Podcasts about PKA

You can memorize every formula in the Kaplan book and STILL miss those sneaky MCAT acid–base questions. Let's fix that. In this episode of the Jack Westin MCAT Podcast, Mike & Molly walk you from first-semester chem definitions all the way to high-yield clinical tie-ins—so you understand (not just memorize) acids and bases.

I asked John Strand, of Strand Consult, on the Good, Bad and Ugly Telco Podcast after I read his Research Note on the misinformed (and it turned out predictable outcome) takeover of TDC seven years ago.  To give some context to this, TDC was the well capitalised incumbent operator with over a century of service, and it is now facing an uncertain future. To quote John's Research Note In a significant development, three prominent Danish pension funds ATP, PFA, and PKA are divesting their 50% stakes in TDC to Macquarie[their partner], marking the culmination of a troubled seven-year partnership. This research note examines the flawed strategy behind the 2018 acquisition, the subsequent financial deterioration, and the lessons for the telecommunications sector. Strand Consult's assessment of the flawed deal from 2018 is validated. John is a very clear thinker and speaker, and he related the full story very well.  It's even more shocking as he clearly predicted what the outcome would be. The focus on Financial Engineering, as opposed to Customer Innovation and Marketing, ultimately means that the that many billions of Kroner have been written off. You can find the full Research Note here: https://strandconsult.dk/the-three-danish-pension-funds-atp-pfa-and-pka-sell-their-share-of-tdc-to-macquarie-at-a-big-loss-what-went-wrong-and-whats-ahead/ John can be contacted via his website or via LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/company/strand-consult/ If you have an interesting topic or story you'd like to talk about on the Good, Bad and Ugly Podcast in the areas of Innovation, Product Marketing, Market Trends, contact me via LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/paddyflynn/    

Why do some people sleep just 4 hours and feel great?

Breweries don't need more data – they need better insights. Every day, breweries collect data on production, ingredient usage, brewing yields, equipment utilization, and more, but the challenge lies in making sense of it all. This session will demonstrate how data visualization can cut through the noise, helping breweries uncover hidden opportunities, reduce inefficiencies, and improve profitability. We'll begin by addressing the common pain points breweries face: siloed data, lack of actionable insights, and the frustration of unseen problems compounding. Using real-world examples, we'll showcase how data visualization turns complex data into clear, actionable insights – empowering brewery leaders to quick identify and address key issues like high production losses, rising costs, and underutilized equipment.Attendees will see how tracking metrics like cost per barrel, beer loss trends, and brew-to-pack timelines can drive smarter decisions. We'll also explore how these capabilities align teams, foster accountability, and provide clarity on targets and next steps. Attendees will leave with practices to implement immediately in their breweries, whether it's aligning their data, visualizing data, refining processes, or identifying areas of cost savings. This session will empower breweries to operate smarter, faster, and more effectively – giving them a competitive edge in today's tough market.As the Founder of Central Coast Analytics, Jeremy is revolutionizing how craft breweries interact with data. With 20 years of experience in analytics, he develops cutting-edge solutions that provide breweries and other industry partners with critical performance insights at their fingertips. His work enables clients to quickly see a holistic overview of their business and effortlessly drill in to uncover actionable insights. Jeremy's passion lies in helping breweries transform data from a headache into a strategic advantage, empowering breweries to make smarter, data-driven decisions.Pulkit K. Agrawal (PKA) is the Founder and CEO of Beer30 by The 5th Ingredient®, a leading brewery operations management software aimed at enhancing beer quality and consistency. After graduating from Harvard College, PKA began working as a Process Engineer for Ballast Point Brewing, where he focused on packaging lines and nitrogen beer. In January 2018, PKA launched Beer30®, a brewery data management system that offers grain-to-glass process and quality data tracking, while expanding beyond the standard inventory tracking of other systems. Beer30 focuses on real-time brewing data input, raw material inventory, cost of goods analysis, quality and sensory tracking, sales and distribution, and accounting integration. Beer30 is currently in over 450 breweries globally, helping to #BrewMoreBeer and #BrewBetterBeer across the world. In December 2022, PKA was selected into the Forbes 30 Under 30, Class of 2023, in the Food and Drink category. In his free time, PKA enjoys traveling, scuba diving, and doing entrepreneurship coaching.Stay up to date with CBP: http://update.craftbeerprofessionals.orgJoin us in-person for CBP ConnectsHalf workshop, half networkingCharlotte, NC | June 9-11, 2025Register now: https://cbpconnects.com

In this science-focused episode of the Dr. GPCR podcast, we meet Dr. Ian Chronis, a freshly minted PhD from the University of Michigan. While his academic roots started in classical history and ancient Greek, Ian's curiosity pulled him toward chemistry, then pharmacology, and eventually into the complex world of GPCR signaling. His story is a testament to the power of staying open to change and following emerging scientific questions wherever they lead.Ian's doctoral work focused on two key GPCR systems: the well-characterized β2-adrenergic receptor and the lesser-known proton-sensing receptor GPR65. In the former, he explored how PKA phosphorylation modulates receptor interactions and discovered a regulatory role for 14-3-3 proteins. But it's GPR65 — a receptor that constitutively internalizes and signals from acidic endosomes — that has captured Ian's attention and become the centerpiece of his current research. Unlike classical GPCRs, GPR65 uses non-canonical internalization mechanisms, presenting new opportunities to uncover novel biology.The receptor's ability to signal within the tumor microenvironment and immune cells makes it an emerging drug target, especially in cancer immunotherapy. However, there are still major gaps: no selective ligands, little clarity on its internalization machinery, and limited tools to modulate its function. Ian's wish list? A high-affinity agonist and antagonist to begin untangling these questions. Until then, he's carefully optimizing pH-based assays and preparing for next steps in a postdoctoral lab focused on more physiological and therapeutic systems.Whether he's decoding novel trafficking pathways or reflecting on career strategy, Ian brings a balanced perspective that's both ambitious and grounded. His advice to peers? Attend talks outside your field, learn constantly, and surround yourself with people who make science sustainable. This episode is a must-listen for those navigating the intersection of curiosity, technical rigor, and translational potential in the GPCR research community.Watch the video version of this podcast episode:https://www.ecosystem.drgpcr.com/dr-gpcr-podcast/ep-164-with-dr.-ian-chronis---------------------------------Become a #DrGPCR Ecosystem Member---------------------------------Imagine a world in which the vast majority of us are healthy.The #DrGPCR Ecosystem is all about dynamic interactions between us working towards exploiting the druggability of #GPCRs. We aspire to provide opportunities to connect, share, form trusting partnerships, grow, and thrive together.---------------------------------To build our #GPCR Ecosystem, we created various enabling outlets.Premium YearlyPremium Yearly for TeamsDeveloping CountriesAre you a #GPCR professional?Subscribe to the Classified GPCR Weekly NewsListen and subscribe to #DrGPCRPodcast⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠

Chemistry 223 Video Lecture from April 9, 2025. This video covers material from Chapter 14 Part 1 including Kw, pH and pOH, Ka and Kb, pKa and pKb, the table of acids and bases, and more. CH 223 website: http://mhchem.org/223 Let me know if you have any questions! Peace!

Corin Wagen is the Founder and CEO of Rowan. During our conversation, we talk about Corin's journey from the Jacobsen Lab at Harvard to starting Rowan with his brother. Rowan builds design and simulation software for chemistry. The company uses machine learning on quantum mechanics data to predict molecular interactions with high accuracy. Rowan trains its models on internal data and information from publicly available datasets. The key part of the product is reducing the time to make these predictions. Legacy, often on-prem, software can take weeks of computing to calculate, say the pKa or redox potential of a compound. Rowan uses machine learning to speed up these predictions with comparable accuracy.Rowan's vision is to make their tools accessible to all types of chemists and scientists, not just experts in particular areas of computational chemistry. Making computational chemistry as easy to use as Uber, Venmo, or ChatGPT. Simplifying complex calculations like reaction prediction, property estimation, and data analysis. With 100s of chemists using Rowan.

In this episode, Professor Rhea Temmermand gives nurse anesthesia residents and aspiring CRNA students a introduction to the pharmacology of LOCAL ANESTHESIA. Discover the fundamental structure, classification, and mechanism of action of these essential drugs, including how they block voltage-gated sodium channels to prevent pain signal transmission. Learn about the critical concept of pKa and its impact on drug effectiveness, explore the pharmacokinetics of esters and amides, and understand key clinical considerations for various administration routes. Professor Temmermand also covers crucial safety aspects, including recognizing and managing local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST). Whether you're preparing for boards or enhancing your clinical practice, this episode provides invaluable insights into the pharmacology and practical application of local anesthetics in anesthesiology.[NEW] We're getting ready to launch our YouTube channel - Subscribe here! [NEW] LIVE Webinar Series for FREE - last Wednesday of every month! - Sign up here!CHECK OUT OUR PHARM COURSE HERE[FREE DOWNLOAD] FOR THE SRNA: GRAB YOUR FREE SEE/NCE STUDY PLAN HERE [FREE DOWNLOAD] FOR THE RN: GRAB YOUR FREE ICU DRUG CHART HEREFollow us on Instagram at: @Atomic_AnesthesiaCheck out our other free resources at AtomicAnesthesia.comHave a topic you want to hear? Email Professor T at rhea@atomicanesthesia.com

In this episode, The Crew discusses the recent changes to PKA, Rumble, and Co-op. They also discuss all of the new 10.5 Anniversary Legends, including Halloween Uta, and talk about their experience playing Pokémon TCG Pocket! For details about future uploads and if you want to keep up to date with the hosts on the show, please follow our social media; Good, Great, Perfect Socials: https://linktr.ee/GoodGreatPerfect ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Good, Great, Perfect Podcast discusses all things ONE PIECE Treasure Cruise and beyond, and we thank you for watching/listening to this podcast. GGP Crew: - Captain Papi Twitter: https://twitter.com/captainpapii - Toadskii Twitter: https://twitter.com/Toadskii - Nitemare Twitter: https://twitter.com/nitemarejp - Flamevious Twitter: https://twitter.com/Villainueva__ #OPTC #TreCru

In this episode: Listen to a conversation between your host Vivienne Aerts and performer, singer-songwriter & producer Alea as we talk about creating music, her love for rhythm and her upcoming projects.   About Alea Maria Alejandra Jimenez, PKA as ‘Alea', is a performer, singer-songwriter and producer from Barrancas, La Guajira, Colombia. Alea's performance encompasses an entire generation of ethno-futuristic and folkloric music accentuated by buttery vocals, deep-rooted grooves and uplifting guitar. Her studies include a bachelor's in Organizational Communications and a Diploma from Berklee College of Music in Jazz Composition and Performance. Alea's in-person performances are powerful encounters of the spirit, passionate travelogues that link downtown New York to a tropical Colombian cantina. They are celebrations of Latin America and new definitions of what “Latin Alternative” can be. She's released two albums as as soloist; Her latest album, 2021's Alborotá, was shortlisted as among the Best Latin Music of the year by both Rolling Stone and NPR. She also has recorded for multiple brand projects such as Google's Waze, Liberty Mutual, Denny's and Corona. ⁠Instagram⁠ ⁠Website⁠ About ViviTalks - Interviews with the Women Behind Typuhthâng. Introducing ViviTalks, a podcast hosted by Dutch New York-based musician Vivienne Aerts. Join us as we celebrate 100 talented female musicians from Vivienne's latest album "Typuhthâng," with a mission to empower female cacao farmers in the Virunga State Park of Congo and contribute to rainforest restoration. We delve into the musical journeys, creative processes, and unique perspectives of these talented women, seeking to bring greater balance to the music industry. It's a safe space for honest and authentic conversations with artists and trailblazers. Let's amplify the voices of remarkable women in music and stay tuned for inspiring stories and meaningful dialogues on ViviTalks. ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠Stream⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ the Album Buy it on Bandcamp⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ and get the chocolate! ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠More about Vivienne here Follow the podcast on your favorite platform

In this episode, The Crew discusses the recent Version 14.2 Update and do a deep dive into the changes surrounding PKA. They also chat about 10.5 Anni Roger & Rayleigh & Gaban, Metaphor and the recent Pokémon Leaks! For details about future uploads and if you want to keep up to date with the hosts on the show, please follow our social media; Good, Great, Perfect Socials: https://linktr.ee/GoodGreatPerfect ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Good, Great, Perfect Podcast discusses all things ONE PIECE Treasure Cruise and beyond, and we thank you for watching/listening to this podcast. GGP Crew: - Captain Papi Twitter: https://twitter.com/captainpapii - Toadskii Twitter: https://twitter.com/Toadskii - Nitemare Twitter: https://twitter.com/nitemarejp - Flamevious Twitter: https://twitter.com/Villainueva__ #OPTC #TreCru

