Podcasts about Synaptic

A mix of Beautiful sounds with Progressive, Organic and Melodic tones bringing your mind and body in ecstacy floating through atmospheric hights and tribal beats!!

What are we sleeping less and less? What are the benefits of getting a good nights sleep and the risks if we consistently don't? How is sleep linked to memory, cognitive performance, blood sugar regulation & stress hormones? How is young people's development affected by sleep?In this episode we have the surprising data on the science of sleep to get up to date on; so, why there's a sleep deprivation epidemic; how sleep works and what it's required for; dreams; and importance of sleep for learning and for immunity. We're also going to discuss the wide range of serious health issues that arise with even a small sleep deficit, and the vast benefits of getting sleep right; and the lifestyle tips we need to consistently get the sleep we need. And of course, sleep and mental health, and the importance of sleep for development in young people.Gratefully our guest today is a psychologist and neuroscientist that specialises in sleep, mental health and dream research, particularly in young people. She's the Scientific Director of Psychology at the University of St. Thomas, Minnesota, Roxanne Prichard! She's the author of over 40 highly citied scientific papers, and her TEDx talk “Addressing our Childrens Sleep Debt” was featured in the lecture series: Transforming Education. She's quoted regularly in the press, inlcuding the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Teen Vogue, and USA Today.What we discussed:00:00 Intro.05:00 The Sleep deprivation epidemic.07:15 Shaking off prejudice about resting being laziness. 08:31 Glymphatic system for toxin removal.10:00 Synaptic plasticity: Learning & unlearning.11:10 Learning & memory require sleep.14:00 The hippocampus processes memory during sleep.15:00 Late night cramming for exams blocks learning.15:50 Lack of sleep appears to the body as a threat out in the world.17:40 Blood sugar regulation is affected by sleep.18:00 “Sleep! Like diet and exercise only easier!”19:10 Immunity and sleep deprivation.21:00 Cancer & regularity of circadian rhythms.22:00 Evolution, daylight, circadian rhythms & learning.23:45 Sleep delay of morning stress hormones in teens. 26:15 Light Vs Deep ‘Slow Wave' Vs REM sleep.30:00 REM Sleep explained. 33:00 Dreams: The top theories.36:30 The electrical nature of sleep & brain waves.40:00 Alpha Waves and biofeedback for insomnia.42:00 Insomnia & the health risks of sleep deprivation.46:00 Sleep is within our control.47:15 The inflammation link with sleep.49:30 The mental health risks of sleep deprivation. 50:00 Catastrophising and attention deficit.50:45 College students mental health & sleep as a crucial marker.57:30 Persausive technology, screens & sleep.01:02:30 How much sleep do we need? 01:04:25 Avoid external stimulants & go to low light.01:06:00 Avoid internal stimulants like caffeine and alcohol. 01:07:40 Sleep and wake at regular times every day.01:08:40 Core temperature dropping signals sleep.01:10:00 Roxanne's campaign points.01:12:00 The shame around rest. References: Ya Chai at al, ‘Two nights of recovery sleep restores hippocampal connectivity but not episodic memory after total sleep deprivation' paper.https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-65086-xN.I.H. article, 'Sleep on it - How snoozing strengthens memories' (40% drop in learning after sleep deprivation)https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/04/sleep-itU. Chicago Medicine article, 'New study helps explain the link between sleep loss and diabetes'.Trisha Hershey, ‘the Nap' Bishop. - “Rest is Resistance” book.

