 12 h after each injection in a water cross-maze. There was no impairment in learning protocols which allowed for hippocampus-independent habitual learning. However, Mn2+ injected mice were specifically impaired in the hippocampus-dependent spatial learning protocol. Furthermore, it was shown that only mice with higher Mn2+ accumulation showed this impairment. Altogether, the results of this chapter argue for a fractionated application scheme such as 30 mg/kg every 24 h for 8 days to provide sufficient MEMRI signal contrast while minimizing toxic side effects. However, the treatment procedure has to be further improved to allow for an analysis of hippocampus-dependent learning processes as well. Because of the potential side effects, the vMEMRI method was applied as a final experiment in study 2 and 3. Study 2 introduces the method of vMEMRI, which allows, for the first time, an in vivo semi-automatic detection of hippocampal volume. Hippocampal volume of mice with genetically altered adult neurogenesis and those with chemically lesioned hippocampi could be analyzed with vMEMRI. Even the highly variable differences in hippocampal volume of these animals could be detected with vMEMRI. vMEMRI data correlated with manually obtained volumes and are in agreement with previously reported histological findings, indicating the high reliability of this method. Study 3 investigates the ability of vMEMRI to detect even small differences in brain morphology by examining volumetric changes of the hippocampus and other brain structures in a mouse model of PTSD supplemented with enriched housing conditions. It was shown, that exposure to a brief inescapable foot shock led to a volume reduction in both the left hippocampus and right central amygdala two months later. Enriched housing decreased the intensity of trauma-associated contextual fear independently of whether it was provided before or after the shock. vMEMRI analysis revealed that enriched housing led to an increase in whole brain volume, including the lateral ventricles and the hippocampus. Furthermore, the enhancement of hippocampal volume through enriched housing was accompanied by the amelioration of trauma-associated PTSD-like symptoms. Hippocampal volume gain and loss was mirrored by ex vivo ultramicroscopic measurements of the hippocampus. Together, these data demonstrate that vMEMRI is able to detect small changes in hippocampal and central amygdalar volumes induced by a traumatic experience in mice. In conclusion, vMEMRI proves to be very reliable and able to detect small volumetric differences in various brain regions in living mice. vMEMRI opens up a great number possibilities for future research determining neuroanatomical structure, volumes and activity in vivo as well as the ability to repeatedly determine such characteristics within each subject, given an improvement of the Mn2+ treatment protocols to minimize potential toxic side effects.

Base pairing in natural oligonucleotides relies on hydrogen bonding and pi-stacking. Applying coordinative interactions between ligand-like nucleobases and metal cations is a new way of assembling artificial oligonucleotide duplexes. The incorporation of numerous metal-base pairs into oligonucleotides may lead to interesting compounds for nano-technological applications. In this thesis, the synthesis of the salen-metal base pair is described, which comprises preparation of a suitable protected salicylic aldehyde precursor and an organo-cuprate mediated C-glycosidation as the key step. An x-ray structure of the monomeric copper-salen base pair shows a very good geometrical match with natural Watson-Crick base pairs. Up to 10 consecutive salicylic aldehyde-nucleobases could be incorporated into DNA oligonucleotides by means of phosphoramidite chemistry. The synthesized double strands with one ligand show typical B-DNA CD-spectra and distinct melting characteristics. Addition of excess ethylenediamine and 1 eq of Mn2+ or Cu2+ increase the melting temp. by 28 °C and 42 °C, respectively. The complexation of these and other metals was examined by UV-, CD- and EPR-spectroscopy and high res. ESI mass spectrometry. It was possible to stack 10 manganese atoms inside the double helix and to prepare sequence specifically arrays of up to 5 copper ions plus 5 mercury ions inside one duplex.