Send us a Text Message.Episode Summary: In this episode, Rudy kicks things off by discussing his recent projects, leading into an in-depth exploration of pH in pool water. He explains the concept of pH, the pH scale, and the critical role of maintaining the proper pH level in swimming pools. Rudy delves into the importance of pH buffers and pKa values, offering insights into how they stabilize pH levels in pool water. He provides practical tips for pool technicians on managing water chemistry and preventing pH-related issues, emphasizing the significance of understanding pH for the comfort of swimmers and the longevity of pool equipment.The second half of the episode shifts focus to negotiating the best pricing on wholesale swimming pool supplies—an essential aspect of profitability for pool service companies. Rudy shares tips and strategies for effective negotiation, including building relationships with distributors, leveraging unique selling propositions, and exploring alternative deals. He underscores the importance of preparation, understanding market prices, and staying informed about industry trends. The conversation also highlights the value of maintaining a positive reputation and utilizing technology to enhance the negotiation process. Continuous improvement in negotiation skills is emphasized as a key to long-term success.Keywords:pHPool waterpH scalepH bufferspKa valuesWater chemistryPool maintenancePool serviceNegotiationPricingWholesale suppliesDistributorsUnique selling propositionPreparationMarket researchIndustry trendsRelationship buildingAlternative dealsVolume discountsLong-term contractsBrand reputationTechnologyCustomer feedbackTakeaways:Maintaining a proper pH level in swimming pools is crucial for the comfort of swimmers and the longevity of equipment.pH is a measure of the acidity or base of a solution, and the pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.pH buffers, such as sodium bicarbonate and borate, help stabilize the pH levels in pool water.pKa values indicate the effectiveness of a buffer at a specific pH range.Understanding pH and using buffers can help pool technician AquaStar Pool ProductsThe Global Leader in Safety, Dependability, & Innovation in Pool Technology.POOL MAGAZINE Pool Magazine is leading up to the minute news source for Swimming Pool News and Pool Features. OuBLUERAY XLThe real mineral purifier! Reduce your pool maintenance costs & efforts by 50%Jack's MagicIf you know Jack's you'd have no stains!RaypakRaypak, leading the evolution of environmental efficiency and sustainability in pool heaters.Disclaimer: This post contains affiliate links. If you make a purchase, I may receive a commission at no extra cost to you.Support the Show.Thank you so much for listening! You can find us on social media: Facebook Instagram Tik Tok Email us: talkingpools@gmail.com

Sponsors: @GFuelEnergy: use code RMTS for 20% off at checkout  @WoodysGamertag  In this milestone episode of RMTS, we're joined by the legendary WoodysGamertag as we dive into an exciting range of topics, from breaking arms to crazy school stories and the infamous streamer sketch. Tune in as Zac finally answers a Mail Monday question from 10 years ago!

Here are the research papers to support what I talk about today: Cheng, CW, Adams, GB, Perin, L, Wei, M, Zhou, X, Lam, BS, De Sacoo, S, Mirisola, M, Quinn, DI, Dorff, TB, Kopchick, JJ, Longo, VD. Prolonged Fasting reduces IGF-1/PKA to promote hematopoietic stem cell-based regeneration and reverse immunosuppression. Cell Stem Cell. 2014 Jun 5; 14(6): 810–823. PMID: 249051672. Wu, S. Fasting triggers stem cell regeneration of damaged old immune system. USC News. Link Here3. Marziali, C. Fasting weakens cancer in mice. USC News. Link Here Buono, R, Longo, VD. When fasting gets tought, the tough immune cells get going-or die. Cell. 2019 Aug 22;178(5):1038-1040. PMID: 31442398   Anft, M. Don't feed your head. John Hopkins Magazine. Link Here Traba, J, Geiger, SS, Kwarteng-Siaw, M, Han, K, Ra, OH, Siegel, RM, Gius, D, Sack, MN. Prolonged fasting suppresses mitochondrial NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation via SIRT3-mediated activation of superoxide dismutase 2. J Biol Chem. 2017 Jul 21;292(29):12153-12164. PMID: 28584055 Haas JT, Staels B. Fasting the Microbiota to Improve Metabolism? Cell Metab. 2017; 26(4): 584-585. PMID: 28978420 Pietrocola F, Pol J, Kroemer G. Fasting improves anticancer immunosurveillance via autophagy induction in malignant cells. Cell Cycle. 2016; 15 (24):3327-3328. PMCID: 5224452 Mihaylova MM, et al. Fasting Activates Fatty Acid Oxidation to Enhance Intestinal Stem Cell Funciton during Homeostasis and Aging. 2018 May; 22(5): 769-778. PMID: 29727683See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Sponsors: @GFuelEnergy: use code RMTS for 20% off at checkout Guest:  @DannyDorito23 

00:00 - Introduction02:20 - Updating bicarbonate's pKa from 6.14 to 6.2708:24 - Orenda app integration with a test kit08:51 - The new calculator15:02 - Account login16:37 - Closing ------------------------------------Connect with Orenda TechnologiesWebsite: https://www.orendatech.comHelp Center: https://ask.orendatech.comBlog: https://blog.orendatech.comYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/OrendaTechnologiesFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/orendatech/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/orendatechnologies/Swim Across America | Team Orenda: https://www.swimacrossamerica.org/goto/orenda

00:00 - Introduction05:50 - Does the Orenda Calculator™ adjust alkalinity for CYA?09:44 - pH buffering system: acids and conjugate bases12:49 - Hydrogens move around, but don't go away16:01 - pKa values19:05 - Cyanuric acid and Cyanurate ion22:13 - More CYA increases buffering capacity25:15 - Using chlorine vs. Losing chlorine28:52 - Closing ------------------------------------Connect with Orenda TechnologiesWebsite: https://www.orendatech.comHelp Center: https://ask.orendatech.comBlog: https://blog.orendatech.comYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/OrendaTechnologiesFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/orendatech/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/orendatechnologies/Swim Across America | Team Orenda: https://www.swimacrossamerica.org/goto/orenda

00:00 - Introduction03:16 - pH buffering04:43 - Bicarbonate, cyanurate and borate06:41 - pH is based on H2O and hydrolysis09:56 - Carbonate alkalinity means dissolved CO2 determines pH11:51 - Bicarbonate converts into carbonate at 8.3 pH13:22 - High TA, more buffering capacity, more acid demand15:19 - Acids and conjugate bases18:16 - pKa values and buffering strength20:52 - What does pKa stand for?23:05 - Closing ------------------------------------Connect with Orenda TechnologiesWebsite: https://www.orendatech.comHelp Center: https://ask.orendatech.comBlog: https://blog.orendatech.comYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/OrendaTechnologiesFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/orendatech/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/orendatechnologies/Swim Across America | Team Orenda: https://www.swimacrossamerica.org/goto/orenda

Guest:  @RyanKatsuRivera  Sponsors: @GFuelEnergy: use code RMTS for 20% off at checkout 0:00:00 Introducing The Number 1 Podcast Producer 0:01:01 Realizing we are really close 0:01:57 Being taken while in NYC 0:03:22 Being run up on with nun-chucks 0:05:41 Netflix AI makes all movies family movies 0:08:08 Husky backtalk 0:10:11 Joining Anthony Cumia and fighting distractions 0:12:19 Fallout TV Being filmed in Upstate NY 0:16:15 Call Of Duty Cheech and Chong Bundle 0:18:42 Foot surgery and being crushed 0:22:33 Use the Jesus and weird parenting hacks 0:25:51 Shane Gillis SNL return 0:28:50 The Amanda Show Created my weird sense of humor 0:30:48 Loving things you hate like Dane Cook and Nickelback 0:34:08 Fighting your landlord, and why small white crusty dogs are crusty 0:38:40 FPS Russia's Transformation inspired Ryan 0:42:41 Why Brandon Buckingham and Ricky Berwick are funny 0:46:12 Asking to join PKA and Opie and knowing were not done yet 0:51:31 Woke democrat says things you cant say 0:57:50 What men deal with daily 0:58:48 My 10 Yr Old Son destroys half a Fortnite lobby 1:01:02 Cameron Monaghan is a great joker! 1:07:47 Who doesn't love hot or not 01:13:57 Both Ryan and Zac are better than Young Jamie 01:18:34 Being forced to do impressions on camera 01:24:49 Harley vs John Morrison is inspiring 1:27:27 Playing Too Much DDR without a tail 1:33:20 RIP Ryan

Sponsors: @GFuelEnergy: use code RMTS for 20% off at checkout Factor: https://strms.net/factor75_hotloadszac or coupon code FACTORSE54079 Dive into Episode 143 of RMTS as we explore MrBeast's influential YouTube strategies over 100 days with Zac & Verlisify. Plus, we discuss Dubai's unexpected flooding and delve into the world of tattoos. Don't miss our insights on how MrBeast's tips can transform content creation and our personal experiences with adopting his groundbreaking methods. Tune in to uncover the impacts of environmental events in Dubai and get a fresh take on tattoo culture. Join us for this thrilling episode packed with expert analysis and engaging stories. 00:26 New Merch Showoff, Hoodies for every season 00:07:15 The Pokemon Content Slump 00:08:08 Nintendo Emulator Controversy 00:12:36 Why DRM got too bad with Fallout: New Vegas 00:14:24 How Nintendo Can Change Emulators Forever 00:17:35 How Nintendo Can Accept Rom Hacks And Make Money 00:26:31 Cease and Desist during Highschool 00:29:37 Comments on Reddit video from a Karen 00:38:32 $250 dlc for tarkov caused Gray Zone to launch and Its a Call of Duty caused problem 01:03:46 Ads: Gfuel 01:04:53 NBC streaming Platform is losing millions and causing a crash in streaming 01:09:30 Ad: Factor_ 01:13:14 Dubai Floods with Cloud seeding 01:15:54 Cartoon Quicksand doesnt happen 01:17:09 Cloning Wooly Mamoths and Possible Jurrassic Park 01:20:21 Why Gen Z Has Problems older people dont 01:28:44 Why verification online could fix problems we all have 01:30:41 Why Collabing Creates Kings 01:33:02 The Mr Beast Effect 01:39:53 Why does the top of YT Pokemon Have less skill 01:40:53 Why Pokemon Challenges should be the top of Pokemon 01:50:52 Body acceptance for men isnt accepted 01:54:31 End

Sponsors: @GFuelEnergy: use code RMTS for 20% off at checkout Factor: https://strms.net/factor75_hotloadszac or coupon code FACTORSE54079 Guest: Alex Cureau Join us on this hilarious and engaging episode of RMTS as we sit down with stand-up comedian Alex Cureau. Dive into a laughter-filled discussion on the bizarre scenario of 'Men vs. Bear,' hear all about Alex's insights from his 'Sold Out World Tour,' and get his unique take on the recent 'Zombies in California' craze. Plus, don't miss out on our exciting conversation about the latest 'Nintendo Switch 2' announcement. Whether you're a comedy lover, gaming enthusiast, or just in for a good laugh, this episode has something for everyone. Tune in now to catch all the fun with Alex Cureau

Sponsors: @GFuelEnergy: use code RMTS for 20% off at checkout Factor: https://strms.net/factor75_hotloadszac or coupon code FACTORSE54079 Guest:  @SARGESCORNER  Dive into the intriguing world of furries with special guest Verlisify on the latest episode of RMTS! Join guest James C Burns as we explore the fascinating subculture, including what it truly means to be a furry. In this insightful discussion, Verlisify sheds light on misconceptions and shares personal experiences of being a furry. Additionally, learn about the evolving landscape of social media as Verlisify discusses Reddit's perceived limitations and its potential replacement. Tune in to RMTS 145 for an eye-opening conversation you won't want to miss!

Chemistry 223 Video Lecture from April 10, 2024. This video covers material from Chapter 14 Part 1 of our textbook including the pH scale, pH and pOH, Ka and Kb, pKa and pKb, and more. CH 223 website: http://mhchem.org/223 Let me know if you have any questions! Peace!

