Podcasts about cdna

The potential of mRNA medicines was postulated for years, but it took the COVID pandemic and emergency use authorizations for that potential to be demonstrated. By now, most of us have received at least one mRNA based vaccine and the platform has been mostly derisked. However, if you're not one of the major players in this space, generating high-purity mRNA, let alone a GMP-grade mRNA-based drug product, can still be quite challenging. Dr. Chrisitan Cobaugh, CEO of Vernal Biosciences in Vermont, has been working in the mRNA field for more than a decade and is passionate about the potential of mRNA medicines. He's also been in the field long enough to know firsthand the challenges of high-purity mRNA and lipid nanoparticle supply. Join us as Christian walks us through his story, the start of Vernal Biosciences, and their progress toward their mission of democratizing access to mRNA technology. Our conversation touches on the molecular biology of making mRNA, and the use of digital PCR and other methods in monitoring development and release of mRNA drug products, and the potential applications of mRNA as a platform (some of which you might not have guessed).Whether you're new to the technology, or have chosen mRNA as a focus area, you're sure to find this conversation engaging and intriguing, and our guest insightful. Visit the Absolute Gene-ius page to learn more about the guests, the hosts, and the Applied Biosystems QuantStudio Absolute Q Digital PCR System. 

Before the 1990s, small bits of RNA were considered junk by most, but the 1993 discovery of microRNA (miRNAs) began to reveal that bits of only 19-24 nucleotides of RNA can have an important gene regulation function in cells. Since their discovery, there has been a flurry of work to catalog known miRNAs and understand their functions, which include being tied to specific disease states such as leukemia. According to our guest, Dr. Guy Novotny, Molecular Biologist at Herlev Hospital in Copenhagen, it's now relatively easy to identify a miRNAs and follow their expression, but to figure out what they're actually doing is a real challenge. We hear how he and his team have recently adopted digital PCR, and the benefits that come with it, to study microRNAs and figure out what proteins they're regulating the expression of. This includes basic research, where Guy is “adding to the big pile of data that's existing out there,” and he also does clinical research that has a closer connection to specific disease states and subject outcomes. As always, you'll get to learn about his career journey and learn that there's really not much that cake cannot fix.Visit the Absolute Gene-ius page to learn more about the guests, the hosts, and the Applied Biosystems QuantStudio Absolute Q Digital PCR System. 

This is a recap of the top 10 posts on Hacker News on December 17th, 2023.This podcast was generated by wondercraft.ai(00:37): The Final Speech from The Great Dictator (1940)Original post: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38673292&utm_source=wondercraft_ai(02:33): 0% of the phrases of the original Wikipedia "Ship of Theseus" article remainOriginal post: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38677124&utm_source=wondercraft_ai(04:06): BrainGPT turns thoughts into textOriginal post: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38673854&utm_source=wondercraft_ai(05:55): Qatar Airways Bans YouTuber for Negative ReviewOriginal post: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38677344&utm_source=wondercraft_ai(07:27): AMD's CDNA 3 Compute ArchitectureOriginal post: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38675258&utm_source=wondercraft_ai(09:39): Mickey, Disney, and the public domain: A 95-year love triangleOriginal post: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38678021&utm_source=wondercraft_ai(11:41): Promptbase: All things prompt engineeringOriginal post: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38673954&utm_source=wondercraft_ai(13:34): US nuclear-fusion lab enters new era: achieving 'ignition' over and overOriginal post: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38673654&utm_source=wondercraft_ai(15:21): “Yes” means “no”: The language of VCsOriginal post: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38677251&utm_source=wondercraft_ai(17:13): Evaluating new software forgesOriginal post: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38672386&utm_source=wondercraft_aiThis is a third-party project, independent from HN and YC. Text and audio generated using AI, by wondercraft.ai. Create your own studio quality podcast with text as the only input in seconds at app.wondercraft.ai. Issues or feedback? We'd love to hear from you: team@wondercraft.ai

Erste Folge im Jahr 2023, die Consumer Electronics Show fand in Las Vegas statt und wir haben wieder Ausfälle zu verzeichnen :D (jetzt auch der Verfasser^^) Nvidia bringt die RTX 4070 Ti formerly known as RTX 4080 12GB, AMD packt Zen 4 in den Laptop und stapelt L3$ auf Zen4-Chiplets. Für Essen und Getränke zum Mitnehmen muss seit 01. Januar eine Mehrweg-Option angeboten werden. Verkaufsplattformen müssen dort getätigte Umsätze an das Finanzamt melden. Ein Gutes Neues Jahr und viel Spaß mit Folge 134! Sprecher: Meep, Michael Kister Besucht unsim Discord https://discord.gg/SneNarVCBMauf Twitter https://twitter.com/technikquatschauf Youtube https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm7FRJku8ZzrZkmeY79j0WQ 00:03:06 Nvidia RTX 4070 Tihttps://www.computerbase.de/2023-01/nvidia-geforce-rtx-4070-ti-test/ 00:06:31 Kühlerprobleme bei AMD Radeon RX 7900 XTXhttps://www.computerbase.de/2023-01/amd-radeon-rx-7900-xtx-temperaturprobleme-hotspot/https://www.computerbase.de/2023-01/amd-radeon-rx-7900-xtx-vapor-chamber-temperaturprobleme/https://www.igorslab.de/amd-radeon-rx-7900xtx-referenzkarten-mba-und-der-hotspot-mehrere-batches-der-vapor-chamber-betroffen-der-austausch-beginnt/ 00:11:31 Ryzen 7000 ohne X und mit gestapeltem L3-Cachehttps://www.computerbase.de/2023-01/ryzen-7000-65-watt-test/https://www.computerbase.de/2023-01/amd-ryzen-7000x3d-7950x3d-7900x3d-und-7800x3d-mit-hohem-takt-im-februar/ 01:15:59 Mobile Zen 4 mit Phoenix Point und Dragon Rangehttps://www.computerbase.de/2023-01/amd-ryzen-7000-mobile-rdna-3-in-der-zen-4-apu-und-16-kerne-per-chiplet-ansatz/ 00:19:04 Intel Gen 13 ohne K: "unsung heroes"https://www.computerbase.de/2023-01/13th-gen-intel-core-die-core-i5-sind-die-helden-der-neuen-65-watt-familie/ 00:22:34 Intel ziert sich und taktiert wegen Förderung für den Bau der Fab in Magdeburghttps://www.heise.de/news/Chipfabrik-Magdeburg-Intel-rueckt-wegen-unsicherer-Subventionen-von-Plaenen-ab-7451873.html?wt_mc=sm.red.ho.botti.messenger.link.link 00:28:50 Nvidia RTX Video Super Resolution: Echtzeit-Upscaler für Videos in Chrome und Edgehttps://www.computerbase.de/2023-01/rtx-video-super-resolution-nvidia-skaliert-videos-in-chrome-in-echtzeit-auf-4k/ 00:40:13 AMD Instinct MI300: Compute Monster mit 24-Zen-4-Kernen, CDNA 3 und 128 GB HBM3https://www.computerbase.de/2023-01/amd-instinct-mi300-zen-4-cdna-3-hbm3/ 00:41:51 Recht auf Mehrweg bei Essen und Getränken zum Mitnehmenhttps://www.verbraucherzentrale.nrw/wissen/umwelt-haushalt/abfall/ab-januar-2023-mehrwegpflicht-fuer-essen-und-getraenke-zum-mitnehmen-79833 00:53:45 Betreiber von Online-Verkaufsplattformen müssen Umsätze von Nutzern an Finanzamt meldenhttps://www.ey.com/de_de/tax-law-magazine/neue-meldepflichten-auf-online-plattformen 01:08:49 Verabschiedung

Professors Scott Friedman and Neil Henderson join the Surfers (including the returning Stephen Harrison) to discuss some truly exciting advances in the basic science and technology of defining, diagnosing and treating NAFLD and NASH. This conversation focuses largely on the spatial transcriptomics: its history, what it can tell us today, and how it might improve even further over time. All this places focus on the need for healthy hepatic cells researchers can use with this technology, which may already suggest that cells we once considered "good enough" are not today.Neil starts this conversation by describing the value of spatial transcriptomics today by using what Scott describes as the "blender analogy" developed by Neil's colleague Prakash Ramachandran. This starts with days where we would "mash up" tissue together and redo RNA analysis (in this metaphor, like blending fruit in a blender into a smoothie and trying to taste for the flavors) to a next stage where you can tell what the individual fruits are to spatial transcriptomics today, which is like looking at a fruit tart in three dimensions, seeing where each piece sits in the fruit and the size and nature of spaces between them. As Neil points out, this allows the technology to barcode the spots so the informatics people can work out individual gene expressions.Roger asks Neil to walk the audience back through the history of how we came to this place technologically. He starts with the early days of single cell genomics and proceeds through high throughput droplet-based systems to cDNA libraries that enable informaticians to indicate exactly which gene is expressed in which individual cell.Beyond that, Neil discusses the power of single nuclei sequencing, which provides rich data from frozen tissue and thereby provides greater space for global collaboration and examining tissue that might have been stored for years. In the liver, this has allowed for hepatocyte sequencing, which was not viable previously...and there are more advances yet to come.At this point, the conversation shifts toward what's current and tangible as Jörn Schattenberg asks how much variability in tissue samples can be attributed to human differences. Neil describes his group as "nicely quite surprised at how congruent some of the data has been."The rest of this conversation centers mostly on sources of tissue on how "healthy" that tissue actually is. In Edinburgh, Neil notes, much of his tissue comes from distal liver sites in patients with colorectal cancer. The sites may be free from cancer but may have effects from earlier chemotherapy and other systemic challenges. Scott wraps up this conversation with the story of a patient where pathologists captured tissue "far away" from the site of a neuroendocrine tumor. Pathologists believed the tissue was healthy, but single cell sequencing revealed a "hugh neuroendocrine cell population." Such is the value of the new technologies and the challenges they face for researchers to improve other elements of the process.

In this episode, I interview Law Professor Jorge Contreras about the past, present, and future of biotech companies patenting the human genome. Jorge L. Contreras received his law degree from Harvard and teaches intellectual property, science policy, antitrust law and genetics law at the University of Utah. His scholarship has appeared in Science, Nature, NYU Law Review, Georgetown Law Journal, Harvard Journal of Law and Technology, and other leading journals. He has been featured on NPR, PRI and BBC radio, and his opinions have been cited by news outlets including the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Economist, and Washington Post. He is the author of The Genome Defense: Inside the Epic Legal Battle to Control Who Owns Your DNA. You can buy the book, find out more about it, see primary documents relating to the legal battle, get further reading suggestions, or participate in discussions at https://genomedefense.org. 04:48 How many naturally occurring human gene patents are currently on the books? 09:04 What does it mean, in a practical sense, for a human gene to be patented? 16:36 When did the patenting of human genes start? 28:29 The global race to find the "breast cancer gene," first private company to patent a natural human gene 39:13 The legal battle to overturn the patenting of human genes 48:32 The solicitor general's bizarre cDNA vs gDNA compromise wins the day; Big Diagnostics hurt; Big Pharma survives 1:06:51 Do patents help or hurt innovation? 1:10:53 The C-word virus's genome would have been patented, but wasn't because of the 2013 Supreme Court decision; why the juices but not the virus can be patented 1:16:30 His role in the Open C-Word Pledge 1:23:16 Thinking about the future of widespread or even mandatory prophylactic gene therapy 1:33:31 What if a small number of companies race to engineer us into Microsoft-style or Apple-style operating systems and related ecosystems using prophylactic gene therapy? 1:38:41 Efforts to overturn the 2013 Supreme Court decision: all eyes on Congress for the next couple of years During this critical time where our freedom of health and freedom of speech is in imminent danger, and where tens of thousands of people are facing imminent job losses as the result of medical mandates, I am devoting my analytical skills full time toward the battle for health freedom. This includes working directly with lawyers in lawsuits over mandates, lockdowns, and the current standard of care, scientifically analyzing the safety, efficacy, and risks of mandated medical treatments and their alternatives as well as ways to mitigate their harms, publishing my findings in scientific journals and sharing them with you. It is my firm conviction that this is the most important gift I can offer the world right now, and I view this as a needed public service. I would be extremely grateful if you could support me during this time. At https://chrismasterjohnphd.com/support, you can purchase one of my information products in amounts ranging from $3 to $30, or take advantage of my consulting services for more. You can also make a purchase using one of my affiliate links to buy something you would have bought anyway at no extra cost to you. Finally, at https://chrismasterjohnphd.com/donate, you can make a donation in any amount. In a world increasingly dominated by censorship, we may have censored certain words in this video in order to protect the show and keep our community connected. To make sure we stay together as a community, please join my newsletter at chrismasterjohnphd.com/newsletter, where I can guarantee that I'll never deplatform myself. This interview was recorded during a Live Zoom recording, where members of the CMJ Masterpass sat in and submitted comments and questions in the live chat. If you would like to sit in on future interviews I conduct with the chance to contribute questions, sign up for the Masterpass at https://chrismasterjohnphd.com/masterpass and use the code INTERVIEW for 10% off the membership fee for as long as you remain a member. Masterpass members also have access to a transcript and to the uncensored video and audio. Don't forget to like, share, and subscribe as well. Thank you for your support!

Intel Alder Lake is out! AMD Bergamo & Genoa are Revealed! Intel ARC Pics are leaked! Tom & Dan discuss the latest hardware gaming news - and man is there a lot already this November! SPON: Get 10% off Tasty Vite Ramen with Code “brokensilicon” at: https://bit.ly/3oyv4tR SPON: brokensilicon=-30% Win10, dieshrink=-3% games: https://www.cdkeyoffers.com/cko/Win10 0:00 GTC Disclaimer, Apple Colors, Kilo-core Processors (Intro Banter) 6:46 Apple A15 4nm, Pro Max 5nm (Corrections & Omissions) 8:45 Intel Alder Lake Discussion Start – Windows 10, Efficiency, DDR4 vs DDR5 Performance 25:40 Raptor Lake with DDR4, Alder Lake vs Zen 3 Pricing, Describing Core Counts 32:50 Who should wait for Zen 3D? Who should wait for Zen 4? 38:13 AMD Data Center Keynote Discussion Start: Bergamo, Zen 4c, Vcache 44:35 Milan-X crushes Sapphire Rapids, MI250X is big trouble for Nvidia 49:58 Is Zen 3D Threadripper Cancelled? Why did AMD Cancel Desktop Zen 3+? 54:41 Zen 5 & Zen 4c Details Leaked – Insane IPC, Insane Implications of “Dense” Architectures 1:05:10 Mining on OSX & Neural Engines, Apple Entering the Server Market 1:11:10 Zen 5 Turin EPYC Leaked - 600w Processors are coming... 1:20:41 Intel ARC Pictures Leaked, Performance + Release Date Update 1:29:17 Nvidia Ampere actually uses Next-Gen PCIe Gen 5 1:32:51 Apple M1 Max Reviews, Nvidia ARM Blocked, Intel buys VIA, GA103S, Lovelace Q3 (Wrap Up) 1:44:12 Nvidia using Intel Fabs as a backup, Horizon 5 Graphics on Last Gen (Final RM) https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-core-i9-12900k-vs-ryzen-9-5900x-5950x https://youtu.be/LzhwVLUVork https://youtu.be/XBFTSej-yIs https://www.guru3d.com/articles_pages/core_i5_12600k_processor_review,5.html https://youtu.be/BdRxXRRrJeU https://twitter.com/mooreslawisdead/status/1456677878469382153 https://www.tomshardware.com/news/core-i5-12400f-strong-gaming-engineering-sample?fbclid=IwAR20DQQF8ecnMDt3At6GLrMllaVGU-iBRwd-BzWWMaHgtmlwD0qVI_W6qFE https://twitter.com/HardwareUnboxed/status/1456868513574842371 https://twitter.com/mooreslawisdead/status/1457603739414671360 https://youtu.be/ECHhuvuiNzs https://youtu.be/TX6bREO3Nd4 https://twitter.com/Redfire75369/status/1457750350308331522 https://www.anandtech.com/show/17054/amd-announces-instinct-mi200-accelerator-family-cdna2-exacale-servers https://youtu.be/dE9N95uSqHA https://twitter.com/ExecuFix/status/1453707924338089990 https://twitter.com/greymon55/status/1453747256046219269 https://videocardz.com/newz/amd-epyc-turin-with-zen5-cores-rumored-to-feature-maximum-tdp-of-600w https://youtu.be/tD7s1ZFLoO4 https://videocardz.com/newz/pci-express-gen5-12-pin-power-cable-looks-just-like-nvidias https://www.pcmag.com/reviews/apple-macbook-pro-16-inch-2021-m1-max https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/27/nvidias-takeover-of-arm-faces-in-depth-investigation-in-europe.html?fbclid=IwAR2oDyO-ugV27cz1VsEMl_pkLha7lJBaJSTVGZ-ap6XhK7Po7I99DNxY8z8 https://www.techpowerup.com/review/geforce-rtx-3080-vs-radeon-rx-6800-xt-megabench/ https://adoredtv.com/intel-rumored-to-hire-remaining-employees-from-centaur-maker-of-haswell-level-x86-cpus-with-avx-512-support-from-via-technologies-for-125-million-dollars/ https://pr.tsmc.com/english/news/2874 https://twitter.com/kopite7kimi/status/1457730626790907911 https://twitter.com/kopite7kimi/status/1457732761423257609?s=20

Can't say that damn word for some reason…But, how do you patent DNA that's not found in nature? Simple, create cDNA. Now…how do you do that? --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/lastcallwithchrismichaels/support

Can't say that damn word for some reason…But, how do you patent DNA that's not found in nature? Simple, create cDNA. Now…how do you do that? --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/lastcallwithchrismichaels/support