In this study a new Dictyostelium STE20-like protein kinase DST2 (Dictyostelium STE20-like kinase 2) was cloned and characterised. STE20 (Sterile 20) kinase was first identified in yeast as a pheromone-induced serine/threonine protein kinase that acts upstream of a MAP kinase cascade. Based on the domain structure, DST2 belongs to the GCK subfamily of STE20-like protein kinases, which include the mammalian STE20-like kinases (MST1/2/3), oxidant stress response kinase SOK-1, and DST1 in Dictyostelium discoideum which phosphorylates severin, a gelsolin-like F-actin fragmenting protein. DST2 was discovered by screening of the D. discoideum cDNA project database using DST1 as query. To confirm the existence of the DST2 gene and its expression, Southern, Northern and Western analyses of DST2 were carried out. It revealed that DST2 may have two copies in the Dictyostelium genome and that DST2 was expressed during all stages of D. discoideum development. In vitro kinase assays with bacterially expressed fusion protein of full length DST2 (aa461), the catalytic domain (aa287) and the regulatory domain (aa174) showed that autophosphorylation of DST2 occurson the regulatory domain and phosphorylates severin in the presence of a Mn2+ or Mg2+. Purified catalytic domain of PKA phosphorylated the regulatory domain of DST2 and caused an increase in the basal autophosphorylation activity of DST2, suggesting that PKA may be a potential upstream kinase of DST2 through the phosphorylation of its regulatory domain. To understand the function of the non-catalytic domain of DST2, three C-terminal truncation constructs (aa1-421, aa1-368 and aa1-326) were used in comparison to full length DST2 in in vitro kinase assays. Deletion of C-terminal regions revealed an inhibitory region amino acids 326-461 of DST2. Gel filtration chromatography showed that DST2 was eluted in a broad peak ranging from approximately 63 kDa to 400 kDa, suggesting that DST2 may exist in vivo as a monomer as well as a high molecular weight complex. The influence of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated severin on F-actin solutions was investigated using falling-ball viscometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. It turned out that phosphorylation by DST2 inhibits the F-actin fragmenting activity of severin, suggesting that DST2 may be directly involved in actin-cytoskeleton rearrangements.

Das σ54-abhängige Regulatorprotein FhlA aktiviert die Transkription der für die Bildung eines funktionellen Formiat-Hydrogen-Lyase-Komplexes nötigen Gene. Hierfür weist es eine Reihe von Aktivitäten auf, nämlich ATP-Hydrolyse, Interaktion mit Eσ54 und Stimulierung der Transkription. Die Aktivität von FhlA wird durch Bindung von Formiat und von spezifischen DNA-Sequenzen (UAS) stimuliert und durch HycA negativ beeinflußt. Sequenzähnlichkeiten von FhlA zu anderen Transkriptionsaktivatoren lassen auf einen Aufbau aus drei Domänen schließen. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit erfolgte Struktur- Funktions-Analyse lieferte wichtige Ergebnisse über die Domänenstruktur und den Wirkungsmechanismus von FhlA. In vivo- und in vitro-Analysen der C-terminalen Hälfte von FhlA (FhlA-C, Aminosäuren 379 bis 693 von FhlA), welche die Domänen B, C und D von FhlA umfaßt, zeigten, daß dieser Teil von FhlA sämtliche für die Transkriptionsaktivierung und ATP-Hydrolyse benötigten Bereiche enthält. Beide Aktivitäten von FhlA-C sind konstitutiv, bedürfen also nicht mehr der Aktivierung durch Formiat-Bindung. Durch die Bindung von DNA konnte die Aktivität von FhlA-C jedoch gesteigert werden, wobei bei spezifischer DNA ein stärkerer Effekt als bei unspezifischer zu beobachten war. Aus den Ergebnissen wurde ein Modell abgeleitet, in welchem die N-terminale Domäne von FhlA im nicht-induzierten Zustand einen hemmenden Einfluß auf die Aktivität des restlichen Proteins hat. Formiat-Bindung an die N-terminale Domäne hebt diese Hemmung auf und bewirkt eine Steigerung der Aktivität von FhlA durch Erhöhung der Affinität für ATP. Auch die HycA-Suszeptibilität konnte der N-terminalen Domäne zugeordnet werden. Darüberhinaus besitzt die N-terminale Domäne eine strukturelle Funktion, da sie für die Oligomerisierung von FhlA verantwortlich ist. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Bindung von ATP an FhlA eine Änderung der Konformation oder des Oligomerisierungszustandes des Proteins zur Folge hat. Eine Studie zur Verbreitung des FhlA-Regulationssystems ergab, daß in mehreren Spezies der Familie Enterobacteriaceae sowohl ein zu FhlA orthologes Protein als auch Homologe zu hyc- oder hyp-Genen existieren. Die Sequenz von fhlA aus S. typhimurium, E. aerogenes und K. oxytoca wurde bestimmt. Sie zeigt über die gesamte Länge große Ähnlichkeit zu FhlA von E. coli, wobei der Grad der Identität der Gene und Proteine den phylogenetischen Verwandtschaftsverhältnissen entspricht. Die FhlA-Orthologe aus E. aerogenes und K. oxytoca können FhlA aus E. coli funktionell ersetzen und zeigen auch in ihrer Aktivität hinsichtlich der Stimulierbarkeit durch Formiat und Anaerobiose große Übereinstimmung. Desweiteren beeinflußt auch HycA von E. coli die Aktivität der orthologen Proteine, was wiederum die nahe Verwandtschaft der Regulationssysteme zeigt. Im Hauptteil dieser Arbeit konnte der Beweis erbracht werden, daß das HydH/G-Zwei- Komponenten-System die Expression von zraP aktiviert, einem stromaufwärts von hydH gelegenen, in divergierender Richtung orientierten Gen. Für gereinigtes HydG wurde durch Gelretardationsexperimente und DNase I Footprinting-Analyse eine Bindestelle identifiziert, die im intergenen Bereich zwischen hydHG und zraP liegt. Diese 55 bp lange Region umfaßt zwei jeweils 17 bp lange Bereiche mit der Sequenz GAGTAAAAATGACTCGC, die als inverted repeat angeordnet sind. Diese Bindestelle wirkt als UAS in beide Richtungen. Als auslösender Stimulus für die Expressionsaktivierung von zraP durch HydH/G konnte eine Zn2+-Konzentration im Medium von mehr als 0,5 mM identifiziert werden. Pb2+ war zu einem gewissen Grad in der Lage, Zn2+ in der Funktion als Induktor zu ersetzen, jedoch erfolgte keine Aktivierung durch Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ oder Hg2+. Gleichzeitig ist HydH/G einer positiven Autoregulation unterworfen, die durch die gleichen Metalle induziert wird. Sowohl für die durch HydH/G induzierte Expression von zraP als auch von hydHG konnte eine Abhängigkeit von σ54 gezeigt werden. Der Einfluß von HydH/G auf die Regulation der Gene für die Hydrogenase 3 tritt entgegen früherer Postulate nur bei Überproduktion des Regulators auf und ist auf "cross-talk" zurückzuführen. Zweidimensionale Gelelektrophorese erbrachte Hinweise auf weitere durch HydG in ihrer zellulären Konzentration beeinflußte Proteine. Obwohl zraP im Zusammenhang mit Zink- Toleranz identifiziert worden war, zeigten die Ergebnisse keinen Einfluß von HydH/G oder ZraP auf die Zink-Toleranz der Zellen.