Advokater er kendt for lange arbejdsdage, og mange svarer i en ny undersøgelse fra Djøf Advokater, at de arbejder mere end 50 timer ugentligt. Det er i strid med nye EU-krav om registrering af arbejdstid, som ventes at træde i kraft 1. juli 2024.Spørgsmålet er, om advokaterne kan holde sig til at arbejde 48 timer om ugen. Der er bug for statsstøtte til Danmarks storstilede planer om havvindprojekter. Det mener de to pensionsdirektører Jon Johnsen og Peter Stensgaard Mørch fra henholdsvis PKA og PensionDanmark.Klimaredaktør Jakob Martini er i studiet for at fortælle om udfordringerne med stigende omkostninger på vindprojekterne.(01:20) EU-krav vender op og ned på arbejdspladserKan advokater nøjes med en arbejdsuge på 48 timer? Mange advokater svarer i en nylig undersøgelse fra Djøf Advokater, at de arbejder mere end 50 timer om ugen i snit. Dermed er de i karambolage med de regler, der implementeres til næste sommer.(07:28) Storstilede havvindplaner under pres Pensionsdirektører forsøger at råbe politikerne op. Jon Johnsen fra PKA og Peter Stensgaard Mørch fra PensionDanmark siger, at omkostningerne på store vindprojekter er steget så meget, at der ifølge pensionsdirektørerne er behov for statsstøtte.(14:03) Klimatilpasning mangler investeringer Bloombergs podcast Zero har taget klimatilpasning op som emne. 4 mia. mennesker bor steder, som er ekstremt sårbare over for klimaforandringer, men der er alt for få, som investerer i klimatilpasning, lyder det i Zero, hvor Patrick Verkooijen, adm. direktør i Global Center for Adaptation, er gæst.I studiet: Journalist Iben Schmidt, klimaredaktør Jakob Martini og ESG-redaktør Signe Ferslev.Teknik og lyddesign: Kasper Søegaard og Anders Thykier.

Joon the King joins the podcast as its first guest, and pressures Wings on his history. Bringing up PKA, his trailer home drama, and more. Tune in to watch Wings' turn on the chopping block.

Denne uge skydes COP28 i gang i Dubai.Klimatopmødet bliver kaldt det vigtigste, siden Paris-aftalen blev indgået i forbindelse med COP21 i 2015. Der skal nemlig gøres status over, hvor langt verden er fra målet om, at temperaturen ikke må stige mere end to grader.Jon Johnsen, der er adm. direktør i pensionsselskabet PKA, er i studiet for at fortælle om sine forventninger til COP28. Hvor står vi lige nu i forhold til den grønne omstilling, og hvad skal der til for at rykke hurtigere? Jon Johnsen fortæller også om den finansielle sektors ansvar i den grønne omstilling.(04:02) Hvad er status på den grønne omstilling? Den vigtigste status er, at det går for langsomt, siger Jon Johnsen. Han er imidlertid optimistisk i den forstand, at der er sket en del siden 2015. Ifølge PKA-direktøren er der lige nu brug for politiske beslutninger om at støtte store grønne projekter.(12:04) Hvilken rolle spiller PKA i den grønne omstilling? Der skal mange penge til at skabe forandringen, men når pengetanke som pensionsselskaber og formueforvaltere går sammen på tværs og prøver at presse store virksomheder til at lave forandringer, så virker det ifølge Jon Johnsen. Sammen kan investorerne lægge tilstrækkelig pres på virksomheden bl.a. ved de årlige generalforsamlinger.(21:00) Det skal der til for, at COP28 er en succesVi har i 100 år ført industripolitik i det rige nord og dermed forurenet verden. Der er brug for, at vi hjælper det globale syd med deres forandring. Det skal komme med egentlige penge, mener Jon Johnsen. Derudover fremhæver han, at det, at verdens lande mødes i en tid med krig og globale spændinger, er en succes i sig selv.I studiet: Adm. direktør i PKA, Jon Johnsen, klimaredaktør Jakob Martini og ESG-redaktør Signe Ferslev.Teknik og lyddesign: Kasper Søegaard og Anders Thykier.

This week, on the most bricked up episode of the BBP, we discuss: Jack buying “Lock and Load” pills, Gorilla mind's products, Hydration formula, Talking to people you don't want to talk to, Annoying people who take shrooms and acid, Phin's bad time on acid, Charlie D'milio cosplaying a poor person, Man gives away fentanyl to children, Silent hill ascension, Marvel's variety article, Not understanding the Mario movie, Media for the boys, Hearing of 9/11, Getting back into black clover, Cringe caffeine tik Tok girl, Woman takes away, Being ugly and annoying, and Our very good takes on the Palestine vs Israel drama. Email us at brownbrickspodcast@gmail.com and use code PKA at https://gorillamind.com/products/lock-and-load to get 10% off --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/brown-bricks/support

In this episode, The Crew thoroughly goes back through Gear 5 Luffy and discuss the Gear 5 Celebration. The Crew also chats about the recent PKA, Kizuna Legend Reiju and 6+ Sanji & Judge! For details about future uploads and if you want to keep up to date with the hosts on the show, please follow our social media; Good, Great, Perfect Socials: https://linktr.ee/GoodGreatPerfect ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Good, Great, Perfect Podcast discusses all things ONE PIECE Treasure Cruise and beyond, and we thank you for watching/listening to this podcast. GGP Crew: - Captain Papi Twitter: https://twitter.com/captainpapii - Toadskii Twitter: https://twitter.com/Toadskii - Nitemare Twitter: https://twitter.com/nitemarejp - Flamevious Twitter: https://twitter.com/Villainueva__ #OPTC #TreCru

A new research paper was published on the cover of Aging (Aging-US) Volume 15, Issue 15, entitled, “Natural aging and ovariectomy induces parallel phosphoproteomic alterations in skeletal muscle of female mice.” The loss of skeletal muscle strength mid-life in females is associated with the decline of estrogen. In this new study, researchers Mina P. Peyton, Tzu-Yi Yang, LeeAnn Higgins, Todd W. Markowski, Kevin Murray, Cha Vue, Laurie L. Parker, and Dawn A. Lowe from the University of Minnesota questioned how estrogen deficiency might impact the overall skeletal muscle phosphoproteome after contraction, as force production induces phosphorylation of several muscle proteins. “Importantly, identification of these altered phosphosites and candidate kinases and phosphatases sensitive to the presence of estrogen will help advance our understanding of the contributions of estrogen deficiency to muscle strength loss in aging females.” Phosphoproteomic analyses of the tibialis anterior muscle after contraction in two mouse models of estrogen deficiency, ovariectomy (Ovariectomized (Ovx) vs. Sham) and natural aging-induced ovarian senescence (Older Adult (OA) vs. Young Adult (YA)), identified a total of 2,593 and 3,507 phosphopeptides in Ovx/Sham and OA/YA datasets, respectively. Further analysis of estrogen deficiency-associated proteins and phosphosites identified 66 proteins and 21 phosphosites from both datasets. Of these, 4 estrogen deficiency-associated proteins and 4 estrogen deficiency-associated phosphosites were significant and differentially phosphorylated or regulated, respectively. Comparative analyses between Ovx/Sham and OA/YA using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) found parallel patterns of inhibition and activation across IPA-defined canonical signaling pathways and physiological functional analysis, which were similarly observed in downstream GO, KEGG, and Reactome pathway overrepresentation analysis pertaining to muscle structural integrity and contraction, including AMPK and calcium signaling. IPA Upstream regulator analysis identified MAPK1 and PRKACA as candidate kinases and calcineurin as a candidate phosphatase sensitive to estrogen. “In summary, our results from contracted skeletal muscle highlight CAST Ser-82 as a candidate phosphosite, and MAPK1/ERK2, PRKACA, and calcineurin as candidate upstream regulators sensitive to estrogen deficiency that may contribute to changes in the force-generating capacity of skeletal muscle.” DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.204959 Corresponding author - Dawn A. Lowe - lowex017@umn.edu Sign up for free Altmetric alerts about this article - https://aging.altmetric.com/details/email_updates?id=10.18632%2Faging.204959 Subscribe for free publication alerts from Aging - https://www.aging-us.com/subscribe-to-toc-alerts Keywords - aging, estrogen deficiency, CAST, MAPK, PKA, calcineurin About Aging-US Launched in 2009, Aging-US publishes papers of general interest and biological significance in all fields of aging research and age-related diseases, including cancer—and now, with a special focus on COVID-19 vulnerability as an age-dependent syndrome. Topics in Aging-US go beyond traditional gerontology, including, but not limited to, cellular and molecular biology, human age-related diseases, pathology in model organisms, signal transduction pathways (e.g., p53, sirtuins, and PI-3K/AKT/mTOR, among others), and approaches to modulating these signaling pathways. Please visit our website at https://www.Aging-US.com​​ and connect with us: SoundCloud - https://soundcloud.com/Aging-Us Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/AgingUS/ Twitter - https://twitter.com/AgingJrnl Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/agingjrnl/ YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/@AgingJournal LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/company/aging/ Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/AgingUS/ Media Contact 18009220957 MEDIA@IMPACTJOURNALS.COM

Mastering the complexities of the G Protein Pathway and deciphering the molecular mechanisms of PKA not only equips you to tackle challenging CRNA interview questions with confidence, but it also unveils a simplified understanding of ICU drugs. Welcome back to the second part of our series on G Protein-coupled Receptor Pathways! Today, your host Jenny Finnell takes you on an exciting and simplified journey into the intricate world of protein kinase A (PKA) and its fascinating involvement in critical care drugs. Buckle up because Jenny will be diving deep into the molecular level to uncover the mechanisms of action behind commonly used ICU drugs like epinephrine and norepinephrine. Get ready for a content-heavy episode as Jenny masterfully breaks down the complexities of PKA and its role in the G Protein Pathway. Join us in understanding how critical care drugs work and ace that CRNA interview! Get access to planning tools, mock interviews, valuable CRNA Faculty guidance, and mapped-out courses that have been proven to accelerate your CRNA success! Become a member of CRNA School Prep Academy here! https://www.crnaschoolprepacademy.com/join Book a mock interview, personal statement, resume and more at http://www.NursesTeachNurses.com Join the CSPA email list here! https://www.cspaedu.com/podcast-email Grab the Study Notes for this episode here: https://www.cspaedu.com/ldmbjald Send Jenny an email or make a podcast request!Hello@CRNASchoolPrepAcademy.com

Bill 'SUPERFOOT' Wallace talks with Andrew Staton direct from the UK Martial Arts Show 2023 He talks about; Coming to the UK Meeting & fighting martial arts greats Joe Lewis Studying in Naha, Okinawa How tough was Joe Lewis Sparring & working with Chuck Norris Pat Johnson Jackie Chan Working in Hong Kong Defending against a chainsaw!!! Working in Los Angeles Legacy of kickboxing 1960/70s to modern day What techniques work? Fighting sideways Rebirth of PKA!!! Watching old fight footage Yes or No? From Judo to Karate to Kickboxing The Protector extra footage revealed Smashing up the producer's Mercedes Jackie Chan & Benny Urquidez sparring reality Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