Plug Power (PLUG) fuel cell business surges ahead and is poised for even more success, says Global X's Andrew Little. How Chevron (CVX) has surpassed their initial climate change goals. Why all eyes are on CareDx's (CDNA) novel DNA treatment for kidney disease -- and more. And why Caterpillar (CAT) is succeeding with autonomous driving even as Tesla fails. The Drill Down with Cory Johnson offers a daily look at the business stories behind stocks on the move. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Some news updates for 7/9/21-7/12/21. Trump card handed out at CPAC, Deperno back in court today, TIMING IS EVERYTHING, etc. Then, we discuss a Supreme Court case from 2013 which directly relates to today's COVID "vaccine." Understand the difference in DNA and cDNA (natural vs synthetic) and the use of mRNA in creating cDNA. See link to view court case! https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/12-398 Buy XRP on Uphold appShow your support on Venmo @PTDean86Follow on TikTok @PTDean86 or PTPatriot86  Share your own message with Buzzsprout! https://www.buzzsprout.com/?referrer_id=1416301   

文 | 方舟子这几天据说中国发生了“学术界大地震”，首都医科大学校长饶毅实名举报一名院士两名教授造假。实际情况是这样的：饶毅最近到首都医科大学当校长。国家自然科学基金委员会给该校发函，说有人举报饶毅发表的论文涉嫌造假。饶毅就写了一封答复，初稿发给一些人征求意见，内容主要是反驳造假指控，说方舟子已经查过那些论文了，不是他造假，是别的实验室的共同作者造假，举报他是对他的打击报复。最后是反戈一击，举报了三个人造假，要求国家自然科学基金委员会去查。饶毅本来只是要跟调查他的国家自然科学基金委员会私下吵一架，被他某个幸灾乐祸的“山上的朋友”把回信征求意见稿捅出去，发到了网上。媒体不管该信的前面部分，只截取他后面举报的部分，断章取义要把他打扮成挺身而出的“打假斗士”，他想必很恼火，拒绝接受任何媒体的采访。关于饶毅被举报造假的论文，如饶毅在信中所说，我以前已写过三篇文章做了分析（《关于饶毅、管坤良实验室联合发表的论文数据造假的分析》《再说饶毅、管坤良实验室联合发表的论文数据造假》《三说饶毅、管坤良实验室联合发表的论文数据造假》），在此不再赘述。媒体对此也不关心，他们关心的是饶毅反过来举报别人造假。饶毅在信中是这么说的：“本着帮助贵委的监督委员会改邪归正的精神，建议它做自己应该做的事情，而不是成为中国学术不端者搅混水企图的帮凶。具体建议国家自然科学基金委监督委员会近期:1)有效、有胆魄地彻底调查武汉大学医学院李红良 17 年如一日明目张胆的造假;2)严肃调查中国科学院上海生命科学研究院生化细胞所研究员裴钢 于 1999 年，用贵委三项经费(39630130, 39625015 和 39825110)支持其发 表的论文(Ling et al., PNAS 96:7922-7927)。该篇论文的图3、图 4、图 5 是不可能真实的，只有造假才能产生(众所周知 GPCR 需要七重跨膜区域才有功能，裴钢号称只要 5 重跨膜，而且居然两个 GPCRs 都是这样的，出 了 3 个同样错误的图)。贵委 20 年不触及这一问题，现在这是实名举报， 贵委不要推卸躲避，洗刷中国科学院因这篇造假文章选出院士的耻辱;3)今年中国科学院上海药物研究所的耿美玉研究员作为通讯作者的文章(Wang et al Cell Research 29:787-803)，号称其发明的药物 GV971 能够通过肠道菌群治疗小鼠的阿尔兹海默症。这篇文章，不造假是不可能的。 现实名举报，请贵委做些好事，为中国科学界洗刷耻辱。”关于武汉大学医学院教授李红良，饶毅他们此前已在网刊《知识分子》上发表过长篇文章分析过其论文数据造假。饶毅他们一直反对在网上揭露学术造假，认为揭露造假应该去学术期刊，为何李红良有此特殊待遇，不得而知。虽然武汉大学校方把李红良保了下来，但李红良的确是造假惯犯，我主持的新语丝网站早在2010年、2014年、2017年已三次揭露过他造假，证据确凿，饶毅说“李红良 17 年如一日明目张胆的造假”，是有依据的。关于耿美玉研发的治疗阿尔茨海默病的药物，虽然我不能像饶毅那样断定“不造假是不可能的”，但那项研究的确是不可信的，我此前已经写w文章分析过（《为何“我国原创治疗阿尔茨海默病新药”不可信》）。所以这里重点说说裴钢的论文。那篇论文研究的是G蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）。这是一类位于细胞膜上的蛋白质，帮助把信号从细胞外传递到细胞内，所以它一端在细胞外，另一端在细胞内，中间部分来来回回跨了七次细胞膜。饶毅信中认为裴钢那篇论文造假的理由就是：“众所周知 GPCR 需要七重跨膜区域才有功能，裴钢号称只要 5 重跨膜”，所以一定是假的。这个理由是不足为凭的。虽然GPCR的野生型跨七次膜，但是，很多蛋白质有多余部分，去除那些部分并不影响功能。裴钢论文证明的就是去除GPCR的某些部分、只跨五次膜不影响功能。如果像饶毅说的那样，GPCR公认必须有七次跨膜才有功能，那么，裴钢这篇论文就不可能通过评审发表。它得以发表，说明饶毅所说的并非公认的定论。别的实验室后来也发现了有的GPCR只要跨五次膜甚至跨四次、二次、一次膜也有功能（文献1，2，3），并不是非要完整地跨七次膜不可，可见饶毅用以指控造假的依据并不成立。裴钢这篇论文发表后被引用了80多次，相当一部分是自引，影响不大。但是至少有两篇论文研究了它研究的同一种蛋白质（CXCR4）的五跨膜突变，虽然用的实验材料或方法不同，但他们认为结果与裴钢论文相符（文献4, 5）。关于GPCR结构的综述文章，有的引用了裴钢这篇论文（文献6），说明其结果也是被领域同行认可的，至少我没见到有论文、综述对裴钢论文的结论表示异议。当然，结论正确的论文不等于就没有造假，通过伪造、修改实验数据也能碰巧得出正确的结论。饶毅可能还有其他理由认为裴钢论文造假，他没具体指出来，我们不好讨论。指控别人造假，就应该把证据、理由都摆出来，才能引起重视，才有望导致调查。如果饶毅有充分的理由认定裴钢论文造假，认定“该篇论文的图 3、图 4、图 5 是不可能真实的，只有造假才能产生”，那么解决的办法就是重复这三个图的实验，看是不是能得出那样的结果。其实该实验很简单，不难重复。至于饶毅建议由我来监督重复实验，我感谢他对我的信任和认可我的“权威性”，在信中甚至认为我比国家自然科学基金委员会还权威（“如果贵委有谁看不清楚方舟子仔细的分析，如果一个专门机构工作不如业余打假的个人，应该检查自己，也好好学习、天天向上。”），但我既没有自己的实验室也不可能跑去裴钢实验室盯着他们做实验。更合适的办法是裴钢把相关材料（论文中所用的cDNA）送到第三方验证。不过，如果饶毅没有别的证据，仅靠信中说的那条理由，大概没有实验室愿接这个活儿。所以还是希望饶毅能把他认为裴钢论文造假的理由充分地展示出来，如果有的话。毕竟，指控别人学术造假，并非儿戏。2019.12.2文献：1.Duran-Prado M, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2009) 94:2634–26432.Cordoba-Chacon J, et al. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. (2010) 67:1147–11633.Perron A, et al. J Biol Chem (2005) 280 (11): 10219-274.Roland J, et al. Blood (2003) 101 (2): 399-4065.Hamatake M, et al. Cancer Sci. (2009) 100 (1): 95-1026.Wise H, J Mol Signal (2012) 7: 13

文 | 方舟子这几天据说中国发生了“学术界大地震”，首都医科大学校长饶毅实名举报一名院士两名教授造假。实际情况是这样的：饶毅最近到首都医科大学当校长。国家自然科学基金委员会给该校发函，说有人举报饶毅发表的论文涉嫌造假。饶毅就写了一封答复，初稿发给一些人征求意见，内容主要是反驳造假指控，说方舟子已经查过那些论文了，不是他造假，是别的实验室的共同作者造假，举报他是对他的打击报复。最后是反戈一击，举报了三个人造假，要求国家自然科学基金委员会去查。饶毅本来只是要跟调查他的国家自然科学基金委员会私下吵一架，被他某个幸灾乐祸的“山上的朋友”把回信征求意见稿捅出去，发到了网上。媒体不管该信的前面部分，只截取他后面举报的部分，断章取义要把他打扮成挺身而出的“打假斗士”，他想必很恼火，拒绝接受任何媒体的采访。关于饶毅被举报造假的论文，如饶毅在信中所说，我以前已写过三篇文章做了分析（《关于饶毅、管坤良实验室联合发表的论文数据造假的分析》《再说饶毅、管坤良实验室联合发表的论文数据造假》《三说饶毅、管坤良实验室联合发表的论文数据造假》），在此不再赘述。媒体对此也不关心，他们关心的是饶毅反过来举报别人造假。饶毅在信中是这么说的：“本着帮助贵委的监督委员会改邪归正的精神，建议它做自己应该做的事情，而不是成为中国学术不端者搅混水企图的帮凶。具体建议国家自然科学基金委监督委员会近期:1)有效、有胆魄地彻底调查武汉大学医学院李红良 17 年如一日明目张胆的造假;2)严肃调查中国科学院上海生命科学研究院生化细胞所研究员裴钢 于 1999 年，用贵委三项经费(39630130, 39625015 和 39825110)支持其发 表的论文(Ling et al., PNAS 96:7922-7927)。该篇论文的图3、图 4、图 5 是不可能真实的，只有造假才能产生(众所周知 GPCR 需要七重跨膜区域才有功能，裴钢号称只要 5 重跨膜，而且居然两个 GPCRs 都是这样的，出 了 3 个同样错误的图)。贵委 20 年不触及这一问题，现在这是实名举报， 贵委不要推卸躲避，洗刷中国科学院因这篇造假文章选出院士的耻辱;3)今年中国科学院上海药物研究所的耿美玉研究员作为通讯作者的文章(Wang et al Cell Research 29:787-803)，号称其发明的药物 GV971 能够通过肠道菌群治疗小鼠的阿尔兹海默症。这篇文章，不造假是不可能的。 现实名举报，请贵委做些好事，为中国科学界洗刷耻辱。”关于武汉大学医学院教授李红良，饶毅他们此前已在网刊《知识分子》上发表过长篇文章分析过其论文数据造假。饶毅他们一直反对在网上揭露学术造假，认为揭露造假应该去学术期刊，为何李红良有此特殊待遇，不得而知。虽然武汉大学校方把李红良保了下来，但李红良的确是造假惯犯，我主持的新语丝网站早在2010年、2014年、2017年已三次揭露过他造假，证据确凿，饶毅说“李红良 17 年如一日明目张胆的造假”，是有依据的。关于耿美玉研发的治疗阿尔茨海默病的药物，虽然我不能像饶毅那样断定“不造假是不可能的”，但那项研究的确是不可信的，我此前已经写w文章分析过（《为何“我国原创治疗阿尔茨海默病新药”不可信》）。所以这里重点说说裴钢的论文。那篇论文研究的是G蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）。这是一类位于细胞膜上的蛋白质，帮助把信号从细胞外传递到细胞内，所以它一端在细胞外，另一端在细胞内，中间部分来来回回跨了七次细胞膜。饶毅信中认为裴钢那篇论文造假的理由就是：“众所周知 GPCR 需要七重跨膜区域才有功能，裴钢号称只要 5 重跨膜”，所以一定是假的。这个理由是不足为凭的。虽然GPCR的野生型跨七次膜，但是，很多蛋白质有多余部分，去除那些部分并不影响功能。裴钢论文证明的就是去除GPCR的某些部分、只跨五次膜不影响功能。如果像饶毅说的那样，GPCR公认必须有七次跨膜才有功能，那么，裴钢这篇论文就不可能通过评审发表。它得以发表，说明饶毅所说的并非公认的定论。别的实验室后来也发现了有的GPCR只要跨五次膜甚至跨四次、二次、一次膜也有功能（文献1，2，3），并不是非要完整地跨七次膜不可，可见饶毅用以指控造假的依据并不成立。裴钢这篇论文发表后被引用了80多次，相当一部分是自引，影响不大。但是至少有两篇论文研究了它研究的同一种蛋白质（CXCR4）的五跨膜突变，虽然用的实验材料或方法不同，但他们认为结果与裴钢论文相符（文献4, 5）。关于GPCR结构的综述文章，有的引用了裴钢这篇论文（文献6），说明其结果也是被领域同行认可的，至少我没见到有论文、综述对裴钢论文的结论表示异议。当然，结论正确的论文不等于就没有造假，通过伪造、修改实验数据也能碰巧得出正确的结论。饶毅可能还有其他理由认为裴钢论文造假，他没具体指出来，我们不好讨论。指控别人造假，就应该把证据、理由都摆出来，才能引起重视，才有望导致调查。如果饶毅有充分的理由认定裴钢论文造假，认定“该篇论文的图 3、图 4、图 5 是不可能真实的，只有造假才能产生”，那么解决的办法就是重复这三个图的实验，看是不是能得出那样的结果。其实该实验很简单，不难重复。至于饶毅建议由我来监督重复实验，我感谢他对我的信任和认可我的“权威性”，在信中甚至认为我比国家自然科学基金委员会还权威（“如果贵委有谁看不清楚方舟子仔细的分析，如果一个专门机构工作不如业余打假的个人，应该检查自己，也好好学习、天天向上。”），但我既没有自己的实验室也不可能跑去裴钢实验室盯着他们做实验。更合适的办法是裴钢把相关材料（论文中所用的cDNA）送到第三方验证。不过，如果饶毅没有别的证据，仅靠信中说的那条理由，大概没有实验室愿接这个活儿。所以还是希望饶毅能把他认为裴钢论文造假的理由充分地展示出来，如果有的话。毕竟，指控别人学术造假，并非儿戏。2019.12.2文献：1.Duran-Prado M, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2009) 94:2634–26432.Cordoba-Chacon J, et al. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. (2010) 67:1147–11633.Perron A, et al. J Biol Chem (2005) 280 (11): 10219-274.Roland J, et al. Blood (2003) 101 (2): 399-4065.Hamatake M, et al. Cancer Sci. (2009) 100 (1): 95-1026.Wise H, J Mol Signal (2012) 7: 13