UNETE AL DISCORD: https://discord.gg/6QueSttKdpTikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@saunadelhypeInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/elsaunadelhypeSpotiffy: https://open.spotify.com/show/3UtPLiXC6M9b9qBuH8CauM?si=yUl1_eYvSHyAH9cWz44jxATwitter (X): https://x.com/ElSaunadelHypeBLOG: https://digitaldictator.blogspot.com/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/elsaunadelhype/Colaboraciones: capitanhype666@gmail.com#deathmetal #synaptic #deathmetalmusic #metalmusic #melodicdeathmetal #obscura #technicaldeathmetal #podcast #reseñas

In this episode, we explore Oxytocin and Vasopressin's vast roles in Human Biology. We time travel to cover the evolution of the two molecules and learn about their functions with developing and socializing. Oxytocin and Vasopressin are dynamic molecules whereby they are Peptides and Hormones. In addition, we cover previously discussed brain regions and how the molecules work alongside key Neuromodulators like Serotonin and Dopamine.Social Reward https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6214365/Social Reward Requires Oxytocin and Serotonin in Nucleus Accumbens (Parvo Path) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4091761/Magnocellular and Parvocellular social Information Processing https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(20)30770-4?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0896627320307704%3Fshowall%3DtrueMagnocellular and Parvocellular https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jne.12284Meta-Analysis of Intranasal https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=intranasal+oxytocin+autism&sort=pubdate&filter=pubt.meta-analysishttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33400920/Intranasal Review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38579916/(0:00) Intro; Oxytocin and Vasopressin; Episode Objectives(2:46) Oxytocin and Vasopressin; 700 million year time travel (Phylogeny)(4:12) Peptides and Hormones; Modes of Transmission- Endocrine, Paracrine, Synaptic(6:35) Proteins and Peptides; Amino Acids and Aromatic Amino Acids and Light(8:58) Magnocellular and Parvocellular(12:33) Roles of Oxytocin and Vasopressin and connections to various Brain Regions(22:20) Scientific Literatures(27:12) Oxytocin and Serotonin; 1) Reward Processing, 2) Fear Response, 3) Social-Emotional Processing(30:07) Oxytocin and Dopamine(31:08) Dopamine Receptors(31:37) GABA(33:57) Intranasal Oxytocin(36:08) Take aways from Intranasal Literature(37:24) Biggest Take Away (Magnocellular versus Parvocellular and Intranasal Administration)email: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

Spacing like never before in a 90 minute set taking you through all phases of the atmosphere!! njoy partypeople!!

Already part twelve of the series and we are keeping it floating through space and time creating that special atmosphere keeping you in psychedelic mode!!

O que acontece quando os mecanismos cerebrais que nos ajudam a sobreviver são sequestrados por substâncias ou comportamentos?  Neste episódio, o psiquiatra Gustavo Jesus e Rui Maria Pêgo exploram a ciência das adicções, relevando o que acontece no cérebro quando o prazer se transforma em vício.Nesta conversa, explica-se o funcionamento do «circuito da recompensa» e de que forma a dopamina e o glutamato criam hábitos que se tornam compulsões. Da tolerância à abstinência, esclarecem-se os critérios que definem uma verdadeira dependência e exploram-se dados preocupantes sobre consumos contemporâneos.Pelo caminho, desmistifica-se a canábis – muitas vezes vista como inofensiva, mas cujas variedades de alta potência têm aumentado casos de psicose – e fala-se sobre a ameaça crescente das apostas online, que já levaram quase 300 mil portugueses a pedir autoexclusão de plataformas de jogo.Sem esquecer o tema dos psicadélicos ou o papel-chave da comunidade na recuperação, este é um episódio que nos mostra como, numa sociedade de consumo e de gratificação imediata, compreender a neurobiologia das adições nos pode ajudar a combater tanto o estigma, como a dependência.REFERÊNCIAS E LINKS ÚTEISKAUER, Julie A. & MALENKA, Robert C., «Synaptic plasticity and addiction» (2007, Nature Publishing Group)MYRAN, D. T. et al., «Changes in Incident Schizophrenia Diagnoses Associated With Cannabis Use Disorder After Cannabis Legalization» (2025, JAMA Network Open)FELTENSTEIN, M. W., SEE, R. E., FUCHS, R. A., «Neural Substrates and Circuits of Drug Addiction» (2021, Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine)CARAPINHA, Ludmila et al., «Comportamentos Aditivos aos 18 Anos: Inquérito aos Jovens Participantes no Dia da Defesa Nacional» (2022, Sicad)KELMENDI, B., KAYE, A. P., PITTENGER, C., KWAN, A. C., «Psychedelics» (2022, Current Biology)EMCDDA, «Understanding Europe's drug situation in 2024 – key developments» (2024, European Union Drugs Agency)CARAPINHA, Ludmila & LAVADO, «Emília, Consumo Problemático/Alto Risco» (2023, Sicad)BALSA, Casimiro et al., «V Inquérito Nacional ao Consumo de Substâncias Psicoativas na População Geral» (2022, Sicad)GRUPO ESPAD, «The European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs» (2019, ESPAD GROUP)TORRES, Anália et al., «Inquérito Nacional sobre Comportamentos Aditivos em Meio Prisional» (2014, Sicad)Aplicação «I Am Sober»BIOSRUI MARIA PÊGOTem 35 anos, 16 deles passados entre a rádio, o teatro e a televisão.Licenciado em História pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, e mestre em Fine Arts in Professional Acting pela Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.GUSTAVO JESUSMédico psiquiatra e trabalha há mais de 10 anos no PIN – Partners in Neuroscience. É atualmente diretor de Serviço no Hospital de Vila Franca de Xira, professor na Católica Medical School e membro da direção da SPPSM. Publicou artigos e trabalhos científicos, participou em livros técnicos e em muitas iniciativas de divulgação das neurociências clínicas, como forma de aumentar a informação e mitigar o estigma associado às doenças mentais.