ReferencesWe considered the complexity of the machinery to excrete ammonium in the context of research on dietary protein and how high protein intake may increase glomerular pressure and contribute to progressive renal disease (many refer to this as the “Brenner hypothesis”). Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: the role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal diseaseA trial that studied low protein and progression of CKD The Effects of Dietary Protein Restriction and Blood-Pressure Control on the Progression of Chronic Renal Disease(and famously provided data for the MDRD eGFR equation A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study GroupWe wondered about dietary recommendations in CKD. of note, this is best done in the DKD guidelines from KDIGO Executive summary of the 2020 KDIGO Diabetes Management in CKD Guideline: evidence-based advances in monitoring and treatment.Joel mentioned this study on red meat and risk of ESKD. Red Meat Intake and Risk of ESRDWe referenced the notion of a plant-based diet. This is an excellent review by Deborah Clegg and Kathleen Hill Gallant. Plant-Based Diets in CKD : Clinical Journal of the American Society of NephrologyHere's the review that Josh mentioned on how the kidney appears to sense pH Molecular mechanisms of acid-base sensing by the kidneyRemarkably, Dr. Dale Dubin put a prize in his ECG book Free Car Prize Hidden in Textbook Read the fine print: Student wins T-birdA review of the role of the kidney in DKA: Diabetic ketoacidosis: Role of the kidney in the acid-base homeostasis re-evaluatedJosh mentioned the effects of infusing large amounts of bicarbonate The effect of prolonged administration of large doses of sodium bicarbonate in man and this study on the respiratory response to a bicarbonate infusion: The Acute Effects In Man Of A Rapid Intravenous Infusion Of Hypertonic Sodium Bicarbonate Solution. Ii. Changes In Respiration And Output Of Carbon DioxideThis is the study of acute respiratory alkalosis in dogs: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC293311/?page=1And this is the study of medical students who went to the High Alpine Research Station on the Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejm199105163242003Self explanatory! A group favorite! It Is Chloride Depletion Alkalosis, Not Contraction AlkalosisEffects of chloride and extracellular fluid volume on bicarbonate reabsorption along the nephron in metabolic alkalosis in the rat. Reassessment of the classical hypothesis of the pathogenesis of metabolic alkalosisA review of pendrin's role in volume homeostasis: The role of pendrin in blood pressure regulation | American Journal of Physiology-Renal PhysiologyInfusion of bicarbonate may lead to a decrease in respiratory stimulation but the shift of bicarbonate to the CSF may lag. Check out this review Neural Control of Breathing and CO2 Homeostasis and this classic paper Spinal-Fluid pH and Neurologic Symptoms in Systemic Acidosis.OutlineOutline: Chapter 11- Regulation of Acid-Base Balance- Introduction - Bicarb plus a proton in equilibrium with CO2 and water - Can be rearranged to HH - Importance of regulating pCO2 and HCO3 outside of this equation - Metabolism of carbs and fats results in the production of 15,000 mmol of CO2 per day - Metabolism of protein and other “substances” generates non-carbonic acids and bases - Mostly from sulfur containing methionine and cysteine - And cationic arginine and lysine - Hydrolysis of dietary phosphate that exists and H2PO4– - Source of base/alkali - Metabolism of an ionic amino acids - Glutamate and asparatate - Organic anions going through gluconeogenesis - Glutamate, Citrate and lactate - Net effect on a normal western diet 50-100 mEq of H+ per day - Homeostatic response to these acid-base loads has three stages: - Chemical buffering - Changes in ventilation - Changes in H+ excretion - Example of H2SO4 from oxidation of sulfur containing AA - Drop in bicarb will stimulate renal acid secretion - Nice table of normal cid-base values, arterial and venous- Great 6 bullet points of acid-base on page 328 - Kidneys must excrete 50-100 of non-carbonic acid daily - This occurs by H secretion, but mechanisms change by area of nephron - Not excreted as free H+ due to minimal urine pH being equivalent to 0.05 mmol/L - No H+ can be excreted until virtually all of th filtered bicarb is reabsorbed - Secreted H+ must bind buffers (phosphate, NH3, cr) - PH is main stimulus for H secretion, though K, aldo and volume can affect this.- Renal Hydrogen excretion - Critical to understand that loss of bicarb is like addition of hydrogen to the body - So all bicarb must be reabsorbed before dietary H load can be secreted - GFR of 125 and bicarb of 24 results in 4300 mEq of bicarb to be reabsorbed daily - Reabsorption of bicarb and secretion of H involve H secretion from tubular cells into the lumen. - Thee initial points need to be emphasized - Secreted H+ ion are generated from dissociation of H2O - Also creates OH ion - Which combine with CO2 to form HCO3 with the help of zinc containing intracellular carbonic anhydrase. - This is how the secretion of H+ which creates an OH ultimately produces HCO3 - Different mechanisms for proximal and distal acidification - NET ACID EXCRETION - Free H+ is negligible - So net H+ is TA + NH4 – HCO3 loss - Unusually equal to net H+ load, 50-100 mEq/day - Can bump up to 300 mEq/day if acid production is increased - Net acid excretion can go negative following a bicarb or citrate load - Proximal Acidification - Na-H antiporter (or exchanger) in luminal membrane - Basolateral membrane has a 3 HCO3 Na cotransporter - This is electrogenic with 3 anions going out and only one cation - The Na-H antiporter also works in the thick ascending limb of LOH - How about this, there is also a H-ATPase just like found in the intercalated cells in the proximal tubule and is responsible for about a third of H secretion - And similarly there is also. HCO3 Cl exchanger (pendrin-like) in the proximal tubule - Footnote says the Na- 3HCO3 cotransporter (which moves sodium against chemical gradient NS uses negative charge inside cell to power it) is important for sensing acid-base changes in the cell. - Distal acidification - Occurs in intercalated cells of of cortical and medullary collecting tubule - Three main characteristics - H secretion via active secretory pumps in the luminal membrane - Both H-ATPase and H-K ATPase - H- K ATPase is an exchange pump, k reabsorption - H-K exchange may be more important in hypokalemia rather than in acid-base balance - Whole paragraph on how a Na-H exchanger couldn't work because the gradient that H has to be pumped up is too big. - H-ATPase work like vasopressin with premise H-ATPase sitting on endocarditis vesicles a=which are then inserted into the membrane. Alkalosis causes them to be recycled out of the membrane. - H secretory cells do not transport Na since they have few luminal Na channels, but are assisted by the lumen negative tubule from eNaC. - Minimizes back diffusion of H+ and promotes bicarb resorption - Bicarbonate leaves the cell through HCO3-Cl exchanger which uses the low intracellular Cl concentration to power this process. - Same molecule is found on RBC where it is called band 3 protein - Figure 11-5 is interesting - Bicarbonate resorption - 90% in the first 1-22 mm of the proximal tubule (how long is the proximal tubule?) - Lots of Na-H exchangers and I handed permeability to HCO3 (permeability where?) - Last 10% happens distally mostly TAL LOH via Na-H exchange - And the last little bit int he outer medullary collecting duct. - Carbonic anhydrase and disequilibrium pH - CA plays central role in HCO3 reabsorption - After H is secreted in the proximal tubule it combines with HCO# to form carbonic acid. CA then dehydrates it to CO2 and H2O. (Step 2) - Constantly moving carbonic acid to CO2 and H2O keeps hydrogen combining with HCO3 since the product is rapidly consumed. - This can be demonstrated by the minimal fall in luminal pH - That is important so there is not a luminal gradient for H to overcome in the Na-H exchanger (this is why we need a H-ATPase later) - CA inhibitors that are limited tot he extracellular compartment can impair HCO3 reabsorption by 80%. - CA is found in S1, S2 but not S3 segment. See consequence in figure 11-6. - The disequilibrium comes from areas where there is no CA, the HH formula falls down because one of the assumptions of that formula is that H2CO3 (carbonic acid) is a transient actor, but without CA it is not and can accumulate, so the pKa is not 6.1. - Bicarbonate secretion - Type B intercalated cells - H-ATPase polarity reversed - HCO3 Cl exchanger faces the apical rather than basolateral membrane- Titratable acidity - Weak acids are filtered at the glom and act as buffers in the urine. - HPO4 has PKA of 6.8 making it ideal - Creatinine (pKa 4.97) and uric acid (pKa 5.75) also contribute - Under normal cinditions TA buffers 10-40 mEa of H per day - Does an example of HPO4(2-):H2PO4 (1-) which exists 4:1 at pH of 7.4 (glomerular filtrate) - So for 50 mEq of Phos 40 is HPO4 and 10 is H2PO4 - When pH drops to 6.8 then the ratio is 1:1 so for 50 - So the 50 mEq is 25 and 25, so this buffered an additional 15 mEq of H while the free H+ concentration increased from 40 to 160 nanomol/L so over 99.99% of secreted H was buffered - When pH drops to 4.8 ratio is 1:100 so almost all 50 mEq of phos is H2PO4 and 39.5 mEq of H are buffered. - Acid loading decreases phosphate reabsorption so more is there to act as TA. - Decreases activity of Na-phosphate cotransporter - DKA provides a novel weak acid/buffer beta-hydroxybutyrate (pKa 4.8) which buffers significant amount of acid (50 mEq/d).- Ammonium Excretion - Ability to excrete H+ as ammonium ions adds an important amount of flexibility to renal acid-base regulation - NH3 and NH4 production and excretion can be varied according to physiologic need. - Starts with NH3 production in tubular cells - NH3, since it is neutral then diffuses into the tubule where it is acidified by the low pH to NH4+ - NH4+ is ionized and cannot cross back into the tubule cells(it is trapped in the tubular fluid) - This is important for it acting as an important buffer eve though the pKa is 9.0 - At pH of 6.0 the ratio of NH3 to NH4 is 1:1000 - As the neutral NH3 is converted to NH4 more NH3 from theintracellular compartment flows into the tubular fluid replacing the lost NH3. Rinse wash repeat. - This is an over simplification and that there are threemajor steps - NH4 is produced in early proximal tubular cells - Luminal NH4 is partially reabsorbed in the TAL and theNH3 is then recycled within the renal medulla - The medullary interstitial NH3 reaches highconcentrations that allow NH3 to diffuse into the tubular lumen in the medullary collecting tubule where it is trapped as NH4 by secreted H+ - NH4 production from Glutamine which converts to NH4 and glutamate - Glutamate is converted to alpha-ketoglutarate - Alpha ketoglutarate is converted to 2 HCO3 ions - HCO3 sent to systemic circulation by Na-3 HCO3 transporter - NH4 then secreted via Na-H exchanger into the lumen - NH4 is then reabsorbed by NaK2Cl transporter in TAL - NH4 substitutes for K - Once reabsorbed the higher intracellular pH causes NH4 to convert to NH3 and the H that is removed is secreted through Na-H exchanger to scavenge the last of the filtered bicarb. - NH3 diffuses out of the tubular cells into the interstitium - NH4 reabsorption in the TAL is suppressed by hyperkalemia and stimulated by chronic metabolic acidosis - NH4 recycling promotes acid clearance - The collecting tubule has a very low NH3 concentration - This promotes diffusion of NH3 into the collecting duct - NH3 that goes there is rapidly converted to NH4 allowing more NH3 to diffuse in. - Response to changes in pH - Increased ammonium excretion with two processes - Increased proximal NH4 production - This is delayed 24 hours to 2-3 days depending on which enzyme you look at - Decreased urine pH increases diffusion of ammonia into the MCD - Occurs with in hours of an acid load - Peak ammonium excretion takes 5-6 days! (Fig 11-10) - Glutamine is picked up from tubular fluid but with acidosis get Na dependent peritublar capillary glutamine scavenging too - Glutamine metabolism is pH dependent with increase with academia and decrease with alkalemia - NH4 excretion can go from 30-40 mEq/day to > 300 with severe metabolic acidosis (38 NaBicarb tabs) - Says each NH4 produces equimolar generation of HCO3 but I thought it was two bicarb for every alpha ketoglutarate?- The importance of urine pH - Though the total amount of hydrogren cleared by urine pH is insignificant, an acidic urine pH is essential for driving the reactions of TA and NH4 forward.- Regulation of renal hydrogen excretion - Net acid excretion vary inverse with extracellular pH - Academia triggers proximal and distal acidification - Proximally this: - Increased Na-H exchange - Increased luminal H-ATPase activity - Increased Na:3HCO3 cotransporter on the basolateral membrane - Increased NH4 production from glutamine - In the collecting tubules - Increased H-ATPase - Reduction of tubular pH promotes diffusion of NH3 which gets converted to NH4…ION TRAPPING - Extracellular pH affects net acid excretion through its affect on intracellular pH - This happens directly with respiratory disorders due to movement of CO2 through the lipid bilayer - In metabolic disorders a low extracellular bicarb with cause bicarb to diffuse out of the cell passively, this lowers intracellular pH - If you manipulate both low pCO2 and low Bicarb to keep pH stable there will be no change in the intracellular pH and there is no change in renal handling of acid. It is intracellular pH dependent - Metabolic acidosis - Ramps up net acid secretion - Starts within 24 hours and peaks after 5-6 days - Increase net secretion comes from NH4 - Phosphate is generally limited by diet - in DKA titratable acid can be ramped up - Metabolic alkalosis - Alkaline extracellular pH - Increased bicarb excretion - Decrease reabsorption - HCO3 secretion (pendrin) in cortical collecting tubule - Occurs in cortical intercalated cells able to insert H-ATPase in basolateral cells (rather than luminal membrane) - Normal subjects are able to secrete 1000 mmol/day of bicarb - Maintenance of metabolic alkalosis requires a defect which forces the renal resorption of bicarb - This can be chloride/volume deficiency - Hypokalemia - Hyperaldosteronism - Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis - PCO2 via its effect on intracellular pH is an important determinant of renal acid handling - Ratios he uses: - 3.5 per 10 for respiratory acidosis - 5 per 10 for respiratory alkalosis - Interesting paragraph contrasting the response to chronic metabolic acidosis vs chronic respiratory acidosis - Less urinary ammonium in respiratory acidosis - Major differences in proximal tubule cell pH - In metabolic acidosis there is decreased bicarb load so less to be reabsorbed proximally - In respiratory acidosis the increased serum bicarb increases the amount of bicarb that must be reabsorbed proximally - The increased activity of Na-H antiporter returns tubular cell pH to normal and prevents it from creating increased urinary ammonium - Mentions that weirdly more mRNA for H-Na antiporter in metabolic acidosis than in respiratory acidosis - Net hydrogen excretion varies with effective circulating volume - Starts with bicarb infusions - Normally Tm at 26 - But if you volume deplete the patient with diuretics first this increases to 35+ - Four factors explain this increased Tm for bicarb with volume deficiency - Reduced GFR - Activation of RAAS - Ang2 stim H-Na antiporter proximally - Ang2 also stimulates Na-3HCO3 cotransporter on basolateral membrane - Aldosterone stimulates H-ATPase in distal nephron - ALdo stimulates Cl HCO3 exchanger on basolateral membrane - Aldo stimulates eNaC producing tubular lumen negative charge to allow H secretion to occur and prevents back diffusion - Hypochloremia - Increases H secretion by both Na-dependent and Na-independent methods - If Na is 140 and Cl is 115, only 115 of Na can be reabsorbed as NaCl, the remainder must be reabsorbed with HCO3 or associated with secretion of K or H to maintained electro neutrality - This is enhanced with hypochloridemia - Concurrent hypokalemia - Changes in K lead to trans cellular shifts that affect inctracellular pH - Hypokalemia causes K out, H in and in the tubular cell the cell acts if there is systemic acidosis and increases H secretion (and bicarbonate resorption) - PTH - Decreases proximal HCO3 resorption - Primary HyperCard as cause of type 2 RTA - Does acidosis stim PTH or does PTH stim net acid excretion