文 | 方舟子这几天据说中国发生了“学术界大地震”，首都医科大学校长饶毅实名举报一名院士两名教授造假。实际情况是这样的：饶毅最近到首都医科大学当校长。国家自然科学基金委员会给该校发函，说有人举报饶毅发表的论文涉嫌造假。饶毅就写了一封答复，初稿发给一些人征求意见，内容主要是反驳造假指控，说方舟子已经查过那些论文了，不是他造假，是别的实验室的共同作者造假，举报他是对他的打击报复。最后是反戈一击，举报了三个人造假，要求国家自然科学基金委员会去查。饶毅本来只是要跟调查他的国家自然科学基金委员会私下吵一架，被他某个幸灾乐祸的“山上的朋友”把回信征求意见稿捅出去，发到了网上。媒体不管该信的前面部分，只截取他后面举报的部分，断章取义要把他打扮成挺身而出的“打假斗士”，他想必很恼火，拒绝接受任何媒体的采访。关于饶毅被举报造假的论文，如饶毅在信中所说，我以前已写过三篇文章做了分析（《关于饶毅、管坤良实验室联合发表的论文数据造假的分析》《再说饶毅、管坤良实验室联合发表的论文数据造假》《三说饶毅、管坤良实验室联合发表的论文数据造假》），在此不再赘述。媒体对此也不关心，他们关心的是饶毅反过来举报别人造假。饶毅在信中是这么说的：“本着帮助贵委的监督委员会改邪归正的精神，建议它做自己应该做的事情，而不是成为中国学术不端者搅混水企图的帮凶。具体建议国家自然科学基金委监督委员会近期:1)有效、有胆魄地彻底调查武汉大学医学院李红良 17 年如一日明目张胆的造假;2)严肃调查中国科学院上海生命科学研究院生化细胞所研究员裴钢 于 1999 年，用贵委三项经费(39630130, 39625015 和 39825110)支持其发 表的论文(Ling et al., PNAS 96:7922-7927)。该篇论文的图3、图 4、图 5 是不可能真实的，只有造假才能产生(众所周知 GPCR 需要七重跨膜区域才有功能，裴钢号称只要 5 重跨膜，而且居然两个 GPCRs 都是这样的，出 了 3 个同样错误的图)。贵委 20 年不触及这一问题，现在这是实名举报， 贵委不要推卸躲避，洗刷中国科学院因这篇造假文章选出院士的耻辱;3)今年中国科学院上海药物研究所的耿美玉研究员作为通讯作者的文章(Wang et al Cell Research 29:787-803)，号称其发明的药物 GV971 能够通过肠道菌群治疗小鼠的阿尔兹海默症。这篇文章，不造假是不可能的。 现实名举报，请贵委做些好事，为中国科学界洗刷耻辱。”关于武汉大学医学院教授李红良，饶毅他们此前已在网刊《知识分子》上发表过长篇文章分析过其论文数据造假。饶毅他们一直反对在网上揭露学术造假，认为揭露造假应该去学术期刊，为何李红良有此特殊待遇，不得而知。虽然武汉大学校方把李红良保了下来，但李红良的确是造假惯犯，我主持的新语丝网站早在2010年、2014年、2017年已三次揭露过他造假，证据确凿，饶毅说“李红良 17 年如一日明目张胆的造假”，是有依据的。关于耿美玉研发的治疗阿尔茨海默病的药物，虽然我不能像饶毅那样断定“不造假是不可能的”，但那项研究的确是不可信的，我此前已经写w文章分析过（《为何“我国原创治疗阿尔茨海默病新药”不可信》）。所以这里重点说说裴钢的论文。那篇论文研究的是G蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）。这是一类位于细胞膜上的蛋白质，帮助把信号从细胞外传递到细胞内，所以它一端在细胞外，另一端在细胞内，中间部分来来回回跨了七次细胞膜。饶毅信中认为裴钢那篇论文造假的理由就是：“众所周知 GPCR 需要七重跨膜区域才有功能，裴钢号称只要 5 重跨膜”，所以一定是假的。这个理由是不足为凭的。虽然GPCR的野生型跨七次膜，但是，很多蛋白质有多余部分，去除那些部分并不影响功能。裴钢论文证明的就是去除GPCR的某些部分、只跨五次膜不影响功能。如果像饶毅说的那样，GPCR公认必须有七次跨膜才有功能，那么，裴钢这篇论文就不可能通过评审发表。它得以发表，说明饶毅所说的并非公认的定论。别的实验室后来也发现了有的GPCR只要跨五次膜甚至跨四次、二次、一次膜也有功能（文献1，2，3），并不是非要完整地跨七次膜不可，可见饶毅用以指控造假的依据并不成立。裴钢这篇论文发表后被引用了80多次，相当一部分是自引，影响不大。但是至少有两篇论文研究了它研究的同一种蛋白质（CXCR4）的五跨膜突变，虽然用的实验材料或方法不同，但他们认为结果与裴钢论文相符（文献4, 5）。关于GPCR结构的综述文章，有的引用了裴钢这篇论文（文献6），说明其结果也是被领域同行认可的，至少我没见到有论文、综述对裴钢论文的结论表示异议。当然，结论正确的论文不等于就没有造假，通过伪造、修改实验数据也能碰巧得出正确的结论。饶毅可能还有其他理由认为裴钢论文造假，他没具体指出来，我们不好讨论。指控别人造假，就应该把证据、理由都摆出来，才能引起重视，才有望导致调查。如果饶毅有充分的理由认定裴钢论文造假，认定“该篇论文的图 3、图 4、图 5 是不可能真实的，只有造假才能产生”，那么解决的办法就是重复这三个图的实验，看是不是能得出那样的结果。其实该实验很简单，不难重复。至于饶毅建议由我来监督重复实验，我感谢他对我的信任和认可我的“权威性”，在信中甚至认为我比国家自然科学基金委员会还权威（“如果贵委有谁看不清楚方舟子仔细的分析，如果一个专门机构工作不如业余打假的个人，应该检查自己，也好好学习、天天向上。”），但我既没有自己的实验室也不可能跑去裴钢实验室盯着他们做实验。更合适的办法是裴钢把相关材料（论文中所用的cDNA）送到第三方验证。不过，如果饶毅没有别的证据，仅靠信中说的那条理由，大概没有实验室愿接这个活儿。所以还是希望饶毅能把他认为裴钢论文造假的理由充分地展示出来，如果有的话。毕竟，指控别人学术造假，并非儿戏。2019.12.2文献：1.Duran-Prado M, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2009) 94:2634–26432.Cordoba-Chacon J, et al. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. (2010) 67:1147–11633.Perron A, et al. J Biol Chem (2005) 280 (11): 10219-274.Roland J, et al. Blood (2003) 101 (2): 399-4065.Hamatake M, et al. Cancer Sci. (2009) 100 (1): 95-1026.Wise H, J Mol Signal (2012) 7: 13

Gary takes on the real issues that the mainstream media is afraid to tackle. Tune in to find out the latest about health news, healing, politics, and the economy.   The Covid-19 Pandemic as a Psychological Coup d’Etat   Richard Gale and Gary Null PhD Progressive Radio Network, January 25, 2021     We have almost reached a full year since the spread of SARS-Cov2 was proclaimed a pandemic.  If we are to believe the World Health Organization’s and individual governments’ official statistics, the number of confirmed cases is reaching 100 million with over 2 million deaths. Indeed, if these numbers can be relied upon, we can surely acknowledge there is a real pandemic. It would be common sense, therefore, to expect, in fact demand, international health agencies and governments to make every effort to identify the virus’ origin.  Suspicions that the virus, now responsible for the spectrum of medical symptoms known as Covid-19, may have been bioengineered and escaped from a maximum security BSL-4 lab in Wuhan, China, were already voiced within a month after its identification was first reported.   Several highly respected medical experts, including Dr. David Relman at Stanford University, have suggested there is a strong likelihood that the virus escaped the Wuhan facility. To date, early queries about its origins remain unanswered and new questions are mounting.    Recently, Jamie Metzl, a WHO advisor who earlier served under Biden in the Senate and in Bill Clinton’s National Security Council and State Department, told the Toronto Sun that the hypothesis of the virus’ natural origin in a Wuhan wet market is “a lie.”  It is no secret, Metzl noted, that the Wuhan Institute of Virology was heavily engaged in “gain of function” research to “amplify the virility of viruses.”   That there is very reasonable evidence that coronaviruses were being engineered in a laboratory goes back to 2003 and perhaps earlier.  That year, many Russian medical scientists, including Moscow’s head epidemiologist Dr. Nikolai Filatov, shared their opinions that the first SARS outbreak originated from a bioweapons lab.   In January 2020, less than a month since the first reported case in Wuhan, Dr. Igor Nikulin, a former member of the United Nation’s Commission on Biological and Chemical Weapons, stated in an interview that the US has been funding biolaboratories throughout the world, such as Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Taiwan, Philippines, etc, and “wherever there are these American biolaboratories, or near them, there are outbreaks of new diseases, often unknown.” This was also confirmed by the founding president of EcoHealth Alliance, Dr. Peter Daszak, a fundamental player in the saga of “gain of function” research on coronavirus and other viral pathogens.  During an interview at a scientific conference in Singapore in early December 2019, Daszak, less than a month before the first Covid-19 case in Wuhan, stated,   “You can manipulate them in the lab pretty easily… Spike protein drives a lot of what happens with the coronavirus. Zoonotic risk. So you can get the sequence, you can build the protein — and we work with Ralph Baric at [the University of North Carolina] to do this — and insert the backbone of another virus and do some work in the lab.”   Baric, by the way, told New York Magazine, “Can you rule out a laboratory escape? The answer in this case is probably not.”  Baric has first hand knowledge of this probability. In 2016, one of the researchers in his University of North Carolina biosafety Level 3 lab was bitten by a mouse infected with a bioengineered SARS coronavirus strain.  Worse, according to records obtained by ProPublica, the scientist was permitted to resume her life without quarantine.   Baric’s lab also encountered other incidents that could have potentially released its engineered viruses upon the American public, however the university has refused to provide details.  Back in 2015, Baric had warned that a bat virus could jump species and infect humans.    In a study published in October 2003 for the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Baric and his colleagues had “assembled a full-length cDNA of the SARS-CoV Urbani strain, and have rescued molecularly cloned SARS viruses (infectious clone SARS-CoV) that contained the expected marker mutations inserted into their component clones.”  This infectious coronavirus clone was subsequently patented but only after the CDC overruled the US Patent Office’s denial of issuance. That same year, Bill Gates appointed Anthony Fauci to serve on his foundation’s Global Grand Challenges Scientific Advisory Board.  Shortly thereafter efforts commenced to develop a SARS-CoV vaccine, which included Moderna and Johnson and Johnson. To date, Moderna has been granted over 130 federal US patents to develop a vaccine against SARSCoV-2, including a military DARPA grant for mRNA vaccine technology in 2013.   EcoHealth Alliance, according to Alexis Baden-Mayer, lead attorney and director for the Organic Consumers Association, has conducted remarkable investigative research into the “gain of function” studies and the primary individuals behind the overseeing and funding this research. She has discovered that the majority of EcoHealth’s funding derives from the US Department of Defense, the National Institutes of Health and Anthony Fauci.  Baden-Mayer’s probing inquiries uncovered a cabal of controversial figures, including Daszak, Baric and his Chinese colleague Dr. Shi Zheng-li at the Wuhan lab, Bill Gate’s Foundation director Scott Dowell, former Human and Health Services’ director Dr. Robert Kadlec and Anthony Fauci.  Together this group – a part of what journalist Brian Berletic has called the Pandemic Industrial Complex- has been engaged in private contracts with military bioweapons projects and virus hunting in the wild for “gain of function” studies for a couple decades.    Curiously, there is another character deeply connected with Daszak and the “gain of function” studies sponsored by EcoHealth: David R Franz.  Franz serves as EcoHealth’s policy health advisor. According to Baden-Mayer, who has investigated Franz’s history and background, he was formally a commander at Ft. Detrick’s bioweapons laboratory that was working on “gain of function” studies on pathogens for developing bioweapons. He was also involved in the anthrax investigations shortly after 911, and was a colleague of Dr. Bruce Ivin who was accused for the release of encapsulated anthrax aerosol mailed to Congressional legislators shortly after his mysterious death.    Recently, Dr. David Martin – founder of the company M-CAM and a fellow at the University of Virginia’s School of Business Management – released his dossier on Anthony Fauci summarizing over two decades of investigations into the very disturbing research and patents filed for “synthetically altering the Coronaviridae (the coronavirus family) for the express purpose of general research, pathogenic enhancement, detection, manipulation and potential therapeutic interventions.” Before the first SARS outbreak in 2003, Baric filed a patent for producing “an infectious, replication defective, coronavirus.” In other words, the University the North Carolina, with federal grants, was amplifying a coronavirus to make it more infectious.    Despite the questionable nature of this patent’s and others’ filing status by the CDC, and because patent law forbids patenting any life form, the government and its laboratories sealed under contract, cornered the coronavirus market. In the event of a coronavirus outbreak, only those corporations or institutions that acquired licensure from the NIH would be permitted to work with these bioengineered viruses for developing therapeutic drugs and vaccines.   Controversy has arisen over the confusion about the actual number of Covid-19 deaths and whether or not many if not most deaths are due to other causes.  Deaths in the presence of SARS2 are not the same as deaths due to the virus.  We heard this narrative repeated before and stated directly by the CDC back in 2003.  During the first SARS outbreak, the CDC in its Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report dated April 4, 2003 stated that “anyone showing signs of fever or respiratory symptoms who travelled in or near areas affected by the virus would be labeled a SARS patient despite many of these individuals being diagnosed with other respiratory illnesses.”    David Martin has released his “The Fauci/Covid-19 Dossier,” a 205 page document citing specific charges against the CDC, Dr. Anthony Fauci and his National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Disease, and individuals engaged in coronavirus “gain of function” research for funding and allegedly conspiring to commit acts of terror, lying to Congress, conspiring to engage in criminal commercial activity, illegal clinical trials and market manipulation and allocation. These are serious charges and the data Martin has collated is near conclusive and deeply disturbing. The Dossier has been filed with the US Attorney General, and is essential reading for everyone to understand the details about how the current pandemic may be an orchestrated strategy unraveling over the course of twenty years.     During a recent video appearance, Dr. Martin condensed the background of alleged corruption, illegal patents and preparatory planning for the pandemic long before the outbreak. Speaking at the February 2016 Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events, Daszak stated,   “… until an infectious disease crisis is very real, present, and at an emergency threshold, it is often largely ignored. To sustain the funding base beyond the crisis, we need to increase public understanding of the need for MCMs [Medical Counter Measures] such as a pan-influenza or pan-coronavirus vaccine. A key driver is the media, and the economics follow the hype. We need to use that hype to our advantage to get to the real issues. Investors will respond if they see profit at the end of process.”    It is important to observe how Daszak lays out a strategy for a coronavirus or influenza pandemic to be framed as a commercial opportunity for the benefit of corporations and their investors, and the role the media will play in maximizing such profit.  In retrospect, Daszak’s scenario has played out accurately according to plan. Worse, the pandemic is now being manipulated by the World Economic Forum, the IMF, Bill Gates and the transnational class of corporate and banking elites, as well as the Biden administration and the Chinese, British, Canadian and German governments, as an opportunity to completely restructure the global economy. This will necessitate a thorough overall of the entire economic system thereby strengthening the global institutionalization of commercial oversight that will eventually nullify the independence of the modern nation state.   Martin’s Dossier continues to outline a series of purported illegal actions to deal with the pandemic that Fauci has undertaken as head of NIAID. These include 1) acting against the American Medical Association’s April 2020 recommendation that “face masks should not be worn by healthy individuals from acquiring respiratory infections because there is no evidence to suggest that face masks worn by healthy individuals are effective in preventing people from becoming ill.” 2) acting against existing published studies that show “to date, not a single study has confirmed that social distancing of any population prevented the transmission of, or the infection by SARS CoV-2.” And 3) in violation of FTC Act 15 U.S.C. 41, no product or service can be advertised to “prevent, treat or cure human disease unless you possess competent and reliable evidence… substantiating that the claims are true at the time they are made.”  This third point applies to NIAID’s promotion of face masks as well as Fauci’s aggressive push to make the drug Remdesivir, which Fauci is personally financially invested in, as a first line for treatment.    If these charges of illegal activity against sound scientific evidence, are true, they warrant a thorough investigation in an international criminal court to determine their motivations.  The mishandling of the pandemic has caused enormous suffering and deaths for billions of people. Lives and livelihoods have been completely upended and our leaders are telling us things will never return to the old normal. In the meantime, the dominant forces of capitalism, aside from profiting over this catastrophe, are now framing the pandemic as an opportunity that will further reconfigure all of our social structures, including commerce, education, transportation and monitoring healthcare. It is a coup d’état against civilization’s collective psyche to foment a regime change in behavior that will eventually turn humanity into the slaves of technology as a means for social conditioning. Our only weapon against the likes of Fauci, Gates, and the transnational class of elites is educating ourselves of the damning investigations being conducted by individuals such as Dr. David Martin, Alexis Baden-Mayer, Reiner Fuellmich, Robert Kennedy Jr and others who are making every effort to shed light on the darkness in Washington and governments around the world determined to launch a Brave New World.  

La Dra. Aída Martínez Hernández nos platica a detalle y desde una perspectiva histórica como desarrolló su investigación para conocer a profundidad la genética con el primer banco de cDNA de agave (Agave tequilana) en México. Es desde luego una de las pioneras en México en la secuenciación de genética de agaves y Fundadora del Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Genómica Funcional. Su especialidad es la Biotecnología de Plantas desde 2004 a la fecha en el campus Campeche del Colegio de Postgraduados donde es Profesora Investigadora Asociada. En esta conversación podrás escuchar en unos cuantos minutos el trabajo de 16 años de planteamientos de ciencia, de retos en la biotecnología de plantas, sobre todo en agaves. FORMACIÓN ACADÉMICA Doctorado: en Ciencias en Biotecnología de Plantas. CINVESTAV-I.P.N. Depto. de Ingeniería Genética. (1998 - 2002). Lab. Regulación de la Expresión Genética del Dr. Luis R. Herrera Estrella. Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología de Plantas. CINVESTAV-I.P.N. Depto. de Ingeniería Genética. (1995 - 1998). Lab. Regulación de la Expresión Genética del Dr. Luis R. Herrera Estrella. Licenciatura: Químico Farmacéutico Industrial. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (E.N.C.B.-I.P.N.). (1989-1994). --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/ana-g-valenzuela-zapata/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/ana-g-valenzuela-zapata/support