Bringing the future of Melody and Atmosphere into the realm of sounds!!

Pinar Yoldas, Ph.D., an artist and professor at UC San Diego, uses her background in neuroscience and architecture to create thought-provoking art that blends biology, technology, and design. Her work imagines new possibilities for a more compassionate and sustainable future, from algae-based plastics to sculptures inspired by the human brain. By exploring how human desires drive technological innovation, Yoldas challenges us to consider how creativity can shape our world. Series: "Arts Channel " [Arts and Music] [Show ID: 39862]

Pinar Yoldas, Ph.D., an artist and professor at UC San Diego, uses her background in neuroscience and architecture to create thought-provoking art that blends biology, technology, and design. Her work imagines new possibilities for a more compassionate and sustainable future, from algae-based plastics to sculptures inspired by the human brain. By exploring how human desires drive technological innovation, Yoldas challenges us to consider how creativity can shape our world. Series: "Arts Channel " [Arts and Music] [Show ID: 39862]

Pinar Yoldas, Ph.D., an artist and professor at UC San Diego, uses her background in neuroscience and architecture to create thought-provoking art that blends biology, technology, and design. Her work imagines new possibilities for a more compassionate and sustainable future, from algae-based plastics to sculptures inspired by the human brain. By exploring how human desires drive technological innovation, Yoldas challenges us to consider how creativity can shape our world. Series: "Arts Channel " [Arts and Music] [Show ID: 39862]

Part 2 of the Synaptic podcast tohave you relaxed and all ready for the new year!! njoy the show party people!!

W 123 odcinku Ciężkie Majki zdradzają na początku plany dotyczące końcówki roku, a następnie przechodzą do omawiania następujących tematów: Problemów małżeńskich Tima Lambesisa z As I Lay Dying (do tego ważny apel), perspektywę nowej płyty od Machine Head, Sepulturę z orderem noża na brzegu zlewu i kolejne ogłoszenia Mystic Festival, wspomnienia Łysego Kerry'ego o graniu w Megadeth, szykującą się nową płytę Down i wściekanie się artystów na serwisy streamingowe.Wśród omawianych albumów są nowości od: Linkin Park, Pearl Jam, Devin Townsend i Chat Pile.Punktem głównym odcinka jest relacja z trzeciej edycji Synaptic Fest, która odbyła się na początku listopada we Wrocławiu.