Chemistry 223 Video Lecture from April 12, 2023. This video covers material from Chapter 14 Part 1 including Ka and Kb for weak acid and base systems, pKa and pKa, the effect of acids and bases together, and more. CH 223 website: http://mhchem.org/223 Let me know if you have any questions! Peace!

ReferencesWe considered the effect of a high protein diet and potential metabolic acidosis on kidney function. This review is of interest by Donald Wesson, a champion for addressing this issue and limiting animal protein: Mechanisms of Metabolic Acidosis-Induced Kidney Injury in Chronic Kidney DiseaseHostetter explored the effect of a high protein diet in the remnant kidney model with 1 ¾ nephrectomy. Rats with reduced dietary acid load (by bicarbonate supplementation) had less tubular damage. Chronic effects of dietary protein in the rat with intact and reduced renal massWesson explored treatment of metabolic acidosis in humans with stage 3 CKD in this study. Treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or oral bicarbonate reduces urine angiotensinogen and preserves glomerular filtration rateIn addition to the effect of metabolic acidosis from a diet high in animal protein, this diet also leads to hyperfiltration. This was demonstrated in normal subjects; ingesting a protein diet had a significantly higher creatinine clearance than a comparable group of normal subjects ingesting a vegetarian diet. Renal functional reserve in humans: Effect of protein intake on glomerular filtration rate.This finding has been implicated in Brenner's theory regarding hyperfiltration: The hyperfiltration theory: a paradigm shift in nephrologyOne of multiple publications from Dr. Nimrat Goraya whom Joel mentioned in the voice over: Dietary Protein as Kidney Protection: Quality or Quantity?We wondered about the time course in buffering a high protein meal (and its subsequent acid load on ventilation) and Amy found this report:Effect of Protein Intake on Ventilatory Drive | Anesthesiology | American Society of Anesthesiologists Roger mentioned that the need for acetate to balance the acid from amino acids in parenteral nutrition was identified in pediatrics perhaps because infants may have reduced ability to generate acid. Randomised controlled trial of acetate in preterm neonates receiving parenteral nutrition - PMCHe also recommended an excellent review on the complications of parenteral nutrition by Knochel https://www.kidney-international.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0085-2538%2815%2933384-6 which explained that when the infused amino acids disproportionately include cationic amino acids, metabolism led to H+ production. This is typically mitigated by preparing a solution that is balanced by acetate. Amy mentioned this study that explored the effect of protein intake on ventilation: Effect of Protein Intake on Ventilatory Drive | Anesthesiology | American Society of AnesthesiologistsAnna and Amy reminisced about a Skeleton Key Group Case from the renal fellow network Skeleton Key Group: Electrolyte Case #7JC wondered about isolated defects in the proximal tubule and an example is found here: Mutations in SLC4A4 cause permanent isolated proximal renal tubular acidosis with ocular abnormalitiesAnna's Voiceover re: Gastric neobladder → metabolic alkalosis and yes, dysuria. The physiology of gastrocystoplasty: once a stomach, always a stomach but not as common as you might think Gastrocystoplasty: long-term complications in 22 patientsSjögren's syndrome has been associated with acquired distal RTA and in some cases, an absence of the H+ ATPase, presumably from autoantibodies to this transporter. Here's a case report: Absence of H(+)-ATPase in cortical collecting tubules of a patient with Sjogren's syndrome and distal renal tubular acidosisCan't get enough disequilibrium pH? Check this out- Spontaneous luminal disequilibrium pH in S3 proximal tubules. Role in ammonia and bicarbonate transport.Acetazolamide secretion was studied in this report Concentration-dependent tubular secretion of acetazolamide and its inhibition by salicylic acid in the isolated perfused rat kidney. | Drug Metabolism & DispositionIn this excellent review, David Goldfarb tackles the challenging case of a A Woman with Recurrent Calcium Phosphate Kidney Stones (spoiler alert, many of these patients have incomplete distal RTA and this problem is hard to treat). Molecular mechanisms of renal ammonia transport excellent review from David Winer and Lee Hamm. OutlineOutline: Chapter 11- Regulation of Acid-Base Balance- Introduction - Bicarb plus a proton in equilibrium with CO2 and water - Can be rearranged to HH - Importance of regulating pCO2 and HCO3 outside of this equation - Metabolism of carbs and fats results in the production of 15,000 mmol of CO2 per day - Metabolism of protein and other “substances” generates non-carbonic acids and bases - Mostly from sulfur containing methionine and cysteine - And cationic arginine and lysine - Hydrolysis of dietary phosphate that exists and H2PO4– - Source of base/alkali - Metabolism of an ionic amino acids - Glutamate and asparatate - Organic anions going through gluconeogenesis - Glutamate, Citrate and lactate - Net effect on a normal western diet 50-100 mEq of H+ per day - Homeostatic response to these acid-base loads has three stages: - Chemical buffering - Changes in ventilation - Changes in H+ excretion - Example of H2SO4 from oxidation of sulfur containing AA - Drop in bicarb will stimulate renal acid secretion - Nice table of normal cid-base values, arterial and venous- Great 6 bullet points of acid-base on page 328 - Kidneys must excrete 50-100 of non-carbonic acid daily - This occurs by H secretion, but mechanisms change by area of nephron - Not excreted as free H+ due to minimal urine pH being equivalent to 0.05 mmol/L - No H+ can be excreted until virtually all of th filtered bicarb is reabsorbed - Secreted H+ must bind buffers (phosphate, NH3, cr) - PH is main stimulus for H secretion, though K, aldo and volume can affect this.- Renal Hydrogen excretion - Critical to understand that loss of bicarb is like addition of hydrogen to the body - So all bicarb must be reabsorbed before dietary H load can be secreted - GFR of 125 and bicarb of 24 results in 4300 mEq of bicarb to be reabsorbed daily - Reabsorption of bicarb and secretion of H involve H secretion from tubular cells into the lumen. - Thee initial points need to be emphasized - Secreted H+ ion are generated from dissociation of H2O - Also creates OH ion - Which combine with CO2 to form HCO3 with the help of zinc containing intracellular carbonic anhydrase. - This is how the secretion of H+ which creates an OH ultimately produces HCO3 - Different mechanisms for proximal and distal acidification - NET ACID EXCRETION - Free H+ is negligible - So net H+ is TA + NH4 – HCO3 loss - Unusually equal to net H+ load, 50-100 mEq/day - Can bump up to 300 mEq/day if acid production is increased - Net acid excretion can go negative following a bicarb or citrate load - Proximal Acidification - Na-H antiporter (or exchanger) in luminal membrane - Basolateral membrane has a 3 HCO3 Na cotransporter - This is electrogenic with 3 anions going out and only one cation - The Na-H antiporter also works in the thick ascending limb of LOH - How about this, there is also a H-ATPase just like found in the intercalated cells in the proximal tubule and is responsible for about a third of H secretion - And similarly there is also. HCO3 Cl exchanger (pendrin-like) in the proximal tubule - Footnote says the Na- 3HCO3 cotransporter (which moves sodium against chemical gradient NS uses negative charge inside cell to power it) is important for sensing acid-base changes in the cell. - Distal acidification - Occurs in intercalated cells of of cortical and medullary collecting tubule - Three main characteristics - H secretion via active secretory pumps in the luminal membrane - Both H-ATPase and H-K ATPase - H- K ATPase is an exchange pump, k reabsorption - H-K exchange may be more important in hypokalemia rather than in acid-base balance - Whole paragraph on how a Na-H exchanger couldn't work because the gradient that H has to be pumped up is too big. - H-ATPase work like vasopressin with premise H-ATPase sitting on endocarditis vesicles a=which are then inserted into the membrane. Alkalosis causes them to be recycled out of the membrane. - H secretory cells do not transport Na since they have few luminal Na channels, but are assisted by the lumen negative tubule from eNaC. - Minimizes back diffusion of H+ and promotes bicarb resorption - Bicarbonate leaves the cell through HCO3-Cl exchanger which uses the low intracellular Cl concentration to power this process. - Same molecule is found on RBC where it is called band 3 protein - Figure 11-5 is interesting - Bicarbonate resorption - 90% in the first 1-22 mm of the proximal tubule (how long is the proximal tubule?) - Lots of Na-H exchangers and I handed permeability to HCO3 (permeability where?) - Last 10% happens distally mostly TAL LOH via Na-H exchange - And the last little bit int he outer medullary collecting duct. - Carbonic anhydrase and disequilibrium pH - CA plays central role in HCO3 reabsorption - After H is secreted in the proximal tubule it combines with HCO# to form carbonic acid. CA then dehydrates it to CO2 and H2O. (Step 2) - Constantly moving carbonic acid to CO2 and H2O keeps hydrogen combining with HCO3 since the product is rapidly consumed. - This can be demonstrated by the minimal fall in luminal pH - That is important so there is not a luminal gradient for H to overcome in the Na-H exchanger (this is why we need a H-ATPase later) - CA inhibitors that are limited tot he extracellular compartment can impair HCO3 reabsorption by 80%. - CA is found in S1, S2 but not S3 segment. See consequence in figure 11-6. - The disequilibrium comes from areas where there is no CA, the HH formula falls down because one of the assumptions of that formula is that H2CO3 (carbonic acid) is a transient actor, but without CA it is not and can accumulate, so the pKa is not 6.1. - Bicarbonate secretion - Type B intercalated cells - H-ATPase polarity reversed - HCO3 Cl exchanger faces the apical rather than basolateral membrane- Titratable acidity - Weak acids are filtered at the glom and act as buffers in the urine. - HPO4 has PKA of 6.8 making it ideal - Creatinine (pKa 4.97) and uric acid (pKa 5.75) also contribute - Under normal cinditions TA buffers 10-40 mEa of H per day - Does an example of HPO4(2-):H2PO4 (1-) which exists 4:1 at pH of 7.4 (glomerular filtrate) - So for 50 mEq of Phos 40 is HPO4 and 10 is H2PO4 - When pH drops to 6.8 then the ratio is 1:1 so for 50 - So the 50 mEq is 25 and 25, so this buffered an additional 15 mEq of H while the free H+ concentration increased from 40 to 160 nanomol/L so over 99.99% of secreted H was buffered - When pH drops to 4.8 ratio is 1:100 so almost all 50 mEq of phos is H2PO4 and 39.5 mEq of H are buffered. - Acid loading decreases phosphate reabsorption so more is there to act as TA. - Decreases activity of Na-phosphate cotransporter - DKA provides a novel weak acid/buffer beta-hydroxybutyrate (pKa 4.8) which buffers significant amount of acid (50 mEq/d).- Ammonium Excretion - Ability to excrete H+ as ammonium ions adds an important amount of flexibility to renal acid-base regulation - NH3 and NH4 production and excretion can be varied according to physiologic need. - Starts with NH3 production in tubular cells - NH3, since it is neutral then diffuses into the tubule where it is acidified by the low pH to NH4+ - NH4+ is ionized and cannot cross back into the tubule cells(it is trapped in the tubular fluid) - This is important for it acting as an important buffer eve though the pKa is 9.0 - At pH of 6.0 the ratio of NH3 to NH4 is 1:1000 - As the neutral NH3 is converted to NH4 more NH3 from theintracellular compartment flows into the tubular fluid replacing the lost NH3. Rinse wash repeat. - This is an over simplification and that there are threemajor steps - NH4 is produced in early proximal tubular cells - Luminal NH4 is partially reabsorbed in the TAL and theNH3 is then recycled within the renal medulla - The medullary interstitial NH3 reaches highconcentrations that allow NH3 to diffuse into the tubular lumen in the medullary collecting tubule where it is trapped as NH4 by secreted H+ - NH4 production from Glutamine which converts to NH4 and glutamate - Glutamate is converted to alpha-ketoglutarate - Alpha ketoglutarate is converted to 2 HCO3 ions - HCO3 sent to systemic circulation by Na-3 HCO3 transporter - NH4 then secreted via Na-H exchanger into the lumen - NH4 is then reabsorbed by NaK2Cl transporter in TAL - NH4 substitutes for K - Once reabsorbed the higher intracellular pH causes NH4 to convert to NH3 and the H that is removed is secreted through Na-H exchanger to scavenge the last of the filtered bicarb. - NH3 diffuses out of the tubular cells into the interstitium - NH4 reabsorption in the TAL is suppressed by hyperkalemia and stimulated by chronic metabolic acidosis - NH4 recycling promotes acid clearance - The collecting tubule has a very low NH3 concentration - This promotes diffusion of NH3 into the collecting duct - NH3 that goes there is rapidly converted to NH4 allowing more NH3 to diffuse in. - Response to changes in pH - Increased ammonium excretion with two processes - Increased proximal NH4 production - This is delayed 24 hours to 2-3 days depending on which enzyme you look at - Decreased urine pH increases diffusion of ammonia into the MCD - Occurs with in hours of an acid load - Peak ammonium excretion takes 5-6 days! (Fig 11-10) - Glutamine is picked up from tubular fluid but with acidosis get Na dependent peritublar capillary glutamine scavenging too - Glutamine metabolism is pH dependent with increase with academia and decrease with alkalemia - NH4 excretion can go from 30-40 mEq/day to > 300 with severe metabolic acidosis (38 NaBicarb tabs) - Says each NH4 produces equimolar generation of HCO3 but I thought it was two bicarb for every alpha ketoglutarate?- The importance of urine pH - Though the total amount of hydrogren cleared by urine pH is insignificant, an acidic urine pH is essential for driving the reactions of TA and NH4 forward.- Regulation of renal hydrogen excretion - Net acid excretion vary inverse with extracellular pH - Academia triggers proximal and distal acidification - Proximally this: - Increased Na-H exchange - Increased luminal H-ATPase activity - Increased Na:3HCO3 cotransporter on the basolateral membrane - Increased NH4 production from glutamine - In the collecting tubules - Increased H-ATPase - Reduction of tubular pH promotes diffusion of NH3 which gets converted to NH4…ION TRAPPING - Extracellular pH affects net acid excretion through its affect on intracellular pH - This happens directly with respiratory disorders due to movement of CO2 through the lipid bilayer - In metabolic disorders a low extracellular bicarb with cause bicarb to diffuse out of the cell passively, this lowers intracellular pH - If you manipulate both low pCO2 and low Bicarb to keep pH stable there will be no change in the intracellular pH and there is no change in renal handling of acid. It is intracellular pH dependent - Metabolic acidosis - Ramps up net acid secretion - Starts within 24 hours and peaks after 5-6 days - Increase net secretion comes from NH4 - Phosphate is generally limited by diet - in DKA titratable acid can be ramped up - Metabolic alkalosis - Alkaline extracellular pH - Increased bicarb excretion - Decrease reabsorption - HCO3 secretion (pendrin) in cortical collecting tubule - Occurs in cortical intercalated cells able to insert H-ATPase in basolateral cells (rather than luminal membrane) - Normal subjects are able to secrete 1000 mmol/day of bicarb - Maintenance of metabolic alkalosis requires a defect which forces the renal resorption of bicarb - This can be chloride/volume deficiency - Hypokalemia - Hyperaldosteronism - Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis - PCO2 via its effect on intracellular pH is an important determinant of renal acid handling - Ratios he uses: - 3.5 per 10 for respiratory acidosis - 5 per 10 for respiratory alkalosis - Interesting paragraph contrasting the response to chronic metabolic acidosis vs chronic respiratory acidosis - Less urinary ammonium in respiratory acidosis - Major differences in proximal tubule cell pH - In metabolic acidosis there is decreased bicarb load so less to be reabsorbed proximally - In respiratory acidosis the increased serum bicarb increases the amount of bicarb that must be reabsorbed proximally - The increased activity of Na-H antiporter returns tubular cell pH to normal and prevents it from creating increased urinary ammonium - Mentions that weirdly more mRNA for H-Na antiporter in metabolic acidosis than in respiratory acidosis - Net hydrogen excretion varies with effective circulating volume - Starts with bicarb infusions - Normally Tm at 26 - But if you volume deplete the patient with diuretics first this increases to 35+ - Four factors explain this increased Tm for bicarb with volume deficiency - Reduced GFR - Activation of RAAS - Ang2 stim H-Na antiporter proximally - Ang2 also stimulates Na-3HCO3 cotransporter on basolateral membrane - Aldosterone stimulates H-ATPase in distal nephron - ALdo stimulates Cl HCO3 exchanger on basolateral membrane - Aldo stimulates eNaC producing tubular lumen negative charge to allow H secretion to occur and prevents back diffusion - Hypochloremia - Increases H secretion by both Na-dependent and Na-independent methods - If Na is 140 and Cl is 115, only 115 of Na can be reabsorbed as NaCl, the remainder must be reabsorbed with HCO3 or associated with secretion of K or H to maintained electro neutrality - This is enhanced with hypochloridemia - Concurrent hypokalemia - Changes in K lead to trans cellular shifts that affect inctracellular pH - Hypokalemia causes K out, H in and in the tubular cell the cell acts if there is systemic acidosis and increases H secretion (and bicarbonate resorption) - PTH - Decreases proximal HCO3 resorption - Primary HyperCard as cause of type 2 RTA - Does acidosis stim PTH or does PTH stim net acid excretion