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.05.370429v1?rss=1 Authors: DeKeyser, J.-M., Thompson, C. H., George, A. L. Abstract: Mutations in genes encoding the human brain-expressed voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels NaV1.1, NaV1.2, and NaV1.6 are associated with a variety of human diseases including epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, familial migraine, and other neurodevelopmental disorders. A major obstacle hindering investigations of the functional consequences of brain NaV channel mutations is an unexplained instability of the corresponding recombinant complementary DNA (cDNA) when propagated in commonly used bacterial strains manifested by high spontaneous rates of mutation. Here we investigated the cause for instability of human NaV1.1 cDNA. We identified cryptic prokaryotic promoter-like elements that are presumed to drive transcription of translationally toxic mRNAs in bacteria as the cause of the instability, and demonstrated that mutations in these elements can mitigate the instability. Extending these observations, we generated full-length human NaV1.1, NaV1.2, and NaV1.6 plasmids using one or two introns that interrupt the cryptic reading frames along with a minimum number of silent nucleotide changes that achieved stable propagation in bacteria. Expression of the stabilized sequences in cultured mammalian cells resulted in functional NaV channels with properties that matched their parental constructs. Our findings explain a widely observed instability of recombinant neuronal human NaV channels, and we describe re-engineered plasmids that attenuate this problem. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Episode 347 is an updated guide to somatropic hormone and GOD did I go crazy on this one! I honestly want to know more about growth hormone than anyone alive and thus, begins this string of GH based guides! I DID finally discuss the MoA for how GH causes localized fat loss which really had me excited since no one in our industry has EVER talked about this so that definitely was an interesting avenue to go down! Below I am going to reference a lot of the literature for this hormone that I was read through over the past few years on this topic so please DO NOT TAKE MY WORD FOR THIS - READ THESE YOURSELF! Keep in mind this is a brief snippet of every bit of literature on the topic however. REFERENCES   Daughaday WH, Rotwein P. Insulin-like growth factors I and II. Peptide, messenger ribonucleic acid and gene structures, serum, and tissue concentrations. Endocr Rev. 1989;10:68–91. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Jones JI, Clemmons DR. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions. Endocr Rev. 1995;16:3–34. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Le Roith D, Bondy C, Yakar S, Liu JL, Butler A. The somatomedin hypothesis: 2001. Endocr Rev. 2001;22:53–74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Melmed S. Endocrinology. 5th edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2006. pp. 411–428. [Google Scholar] Fain, J. N., García‐Sáinz, JA. (1983) Adrenergic regulation of adipocytes metabolism. J Lipid Res 24: 945– 966. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Gilman, AG. (1987) G protein: transducer of receptor‐generated signals. Annu Rev Biochem 56: 615– 649. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Jimenez, M., Lèger, B., Canola, K., et al (2002) Beta(1)/beta(2)/beta(3)‐adrenoceptor knockout mice are obese and cold‐sensitive but have normal lipolytic responses to fasting. FEBS Lett 530: 37– 40. Wiley Online Library CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Birnbaumer, L., Abramowitz, J., Brown, AM. (1990) Receptor‐effector coupling by G proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1031: 163– 224. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Spiegel, A. M., Shenker, A., Weinstein, LS. (1992) Receptor‐effector coupling by G‐protein: implications for normal and abnormal signal transduction. Endocr Rev 13: 536– 565. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Beebe, S. J., Holloway, R., Rannels, R. S., Corbin, JD. (1984) Two classes of cAMP analogs which are selective for the two different cAMP‐binding sites of type II protein kinase demonstrate synergism when added together to intact adipocytes. J Biol Chem 269: 3539– 3547. PubMed Google Scholar Frank RN. Diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:48–58. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Tatar M, Bartke A, Antebi A. The endocrine regulation of aging by insulin-like signals. Science. 2003;299:1346–1351. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Ibrahim YH, Yee D. Insulin-like growth factor-I and cancer risk. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2004;14:261–269. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Laban C, Bustin SA, Jenkins PJ. The GH-IGF-I axis and breast cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2003;14:28–34. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Pollak M. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signalling in neoplasia. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8:915–928. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Mayo KE. A little lesson in growth regulation. Nat Genet. 1996;12:8–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Rosenfeld RG, Rosenbloom AL, Guevara-Aguirre J. Growth hormone (GH) insensitivity due to primary GH receptor deficiency. Endocr Rev. 1994;15:369–390. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Goddard AD, Covello R, Luoh SM, Clackson T, Attie KM, Gesundheit N, Rundle AC, Wells JA, Carlsson LM. Mutations of the growth hormone receptor in children with idiopathic short stature. The Growth Hormone Insensitivity Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1093–1098. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Abuzzahab MJ, Schneider A, Goddard A, Grigorescu F, Lautier C, Keller E, Kiess W, Klammt J, Kratzsch J, Osgood D, Pfaffle R, Raile K, Seidel B, Smith RJ, Chernausek SD. IGF-I receptor mutations resulting in intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2211–2222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Woods KA, Camacho-Hubner C, Savage MO, Clark AJ. Intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal growth failure associated with deletion of the insulin-like growth factor I gene. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1363–1367. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Lupu F, Terwilliger JD, Lee K, Segre GV, Efstratiadis A. Roles of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in mouse postnatal growth. Dev Biol. 2001;229:141–162. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Powell-Braxton L, Hollingshead P, Warburton C, Dowd M, Pitts-Meek S, Dalton D, Gillett N, Stewart TA. IGF-I is required for normal embryonic growth in mice. Genes Dev. 1993;7:2609–2617. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Sotiropoulos A, Ohanna M, Kedzia C, Menon RK, Kopchick JJ, Kelly PA, Pende M. Growth hormone promotes skeletal muscle cell fusion independent of insulin-like growth factor 1 up-regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:7315–7320. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Fernandez AM, Dupont J, Farrar RP, Lee S, Stannard B, Le Roith D. Muscle-specific inactivation of the IGF-I receptor induces compensatory hyperplasia in skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest. 2002;109:347–355. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Coleman ME, DeMayo F, Yin KC, Lee HM, Geske R, Montgomery C, Schwartz RJ. Myogenic vector expression of insulin-like growth factor I stimulates muscle cell differentiation and myofiber hypertrophy in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:12109–12116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Barton-Davis ER, Shoturma DI, Musaro A, Rosenthal N, Sweeney HL. Viral mediated expression of insulin-like growth factor I blocks the aging-related loss of skeletal muscle function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:15603–15607. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Bodine SC, Stitt TN, Gonzalez M, Kline WO, Stover GL, Bauerlein R, Zlotchenko E, Scrimgeour A, Lawrence JC, Glass DJ, Yancopoulos GD. Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo. Nat Cell Biol. 2001;3:1014–1019. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Musaro A, McCullagh K, Paul A, Houghton L, Dobrowolny G, Molinaro M, Barton ER, Sweeney HL, Rosenthal N. Localized Igf-1 transgene expression sustains hypertrophy and regeneration in senescent skeletal muscle. Nat Genet. 2001;27:195–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Barton ER, Morris L, Musaro A, Rosenthal N, Sweeney HL. Muscle-specific expression of insulin-like growth factor I counters muscle decline in mdx mice. J Cell Biol. 2002;157:137– 148. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Caroni P, Schneider C. Signaling by insulin-like growth factors in paralyzed skeletal muscle: rapid induction of IGF1 expression in muscle fibers and prevention of interstitial cell proliferation by IGF-BP5 and IGF-BP4. J Neurosci. 1994;14:3378–3388. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Edwall D, Schalling M, Jennische E, Norstedt G. Induction of insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acid during regeneration of rat skeletal muscle. Endocrinology. 1989;124:820–825. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] DeVol DL, Rotwein P, Sadow JL, Novakofski J, Bechtel PJ. Activation of insulin-like growth factor gene expression during work-induced skeletal muscle growth. Am J Physiol. 1990;259:E89–E95. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Carson JA, Nettleton D, Reecy JM. Differential gene expression in the rat soleus muscle during early work overload-induced hypertrophy. FASEB J. 2002;16:207–209. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Waters MJ, Hoang HN, Fairlie DP, Pelekanos RA, Brown RJ. New insights into growth hormone action. J Mol Endocrinol. 2006;36:1–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Herrington J, Carter-Su C. Signaling pathways activated by the growth hormone receptor. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2001;12:252–257. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Lanning NJ, Carter-Su C. Recent advances in growth hormone signaling. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2006;7:225–235. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Rotwein P, Thomas MJ, Harris DM, Gronowski AM, LeStunff C. Nuclear actions of growth hormone: an in vivo perspective. J Anim Sci. 1997;75:11–19. [Google Scholar] Herrington J, Smit LS, Schwartz J, Carter-Su C. The role of STAT proteins in growth hormone signaling. Oncogene. 2000;19:2585–2597. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Levy DE, Darnell JEJ. Stats: transcriptional control and biological impact. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002;3:651–662. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Gronowski AM, Rotwein P. Rapid changes in nuclear protein tyrosine phosphorylation after growth hormone treatment in vivo. Identification of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase and STAT91. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:7874–7878. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Gronowski AM, Zhong Z, Wen Z, Thomas MJ, Darnell JEJ, Rotwein P. In vivo growth hormone treatment rapidly stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Stat3. Mol Endocrinol. 1995;9:171–177. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Ram PA, Park SH, Choi HK, Waxman DJ. Growth hormone activation of Stat 1, Stat 3, and Stat 5 in rat liver. Differential kinetics of hormone desensitization and growth hormone stimulation of both tyrosine phosphorylation and serine/threonine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:5929–5940. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Campbell GS, Meyer DJ, Raz R, Levy DE, Schwartz J, Carter-Su C. Activation of acute phase response factor (APRF)/Stat3 transcription factor by growth hormone. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:3974–3979. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Smit LS, Vanderkuur JA, Stimage A, Han Y, Luo G, Yu-Lee LY, Schwartz J, Carter-Su C. Growth hormone-induced tyrosyl phosphorylation and deoxyribonucleic acid binding activity of Stat5A and Stat5B. Endocrinology. 1997;138:3426–3434. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Smit LS, Meyer DJ, Billestrup N, Norstedt G, Schwartz J, Carter-Su C. The role of the growth hormone (GH) receptor and JAK1 and JAK2 kinases in the activation of Stats 1, 3, and 5 by GH. Mol Endocrinol. 1996;10:519–533. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Gebert CA, Park SH, Waxman DJ. Regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5b activation by the temporal pattern of growth hormone stimulation. Mol Endocrinol. 1997;11:400–414. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Teglund S, McKay C, Schuetz E, van Deursen JM, Stravopodis D, Wang D, Brown M, Bodner S, Grosveld G, Ihle JN. Stat5a and Stat5b proteins have essential and nonessential, or redundant, roles in cytokine responses. Cell. 1998;93:841–850. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Udy GB, Towers RP, Snell RG, Wilkins RJ, Park SH, Ram PA, Waxman DJ, Davey HW. Requirement of STAT5b for sexual dimorphism of body growth rates and liver gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:7239–7244. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Kofoed EM, Hwa V, Little B, Woods KA, Buckway CK, Tsubaki J, Pratt KL, Bezrodnik L, Jasper H, Tepper A, Heinrich JJ, Rosenfeld RG. Growth hormone insensitivity associated with a STAT5b mutation. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1139–1147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Hwa V, Little B, Adiyaman P, Kofoed EM, Pratt KL, Ocal G, Berberoglu M, Rosenfeld RG. Severe growth hormone insensitivity resulting from total absence of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:4260–4266. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Rosenfeld RG, Belgorosky A, Camacho-Hubner C, Savage MO, Wit JM, Hwa V. Defects in growth hormone receptor signaling. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2007;18:134–141. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Thompson BJ, Shang CA, Waters MJ. Identification of genes induced by growth hormone in rat liver using cDNA arrays. Endocrinology. 2000;141:4321–4324. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Flores-Morales A, Stahlberg N, Tollet-Egnell P, Lundeberg J, Malek RL, Quackenbush J, Lee NH, Norstedt G. Microarray analysis of the in vivo effects of hypophysectomy and growth hormone treatment on gene expression in the rat. Endocrinology. 2001;142:3163–3176. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Rowland JE, Lichanska AM, Kerr LM, White M, d'Aniello EM, Maher SL, Brown R, Teasdale RD, Noakes PG, Waters MJ. In vivo analysis of growth hormone receptor signaling domains and their associated transcripts. Mol Cell Biol. 2005;25:66–77. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Huo JS, McEachin RC, Cui TX, Duggal NK, Hai T, States DJ, Schwartz J. Profiles of growth hormone (GH)-regulated genes reveal time-dependent responses and identify a mechanism for regulation of activating transcription factor 3 by GH. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:4132–4141. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Vidal OM, Merino R, Rico-Bautista E, Fernandez-Perez L, Chia DJ, Woelfle J, Ono M, Lenhard B, Norstedt G, Rotwein P, Flores-Morales A. In vivo transcript profiling and phylogenetic analysis identifies suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 as a direct signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b target in liver. Mol Endocrinol. 2007;21:293–311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Clodfelter KH, Holloway MG, Hodor P, Park SH, Ray WJ, Waxman DJ. Sex-dependent liver gene expression is extensive and largely dependent upon signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b): STAT5b-dependent activation of male genes and repression of female genes revealed by microarray analysis. Mol Endocrinol. 2006;20:1333–1351. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Jorgensen JO, Jessen N, Pedersen SB, Vestergaard E, Gormsen L, Lund SA, Billestrup N. GH receptor signaling in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in human subjects following exposure to an intravenous GH bolus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;291:E899–E905. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Nielsen C, Gormsen LC, Jessen N, Pedersen SB, Moller N, Lund S, Jorgensen JO. Growth hormone signaling in vivo in human muscle and adipose tissue: impact of insulin, substrate background, and growth hormone receptor blockade. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2842–2850. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Waxman DJ, O'Connor C. Growth hormone regulation of sex-dependent liver gene expression. Mol Endocrinol. 2006;20:2613–2629. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Wauthier V, Waxman DJ. Sex-specific early growth hormone response genes in rat liver. Mol Endocrinol. 2008;22:1962–1974. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Ahluwalia A, Clodfelter KH, Waxman DJ. Sexual dimorphism of rat liver gene expression: regulatory role of growth hormone revealed by deoxyribonucleic Acid microarray analysis. Mol Endocrinol. 2004;18:747–760. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Zhou YC, Waxman DJ. Cross-talk between janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) signaling pathways. Growth hormone inhibition of pparalpha transcriptional activity mediated by stat5b. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:2672–2681. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Zhou YC, Waxman DJ. STAT5b down-regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha transcription by inhibition of ligand-independent activation function region-1 transactivation domain. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:29874–29882. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Ono M, Chia DJ, Merino-Martinez R, Flores-Morales A, Unterman TG, Rotwein P. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 5b-mediated inhibition of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 gene transcription: a mechanism for repression of gene expression by growth hormone. Mol Endocrinol. 2007;21:1443–1457. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Murphy LJ. Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins: functional diversity or redundancy? J Mol Endocrinol. 1998;21:97–107. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Barthel A, Schmoll D, Unterman TG. FoxO proteins in insulin action and metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2005;16:183–189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Accili D, Arden KC. FoxOs at the crossroads of cellular metabolism, differentiation, and transformation. Cell. 2004;117:421–426. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Rotwein P. Contemporary endocrinology: the IGF system. Totowa: Humana Press; 1999. Molecular biology of IGF-I and IGF-II; pp. 19–35. [Google Scholar] Hall LJ, Kajimoto Y, Bichell D, Kim SW, James PL, Counts D, Nixon LJ, Tobin G, Rotwein P. Functional analysis of the rat insulin-like growth factor I gene and identification of an IGF-I gene promoter. DNA Cell Biol. 1992;11:301–313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Adamo ML, Ben-Hur H, Roberts CTJ, LeRoith D. Regulation of start site usage in the leader exons of the rat insulin-like growth factor-I gene by development, fasting, and diabetes. Mol Endocrinol. 1991;5:1677–1686. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Shimatsu A, Rotwein P. Mosaic evolution of the insulin-like growth factors. Organization, sequence, and expression of the rat insulin-like growth factor I gene. J Biol Chem. 1987;262:7894–7900. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Kim SW, Lajara R, Rotwein P. Structure and function of a human insulin-like growth factor-I gene promoter. Mol Endocrinol. 1991;5:1964–1972. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Kavsan VM, Koval AP, Grebenjuk VA, Chan SJ, Steiner DF, Roberts CTJ, LeRoith D. Structure of the chum salmon insulin-like growth factor I gene. DNA Cell Biol. 1993;12:729–737. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Hoyt EC, Van Wyk JJ, Lund PK. Tissue and development specific regulation of a complex family of rat insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acids. Mol Endocrinol. 1988;2:1077–1086. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Woelfle J, Billiard J, Rotwein P. Acute control of insulin-like growth factor-1 gene transcription by growth hormone through STAT5B. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:22696–22702. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Woelfle J, Chia DJ, Rotwein P. Mechanisms of growth hormone (GH) action. Identification of conserved Stat5 binding sites that mediate GH-induced insulin-like growth factor-I gene activation. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:51261–51266. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Bichell DP, Kikuchi K, Rotwein P. Growth hormone rapidly activates insulin-like growth factor I gene transcription in vivo. Mol Endocrinol. 1992;6:1899–1908. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Thomas MJ, Kikuchi K, Bichell DP, Rotwein P. Characterization of deoxyribonucleic acid-protein interactions at a growth hormone-inducible nuclease hypersensitive site in the rat insulin-like growth factor-I gene. Endocrinology. 1995;136:562–569. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] An MR, Lowe WLJ. The major promoter of the rat insulin-like growth factor-I gene binds a protein complex that is required for basal expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1995;114:77–89. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Mittanck DW, Kim SW, Rotwein P. Essential promoter elements are located within the 5' untranslated region of human insulin-like growth factor-I exon I. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1997;126:153–163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Wang L,Wang X, Adamo ML. Two putative GATA motifs in the proximal exon 1 promoter of the rat insulin-like growth factor I gene regulate basal promoter activity. Endocrinology. 2000;141:1118–1126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Wang X, Talamantez JL, Adamo ML. A CACCC box in the proximal exon 2 promoter of the rat insulin-like growth factor I gene is required for basal promoter activity. Endocrinology. 1998;139:1054–1066. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Wang Y, Jiang H. Identification of a distal STAT5-binding DNA region that may mediate growth hormone regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:10955–10963. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Chia DJ, Ono M, Woelfle J, Schlesinger-Massart M, Jiang H, Rotwein P. Characterization of distinct Stat5b binding sites that mediate growth hormone-stimulated IGF-I gene transcription. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:3190–3197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Eleswarapu S, Gu Z, Jiang H. Growth hormone regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression may be mediated by multiple distal signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 binding sites. Endocrinology. 2008;149:2230–2240. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Björntorp, P. (1992) Biochemistry of obesity in relation to diabetes. In: KGMM Alberti RA DeFronzo H Keen P Zimmet eds. International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus 551– 568. John Wiley & Sons Ltd London, United Kingdom. Google Scholar  Björntorp, P. (1992) Hormonal effects on fat distribution and its relationship to health risk factors. Acta Paediatr Suppl 383: 59– 60. CAS PubMed Google Scholar  Rosèn, T., Bosaeus, I., Tolli, J., Lindstedt, G., Bengtsson, BA. (1993) Increased body fat mass and decreased extracellular fluid volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 38: 63 Wiley Online Library PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Liu JP, Baker J, Perkins AS, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A. Mice carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factor I (Igf-1) and type 1 IGF receptor (Igf1r) Cell. 1993;75:59–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Zhou Y, Xu BC, Maheshwari HG, He L, Reed M, Lozykowski M, Okada S, Cataldo L, Coschigamo K, Wagner TE, Baumann G, Kopchick JJ. A mammalian model for Laron syndrome produced by targeted disruption of the mouse growth hormone receptor/binding protein gene (the Laron mouse) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:13215–13220. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Sims NA, Clement-Lacroix P, Da Ponte F, Bouali Y, Binart N, Moriggl R, Goffin V, Coschigano K, Gaillard-Kelly M, Kopchick J, Baron R, Kelly PA. Bone homeostasis in growth hormone receptor-null mice is restored by IGF-I but independent of Stat5. J Clin Invest. 2000;106:1095–1103. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Yakar S, Rosen CJ, Beamer WG, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Wu Y, Liu JL, Ooi GT, Setser J, Frystyk J, Boisclair YR, LeRoith D. Circulating levels of IGF-1 directly regulate bone growth and density. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:771–781. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Miyakoshi N, Kasukawa Y, Linkhart TA, Baylink DJ, Mohan S. Evidence that anabolic effects of PTH on bone require IGF-I in growing mice. Endocrinology. 2001;142:4349–4356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, Prince R, Gaich GA, Reginster JY, Hodsman AB, Eriksen EF, Ish-Shalom S, Genant HK, Wang O, Mitlak BH. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1–34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1434–1441. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Ishizuya T, Yokose S, Hori M, Noda T, Suda T, Yoshiki S, Yamaguchi A. Parathyroid hormone exerts disparate effects on osteoblast differentiation depending on exposure time in rat osteoblastic cells. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:2961–2970. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] McCarthy TL, Centrella M, Canalis E. Parathyroid hormone enhances the transcript and polypeptide levels of insulin-like growth factor I in osteoblast-enriched cultures from fetal rat bone. Endocrinology. 1989;124:1247–1253. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Zhao G, Monier-Faugere MC, Langub MC, Geng Z, Nakayama T, Pike JW, Chernausek SD, Rosen CJ, Donahue LR, Malluche HH, Fagin JA, Clemens TL. Targeted overexpression of insulin-like growth factor I to osteoblasts of transgenic mice: increased trabecular bone volume without increased osteoblast proliferation. Endocrinology. 2000;141:2674–2682. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Bengtsson, BÅ, Edén, S., Lönn, L., et al (1993) Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76: 309– 317. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Al‐Shoumer, K. A. S., Page, B., Thomas, E., Murphy, M., Beshyah, S. A., Johnston, DG. (1996) Effects of four years’ treatment with biosynthetic human growth hormone (GH) on body composition in GH‐deficient hypopituitary adults. Eur Endocrinol 135: 559– 567. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Li, C. H., Simpson, M. E., Evans, HM. (1949) Influence of growth and adrenocorticotropic hormone on the body composition of hypophysectomized rats. Endocrinology 44: 71– 75. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Scow, RO. (1959) Effects of growth hormone and thyroxine on growth and chemical composition of muscle, bone and other tissues in thyroidectomized‐hypophysectomized rats. Am J Physiol 196: 859– 865. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Lee, M. O., Schaffer, NK. (1934) Anterior pituitary growth hormone and the composition of growth. J Nutr 7: 337– 363. Crossref CAS Web of Science®Google Scholar  Goodman, H. M., Schwartz, J. (1974) Growth hormone and lipid metabolism. In: E Enobil WH Sawyer eds. Handbook of Physiology, Part 2 IV: 211– 232. American Physiological Society Washington DC. Google Scholar  Bengtsson, BÅ, Brummer, R. J. M., Edén, S., Rosèn, T., Sjöström, L. (1992) Effects of growth hormone on fat mass and fat distribution. Acta Paediatr Suppl 383: 62– 65. PubMed Google Scholar  Tanner, J. M., Hughes, P. C. R., Whitehouse, RH. (1977) Comparative rapidity of response of height, limb muscle and limb fat to treatment with human growth hormone in patients with and without growth hormone deficiency. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 84: 53– 57. Google Scholar  Goodman, H. M., Gorin, E., Honeyman, TW. (1988) Biochemical basis for the lipolytic activity of growth hormone. In: LE Underwood eds. Human Growth Hormone: Progress and Challenges 75– 111. Marcel Dekker Inc New York. Google Scholar  Bonnet, F., Vanderschueren‐Lodeweyckx, M., Echels, R., Malvaux, P. (1974) Subcutaneous adipose tissue and lipids in blood in growth hormone deficiency before and after treatment with human growth hormone. Pediatr Res 8: 800– 805. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  van Vliet, G, Bosson, D., Craen, M., Caju, NVLD, Malvaux, P., Vanderschueren‐Lodeweyckx, M. (1987) Comparative study of the lipolytic potencies of pituitary‐derived and biosynthetic human growth hormone in hypopituitary children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65: 876– 879. Crossref PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Beauville, M., Harent, I., Crampes, F., Riviere, D., Tauber, M. T., Tauber, J. P., Garrigues, M. (1992) Effect of long‐term rhGH administration in GH‐deficient adults on fat cell epinephrine response. Am J Physiol 263: E467– E472. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Vernon, R. G., Flint, DJ. (1989) Role of growth hormone in the regulation of adipocyte growth and function. In: RB Heap, C Prosser GE Lamming eds. Biotechnology in Growth Regulation 57– 71. Butterworths London, United Kingdom. Crossref Web of Science®Google Scholar  Harant, I., Beauville, M., Crampes, F., et al (1994) Response of fat cells to growth hormone (GH): effect of long term treatment with recombinant human GH in GH‐deficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78: 1392– 1395. Crossref PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Marcus, C., Bolme, P., Micha‐Johansson, G., Margery, V., Brönnegård, M. (1994) Growth hormone increases the lipolytic sensitivity from catecholamines in adipocytes from healthy adults. Life Sci 54: 1335– 1341. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Yang, S., Björntorp, P., Liu, X., Edén, S. (1996) Growth hormone treatment of hypophysectomized rats increases catecholamine‐induced lipolysis and the number of β‐adrenergic receptors in adipocytes: no differences in the effects of growth hormone on different fat depots. Obes Res 4: 471– 478. Wiley Online Library CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Watt, P. W., Finley, E., Cork, S., Legg, R. A., Vernon, RG. (1991) Chronic control of the β‐ and α2‐adrenergic systems of sheep adipose tissue by growth hormone and insulin. Biochem J 273: 39– 42. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Arner, P. (1992) Adrenergic receptor function in fat cells. Am J Clin Nutr 55: 228S– 236S. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Arner, P., Hellmér, J., Wennlund, A., Östman, J., Engfeldt, P. (1988) Adrenoceptor occupancy in isolated human fat cells and its relationship with lipolysis rate. Eur J Pharmacol 146: 45– 56. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Davidson, MB. (1987) Effect of growth hormone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Endocr Rev 8: 115– 131. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Ottosson, M., Lönnroth, P., Björntorp, Edén S. (2000) Effects of cortisol and growth hormone on lipolysis in human adipose tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 799– 803. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Pierlussi, J., Pierlussi, R., Aschcroft, SJH. (1980) Effects of growth hormone on insulin release in the rat. Diabetologia 19: 391– 396. Crossref PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Roupas, P., Ghou, S. T., Towns, R. J., Kostyo, JL. (1991) Growth hormone inhibits activation of phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C in adipose plasma membranes: evidence for a growth hormone‐induced change in G protein function. Physiol Pharmacol 88: 1691– 1695. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  72 Slavin, B. G., Ong, J. M., Kern, P. (1994) Hormonal regulation of hormone‐sensitive lipase activity and mRNA levels in isolated rat adiposities. J Lipid Res 35: 1535– 1541. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Sheridan, MK. (1986) Effects of thyroxin, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin on lipid metabolism of coho salmon, oncorhynchus kisutch, during smoltification. Gen Comp Endocrinol 64: 220– 238. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Dietz, J., Schwartz, J. (1991) Microdetermination of long chain fatty acids in plasma and tissue. J Biol Chem 235: 2595– 2599. PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Yang, S., Xu, X., Björntorp, P., Edén, S. (1995) Additive effects of growth hormone and testosterone on lipolysis in adipocytes of hypophysectomized rats. J Endocrinol 147: 147– 152. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Lands, A. M., Arnold, A., McAuliff, J. P., Bron, TG. (1967) Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathetic amines. Nature 214: 597– 598. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Stiles, G. L., Caron, M. G., Lefkowitz, RJ. (1984) β‐Adrenergic receptors: biochemical mechanisms of physiological regulation. Physiol Rev 64: 661– 743. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Emorine, L. J., Marullo, S., Briend‐Sutren, M. M., et al (1989) Molecular characterization of human β3‐adrenergic receptor. Science 245: 1118– 1121. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Ahquist, RP. (1948) A study of the adrenotropic receptors. Am J Physiol 153: 586– 600. PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Honnor, R. C., Dhillon, G. S., Londos, C. (1985) cAMP‐dependent protein kinase and lipolysis in rat adipocytes. I. Cell preparation, manipulation and predictability in behavior. J Biol Chem 260: 15122– 15129. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Honnor, R. C., Dhillon, G. S., Londos, C. (1985) cAMP‐dependent protein kinase and lipolysis in rat adipocytes. II. Definition of steady‐state relationship with lipolytic and antilipolytic modulators. J Biol Chem 260: 15130– 15138. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Corbin, J. D., Cobb, C. E., Beebe, S. J., et al (1988) Mechanism and function of cAMP‐ and cGMP‐dependent protein kinases. Adv Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res 21: 75– 86. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Londos, C., Brasaemle, D. L., Schultz, C. J., Segrest, J. P., Kimmel, AR. (1999) Perilipins, ADRP, and other proteins that associate with intracellular neutral lipid droplets in animal cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 10: 51– 58. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Holm, C., Osterlund, T., Laurell, H., Contreras, JA. (2000) Molecular mechanisms regulating hormone‐sensitive lipase and lipolysis. Annu Rev Nutr 20: 365– 393. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Brasaemle, D. L., Rubin, B., Harten, I. A., Gruia‐Gray, J., Kimmel, A. R., Londos, C. (2000) Perilipin A increases triacylglycerol storage by decreasing the rate of triacylglycerol hydrolysis. J Biol Chem 275: 38486– 38493. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Tansey, J. T., Huml, A. M., Vogt, R., et al (2003) Functional studies on native and mutated forms of perilipins. A role in protein kinase A‐mediated lipolysis of triacylglycerols. J Biol Chem 278: 8401– 8406. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Strålfors, P., Björgell, P., Belfrage, P. (1984) Hormone regulation of hormone‐sensitive lipase in intact adipocytes: Identification of phosphorylated sites and effects of the phosphorylation by lipolytic hormone and insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81: 3317– 3321. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Egan, J. J., Greenberg, A. S., Chang, M. K., Wek, SA Moos JMC, Londos, C. (1992) Mechanism of hormone‐stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes: translocation of hormone‐sensitive lipase to the lipid storage droplet. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89: 8537– 8541. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Anthonsen, M. W., Ronnstrand, L., Wernstedt, C., Degerman, E., Holm, C. (1998) Identification of novel phosphorylation sites in hormone‐sensitive lipase that are phosphorylated in response to isoproterenol and govern activation properties in vitro. J Biol Chem 273: 215– 221. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Sztalryd, C., Xu, G., Dorward, H., et al (2003) Perilipin A is essential for the translocation of hormone‐sensitive lipase during lipolytic activation. J Cell Boil 161: 1093– 1103. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Smith, PE. (1930) Hypophysectomy and replacement therapy in the rat. Am J Anat 45: 205– 273. Wiley Online Library Web of Science®Google Scholar  Edén, S., Jansson, J. O., Oscarsson, J. (1987) Sexual dimorphism of growth hormone secretion. In: O Isaksson C Binder K Hall B Hökfelt eds. Growth Hormone—Basic and Clinical Aspects 129– 151. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V Amsterdam. Google Scholar  Frohman, L. A., Bernardis, LL. (1970) Growth hormone secretion in rat: metabolic clearance and secretion rates. Endocrinology 86: 305– 312. Crossref CAS PubMed Google Scholar  Jansson, J. O., Albertsson‐Wikaland, K., Edén, S., Thorngren, K. G., Isaksson, O. (1982) Circumstantial evidence for a role of the secretory pattern of growth hormone in control of body growth. Acta Endocrinol 99: 24– 30. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Björntorp, P., Karlsson, M., Pertoft, H., Pettersson, P., Sjöström, L., Smith, U. (1978) Isolation and characterization of cells from rat adipose tissue developing into adipocytes. J Lipid Res 19: 316– 324. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., Randall, RJ. (1951) Protein measurements with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193: 265– 275. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Rebuffé‐Scrive, M. (1987) Sex steroid hormones and adipose tissue metabolism in adrenalectomized and ovariectomized rats. Acta Physiol Scand 129: 471– 477. Wiley Online Library CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Laurell, S., Tibbling, G. (1966) An enzymatic fluorometric micromethod for the determination of glycerol. Clin Chim Acta 13: 317– 322. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Dole, V. P., Meinertz, H. (1960) Microdetermination of long chain fatty acids in plasma and tissues. J Biol Chem 235: 2595– 2599. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Smith, U., Sjöström, L., Björntorp, P. (1972) Comparison of two methods of determining human adipose cell size. J Lipid Res 13: 822– 824. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Östman, J., Arner, P., Kimura, H., Wahrenberg, H., Engfeldt, P. (1984) Influence of fasting on lipolytic response to adrenergic agonists and on adrenergic receptors in subcutaneous adipocytes. Eur J Clin Invest 14: 383– 391. Wiley Online Library PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Steiner, A. L., Pagliara, A. S., Chase, L. R., Kipnis, DM. (1972) Radioimmunoassay for cyclic nucleotides. II. Adenosine 3′, 5′‐monophosphate and guanosine 3′, 5′‐monophosphate in mammalian tissues and body fluids. J Biol Chem 247: 1114– 1120. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Steiner, A. L., Parker, C. W., Kipnis, DM. (1972) Radioimmunoassay for cyclic nucleotides. I. Preparation of antibodies and iodinated cyclic nucleotides. J Biol Chem 247: 1106– 1113. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  McKenzie, FR. (1988) Basic techniques to study G‐protein function. In: G Milligan eds. Signal Transduction—A Practical Approach, Part 2 31– 56. Oxford University Press New York. Google Scholar  Solomon, S. S., Sibley, S. D., Dismukes, J.R. (1991) Growth hormone‐enhanced lipolysis in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat. J Lab Clin Med 118: 99– 105. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Nam, S. Y., Marcus, C. (2000) Growth hormone and adipocyte function in obesity. Horm Res 53: (Suppl 1), 87– 97. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Bahouth, S. W., Malbon, CC. (1988) Subclassification of β‐adrenergic receptors of rat fat cells: a re‐evaluation. Mol Pharmacol 34: 318– 326. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Granneman, J. G., Lahners, K. N., Chaudhry, A. (1992) Molecular cloning and expression of the rat β3‐adrenergic receptor. Mol Pharmacol 40: 895– 899. Web of Science®Google Scholar  Hollenga, C. H., Zaagsma, J. (1989) Direct evidence for the atypical nature of functional β‐adrenoceptors in rat adipocytes. Br J Pharmacol 98: 1420– 1424. Wiley Online Library CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Lacasa, D., Agli, B., Giudicelli, Y. (1985) Direct assessment of β‐adrenergic receptors in intact rat adipocytes by binding of [3H]CGP 12177. Eur J Biochem 146: 339– 346. Wiley Online Library CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Umekawa, T., Yoshida, T., Sakane, N., Kondo, M. (1996) Effect of CL316, 243, a highly specific β3‐adrenoceptor agonit, on lipolysis of human and rat adipocytes. Horm Metab Res 28: 394– 396. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Bojanic, D., Nahorski, SR. (1983) Identification and subclassification of rat adipocyte β‐adrenoceptors using (±)‐[125I]cyanopindolol. Eur J Pharmacol 93: 235– 243. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar  Langin, D., Portillo, M., Saulnier‐Blache, J. S., Lafontan, M. (1991) Coexistence of three beta‐adrenergic receptor subtypes in white fat cells of various mammalian species. Eur J Pharmacol 199: 291– 301. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar   •••WANT YOUR QUESTION ANSWERED?••• Create a free account at www.theprepcoachforum.com and post up your question in the Mike Arnold PED Q&A open threat!    •••SUPPORT OUR PEPTIDE/RESEARCH CHEMS SPONSORS•••   (RESEARCH CHEMS) www.maresearchchems.net___use discount code “alex15” to save off your order!   (SPECIALTY SUPPS) www.masupps.com___use discount code “alex20” to save off your order!   (BEEF) www.skinnybeef.com___use discount code “alex10” to save off your order!   •••FIND THE EPISODES•••   ITUNES:https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/beastfitness-radios-podcast/id1065532968   LIBSYN:http://beastfitnessradio.libsyn.com   VIMEO: www.vimeo.com/theprepcoach        •••PREP COACH APPAREL•••   https://teespring.com/stores/the-prep-coach-apparel    