Today on Double Tap, hosts Steven Scott and Shaun Preece chat about the challenges of smart home devices, and the issues Steven has had trying to connect smart devices on the move.Today's show is really all about you, as we dive into the inbox to hear listener emails discussing AI functionality in Meta Ray Bands, thoughts on the new Blindshell Classic 3, and the importance of community support in learning about new technology.Steven sets out his thoughts on the need for better education and resources for blind people who want to learn assistive and mainstream technology, while Shaun questions the public perceptions of blind people out there.Get in touch with Double Tap by emailing us feedback@doubletaponair.com or by call 1-877-803-4567 and leave us a voicemail. You can also now contact us via Whatsapp on 1-613-481-0144 or visit doubletaponair.com/whatsapp to connect. We are also across social media including X, Mastodon and Facebook. Double Tap is available daily on AMI-audio across Canada, on podcast worldwide and now on YouTube.Chapter Markers:00:00 Intro05:54 Smart Home Devices: Thermostats and Accessibility Issues11:56 Listener Feedback: AI and Meta Ray Bands20:59 Listener Feedback: Synapptic, BlindShell & Kapsys Smartphones40:52 Listener Feedback: Symbols and Their Significance52:25 Listener Feedback: Friendly Banter

….or at a podcast with at least an attempt at an explanation of what synaptic density is and how it is affected in brains of people with autism. This week we review three convergent lines of evidence – whole brain, brain cell then genes within those brain cells – that show that the autistic brain … Continue reading "Synaptic Density and Autism, explained"

In today's episode, we dive into the critical role of phospholipids in maintaining brain health, examining how these molecules contribute to neuronal communication, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive resilience. We'll explore the biochemical structure and function of key phospholipids like phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine within neuronal membranes, where they play indispensable roles. We discuss associations and impacts of environmental toxins, aging, and neurodegenerative conditions. Finally, we discuss dietary tools to support phospholipid levels and promote cognitive health. Topics: 1. Introduction to Phospholipids and Cognitive Health 2. Brain Cell Structure and Composition - Neurons, glial cells. 3. Detailed Anatomy of Neurons - Soma contains organelles, dendrites receive signals, axon sends impulses. - Myelin sheath insulates axon, speeding signal transmission. - Myelin is rich in phospholipids. 4. Roles of Glial Cells in Brain Health - Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia support neurons. - Glial cells regulate the brain's environment, form myelin, and provide immune defense. - Phospholipid-rich membranes are essential for glial function. 5. Biochemistry: Phospholipids - Phospholipids have a glycerol backbone, fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group. - Hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts form bilayers. - Key phospholipids: PC, PE, PS, PI 6. Phospholipid Bilayer's Role in Neuronal Communication - Ion channels, receptors, and transporters in the bilayer enable cell functions. - Ion channels allow ions to flow, creating signals for neuron communication. - Receptors detect neurotransmitters, initiating responses. 7. Neuronal Activation and Electrochemical Gradients - Resting neurons have ion concentration differences inside and outside the cell. - Ion channel activity during activation creates an action potential. - The phospholipid membrane enables controlled ion flow for signal transmission. 8. Neurotransmitter Release - Action potential at axon terminal triggers calcium entry. - Calcium causes vesicles to release neurotransmitters. - Released neurotransmitters bind to receptors, continuing the signal. 9. Diversity of Phospholipids in Neuronal Membranes - Different phospholipids (PC, PE, PS, PI) are essential for membrane integrity. 10. Summary: Phospholipids in Brain Function and Cognitive Health - Phospholipids support neuronal communication, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive resilience. - Synaptic plasticity - essential for learning and memory. 11. Phospholipid Disruption and Cognitive Decline - Oxidative stress, aging, and inflammation disrupt phospholipid composition. - Lipid peroxidation damages membranes, affecting neuron signaling. - Phospholipid damage contributes to cognitive decline. 12. Importance of Phospholipids in Aging and Brain Health - Lipid levels decrease with age, impacting brain function. 13. Environmental Toxins and the Brain - Heavy metals like mercury cause oxidative damage to phospholipids. - Damaged phospholipids and impaired neuron function. 14. Consequences of Suboptimal Phospholipids - Cognitive symptoms. - Low levels seen in neurodegenerative conditions. 15. Tools for Supporting Phospholipid Levels - Foods with PS and PC, such as fatty fish and eggs. - Phospholipid supplements. Thanks for tuning in! "⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠75 Gut-Healing Strategies & Biohacks⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠" Follow Chloe on Instagram ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@synthesisofwellness⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Follow Chloe on TikTok @chloe_c_porter Visit ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠synthesisofwellness.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/chloe-porter6/support