When you say "African cichlids", you usually conjure up images of "peacocks" from Lake Malawi. This connotation is reductive because it ignores two facts. 1. Cichlidae is one of the most species diverse families of fishes in the world. 2. Africa is the second largest continent in the world. In this episode of the podcast, the Water Colors team try their best to ignore the African Great Lakes (Lake Malawi, Lake Victoria, and Lake Tanganyika) in order to explore the diversity of cichlids in ecosystems across the entire continent of Africa. You can share photos of your real African cichlids with us on the Water Colors Aquarium Gallery Podcast Listeners Facebook group. Corrections: - In this episode, we often use the phrase "Rift Lakes" to refer to Lake Malawi, Lake Victoria, and Lake Tanganyika. The "definition" we are using is more colloquial than it is accurate to the conventional geographic designation for lakes within the Rift Valley region of Africa. It might have been more accurate for us to say "African Great Lakes". - In this episode, Charles said "Rubrolatochromis", which is a genus that does not exist. We were talking about genera split from Pelvicachromis and he managed to erroneously "upgrade" the species Wallaceochromis rubrolabiatus to the genus level. - In this episode, Ben stated that baking soda (AKA sodium bicarbonate) has a "kpH" of 7.8. He was conflating the concepts pKa reaction of sodium bicarbonate carbonic acid, which have the respective pKa values of 10.3 and 6.4, with the 7.4-7.8 pH range that a sodium bicarbonate system will buffer to. Addendums: - The genus Haplochromis was originally coined by F.M. Hilgendorf in 1888 in an attempt to start sorting through the "wastebin genus" Chromis. He utilized Haplochromis obliquidens as his type species, but this entire arrangement was thrown into disarray when it was realized that "Chromis" was already in use for genus of small reef fishes, making it's usage for Pseudocrenilabrinae cichlids a junior homonym. This confusion has resulted in over a century of the taxonomic relations of this clade being redefined multiple times and the relationships between these clades are still misunderstood. Book Mentioned in this Episode: The Cichlids of Western Africa by Anton Lamboj Cichlids Mentioned in This Episode: - Discus (Symphysodon spp.) - Ram cichlid (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi) - Freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) - Apistogramma spp. - Nanochromis spp. - Common krib (Pelvicachromis pulcher) - Wonderful goby cichlid (Gobiocichla wonderi) - Xystichromis sp. "Kyoga Flameback" - Haplochromis spp. - Aulonocara spp. - Pseudotropheus spp. - Copadichromis borleyi - Pseudocrenilabrus nicholsi - Egyptian/Victorian mouthbrooder (Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor) - Pseudocrenilabrus philander - Silver Katana cichlid (Haplochromis thereuterion) - Sardine cichlids (Cyprichromis spp.) - Malawi shell-dweller (Pseudotropheus lanisticola) - Jewel cichlid (Hemichromis spp.) - Jack Dempsey cichlid (Rocio octofasciata) - Hemichromis cristatus - Hemichromis lifalili - Regani dwarf pike cichlid (Crenicichla regani) - Hemichromis sp. "Moanda" - Black diamond Madagascar cichlid (Paratilapia polleni) - Oscar (Astronotus ocellatus) - Bichard's slender cichlid (Teleogramma brichardi) - Wallaceochromis spp. - Enigmatochromis lucanusi - Pelvicachromis silviae - Pelvicachromis sacrimontis - Pelvicachromis subocellatus - Nanochromis transvestitus - Nanochromis parilus - Nanochromis splendens - Pindu cichlid (Stomatepia pindu) - Pelvicachromis kribensis "Moliwe" - Soda cichlid (Alcolapia alcalica) - Tilapia cichlids (Oreochromis spp.) - Buffalo-head cichlid (Steatocranus casuarius) - Blue-lipped buffalo-head cichlid (Paragobiocichla irvinei) - African butterfly cichlid (Anomalochromis thomasi)