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.22.350314v1?rss=1 Authors: Bayne, R. A., Jayachandran, U., Kasprowicz, A., Bresson, S., Tollervey, D., Wallace, E. W. J., Cook, A. G. Abstract: The conserved fungal RNA binding protein Ssd1, is important in stress responses, cell division and virulence. Ssd1 is closely related to Dis3L2 of the RNase II family of nucleases, but lacks catalytic activity and may act by suppressing translation of associated mRNAs. Previous studies identified motifs that are enriched in Ssd1-associated transcripts, yet the sequence requirements for Ssd1 binding are not well understood. Here we present the crystal structure of Ssd1 at 1.9 [A] resolution. Active RNase II enzymes have a characteristic, internal RNA binding path, but in Ssd1 this is blocked by remnants of regulatory sequences. Instead, RNA binding activity has likely been relocated to the outer surface of the protein. Using in vivo crosslinking and cDNA analysis (CRAC), we identify Ssd1-RNA binding sites. These are strongly enriched in 5'UTRs of a subset of mRNAs encoding cell wall proteins. Based on these and previous analyses, we identified a conserved bipartite motif that binds Ssd1 with high affinity in vitro. These studies provide a new framework for understanding the function of a pleiotropic post-transcriptional regulator of gene expression and give insights into the evolution of regulatory elements in the RNase II family. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