Season 3 will begin next year.

Jay McClelland is a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence and is a cognitive psychologist and professor at Stanford University in the psychology, linguistics, and computer science departments. Together with David Rumelhart, Jay published the two volume work Parallel Distributed Processing, which has led to the flourishing of the connectionist approach to understanding cognition. In this conversation, Jay gives us a crash course in how neurons and biological brains work. This sets the stage for how psychologists such as Jay, David Rumelhart, and Geoffrey Hinton historically approached the development of models of cognition and ultimately artificial intelligence. We also discuss alternative approaches to neural computation such as symbolic and neuroscientific ones. Patreon (bonus materials + video chat): https://www.patreon.com/timothynguyen Part I. Introduction 00:00 : Preview 01:10 : Cognitive psychology 07:14 : Interdisciplinary work and Jay's academic journey 12:39 : Context affects perception 13:05 : Chomsky and psycholinguists 8:03 : Technical outline Part II. The Brain 00:20:20 : Structure of neurons 00:25:26 : Action potentials 00:27:00 : Synaptic processes and neuron firing 00:29:18 : Inhibitory neurons 00:33:10 : Feedforward neural networks 00:34:57 : Visual system 00:39:46 : Various parts of the visual cortex 00:45:31 : Columnar organization in the cortex 00:47:04 : Colocation in artificial vs biological networks 00:53:03 : Sensory systems and brain maps Part III. Approaches to AI, PDP, and Learning Rules 01:12:35 : Chomsky, symbolic rules, universal grammar 01:28:28 : Neuroscience, Francis Crick, vision vs language 01:32:36 : Neuroscience = bottom up 01:37:20 : Jay's path to AI 01:43:51 : James Anderson 01:44:51 : Geoff Hinton 01:54:25 : Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) 02:03:40 : McClelland & Rumelhart's reading model 02:31:25 : Theories of learning 02:35:52 : Hebbian learning 02:43:23 : Rumelhart's Delta rule 02:44:45 : Gradient descent 02:47:04 : Backpropagation 02:54:52 : Outro: Retrospective and looking ahead Image credits: http://timothynguyen.org/image-credits/ Further reading: Rumelhart, McClelland. Parallel Distributed Processing. McClelland, J. L. (2013). Integrating probabilistic models of perception and interactive neural networks: A historical and tutorial review   Twitter: @iamtimnguyen   Webpage: http://www.timothynguyen.org

Dissuaded from pursuing theoretical physics and deterred by the “long feedback loop” in experimental physics, the National Academy of Sciences member took inspiration from “polymath” Watt Webb and “visionary” Stephen Smith—and learned to work “completely outside his comfort zone.”