References for Chapter 10We did not mention many references in our discussion today but our listeners may enjoy some of the references below. Effects of pH on Potassium: New Explanations for Old Observations - PMC although the focus of this article is on potassium, this elegant review by Aronson and Giebisch reviews intracellular shifts as it relates to pH and K+.Josh swooned for Figure 10-1 is this right? Which figure was it? which shows the relationship between [H+] and pH. You can find this figure in the original reference from Halperin ML and others, Figure 1 here. Factors That Control the Effect of pH on Glycolysis in Leukocytes Here's Leticia Rolon's favorite Henderson-Hasselbalch calculator website: ​​Henderson-Hasselbalch Calculator | Buffer Solutions [hint! for this site, use the bicarbonate (or “total CO2”) for A- and PCO2 for the HA] There's also a cooking tab for converting units! Fundamentals of Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation - PMC this review published posthumously from the late but beloved Jerry Yee and his group at Henry Ford Hospital, explores the details and underpinnings of our understandings of arterial blood gas interpretation (and this also addresses how our colleagues in clinical chemistry measure total CO2 - which JC referenced- but JC said “machine” and our colleagues prefer the word “instrument.”)Amy went deep on bicarbonate in respiratory acidosis. Here are her refs:Sodium bicarbonate therapy for acute respiratory acidosisSodium Bicarbonate in Respiratory AcidosisBicarbonate therapy in severe metabolic acidosisEffect of Intravenous Sodium Bicarbonate on Ventilation, Gas Exchange, and Acid-Base Balance in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary InsufficiencyBicarbonate Therapy in Severe Metabolic Acidosis | American Society of Nephrology this review article from Sabatini and Kurtzman addresses the issues regarding bicarbonate therapy including theoretical intracellular acidosis. Bicarbonate in DKA? Don't do it: Bicarbonate in diabetic ketoacidosis - a systematic review Here's a review from Bushinsky and Krieger on the effect acidosis on bone https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0085253822002174Here is the primary resource that Anna used in here investigation of meat replacements Nutritional Composition of Novel Plant-Based Meat Alternatives and Traditional Animal-Based MeatsWe enjoyed this paper that Dr. Rose references from the Journal of Clinical Investigation 1955 in which investigators infused HCl into nephrectomized dogs and observed changes in extracellular ions. https://www.jci.org/articles/view/103073/pdWe wondered about the amino acids/protein in some available meat alternatives they are explored in this article in the journal Amino Acids: Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates - PMC and you may enjoy this exploration of the nutritional value of these foods: Full article: Examination of the nutritional composition of alternative beef burgers available in the United StatesOutlineChapter 10: Acid-Base Physiology - H concentration regulated tightly - Normal H+ is 40 nm/L - This one millionth the concentration of Na and K - It needs to be this dilute because H+ fucks shit up - Especially proteins - Cool foot note H+ actually exists as H3O+ - Under normal conditions the H+ concentration varies little from normal due to three steps - Chemical buffering by extracellular and intracellular bufffers - Control of partial pressure of CO2 by alterations of alveolar ventilation - Control of plasma bicarbonate by changes in renal H+ excretion - Acid and bases - Use definition by Bronsted - Acid can donate protons - Base can accept protons - There are two classes of acids** - Carbonic acid H2CO3 - Each day 15000 mmol of CO2 are generated - CO2 not acid but combines with water to form carbonic acid H2CO3 - CO2 cleared by the lungs - Noncarbonic acid - Formed from metabolism of protein. Sulfur containing AA generate H2SO4. Only 50-100 mEq of acid produced from these sources. - Cleared by the kidneys - Law of Mass Action - Velocity of reaction proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants - Goes through mass action formula for water - Concludes that water has H of 155 nanoM/L, more than the 40 in plasma - Says you can do the same mass experiment for every acid in the body - Can do it also for bases but he is not going to. - Acids and Bases can be strong or weak - Strong acids completely dissociate - Weak acids not so much - H2PO4 is only 80% dissociated - Weak acids are the principle buffers in the body - Then he goes through how H is measured in the blood and it becomes clear why pH is a logical way to measure. - Then there is a lot of math - HH equation - Derives it - Then uses it to look at phos. Very interesting application - Buffers - Goes tot he phosphate well again. Amazing math describing how powerful buffers can be - Big picture the closer the pKa is to the starting pH the better buffer, i.e. it can absorb lots of OH or H without appreciably changing pH - HCO3 CO2 system - H2CO3 to H + HCO3 has a PKA of 2.72 but then lots of Math and the bicarb buffer system has a pKa of 6.1 - But the real power of the bicarb buffer is that it is not a sealed system. The ability to ventilate and keep CO2 constant increases the buffering efficiency by 11 fold and the ability to lower the CO2 below normal increases 18 fold. - Isohydric principle - There is only one hydrogen ion concentration and since that is a critical part of the buffer equation, all buffer eq are linked and you can understand all of them by understanding one of them. So we just can look at bicarb and understand the totality of acid base. - Bicarb is the most important buffer because - High concentration in plasma - Ability for CO2 to ventilate - Other buffers include - Bone - Bone is more than just inorganic reaction - Live bone releases more calcium in response to an acid load than dead bone - More effect with metabolic acidosis than respiratory acidosis - Hgb - Phosphate - Protein

Noah Garret is a life long martial artist who used his skills to become a successful stunt performer for major motion films, and happens to be one of lucky owners of a Scrambler 1200 McQueen Edition motorcycle. The interview dives into Noah's journey to become a stunt performer, and how he's already working to evolve his career into stunt coordinating.  Episode Links:Instagram (fall scene): @noah8bitLatest film on Netflix: Do Revenge Triumph News: Triumph Racing AnnouncementFree MSF eCourse: TriumphRider.comEvents Schedule: TriumphOnTour.comFor The Ride theme song by Sam PaceFor The Ride podcast produced by Hisonni Johnson

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Use Code “PKA” for 10% off your entire Lock and Load order! https://gorillamind.com/products/lock-and-load-pka-collaboration-1/?rfsn=6138256.b4345db   https://www.wonkyweeds.com/ Use Code “PKA20” for 20% off! https://www.deathbygummybears.com/ Use Code “PKA20” for 20% off   https://www.BetterHelp.com/PKA   Guest Social Medias: YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/BrandonBuckingham Twitter: https://twitter.com/Buckingham_Show Support PKA on Patreon: https://www.Patreon.com/PKA Merch: http://PainkillerAlready.net PKA on iTunes: http://bit.ly/PKAOniTunes PKA Subreddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/PKA/ PKA on Podbean: http://painkilleralready.podbean.com

Use Code “PKA” for 10% off your entire Lock and Load order! https://gorillamind.com/products/lock-and-load-pka-collaboration-1/?rfsn=6138256.b4345db https://www.wonkyweeds.com/ Use Code “PKA20” for 20% off! https://www.deathbygummybears.com/ Use Code “PKA20”for 20% off Use Code “PKA” at Checkout for Blue!   Guest Social Medias: YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/Vinwiki Website: https://vinwiki.com/   Support PKA on Patreon: https://www.Patreon.com/PKA Merch: http://PainkillerAlready.net PKA on iTunes: http://bit.ly/PKAOniTunes PKA Subreddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/PKA/ PKA on Podbean: http://painkilleralready.podbean.com

00:00 - Another long intro, reminding listeners about Swim Across America, and WU C3611 at the Int'l Pool & Spa show in Vegas this November.03:34 - Orenda is neither pro-borate, nor anti-borate. We don't find them necessary, but we don't criticize those who use them responsibly either.05:41 - Never exceed 50 ppm borate in your water, for toxicity reasons.07:46 - What are borates?08:49 - Bicarbonate/carbonate alkalinity and its pKa value of 6.14 pH.09:52 - Boric acid/Borate and its pKa value of 9.2 pH.11:22 - Borates buffer against the rise in pH by taking a hydroxyl ion (OH-). This is the opposite of what bicarbonate alkalinity does.13:05 - Borate algaestat claims13:52 - Borate water clarity claims14:40 - Borate toxicity and availabiliy in California15:40 - Use properly labeled products for their intended use17:15 - Why borates are in the Orenda App? They impact the LSI.18:10 - Summary. Thanks for listening! ------------------------------------Connect with Orenda TechnologiesWebsite: https://www.orendatech.comHelp Center: https://ask.orendatech.comBlog: https://blog.orendatech.comYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/OrendaTechnologiesFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/orendatech/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/orendatechnologies/Swim Across America | Team Orenda: https://www.swimacrossamerica.org/goto/orenda

Sponsors: Use Code “PKA” for 10% off your entire Lock and Load order! https://gorillamind.com/products/lock-and-load-pka-collaboration-1/?rfsn=6138256.b4345db  https://lucy.co/ Use Code “Painkiller” at Checkout! https://www.wonkyweeds.com/ Use Code “PKA20” for 20% off! Use Code “PKA” at Checkout for Blue!   Guest Social Medias: Twitch: https://www.twitch.tv/jpillault  Twitter: https://twitter.com/JoshPillault    Support PKA on Patreon: https://www.Patreon.com/PKA Merch: http://PainkillerAlready.net PKA on iTunes: http://bit.ly/PKAOniTunes PKA Subreddit:  https://www.reddit.com/r/PKA/ PKA on Podbean: http://painkilleralready.podbean.com   0:00:00 - Woody introduces the show and guest, Taylor introduces sponsors 0:00:25 - Josh's wife is pregnant! Meanwhile… he's hooked on Rust! 0:03:06 - Venezuela's inflation crisis & Iraq's shoe statue dedicated to George Bush 0:07:12 - Shameless dog “lovers”& dads who go to get milk and never come back 0:13:18 - The hidden secrets and darkest scenes from Deliverance 0:16:48 - Game of Thrones' best and worst actors, Harry Potter & LoTR talk 0:26:59 - Kyle's sports betting hotstreak & why John Daly is a living legend 0:33:38 - UFC talk: Mike Perry, Israel Adesanya & Joe Lauzon's retirement? 0:39:58 - Josh's hilarious experience of living with an American criminal “janitor” 0:47:26 - Josh explains why being in a prison gang is more complex than you'd think 0:51:31 - PKA reacts to the destruction of the Georgia's Guidestones  0:56:30 - America's best Six Flags' & people who are too large for roller coasters 1:00:04 - Woody goes on a RANT explaining why Elon Musk is a charlatan  1:06:29 - Buzz Aldrin vs conspiracy theorists & why space technology is overrated  1:14:09 - Asteroid mining, Taylor's zero-calorie steaks & cows with window-holes 1:19:22 - Aliens, ant colony armies and sticky, freaky frog parties 1:28:09 - Why salt projectiles SUCK & the time Taylor got bit by a brown recluse  1:34:23 - Stitches, Joaquin Phoenix's dry mouth & hair-lip freakshows 1:39:50 - Taylor & Woody's hilarious experiences of attending/planning weddings 1:50:41 - Josh explains why he got hitched in a halfway house w/ fast food catering 1:57:19 - Kyle and Taylor talk automatic blinds, black mold & damaging apartments 2:01:15 - Does Taylor really live in America's most dangerous city? PKA investigates 2:07:03 - PKA discusses stealing dogs, sucking toes & the hard-r 2:12:58 - Ad reads: Lucy, Lock and Load & Blue 2:17:08 - If you like THC Gummy Bears, you'll LOVE Wonky Weeds! Try it NOW! 2:28:11 - Minnesota's legal weed “oopsie” & the PKA fan who stops retail thieves  2:33:23 - Maces vs flails, why boomerangs SUCK & Taylor's self-defense didgeridoo 2:41:06 - Cool Kaizer helmets, cowgirl hats & Taylor's hilarious WWII vet. cap 2:47:24 - Cotton candy grapes, sparrow extermination & Twitter communists  2:50:40 - Woody's farmers hats, sombreros & politically-biased restaurants  2:53:44 - Is gentrification really that bad? PKA doesn't think so 2:58:12 - Kyle's lockdown pantry hoarding & PKA's favorite dessert pies 3:02:10 - Taylor's smoked beer can chicken & Deep South chicken culture  3:08:58 - Kyle introduces Josh to Escape From Tarkov (Meta, strategies & more)  3:19:59 - Taylor comes out of the closest & Taco Bell's GIANT Cheez-It tostada  3:25:23 - PKA gets into a HEATED pizza debate: Crusts, dips & garlic butter 3:28:18 - Does Woody have a better physique at 50 than Sylvester Stallone?? 3:31:58 - Tom Cruise talk: Impossible solo stunts, Iron Man & scientology 3:39:40 - Game of Thrones spin-off series' & Lord of the Rings vs Marvel 3:47:40 - Politics talk: Trump 2024, Roe vs Wade fallout & Russia  3:55:40 - Movie talk: The Godfather, Goodfellas, Casino & Deliverance  4:04:37 - Josh shouts out his Social Medias, the guys call it a show