The Gaming Hardware Seasons is officially here! We discuss Nvidia RTX 3080 reviews, buying ARM, Big Navi, PlayStation 5, and XBOX Series S. [SPONSOR: https://www.cdkoffers.com/] 25% software discount code: brokensilicon 3% discount code for everything: dieshrink Win10 pro oem key 13$: https://bit.ly/2Wdfghh Win10 Home oem key 11$: https://bit.ly/3dsbSFi Win10 pro oem key FOR 2PC 20$: https://bit.ly/36DFHAB Office 2019 key 29$: https://bit.ly/2WdfBAz Win10 pro oem+Office 2019 41$: https://bit.ly/3ea83Vo 0:00 Nvidia Buying Arm & Intro Banter 9:00 Important Questions 11:23 Corrections & Omissions 19:16 Start of Ampere Discussion 22:48 Nvidia Ampere Reviews & Thoughts 40:06 Clarifying our thoughts on Power Usage & Performance Gains 45:31 Ampere Mining Performance 47:56 Titan 48GB & Quadro 6000 57:41 Nvidia Pricing Manipulation 1:04:46 AMD Big Navi Coolers, Software, and Specs 1:19:04 CDNA 2 & MI200 Early Info 1:25:17 PlayStation 5 Pricing & Release Date Reveal 1:39:36 PlayStation 5 50% yields?! 1:42:00 XBOX Series S Performance & SSD 1:54:07 Intel 8-Core Tiger Lake 1:55:39 Final Reader Mail Gamers Nexus 3080 is “Only 25% in 4K”: https://youtu.be/oTeXh9x0sUc?t=1747 https://www.techspot.com/review/2099-geforce-rtx-3080/ https://youtu.be/oTeXh9x0sUc https://www.gamersnexus.net/hwreviews/3618-nvidia-rtx-3080-founders-edition-review-benchmarks https://www.tweaktown.com/reviews/9582/nvidia-geforce-rtx-3080-founders-edition-the-superman-of-gpus/index.html#Benchmarks-1080p https://videocardz.com/newz/nvidia-geforce-rtx-3080-ethereum-daggerhashimoto-mining-performance https://youtu.be/EvU_thLGEoM https://www.mooreslawisdead.com/post/nvidia-s-ultimate-play https://youtu.be/BR70xbcwB6U https://twitter.com/mooreslawisdead/status/1303136104019898368 https://www.pushsquare.com/news/2020/09/final_fantasy_xvi_announced_ps5_console_exclusive_gameplay_trailer https://www.pushsquare.com/news/2020/09/sony_confirms_ps5_games_will_cost_more https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-15/sony-is-said-to-cut-ps5-forecast-by-4-million-due-to-chip-woes https://www.gamespot.com/amp-articles/ps5-sony-denies-launch-supply-of-consoles-has-been-reduced/1100-6482165/ https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-09-15-sony-reportedly-cuts-ps5-production-by-4m-units https://www.tomshardware.com/news/xbox-series-x-specs-price-features https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/9/21428764/xbox-game-pass-ea-play-subscription https://videocardz.com/newz/intel-confirms-tiger-lake-h-processors-with-8-cores

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.11.277483v1?rss=1 Authors: Banerjee, S., Velasquez-Zapata, V., Fuerst, G., Elmore, J. M., Wise, R. P. Abstract: Mapping protein-protein interactions at a proteome scale is critical to understanding how cellular signaling networks respond to stimuli. Since eukaryotic genomes encode thousands of proteins, testing their interactions one-by-one is a challenging prospect. High-throughput yeast-two hybrid (Y2H) assays that employ next-generation sequencing to interrogate cDNA libraries represent an alternative approach that optimizes scale, cost, and effort. We present NGPINT, a robust and scalable software to identify all putative interactors of a protein using Y2H in batch culture. NGPINT combines diverse tools to align sequence reads to target genomes, reconstruct prey fragments and compute gene enrichment under reporter selection. Central to this pipeline is the identification of fusion reads containing sequences derived from both the Y2H expression plasmid and the cDNA of interest. To reduce false positives, these fusion reads are assessed to determine whether the cDNA fragment forms an in-frame translational fusion with the Y2H transcription factor. NGPINT successfully recognized 95% of interactions in simulated test runs. As proof of concept, NGPINT was tested using published data sets and it recognized all validated interactions. NGPINT can be used in any organism with an available reference, thus facilitating the discovery of protein-protein interactions in non-model organisms. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.09.289793v1?rss=1 Authors: Hu, Y., Fang, L., Chen, X., Zhong, J. F., Li, M., Wang, K. Abstract: Long-read RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technologies have made it possible to sequence full-length transcripts, facilitating the exploration of isoform-specific gene expression over conventional short-read RNA-seq. However, long-read RNA-seq suffers from high per-base error rate, presence of chimeric reads and alternative alignments, and other biases, which require different analysis methods than short-read RNA-seq. Here we present LIQA (Long-read Isoform Quantification and Analysis), an Expectation-Maximization based statistical method to quantify isoform expression and detect differential alternative splicing (DAS) events using long-read RNA-seq data. Rather than summarizing isoform-specific read counts directly as done in short-read methods, LIQA incorporates base-pair quality score and isoform-specific read length information to assign different weights across reads, which reflects alignment confidence. Moreover, given isoform usage estimates, LIQA can detect DAS events between conditions. We evaluated LIQA's performance on simulated data and demonstrated that it outperforms other approaches in rare isoform characterization and in detecting DAS events between two groups. We also generated one direct mRNA sequencing dataset and one cDNA sequencing dataset using the Oxford Nanopore long-read platform, both with paired short-read RNA-seq data and qPCR data on selected genes, and we demonstrated that LIQA performs well in isoform discovery and quantification. Finally, we evaluated LIQA on a PacBio dataset on esophageal squamous epithelial cells, and demonstrated that LIQA recovered DAS events on FGFR3 that failed to be detected in short-read data. In summary, LIQA leverages the power of long-read RNA-seq and achieves higher accuracy in estimating isoform abundance than existing approaches, especially for isoforms with low coverage and biased read distribution. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

ENCODEプロジェクトにおけるサイレンサー探索の論文紹介と現代生物学の複雑性と多様性について話しました。Shownotes ENCODE…ENCODEとはEncyclopedia of DNA Elementsの略！ ENCODE (Wikipedia) ヒトゲノムの機能解明に向けたENCODEの試み (pdf) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 2001…ヒトゲノム解読の論文。 The Sequence of the Human Genome. Science 2001…ヒトゲノム解読の論文。 ENCODE 4…ENCODEのPhase 4についてはここにaimなどが書いてある。 ENCODE3勉強会…Sohも論文読みをしました。 ENCODE 3 paper collection…ENCODE 3の論文リストはここにあります。 DNase I hypersensitive site (Wikipedia) Systematic identification of silencers in human cells. Nature Genetics, 2020…今回Sohが解説する論文はこれです。　 転写制御因子 (脳科学辞典) … プロモーターやエンハンサー、サイレンサーまわりについて。遺伝子発現とは、遺伝子というDNA上にコードされた情報がいかにRNA、タンパク質として実体を伴って機能するかということであるのだが、この量を調節する機能、とくにDNA->RNAの段階(転写)で調節することを転写制御という。ここで重要となるのがプロモーターやエンハンサー、サイレンサー、さらにはインスレーターなどである。 遺伝子発現制御機構: クロマチン, 転写制御, エピジェネティクス (Amazon) … tadasuはこの本で一度転写周りを勉強しなおしたが、自分が思っていたプロモーターやエンハンサーと実際の定義はかなりズレがあったことを思い知らされた。 STARR-seq (Wikipedia)…ゲノム中に含まれるエンハンサーやプロモーター配列をバーコードと次世代シーケンサーを用いて大量にアッセイする方法の一つ。オリジナルの論文はここ: Genome-Wide Quantitative Enhancer Activity Maps Identified by STARR-seq, Science 2013 Caspase-9 (Wikipedia)…Caspase9はアポトーシスを担う重要なタンパク質の一つ。 EF1aプロモーター…ヒトやマウスの細胞の中で高い活性を持つ恒常発現プロモーターのうちの一つ。CMVプロモーターも使われることが多い。 サイレンサー…哺乳動物細胞における転写を制御する配列のうち、転写活性に対して抑制的に働く配列を指しています。恒常発現プロモーターの下流にあるとそのさらに下流にある遺伝子発現を強く抑制する配列（200bp程度）を指しています。 ハウスキーピング遺伝子…細胞機能を維持するために常に発現している遺伝子。これを「恒常的な遺伝子発現」と呼んだりします。 K562…ヒト慢性骨髄性白血病由来の培養細胞株。 293T…ヒト胎児腎由来の培養細胞株。 HepG2…ヒト肝癌由来の細胞株。 ルシフェラーゼアッセイ pGL4.51[luc2/CMV/Neo] Vector…スクリーニングで見つかったサイレンサーはこのベクターを用いてルシフェラーゼアッセイによってその活性が調べられた。 ヒストン修飾 (Abcam) ヒストン (Wikipedia) Purification of Proteins Associated with Specific Genomic Loci. Cell, 2009.…PICh法を用いるとゲノムに結合したタンパク質を同定することができる。 Hi-C…Hi-Cについてはエピソード9などで話しました。 ChiA-PET (Wikipedia) FANTOM…“FANTOMは、理化学研究所のマウスゲノム百科事典プロジェクトで収集された完全長cDNAのアノテーション（機能注釈）を行うことを目的に、林崎良英博士が中心となり2000年に結成された国際研究コンソーシアムです” NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Mapping Consortium…ヒトのエピジェネティクスに関連する大量のデータを計測しアトラスを作ることを目的とした国際コンソーシアム。 Illumina Body Map 2.0 Human Cell Atras…ヒトの体を構成する全ての細胞の分類とマッピングを目指す国際共同プロジェクト。 4D Nucleome Project…染色体構造のマッピングのためのコンソーシアム。 The 4D nucleome project. Nature, Dekker at al 2017 The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA)…がんゲノムの大量のデータを収集している国際プロジェクト。 ゲノム編集とはなにか (ブルーバックス) (Amazon)…山本先生が書かれたゲノム編集について非常にわかりやすい本が出ております。ぜひ。 ep47, Researchat.fm…エピソード47ではCas13を用いた微量の核酸検出SHERLOCKやDETECTRについて紹介しています。 Advances in Chromatin and Chromosome Research: Perspectives from Multiple Fields. Molecular Cell, 2020 … tadasuが参加しているBoston Chromatin Clubで書いた筆頭著者17人のレビュー。 ep37, Biological Enigma, Researchat.fm…セントラルドグマを含む分子生物学の基礎についても話しました。 ep7, In the golden age of molecular biology … 遺伝暗号解明周りの研究について話しました。 ep9, One-shot beautiful experiment … 細胞系譜について ep2, An emerging technology is always not perfect … CRISPRとゲノム編集周辺について話しました。 Gene drive (Wikipedia) … 遺伝子ドライブ ワトソンの遺伝子の分子生物学 (Amazon) 後成説 (Wikipedia) … エピジェネシス。アリストテレスから始まる発生の理論。 前成説 (Wikipedia) 分子進化のほぼ中立説 偶然と淘汰の進化モデル (ブルーバックス) (Amazon) ep36, DNA-of-things … DNAを練りこんだ3Dプリンティング技術について話しました。 情報量 … 情報量、エントロピー シャノンの情報理論入門 (ブルーバックス) (Amazon) ファインマンの計算機科学 (Amazon) … tadasuおすすめの情報理論の教科書。ゲノムやセントラルドグマの話についての情報理論についても記述がある(あった気がする)。 Developmental Biology (Amazon) … 発生のGilbert本 Principles of Development (Amazon) … 発生のWolpert本 Molecular Biology of the Cell (NCBI) Shownotes 正直、プロモーターとかエンハンサーとかサイレンサーって言っていますが、実際にプロモーターとエンハンサーの違いなどよく考えるとわからなくなってきます。とても難しい。雰囲気でやっています。(soh) データは山のようにある。あとは君たち次第だ！(いいのかそれで？)(tadasu) 作業が楽しくても3日以上寝ないと空から奴らが襲ってくるので要注意です(coela)

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.02.280396v1?rss=1 Authors: Zhu, Y., Yang, X., Wu, J., Tang, H., Wang, Q., Guan, J., Xie, W., Chen, S., Chen, Y., Wang, M., Lan, C., Wei, L., Sun, C., Zhang, Z. Abstract: The sequence upstream of antibody variable region (Antibody Upstream Sequence, or AUS) consists of 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and two leader regions, L-PART1 and L-PART2. The sequence variations in AUS affect the efficiency of PCR amplification, mRNA translation, and subsequent PCR-based antibody quantification as well as antibody engineering. Despite their importance, the diversity of AUSs has long been neglected. Utilizing the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5'RACE) and high-throughput antibody repertoire sequencing (Rep-Seq) technique, we acquired full-length AUSs for human, rhesus macaque (RM), cynomolgus macaque (CM), mouse, and rat. We designed a bioinformatics pipeline and discovered 2,957 unique AUSs, corresponding to 2,786 and 1,159 unique sequences for 5' UTR and leader, respectively. Comparing with the leader records in the international ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT), while 529 were identical, 313 were with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 280 were totally new, and 37 updated the incomplete records. The diversity of AUSs' impact on related antibody biology was also probed. Taken together, our findings would facilitate Rep-Seq primer design for capturing antibodies comprehensively and efficiently as well as provide a valuable resource for antibody engineering and the studies of antibody at the molecular level. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Prot —> mRNA —> cDNA —> dsDNA. (Step 2 via reverse transcriptase and step 3 via DNA Polymerase). Now the dsDNA is injected into a virus which infects bacteria to make lots of the DNA.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.12.247874v1?rss=1 Authors: Bacon, K., Blain, A., Bowen, J., Burroughs, M., McArthur, N., Menegatti, S., Rao, B. M. Abstract: Quantifying the binding affinity of protein-protein interactions is important for elucidating connections within biochemical signaling pathways, as well as characterization of binding proteins isolated from combinatorial libraries. We describe a quantitative yeast-yeast two hybrid (qYY2H) system that not only enables discovery of specific protein-protein interactions, but also efficient, quantitative estimation of their binding affinities (KD). In qYY2H, the bait and prey proteins are expressed as yeast cell surface fusions using yeast surface display. We developed a semi-empirical framework for estimating the KD of monovalent bait-prey interactions, using measurements of the apparent KD of yeast-yeast binding, which is mediated by multivalent interactions between yeast displayed bait and prey. Using qYY2H, we identified interaction partners of SMAD3 and the tandem WW domains of YAP from a cDNA library and characterized their binding affinities. Finally, we showed that qYY2H could also quantitatively evaluate binding interactions mediated by post-translational modifications on the bait protein. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

The cover for issue 27 of Oncotarget features Figure 4, "(A) Bimodal imaging examples of control and treated tumors (red) before and after the treatment period," by Browning, et al. and reported that the authors developed a 3-dimensional bioprinted skin model of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) tumors together with a microscopy assay to test chemotherapeutic effects in tissue. Fluorescence-derived imaging biomarkers indicated that 50% of cancer cells were killed in the tissue after 1μM 5-Fluorouracil 48-hour treatment, compared to a baseline of 12% for untreated controls. The imaging biomarkers also showed that normal keratinocytes were less affected by treatment than the untreated tissue, which had no significant killing effect. Data showed that 5-Fluorouracil selectively killed cSCC cells more than keratinocytes. The authors' 3DBPS assay platform provides the cellular-level measurement of cell viability and can be adapted to achieve non-destructive high-throughput screening in bio-fabricated tissues. Dr. Daniel S. Gareau from The Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology at The Rockefeller University, New York said, "Global incidence of cSCC is 2.2 million people and accounts for most of the ~10,000 annual non-melanoma skin cancer deaths in the United States." Drug discovery for small molecule therapies to treat locally advanced/inoperable or metastatic cSCC and other cancers can be accelerated using patient-specific, physiologically relevant models amenable to high-throughput screening. Models should mimic the tumor microenvironment, given its influence on tumor progression and metastasis, and should reproduce in vivo tumor cell physiochemical signaling and mechanical cues from the surrounding tissue extracellular matrix. Animal models may not be readily translatable to human cancer treatment, and three-dimensional tissue culture models offer a viable alternative for pre-clinical screening of small molecule therapeutics. 3D models using human-derived cell lines offer increased complexity and physiological fidelity compared with two-dimensional monocultures and have been developed for several cancer models, including melanoma, pancreatic cancer, and cervical cancer. In the disease model presented here, A431 cSCC spheroids were introduced into the tissue, and histopathology and cDNA microarray analysis was used to confirm the biological fidelity of the cancer model. The authors' objective was to quantify the therapeutic efficacy of a standard of care treatment for a cSCC skin tissue model that recapitulates the microenvironment in which this cancer grows. The Gareau Research Team concluded in their Oncotarget Research Paper that the model described provides a higher degree of clinical relevance because it enables the testing of chemotherapeutics against tumor cell growth in a tissue-specific context, thus capturing any potential interactions between the tumor and its microenvironment. They envision that this model could be adopted in a “bedside” manner and applied to cells from cSCC patient tumor biopsies. DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.27570 Full text - https://www.oncotarget.com/article/27570/text/ Correspondence to - Daniel S. Gareau - dgareau@rockefeller.edu. Keywords - squamous cell carcinoma, screening, 3D printing, in vitro model, confocal microscopy About Oncotarget To learn more about Oncotarget, please visit https://www.oncotarget.com or connect with: SoundCloud - https://soundcloud.com/oncotarget Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/Oncotarget/ Twitter - https://twitter.com/oncotarget LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/company/oncotarget Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/oncotarget/ Reddit - https://www.reddit.com/user/Oncotarget/ Oncotarget is published by Impact Journals, LLC please visit http://www.ImpactJournals.com or connect with @ImpactJrnls Media Contact MEDIA@IMPACTJOURNALS.COM 18009220957x105