Support the show to get full episodes and join the Discord community. https://youtu.be/lbKEOdbeqHo The Transmitter is an online publication that aims to deliver useful information, insights and tools to build bridges across neuroscience and advance research. Visit thetransmitter.org to explore the latest neuroscience news and perspectives, written by journalists and scientists. The Transmitter has provided a transcript for this episode. Vijay Namoodiri runs the Nam Lab at the University of California San Francisco, and Ali Mojebi is an assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Ali as been on the podcast before a few times, and he's interested in how neuromodulators like dopamine affect our cognition. And it was Ali who pointed me to Vijay, because of some recent work Vijay has done reassessing how dopamine might function differently than what has become the classic story of dopamine's function as it pertains to learning. The classic story is that dopamine is related to reward prediction errors. That is, dopamine is modulated when you expect reward and don't get it, and/or when you don't expect reward but do get it. Vijay calls this a "prospective" account of dopamine function, since it requires an animal to look into the future to expect a reward. Vijay has shown, however, that a retrospective account of dopamine might better explain lots of know behavioral data. This retrospective account links dopamine to how we understand causes and effects in our ongoing behavior. So in this episode, Vijay gives us a history lesson about dopamine, his newer story and why it has caused a bit of controversy, and how all of this came to be. I happened to be looking at the Transmitter the other day, after I recorded this episode, and low and behold, there was an article titles Reconstructing dopamine's link to reward. Vijay is featured in the article among a handful of other thoughtful researchers who share their work and ideas about this very topic. Vijay wrote his own piece as well: Dopamine and the need for alternative theories. So check out those articles for more views on how the field is reconsidering how dopamine works. Nam Lab. Mohebi & Associates (Ali's Lab). Twitter: @vijay_mkn @mohebial Transmitter Dopamine and the need for alternative theories. Reconstructing dopamine's link to reward. Related papers Mesolimbic dopamine release conveys causal associations. Mesostriatal dopamine is sensitive to changes in specific cue-reward contingencies. What is the state space of the world for real animals? The learning of prospective and retrospective cognitive maps within neural circuits Further reading (Ali's paper): Dopamine transients follow a striatal gradient of reward time horizons. Ali listed a bunch of work on local modulation of DA release: Local control of striatal dopamine release. Synaptic-like axo-axonal transmission from striatal cholinergic interneurons onto dopaminergic fibers. Spatial and temporal scales of dopamine transmission. Striatal dopamine neurotransmission: Regulation of release and uptake. Striatal Dopamine Release Is Triggered by Synchronized Activity in Cholinergic Interneurons. An action potential initiation mechanism in distal axons for the control of dopamine release. Read the transcript, produced by The Transmitter. 0:00 - Intro 3:42 - Dopamine: the history of theories 32:54 - Importance of learning and behavior studies 39:12 - Dopamine and causality 1:06:45 - Controversy over Vijay's findings

In this week's very special episode Nick interviews Justin Moore, a long time War Room member. Just in fresh off the back of amazing first place victory at the Texas Open with his Double Monolith Necrons! They go into all of the details for how it works here.In part two of the show, available to our patrons deep dive into all of Justin's games with play by play tactics and strategies from the man himself!To support the show please check out our patreon for weekly exclusive content patreon.com/aow40k++ Army Roster (Xenos - Necrons) +++ Configuration +Battle Size: 2. Strike Force (2000 Point limit)Detachment Choice: Hypercrypt LegionShow/Hide Options: Legends are visible, Unaligned Forces are visible, Unaligned Fortifications are visible+ Character +Chronomancer: Dimensional Overseer, WarlordPlasmancer: Arisen Tyrant+ Battleline +Necron Warriors20x Warrior w/ gauss reaper: 20x Close combat weapon, 20x Gauss reaperNecron Warriors20x Warrior w/ gauss reaper: 20x Close combat weapon, 20x Gauss reaper+ Infantry +Deathmarks5x Deathmark: 5x Close combat weapon, 5x Synaptic disintegratorDeathmarks5x Deathmark: 5x Close combat weapon, 5x Synaptic disintegrator+ Vehicle +Canoptek ReanimatorCanoptek SpydersCanoptek Spyder: Fabricator claw array, Gloom prism, Two particle beamersDoomsday ArkDoomsday ArkMonolithFour death raysMonolithFour death rays