Use Code “PKA” for 10% off your entire Lock and Load order! https://gorillamind.com/products/lock... https://lucy.co/ Use Code “Painkiller” at Checkout! https://www.deathbygummybears.com/ Use Code “PKA20” for 20% off! Guest Social Medias: YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgeG... Website: http://thesmokingtire.com/ Support PKA on Patreon: https://www.Patreon.com/PKA Merch: http://PainkillerAlready.net PKA on iTunes: http://bit.ly/PKAOniTunes PKA Subreddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/PKA/ PKA on Podbean: https://painkilleralready.podbean.com 0:00:00 - Woody introduces the show and guest, Taylor introduces sponsors 0:00:12 - Matt shows off his custom wall art of his 3 favorite race tracks 0:02:49 - Watch talk: Rainbow Rolex's, million-dollar faces & much more 0:23:38 - Operation Odessa, secret 1940s German gold & Project Azorian 0:31:58 - The Thing, Top Gun & why Kyle was scared to go to the cinema in 2021 0:40:04 - Kyle's house move & the world's most expensive plasma TVs 0:48:17 - The craziest home theaters & people who take interior design TOO far 0:51:52 - FPSRussia's experience of visiting America's craziest arms bunkers 0:58:55 - Woody and Matt discuss the benefits of microdosing on mental health 1:07:20 - Molly, mosh pits & Uber drivers who get high with AC/DC 1:10:41 - Paying it forward & Woody's hilarious interaction with a beggar 1:17:27 - Fitness talk: Woody's incredible physique, body fat % & testosterone 1:30:48 - Why revealing your internet job to strangers is a TERRIBLE idea 1:34:15 - Matt's hilarious story of being stopped at customs check in Florida 1:41:34 - Patreon AMA: What is the douche-iest car you can drive? 1:45:36 - Why Tesla cars SUCK & is Elon Musk a charlatan in disguise? 1:55:41 - Matt thanks the guys and leaves the show 1:56:21 - Ad reads: Lucy & Death by Gummy Bears 1:59:50 - Woody tries a single FOOT of the CBD Gummy Bear 2:05:34 - Don't be a LOSER, get your PKA Lock and Load NOW 2:06:27 - Kyle's 420 house move & home theaters vs supersize smart TVs 2:26:13 - Taylor and Woody share stories of fire-starting close calls 2:37:54 - Kyle's internet issues & Taylor's AC catastrophe 2:43:40 - Woody's paramotor drama feat. planes, the FAA & the Army Corps 2:50:16 - Para-motorbiking, hiking accidents & freakish First Responders 2:54:57 - Why Woody hates Cops & if PKA became Police Officers 3:05:45 - UFC talk: Chael Sonnen, Joe Rogan, Holloway vs Volkanowski & more 3:13:21 - Woody starts to feel the effects of the gummy bear he ate 1 hour ago 3:18:47 - Why The Shining is AWESOME & Kyle's top 3 Jack Nicholson movies 3:25:31 - Kyle and Taylor get into a HEATED debate about circumcision 3:37:07 - Woody's superhuman climbing ability & Kyle's super-high ceiling 3:40:03 - Kyle reminisces on hilarious weed stories with Woody from 2011 3:45:11 - Woody is SUPER high and Taylor is sweating SO badly 3:50:50 - What TV shows/movies are great to watch while baked? 3:54:01 - Video: Kyle's cousin Scott and his Survival series “The Gator Show” 4:00:23 - The guys call it a show

Use Code “PKA” for 10% off your entire Lock and Load order! https://gorillamind.com/products/lock... https://lucy.co/ Use Code “Painkiller” at Checkout! https://www.deathbygummybears.com/ Use Code “PKA20” for 20% off! Guest Social Medias: YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgeG... Website: http://thesmokingtire.com/ Support PKA on Patreon: https://www.Patreon.com/PKA Merch: http://PainkillerAlready.net PKA on iTunes: http://bit.ly/PKAOniTunes PKA Subreddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/PKA/ PKA on Podbean: http://painkilleralready.podbean.com 0:00:00 - Woody introduces the show and guest, Taylor introduces sponsors 0:00:12 - Matt shows off his custom wall art of his 3 favorite race tracks 0:02:49 - Watch talk: Rainbow Rolex's, million-dollar faces & much more 0:23:38 - Operation Odessa, secret 1940s German gold & Project Azorian 0:31:58 - The Thing, Top Gun & why Kyle was scared to go to the cinema in 2021 0:40:04 - Kyle's house move & the world's most expensive plasma TVs 0:48:17 - The craziest home theaters & people who take interior design TOO far 0:51:52 - FPSRussia's experience of visiting America's craziest arms bunkers 0:58:55 - Woody and Matt discuss the benefits of microdosing on mental health 1:07:20 - Molly, mosh pits & Uber drivers who get high with AC/DC 1:10:41 - Paying it forward & Woody's hilarious interaction with a beggar 1:17:27 - Fitness talk: Woody's incredible physique, body fat % & testosterone 1:30:48 - Why revealing your internet job to strangers is a TERRIBLE idea 1:34:15 - Matt's hilarious story of being stopped at customs check in Florida 1:41:34 - Patreon AMA: What is the douche-iest car you can drive? 1:45:36 - Why Tesla cars SUCK & is Elon Musk a charlatan in disguise? 1:55:41 - Matt thanks the guys and leaves the show 1:56:21 - Ad reads: Lucy & Death by Gummy Bears 1:59:50 - Woody tries a single FOOT of the CBD Gummy Bear 2:05:34 - Don't be a LOSER, get your PKA Lock and Load NOW 2:06:27 - Kyle's 420 house move & home theaters vs supersize smart TVs 2:26:13 - Taylor and Woody share stories of fire-starting close calls 2:37:54 - Kyle's internet issues & Taylor's AC catastrophe 2:43:40 - Woody's paramotor drama feat. planes, the FAA & the Army Corps 2:50:16 - Para-motorbiking, hiking accidents & freakish First Responders 2:54:57 - Why Woody hates Cops & if PKA became Police Officers 3:05:45 - UFC talk: Chael Sonnen, Joe Rogan, Holloway vs Volkanowski & more 3:13:21 - Woody starts to feel the effects of the gummy bear he ate 1 hour ago 3:18:47 - Why The Shining is AWESOME & Kyle's top 3 Jack Nicholson movies 3:25:31 - Kyle and Taylor get into a HEATED debate about circumcision 3:37:07 - Woody's superhuman climbing ability & Kyle's super-high ceiling 3:40:03 - Kyle reminisces on hilarious weed stories with Woody from 2011 3:45:11 - Woody is SUPER high and Taylor is sweating SO badly 3:50:50 - What TV shows/movies are great to watch while baked? 3:54:01 - Video: Kyle's cousin Scott and his Survival series “The Gator Show” 4:00:23 - The guys call it a show

Videos: 1. The Truth About Margaret Sanger (2:30) 2. This war on women, men and children is blatant and it has to be exposed! – Rizza Islam (2:23) 3.  Vitamin Authentication. Electronic pill that stays in your body & will become a 18bit Battery operated chip (1:00) 4. Saudi Arabia Joining The BRICS Would Have Huge Repercussions (5:25) 5.  87% of Clinical Trial Data Hidden from Medical Journals; Fmr FDA Director: Not Our Job to Correct Faulty Drug Data in Articles – Roman Balmakov from Matter of Fact  (10:00) Articals: 1. Two and 3-year-old kids with seizures is “the new normal” 2. All 16 Runners Who Collapsed and Runner Who Died at Brooklyn Half Marathon Said They Were Vaccinated Almonds reduce the risk of heart disease, research show Aston University (UK)  June 30, 2022 Scientists have found that eating almonds in your diet can reduce the risk of heart disease by keeping blood vessels healthy. Research found that they significantly increase the amount of antioxidants in the blood stream, reduce blood pressure and improve blood flow. These findings add weight to the theory that Mediterranean diets with lots of nuts have big healthbenefits. Researchers tested the effects of a short-term almond-enriched diet on healthy young and middle-aged men as well as on a group of young men with cardiovascular risk factors including having high blood pressure or being overweight. A control group ate what they normally would, while another group consumed snacks of 50g of almonds a day for one month. At the end of the study period, the group eating an almond-enriched diet had higher levels of antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol) in their blood stream, improved blood flow and lower blood pressure, potentially reducing their risk of heart disease. Taking Vitamin D during pregnancy could lower the risk of eczema in babies University of Southampton (UK), July 6, 2022 Taking Vitamin D supplements during pregnancy could substantially reduce the chances of babies up to a year old suffering from atopic eczema, according to a new study by University of Southampton researchers. The research, published in the British Journal of Dermatology, revealed that babies had a lower risk of developing atopic eczema in their first year if their mothers took 1000 international units (IU) of Vitamin D a day from when they were 14 weeks pregnant until they delivered. The effect was particularly seen in babies who were later breastfed for more than a month. Atopic eczema is a chronic inflammatory condition that can have a large impact on sufferers, their families, and healthcare. It is estimated that one in six children aged one to five has atopic eczema, and there has been a global rise over recent decades. More than 700 pregnant women took part in the research—with 352 taking the supplements from 14 weeks until they gave birth and 351 taking a placebo. “Our results showed that babies of mothers who received supplements had a lower chance of having atopic eczema at 12 months, which supports recommendations for Vitamin D supplements to be routine during pregnancy.” Student of Neuroscience Shows How Meditation may Vanquish Mental Disorders University of Massachusetts Medical School, July 3, 2022   According to theNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 7.7 million Americans suffer from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder – approximately 3.3% of the US population when combined. Of these, approximately 40% of the individuals with schizophrenia and 51% of those with bipolar are untreated in any given year, but with the new studies being presented by Juan Santoyo and his peers, there could be strong scientific proof that meditation could help even the most debilitating psychological disorders. The paper describes how meditation affects a subject's ability to change brain activity in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Given the chance to observe real-time feedback on their PCC activity, some meditators were even able to control the levels of activity there. “You can observe both of these phenomena together and discover how they are co-determining one another,” Santoyo said. “Within 10 one-minute sessions they [participants in a meditation study] were able to develop certain strategies to evoke a certain experience and use it to drive the signal.” In the study on ‘effortless awareness,' a phenomenon that often accompanies meditation, he noticed that specific memories or thoughts that caused distress could be changed with feedback after a meditation session. Fasting could regenerate the immune system, study say University of Southern California, July 1, 2022 Refraining from food for as little as two days can regenerate the immune system, helping the body to fight infection, according to a new study. Scientists at the University of Southern California said the findings could have major implications for the elderly and people suffering from damaged immune systems, such as cancer patients. Researchers tested the effects of fasting for two to four day periods over the course of six months on both mice and humans.  In both cases, long periods of not eating significantly lowered white blood cell counts. And in mice, each cycle of fasting then “flipped a regenerative switch” that triggered stem cell-based regeneration of new white blood cells, thereby renewing the body's defence system. Valter Longo, Professor of Gerontology and the Biological Sciences at the University of Southern California, said:”It gives the OK for stem cells to go ahead and begin proliferating and rebuild the entire system. “And the good news is that the body got rid of the parts of the system that might be damaged or old, the inefficient parts, during the fasting.” The study also found that fasting reduces levels of the enzyme PKA, an effect which is known to increase longevity in simple organisms, as well as levels of the hormone IGF-1, which has been linked to ageing, tumour progression and cancer risk. In addition, a small pilot clinical trial found that fasting for a 72-hour period prior to chemotherapy protected patients against toxicity. Men with ‘low testosterone' have higher rates of depression George Washington University Medical Center, July 1, 2022 Researchers at the George Washington University (GW), led by Michael S. Irwig, M.D., found that men referred for tertiary care for borderline testosterone levels had much higher rates of depression and depressive symptoms than those of the general population. The research, involved 200 adult men, aged 20-77, with a mean age of 48 years old, who were referred for borderline total testosterone levels between 200 and 350 ng/dL. Depression and/or depressive symptoms were present in 56 percent of the subjects. Furthermore, one quarter of the men in the study were taking antidepressants and that the men had high rates of obesity and low rates of physical activity. The most common symptoms were erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, fewer morning erections, low energy, and sleep disturbances. While more research is needed in this area of study, the researchers concluded that clinicians should consider screening for depression and depressive symptoms, overweight and unhealthy lifestyle factors in men who are referred for tertiary care for potential hypogonadism. Research shows how breastfeeding offers immune benefits Binghamton University, July 5, 2022 When infants breastfeed, they receive an immune boost that helps them fight off infectious diseases, according to recent research from Binghamton University Associate Professor of Anthropology Katherine Wander. For the project, the research team studied almost 100 mother and baby pairs in rural Kilimanjaro. Prolonged breastfeeding is the norm in this population and infectious diseases during infancy are very common, even compared to other areas of East Africa. This makes Kilimanjaro an ideal setting to begin to understand how immune protection from milk might affect infectious disease risk, Wander said. “You most often hear about the immune system of milk in terms of transferring maternal antibodies to infants via milk—which is probably very important—but it seems there's much more going on as well. The immune system of milk is a whole system, capable of mounting immune responses,” Wander said. “We're only beginning to understand the full extent and role of the immune system of milk.” To test the impact of milk's immune system on infant health, the researchers combined a few milliliters of milk with a small amount of bacteria, then placed the mixture in an incubator overnight. They then measured the increase of interleukin-6, an immune cell communication molecule that promotes inflammation. This in-vitro response gives an indication of how the milk's immune system is likely to respond to bacteria encountered in the infant's body—the gut, for example. The research team also followed the Tanzanian infants to assess whether those who received milk that mounted stronger immune responses during the in-vitro tests were at lower risk for infectious diseases. That appeared to be the case: infants whose mothers' milk mounted larger responses to Salmonella had fewer infectious diseases, particularly respiratory infections such as pneumonia.