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.12.149062v1?rss=1 Authors: da Rocha, J. F., Bastos, L., Domingues, S. C., Bento, A. R., Konietzko, U., da Cruz e Silva, O. A. B., Vieira, S. I. Abstract: The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane glycoprotein central to Alzheimer's disease (AD) with functions in brain development and plasticity, including in neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) are well described neurotrophic and neuromodulator EGFR ligands, both implicated in neurological disorders like Schizophrenia and AD. Here we show that APP interacts with these two EGFR ligands and characterize the effects of APP-EGF interaction in ERK activation and neuritogenesis. HB-EGF was identified as a novel APP interactor in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human brain cDNA library. Yeast co-transformation and co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed APP interaction with HB-EGF. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation also revealed that APP binds to cellular pro-EGF. Overexpression of HB-EGF in HeLa cells, or exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to EGF, both resulted in increased APP protein levels. EGF and APP were also observed to synergistically activate the ERK signaling pathway, crucial for early neuronal differentiation. Immunofluorescence analysis of cellular neuritogenesis in conditions of APP overexpression and EGF exposure, confirmed a synergistic effect in promoting the number and the mean length of neurite-like processes per cell. Synergistic ERK activation and neuritogenic effects were completely blocked by the EGFR inhibitor PD 168393, implying EGF-induced activation of EGFR as part of the mechanism. This work shows novel APP protein interactors and provides a major insight into the APP-driven mechanisms underlying neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation, with potential relevance for AD and for adult neuroregeneration. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Nvidia Ampere info is out, but there is a lot more to discuss – including GA100 clarifications. Additionally, there are just so many leaks: CDNA 2, RDNA 3, Zen 3+, Zen 4, and Intel 10 everything! [TIMESTAMPS BELOW SPONSOR INFO: https://www.cdkoffers.com] 25% Windows Code discount: brokensilicon 3% off all software: dieshrink Win10 pro oem key 13$: https://bit.ly/2Wdfghh Win10 Home oem key 10$: https://bit.ly/3dsbSFi Office 2016 key 27$: https://bit.ly/2Wb3sMx Office 2019 key 44$: https://bit.ly/2WdfBAz Win10 pro oem+Office 2016 35$: https://bit.ly/3bkJeVb 1) 7:06 A word on all of the recent leaks. 2) 13:58 Start of Ampere Discussion 3) 24:01 MORE INFO on Clockspeeds, DLSS 3.0, & RTX 3090 4) 29:15 GA100 & GA101 Titan Clarifications 5) 35:17 Samsung 8nm, TSMC 7nm, Performance Crown 6) 42:28 The Future of HBM & 8K Gaming…or not? 7) 54:51 Intel Meteor Lake, Alder Lake, 5nm Xe, Comet Lake 8) 1:11:33 R3 3100 & 3300X 9) 1:15:15 AMD AM4 Support – Is longevity obligated? 10) 1:26:40 XBOX Series X Reveal, and Console Release Dates 11) 1:39:58 Reader Mail & Corrections https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJU4RFs3Dp8&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ups8FrRFNR0&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKJ9amSDIE0&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7dtqdbJQW8&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KOfURU1kjc&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3ToDA4Gvzs&feature=youtu.be https://hothardware.com/news/nvidia-geforce-rtx-3080-ti-ampere-specs-leak https://www.tweaktown.com/news/72449/geforce-rtx-3080-ti-is-up-to-50-faster-than-2080-in-4k-gaming/index.html https://www.techpowerup.com/266331/intels-first-7nm-client-microarchitecture-is-meteor-lake https://twitter.com/KOMACHI_ENSAKA/status/1255031365289906176 https://twitter.com/chiakokhua/status/1257250381949571072 https://wccftech.com/intel-xe-hpc-7nm-gpu-xeon-sapphire-rapids-cpu-powered-aurora-supercomputer-detailed/ https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/sapphire_rapids https://wccftech.com/tsmc-5nm-products-leaked-amd-zen-4-cpus-rdna3-gpus-nvidia-hopper-and-potentially-an-intel-xe-gpu/ https://videocardz.com/newz/exclusive-intel-10th-gen-core-comet-lake-s-final-specs-and-pricing-leaked https://coreteks.tech/articles/index.php/2020/05/07/ryzen-3-3100-3300x-review/ https://www.techpowerup.com/266710/amd-b550-chipset-detailed-its-ready-for-zen-3-older-am4-motherboards-not-compatible https://community.amd.com/community/gaming/blog/2020/05/07/the-exciting-future-of-amd-socket-am4 https://twitter.com/chiakokhua/status/1256986793875927040 https://www.tomshardware.com/news/amd-ramps-up-cpu-production-for-playstation-5-and-xbox-series-x https://twitter.com/rockmanX103/status/1258791305829847043 https://www.techspot.com/news/85201-playstation-5-distribution-position-lists-october-2020-release.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_obMmLXlP4

Steve and Caleb are back from Summer Break! The guys catch up on how they have been spending their summer. Steve has been busy working on his Jeep all summer. Steve talks about how much he loves working on cars as a hobby. The guys talk about how fun it would be to have an old project car to work on. They also fill us in on how they have been spending their time in the lab. Caleb has been working on figuring out third gen sequencing, which neither Steve nor anyone else has heard of. Caleb warns about the troubles of being on the cutting edge of science. Steve talks about how he has been working on doing qPCR for his project. The guys give a quick lesson on RNA and cDNA and why you would want to perform qPCR and they talk about some of the troubles of working with RNA. They also explain why funding random science is so important and how you never know what a project will lead to. Caleb explains the story of how Taq polymerase was discovered. Finally, it is unfortunate that the guys have to end on talking about the problem of gun violence. There was recently a shooting in the Oregon District in Dayton, Ohio, both Steve and Caleb's home town. The guys discuss how they feel about it and what a complicated problem it is. They also give a couple of suggestions of what small things you could do to possibly indirectly help with this issue.WebsiteInstagramFacebook

DNA microscopy法という分子や細胞の位置を、分子間の近接情報のみから再構成することができる新しい方法論について、原著論文とその周辺技術を中心に詳しく話しました。Show notes DNA Microscopy: Optics-free Spatio-genetic Imaging by a Stand-Alone Chemical Reaction…bioRixv (Open Acess) 論文のPDFが入手できます。 DNA Microscopy論文のFigure 1…PodcastではほぼFigure1の説明に終始しているので、これを見ながら…だと理解の助けになるのかもしれない… DNA Microscopy: Optics-free Spatio-genetic Imaging by a Stand-Alone Chemical Reaction…Cell Press. Joshua Weinsteinのセミナー動画 (YouTube)…1st author Joshua Weinsteinが論文には書かれていない背景なども含めてDNA microscopyについてBroad研で発表した動画。 dnamic (GitHub)…DNA microscopyのデータ解析に使われたpythonのコード In-gel PCR…Four-arm PEG acrylateとHS-PEG-SHというポリエチレングリコール (PEG)をPCR反応液に追加することにより、高温下でも分子の拡散を抑えることができる。この液体の中で、Overlap extension PCRが起き、それぞれのUMIは新しいタグを持ちながら増幅され、近接する2つのUMIを持つ分子同士はUEIを受け取りつつ連結される。 Overlapping extension PCR Virtual microfluidics for digital quantification and single-cell sequencing. Nature Methods 2016…In-gel PCRの元論文。 In situ cDNA synthesis…固定した細胞に対しても逆転写酵素とプライマーなどを用いてcDNA合成を行うことができる。これを利用することで、細胞内でRNA分子の配列をその場でシーケンシングすることがIn situ RNA sequencing (FISSEQ法)で可能になった。 Fluorescent In Situ Sequencing (FISSEQ) Illumina sequencing…一塩基ごとに蛍光標識されたdyeを用いた伸長反応により大量のDNA配列を決定する。こちらのYoutubeの動画が原理を知るにはわかりやすい。 A Theory of Network Localization A remark on global positioning from local distances… Locally rigid embeddingのオリジナル論文。 ブラウン運動…何故、あるUMIを持つDNAが溶液中を移動して、異なるUMIを持つDNAと出会い、Overlap extension PCRを介して、新たなUEIを形成することができるのか。DNA microsocpyで明らかにしようとしている空間サイズでは、PCRに用いられるような高温にしてしまうと、一瞬でDNA群は均一に混じり合ってしまうことが予想されるが、粘度が高いゲル中でPCR反応を行うことにより、DNA分子の拡散を抑えることができる。これにより、UMI diffusion cloudsが形成される。 距離空間 (Wikipedia) 正規分布 (Wikipedia) Comprehensive mapping of long-range interactions reveals folding principles of the human genome. Lieberman-Aiden et al. Science, 2009…Hi-C法のオリジナル論文。この論文を起点として、核内における染色体高次構造、クロマチン構造解析が爆発的に進むようになった。この方法も光学系ではなく、シーケンシングによってクロマチン構造を明らかにしようというコンセプトからなる。DNA配列同士の”Contact Probability”を中心にしている。 光学顕微鏡の解像度の限界:回折限界…蛍光顕微鏡を用いる際の回折限界は、波長の大きさとレンズの開口数によって計算することができる。 超解像顕微鏡法…2014年に超解像顕微鏡法がノーベル賞を受賞したときに書かれた阪大永井先生の総説。超解像顕微鏡法とは回折限界以下で行うことができる蛍光イメージングのことを指す。PALM, STORM, STED, SIMなど様々な方法が現在用いられている。 ハウスキーピング遺伝子…どの細胞においても定常的に多量発現している遺伝子のこと。GAPDH（glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)、β-アクチンなどが含まれる。DNA microscopy法でもbeaconとしてACTBやGAPDHが用いられた。 V(D)J recombination (Wikipedia)…B細胞やT細胞ではランダムな遺伝子群の組み換え反応 (recombination)により、ウィルスやがん細胞など多様な抗原に作用する抗体が作り出される。 smFISH…蛍光標識した蛍光プローブを用いることで一分子のRNAの位置を調べることができる。 MS2 tagging (Wikipedia)…MS2 RNAとそれに結合するMCPタンパク質を組み合わせることで生細胞で特定のRNAを可視化することができる。 CLARITY (Wikipedia)…厚みのある組織の透明化技術の一つ。 DNA Microscopyのsohによるメモ Editorial notes Cell誌のTheoryセクションということもあり、日本ではほとんど報道もなく紹介記事も見当たらない中、このDNA microscopyという画期的なコンセプトが伝わればいいと思いますが果たして…(soh) カンゼンニリカイシタ (coela) トリッキーな内容と論文の文体から、とてもスマートに感じるDNA microscopyであるが、内容を理解していくにつれて、案外膨大な試行の先にたどり着いた泥臭い方法論なのではないかと思うようになった。枯れたテクノロジーをできるだけ使いたい保守派研究者としては、DNA microscopyに対して思うことはたくさんある。しかし、そのモヤモヤは一度横に置き、自分の研究にどのように応用できるか、そしてこれからのどのように発展するか、その行き先を見つめていきたい (tadasu)

Arvind joined Five Prime Therapeutics in 2009 and currently serves as Senior Vice President, Strategic Technology Operations. He is responsible for Systems Engineering (Robotic Automation & Automated Data Integration), Information Technology, Process Development, Manufacturing, and Supply Chain functions. Technology innovations at Five Prime include our robotics platform to produce, starting from our cDNA library, almost all of the proteins in the human extracellular proteome (about 6000 proteins) and robotic processes to agnostically screen the proteins in different disease models to discover novel biological functions leading to the first-in-class therapeutics.Five Prime has also built an innovative data integration platform that, using a unique database architecture, can automate data integration across all R&D functions from clone to clinic (from early-stage discovery, through process development, manufacturing, and clinical trials). Arvind holds an M.B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering and Nanotechnology from the University of Washington, Seattle.

Try Stock Alert for Just $1 https://learn.sharpertrades.com/p/basic-stock-alert-trading-signal?coupon_code=BASIC1YTB PRIME Alert Signal - 30-Day Free Trial https://learn.sharpertrades.com/p/stock-alert-trading-signal/?product_id=351493&coupon_code=YT12302100 Today we take a look at the technicals for some of today's trades (ADAP, ALSN, ARWR, CDNA, CLDR, GERN, HABT, IDRA, INSG, PSTG, UVXY) Watch this video to get the technical insights. Good trading! If you wish to receive regular updates, signup to our blog. www.sharpertrades.com #Trading #DayTrading #SwingTrading Trading Risk Disclaimer All the information shared in this course is provided for educational purposes only. Any trades placed upon reliance of SharperTrades.com are taken at your own risk for your own account. Past performance is no guarantee. While there is great potential for reward trading stocks, commodities, options and forex, there is also substantial risk of loss. All trading operations involve high risks of losing your entire investment. You must therefore decide your own suitability to trade. Trading results can never be guaranteed. This is not an offer to buy or sell stock, forex, futures, options, commodity interests or any other trading security.

Try Stock Alert for Just $1 https://learn.sharpertrades.com/p/basic-stock-alert-trading-signal?coupon_code=BASIC1YTB PRIME Alert Signal - Just $19 for the 1st mo (30-day money back guarantee) https://learn.sharpertrades.com/p/stock-alert-trading-signal/?product_id=351493&coupon_code=YT1912302111 Today we take a look at the technicals for some of today's trades (BILI, CARA, CDNA, CRON, ERII, HDP, ICHR...) Watch this video to get the technical insights. Good trading! If you wish to receive regular updates, signup to our blog. www.sharpertrades.com #Trading #DayTrading #SwingTrading Trading Risk Disclaimer All the information shared in this course is provided for educational purposes only. Any trades placed upon reliance of SharperTrades.com are taken at your own risk for your own account. Past performance is no guarantee. While there is great potential for reward trading stocks, commodities, options and forex, there is also substantial risk of loss. All trading operations involve high risks of losing your entire investment. You must therefore decide your own suitability to trade. Trading results can never be guaranteed. This is not an offer to buy or sell stock, forex, futures, options, commodity interests or any other trading security.

Try Stock Alert for Just $1 https://learn.sharpertrades.com/p/basic-stock-alert-trading-signal?coupon_code=BASIC1YTB Today we take a look at the technicals for our 20+ top trending stocks of the week: ANGI, AMD, CDNA, CRON, GLUU, JG, NVTA, PLAB, SSTI, ZEN and more. Watch this video to get the technical insights. Good trading! Sign up to our blog to receive trade ideas and market updates. www.sharpertrades.com/blog #Trading #DayTrading #SwingTrading Trading Risk Disclaimer All the information shared in this course is provided for educational purposes only. Any trades placed upon reliance of SharperTrades.com are taken at your own risk for your own account. Past performance is no guarantee. While there is great potential for reward trading stocks, commodities, options and forex, there is also substantial risk of loss. All trading operations involve high risks of losing your entire investment. You must therefore decide your own suitability to trade. Trading results can never be guaranteed. This is not an offer to buy or sell stock, forex, futures, options, commodity interests or any other trading security.

At Tufts University Dental School in Boston, Vincent speaks with Katya Heldwein and Sean Whelan about their careers and their work on herpesvirus structure and replication of vesicular stomatitis virus. Host: Vincent Racaniello Guests: Katya Heldwein and Sean Whelan Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Crystal structure of HSV gB (Science) Crystal structure of HSV fusion regulator gH-gL (Nat Struct Mol Biol) Nuclear Exodus: Herpesviruses Lead the Way (Ann Rev Virol) VSV Pseudotypes Bearing gB, gD, gH, and gL (J Virol) Recovery of infectious VSV from cDNA clones (PNAS) Structure of the L Protein of VSV (Cell) Unique strategy for mRNA cap methylation by VSV (PNAS) Molecular architecture of VSV RNA polymerase (PNAS) This episode is brought to you by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Part of the U.S. Department of Defense, the Agency’s Chemical and Biological Technologies Department hosts the 2017 Chemical and Biological Defense Science & Technology Conference to exchange information on the latest and most dynamic developments for countering chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction. Find out more at http://www.cbdstconference.com Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees. Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

A teaching assistant explains how to construct genomic libraries and cDNA libraries.