Subunit 9 (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide binding protein, 'proteolipid') of the mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase is a nuclearly coded protein in Neurospora crassa. It is synthesized on free cytoplasmic ribosomes as a larger precursor with an NH2-terminal peptide extension. The peptide extension is cleaved off after transport of the protein into the mitochondria. A processing activity referred to as processing peptidase that cleaves the precursor to subunit 9 and other mitochondrial proteins is described and characterized using a cell-free system. Precursor synthesized in vitro was incubated with extracts of mitochondria. Processing peptidase required Mn2+ for its activity. Localization studies suggested that it is a soluble component of the mitochondrial matrix. The precursor was cleaved in two sequential steps via an intermediate-sized polypeptide. The intermediate form in the processing of subunit 9 was also seen in vivo and upon import of the precursor into isolated mitochondria in vitro. The two cleavage sites in the precursor molecule were determined. The data indicate that: (a) the correct NH2-terminus of the mature protein was generated, (b) the NH2-terminal amino acid of the intermediate-sized polypeptide is isoleucine in position-31. The cleavage sites show similarity of primary structure. It is concluded that processing peptidase removes the peptide extension from the precursor to subunit 9 (and probably other precursors) after translocation of these polypeptides (or the NH2-terminal part of these polypeptides) into the matrix space of mitochondria.

1. Ganglion cells of the myentric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine were studied with intracellular recording methods. 2. Electrical stimulation of the interganglionic connectives elicited slow synaptic excitation (slow e.p.s.p.) that was associated with an increase in the input resistance of the cell. The slow e.p.s.p.s continued for several seconds after termination of stimulation, and they occurred only in neurones in which prolonged hyperpolarizing after-potentials followed an action potential. 3. Superfusion of the neurones with solutions containing either 1-5 mM-Mn2+ or 16 mM-Mg2+ and 1 mM-Ca2+ mimicked the slow e.p.s.p. The common characteristics of Mn2+, Mg2+ and the slow e.p.s.p. were: (a) depolarization of the membrane potential, (b) increased input resistance of the cell, (c) augmented excitability, (d) blockade of post-pike hyperpolarizing potentials and (e) reversal potential between -70 and -75 mV. 4. Analyses based on the 'constant field equation' indicated that the permeability ratios of K+ to other permeant ionic species were reduced when Ca2+ influx was blocked by Mn2+ or Mg2+. 5. The organic Ca antagonist D-600 did not affect the neurones. 6. The results suggest that slow synaptic modulation of excitability within the myenteric plexus involves a reduction of both resting GK and post-spike GK which is secondary to suppression of Ca2+ influx by the neurotransmitter for the slow e.p.s.p.