Professor Lander uses the human beta globin gene as an example to discuss methods of cloning a human gene in bacterials cells.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The Twivsters discuss how reverse transcriptase encoded in the human genome might produce DNA copies of RNA viruses in infected cells. Links for this episode Should variola virus be destroyed? (poll at virology blog) DNA complementary to non-retroviral RNA viruses (Sci Rep) Integration of arenavirus DNA into cell genome (virology blog) Infectious respiratory syncytial DNA (PNAS) Tysabri and PML JC and PML (J Imm Res) Igor Koralnik laboratory Jean-Luc Doumont (Kathy's pick, TWiV 268) Bullet points kill (TED) Letters read on TWiV 288 Weekly Science Picks Rich - LuvalampsAlan - ExperimentVincent - American Society for Virology on FacebookKathy - LEGO female scientistsDickson - The Oldest Living Things in the World by Rachel Sussman Listener Pick of the Week Basel - A Treatise on the small-pox and measles by Abu-Bakr Al-Razi Send your virology questions and comments (email or mp3 file) to twiv@twiv.tv

Numerous high-throughput sequencing studies have focused on detecting conventionally spliced mRNAs in RNA-seq data. However, non-standard RNAs arising through gene fusion, circularization or trans-splicing are often neglected. We introduce a novel, unbiased algorithm to detect splice junctions from single-end cDNA sequences. In contrast to other methods, our approach accommodates multi-junction structures. Our method compares favorably with competing tools for conventionally spliced mRNAs and, with a gain of up to 40% of recall, systematically outperforms them on reads with multiple splits, trans-splicing and circular products.

In contrast to other Classical Transient Receptor Potential TRPC channels the function of TRPC1 as an ion channel is a matter of debate, because it is often difficult to obtain substantial functional signals over background in response to over-expression of TRPC1 alone. Along these lines, heterologously expressed TRPC1 is poorly translocated to the plasma membrane as a homotetramer and may not function on its own physiologically, but may rather be an important linker and regulator protein in heteromeric TRPC channel tetramers. However, due to the lack of specific TRPC1 antibodies able to detect native TRPC1 channels in primary cells, identification of functional TRPC1 containing heteromeric TRPC channel complexes in the plasma membrane is still challenging. Moreover, an extended TRPC1 cDNA, which was recently discovered, may seriously question results obtained in heterologous expression systems transfected with shortened cDNA versions. Therefore, this review will focus on the current status of research on TRPC1 function obtained in primary cells and a TRPC1-deficient mouse model.

Neuroendocrine tumors are a heterogeneous group of malignancies with an increasing prevalence. Since there is not much progress in therapy, model systems are urgently needed. We have a CEA424-SV40 TAg transgenic mouse model which develops spontaneous tumors in the antral region of the stomach. In addition, several cell lines derived from the tumor were established. Gene expression analysis of the tumor tissue as well as cell lines revealed neuroendocrine markers. Therefore we further characterized this model with special emphasis on the cells of origin and used it for testing new targeted treatment protocols. To analyze CEA424-SV40 TAg mouse model in more detail, tumor tissue as well as the cell lines derived from the primary tumor were investigated by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blot, and ELISA. Antibodies used were directed at SV40 TAg, Ki-67, chromogranin A, chromogranin B, secretin, H+-K+-ATPase, glucagon, and transcription factors NeuroD1 and Nkx2.2. Plasma hormone levels of serotonin and secretin were measured by ELISA. Immunostainings of SV40 TAg and Ki-67 revealed highly proliferative tumors cells. The tumors stained intensively for the neuroendocrine markers chromogranin A, chromogranin B, secretin and glucagon. The tumor tissue as well as the cell lines expressed transcription factors NeuroD and Nkx2.2, which are involved in the differentiation of the neuroendocrine lineage. Hormone levels of serotonin and secretin in the plasma of the transgenic mice were dramatically elevated when compared with normal littermates, thus supporting the neuroendocrine phenotype. As the neuroendocrine phenotype of CEA424-SV40 TAg transgenic mouse was confirmed, molecularly targeted therapies were tested in this model system both in vitro and in vivo. Cell lines were tested for drug sensitivity with mTOR inhibitors (RAD001, NVP-BEZ235), paclitaxel, E2F inhibitor, HSP90 inhibitor, and p53 stabilizer Nutlin-3a. All the drugs tested in vitro could efficiently inhibit cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner. From these drugs the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 was chosen for the in vivo experiment. Daily feeding of 10 mg/kg RAD001 inhibited the tumor development and prolonged the survival time of the CEA424-SV40 TAg transgenic mice dramatically. The effects of the RAD001 treatment on tumor cells were achieved mainly through inactivating mTOR-p70S6K and mTOR-4EBP1 signaling as proven by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Still, some cells must develop escape mechanisms, since the tumor tend to grow. To gain a better understanding of the T antigen transforming mechanisms as well as the possible escape mechanisms, some efforts were made on the tumor originating cells in the CEA424-SV40 Tag transgenic mouse model. Possible candidates for these tumor originating cells in the stomach are the newly described epithelial as well as mesenchymal stem cells. In a first attempt, the expression feature of epithelial and mesenchymal stem cell markers were analyzed. Established cell lines as well as tumor tissue from the tumor bearing mice were investigated by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blot, and microarray analysis. From several markers analyzed, the tumor cell lines showed a high expression level of the potential epithelial stem cell marker Bmi1 in RT-PCR and cDNA expression array. This could be further substantiated by western-blotting and immunostaining. Consequently, Bmi1 message could also be found in the growing tumors both in mRNA and protein levels. Experiments using siRNA to knock down the SV40-TAg expression showed that the Bmi1 expression went down in the cell lines thus showing the interrelationship. On the other hand, the mesenchymal stem cell marker Etv1 was also found to be expressed in the tumor tissue and cell lines derived from the tumor. More interestingly, Etv1 expression level was up-regulated over the time course of the tumor development. From these, an Etv1 positive mesenchymal cell could be a possible candidate for transformation. Since the CEA-promoter used for the generation of the T-antigen transgenic animals contains Etv1 binding sites, it is tempting to speculate, that this may drive the transcription of the T antigen. In conclusion, our data provide convincing evidence that CEA424-SV40 TAg mice are a clinically relevant model for neuroendocrine tumor. Testing of molecularly targeted therapies both in vitro and in vivo offered promising candidates for further clinical evaluation. Thus, this new model system could be of great value not only for studies on the mechanisms of how SV40 TAg induces neuroendocrine tumors but also for exploring novel targeted therapy in a preclinical setting.

Background: Common cell based strategies for the treatment of osseous defects require the isolation and expansion of autologous cells. Since this makes such approaches time-consuming and expensive, we developed a novel expedited technology creating gene activated muscle grafts. We have previously shown that large segmental bone defects in rats can be regenerated by implantation of muscle tissue fragments activated by BMP-2 gene transfer. Results: In the present study, we compared the bone healing capacities of such gene activated muscle grafts with bone isografts, mimicking autologous bone grafting, the clinical gold standard for treatment of bone defects in patients. Two of 14 male, syngeneic Fischer 344 rats used for this experiment served as donors for muscle and bone. Muscle tissue was harvested from both hind limbs and incubated with an adenoviral vector carrying the cDNA encoding BMP-2. Bone was harvested from the iliac crest and long bone epiphyses. Bone defects (5 mm) were created in the right femora of 12 rats and were filled with either BMP-2 activated muscle tissue or bone grafts. After eight weeks, femora were evaluated by radiographs, micro-computed tomography (mu CT), and biomechanical testing. In the group receiving BMP-2 activated muscle grafts as well as in the bone-grafting group, 100% of the bone defects were healed, as documented by radiographs and mu CT-imaging. Bone volume was similar in both groups and biomechanical stability of the two groups was statistically indistinguishable. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that treatment of large bone defects by implantation of BMP-2 gene activated muscle tissue leads to similar bone volume and stability as bone isografts, mimicking autologous bone grafting.

The processing of APP occurs in two alternative ways: upon release of the ectodomain by α-secretase, the neuroprotective APPsα-fragment is produced. But if APP is cleaved by the β-secretase the Aβ-peptide can be produced. To be able to influence the production of Aβ-peptides, it is essential to understand how it is decided if cleavage occurs by α- or β-secretase. At present little is known about the control of the alternate processing. Until now, the molecular mechanisms and especially the responsible cellular modulators are not understood in detail or not yet identified. To get a better understanding of cellular regulatory processes and to identify novel cellular modulators of APP ectodomain shedding, the present work chose two approaches: on the one hand cellular mechanisms of TMEM59-mediated inhibition ectodomain shedding of APP were investigated. On the other hand a genome-wide RNAi screening in Drosophila cells was performed in order to identify novel cellular modulators of APP ectodomain shedding in human cells. TMEM59 was identified as a novel modulator of APP ectodomain shedding in a cDNA expression screening in the lab (Neumann et al., 2006; Schobel et al., 2008; Schobel et al., 2006). TMEM59 is a Golgi protein that inhibits on the one hand processing and maturation of APP and on the other hand Golgi glycosylation reactions (Fischer, 2008). My own work could verify these effects of TMEM59 and its homolog TMEM59L on processing and maturation of APP. In particular, it was shown that these effects are not only true for transiently expressed APP but also for endogenous levels of APP. In detailed immunofluorescence studies it was shown that TMEM59 colocalizes with different markers of the Golgi subcompartments and that therefore TMEM59 is present throughout the whole Golgi apparatus. This finding points to a more general modulation of Golgi glycosylation reactions by TMEM59. To test if TMEM59-dependet modulation of Golgi glycosylation reactions also affects APP secretases ADAM10 and BACE1, which are also glycosylated proteins, the activities of these proteases were investigated. It was shown that proteolytic activities were not changed, ruling out that impairment of secretase activities by TMEM59 could cause the observed inhibition of APP processing. But interestingly, studies of intracellular APP transport could show that TMEM59 caused retention of APP in the Golgi apparatus and blockage of transport towards the cell surface and into endosomal compartments. Since APP is cleaved by α-secretase at the plasma membrane and by β-secretase in endosomes it is likely that a TMEM59-dependent APP transport block causes the observed inhibition of APP ectodomain shedding. For further validation of TMEM59 and its homolog TMEM59L as modulators of APP ectodomain shedding, a double knockdown study was performed. In this approach effects on APP ectodomain shedding could also be established, affirming TMEM59 and its homolog TMEM59L as modulators of APP ectodomain shedding with novel cellular mechanisms. In order to identify novel cellular modulators of APP ectodomain shedding a genome wide RNAi screening in Drosophila cells was performed and candidate genes were investigated in human cells in present work. Initially a suitable Drosophila reporter cell line expressing a reporter construct of APP ectodomain shedding (HRP-APP) was established. Other constructs were used to monitor general secretion (GLuc) and transfection efficiency (FLuc). Using Kuzbanian, the α-secretase in Drosophila (Sapir et al., 2005), as a positive control guaranteed that transfection of cDNAs into Drosophila cells did not interfere with uptake of dsRNAs or efficiency of RNAi and that the reporter construct HRP-APP is normally produced and processed in reporter cells. After successful establishment of the reporter cell line the genome wide RNAi was performed in two steps: a primary screening revealed approx. 300 candidate genes out of which 43 could be confirmed in a secondary screening to be modulators of APP ectodomain shedding. The RNAi screening was verified by the several-fold appearance of Kuzbanian among the top modulators. For further investigation of the top candidates human ortholog genes were identified. The 30 human candidate genes were investigated in RNAi studies in human SH-SY5Y cells. In these cells, APP is processed by α-secretase ADAM10 as well as by β-secretase BACE1. Therefore effects on both shedding products (APPsα and APPsβ) were investigated upon depletion of candidate genes using siRNAs. It is known that siRNAs produce a high rate of off target effects, to this end a robust validation strategy was developed. Candidate genes were first depleted with two different siRNA pools and their effects on APP shedding were compared. Afterwards the remaining 12 candidate genes were depleted using single siRNA sequences and the effects were compared to those of the siRNA pool. Only when a reproduction of effects was obtained in a next step correlation of knockdown and phenotype were assessed. Using these steps of validation 5 candidate genes could be verified as modulators of APP shedding in human cells: next to genes coding for a histone protein (HIST1H4C), a ribosomal protein (RPL36AL), a protein of the minor spliceosom (ZMAT5), an unknown gene (METTL16) and the gene VPS24 („vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 24“), coding for a protein of intracellular protein transport, were identified. VPS24 was chosen for further validation by a pathway analysis. VPS24 belongs to the ESCRT machinery („endosomal sorting complex required for transport“) and therefore participates in endosomal-lysosomal protein transport. In further RNAi studies other members of the ESCRT machinery were depleted in human cells and effects on APP shedding were compared to VPS24 depletion. For most of the ESCRT members a consistent reduction in APPsβ production could be observed. To engross these results VPS24 was depleted by using an alternative RNAi system. With this stable knockdown approach, the knockdown phenotype could be confirmed. This stepwise validation strategy for candidate genes of the initial Drosophila RNAi screening verified VPS24 as a modulator of APP ectodomain shedding in human cells.

Background: The National Institutes of Health classified Hepatitis E as an emerging disease since Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is the major cause of acute hepatitis in developing countries. Interestingly, an increasing number of sporadic cases of HEV infections are described in industrialized countries as zoonosis from domestic livestock. Despite the increasing relevance of this pathogen in clinical virology, commercial antibody assays are mainly based on fragments of HEV open reading frame (ORF) 2 and ORF3. The largest ORF1 (poly)protein, however, is not part of current testing formats. Methods: From a synthesized full length HEV genotype 1 cDNA-bank we constructed a complete HEV gene library consisting of 15 respective HEV ORF domains. After bacterial expression and purification of nine recombinant HEV proteins under denaturating conditions serum profiling experiments using 55 sera from patients with known infection status were performed in microarray format. SPSS software assessed the antigenic potential of these nine ORF domains in comparison to seven commercial HEV antigens (genotype 1 and 3) by performing receiver operator characteristics, logistic regression and correlation analysis. Results: HEV antigens produced with our method for serum profiling experiments exhibit the same quality and characteristics as commercial antigens. Serum profiling experiments detected Y, V and X domains as ORF1-antigens with potentially comparable diagnostic significance as the well established epitopes of ORF2 and ORF3. However no obvious additional increase in sensitivity or specificity was achieved in diagnostic testing as revealed by bioinformatic analysis. Additionally we found that the C-terminal domain of the potential transmembrane protein ORF3 is responsible for IgG and IgM seroreactivity. Data suggest that there might be a genotype specific seroreactivity of homologous ORF2-antigens. Conclusions: The diagnostic value of identified ORF1 epitopes might not necessarily improve sensitivity and specificity, but broaden the overall quality of existing test systems. ORF2 and ORF3-antigens are still commonly used in diagnostic assays and possibly hold the potential to serologically differentiate between genotype 1 and 3 infections. Our systematic approach is a suitable method to investigate HEV domains for their serologic antigenicity. Epitope screening of native viral domains could be a preferable tool in developing new serologic test components.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was first observed in the Chinese province Guangdong in November 2002. The disease quickly spread around the globe via air travelling and caused a worldwide epidemic. Several research institutions together with the World Health Organisation (WHO) identified the SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) as the causative agent of this disease. During the epidemic, about 8,000 people were infected with a mortality of approximately 10%. Although no new infections have been observed since the summer of 2003, a recurrence of the pathogen cannot be excluded. Up to now, no specific therapy against the virus have been available. Viruses contain a very compact genome, which does not encode all proteins necessary for independant replication. Thus, viruses necessarily depend on host proteins and have to interact directly with them. The analysis of protein-protein interactions between SARS-CoV and human host cells contributes to a better understanding of the viral replication and pathogenicity. Prior to this work, an automated, genome-wide yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H) screen between all 28 proteins of SARS-CoV and the gene products of three human cDNA libraries had been performed, and approximately 460, mostly new protein-protein interactions had been identified. The aim of this work was to confirm newly identified virus-host SARS-CoV protein interactions and to functionally analyse them to identify new targets for antiviral therapy. 89 newly identified protein-protein interactions were examined via a modified LUMIER binding-assay to confirm individual interactions. 37 out of 89 protein interactions were found to be positive, resulting in a confirmation rate of 42%. In subsequent functional analyses of protein-protein interactions between the SARS-CoV non-structural protein 1 (Nsp1) and proteins of the immunophilin family, two different functional consequences were observed. First, it could be shown that SARS-CoV Nsp1 boosts the expression of genes regulated via the calcineurin/NFAT-signalling cascade. The increased expression of NFAT-regulated genes in SARS-CoV infection may cause the cytokine dysregulation described in SARS patients which leads to severe lung tissue destructions and which correlates with high mortality. The considerably less harmful human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 and mouse coronavirus (MHV) did not boost the expression of NFAT-regulated genes. It was thus hypothesized that the therapy of the cytokine dysregulation with the immunosuppressive drug Cyclosporine A (CspA) might improve the course of the disease. In addition, it could be shown for the first time that the replication of the SARS-CoV can be inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug CspA. Subsequent experiments showed a similar inhibition of the viral replication of the less harmful human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E mediated by CspA. In cooperation with several groups of the ”SARS-Zoonose- Verbund”, further inhibition experiments were performed with animal coronaviruses like FCoV, IBV Bd and TGEV PUR46, which showed a similar antiviral effect of CspA. The two cellular proteins Cyclophilin A and FK506 binding-protein 1A were shown to be essential for viral replication of HCoV-NL63. The findings of this work may contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between SARS-CoV and infected host cells and their innate immune response. The application of the general coronaviral inhibitor CspA identified in this study and of non-immunosuppressive CspA analogues like DEBIO-025 procures promising options for anti-coronaviral therapy.

Thu, 20 Oct 2011 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13574/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13574/1/Keinath_Susanne.pdf Keinath, Susanne ddc:610, ddc:600, Medizinische Fakultät

A positive family history, germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes, tumours with high microsatellite instability, and loss of mismatch repair protein expression are the hallmarks of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). However, in ~10-15% of cases of suspected Lynch syndrome, no disease-causing mechanism can be detected.