Product Minute: Synaptic software for your Android Phone or Tablet   What is Synaptic:   Synapptic is an all in one software or app package for people who are blind or vision impaired, , that works on android smartphones and tablets.   Synaptic overview:   Find your way around with clear and bright icons. All screens have the same look and feel. In other words, once you have learnt one screen, you will know everything you need to know to use all other screens. Never get lost and always find your way back to the main menu with the Red Cross at the top left corner of the screen. Customise the main menu to display as a grid on one screen to make finding things easier, rather than several menu screens. Touch and release touch screen control means you can move your finger up and down each menu option and it will be read out until you stop on the option you want to use. Control Synaptic with your voice and use voice dictation if you like instead of the on screen keyboard. Plus, you can also use a Bluetooth keyboard for navigation and typing as well. Change the magnification level,  colour scheme, screen brightness, speech and sound settings,  and of course the menus. help is available at the top right hand corner  of each Synapptic screen. Make and receive phone calls and text messages (only on devices with a SIMM card). Send, receive, and read  emails. Use the web browser to search and read what is on the internet. Listen to thousands of internet radio stations. Play music, books, and other MP3 recordings from device,  memory cards or USB sticks. Watch and enjoy what is on YouTube. Catch up with the news and other stories efficiently. Turn the camera in to a reading machine, hand held digital magnifier, colour detecter, access QR/Bar codes, and take and share photos. Find out your current location, and what may be of interest near you.   Other features:    address book. calendar,  Reminders, and alarms. Calculator. Compass and spirit level. Make and share text or voice notes. Use the stop watch,  and timer. Install and Run other apps such as Spotify, Zoom etc. If all of these features interest you, a download trial is available. See the shop page for this link. You can then purchase a license to register the Synaptic software.     For more information, please contact the Vision Store on phone 1 3 0 0, 8 4 7 , 4 6 6 or email visionstore@visionaustralia.org. https://shop.visionaustralia.org/everyday-technology/synapptic-software-for-android.html   ApleVIS Closing Down   After 14 years of volunteer operation, as of August 31 2024 Applevis will be closing down. Great content, and it will be missed. Site is in read only mode for now, so no new content will be available.   Speaking of Getting Help and Useful Resources   Don't forget about the help sites from Apple, Android, and Windows, plus our fantastic at Help Desk which you can reach via the main Vision Australia number or email athelp@visionaustralia.org   Tips on Stephen on How to listen to the 2024 Ylympics   Some great tips, as I have been finding it bit confusing myself on where to catch up on what is happening with the games.   Any Head Phone suggestions   Folks who follow me on social media will know I'm on a bit of a quest to find out suitable head phones to use when out and about, as my bone conduction Shokz just don't work in noisy environments.   Feel free to email me your head phone suggestions that you use to my work email: David.woodbridge@visionaustralia.orgSupport this Vision Australia Radio program: https://www.visionaustralia.org/donate?src=radio&type=0&_ga=2.182040610.46191917.1644183916-1718358749.1627963141See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Scientific Sense ® by Gill Eapen: Prof. Karla Kaun is Associate Professor of Neuroscience at Brown University. Her research interests include Synaptic networks of reward and addiction, cognitive decline, and effects of aging on substance abuse. Please subscribe to this channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/ScientificSense?sub_confirmation=1 --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/scientificsense/support

In this episode, we explore the intricacies of neuronal communication, delving into how neurons transmit signals through synaptic connections using neurotransmitters like glutamate and GABA. We also examine the effects of neurotoxins, such as heavy metals and environmental pollutants, on these critical synaptic pathways, leading to cognitive and neurological impairments. Lastly, we discuss neuroprotective strategies to mitigate neurotoxin exposure and promote optimal brain health. Topics: 1. Overview of Brain Cell Anatomy - Types of brain cells: neurons and glial cells. - Structure of neurons: - Soma (cell body): contains nucleus and organelles. - Dendrites: receive signals from other neurons. - Axon: transmits electrical impulses away from the soma. - Synaptic terminals: form synapses with target cells. 2. Neuronal Communication - Synapse structure: - Presynaptic terminal. - Synaptic cleft. - Postsynaptic membrane. - Neurotransmitters: - Role in neuronal communication. - Excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate). - Inhibitory neurotransmitters (e.g., GABA). 3. Summary of Neuronal Communication - Recap of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. - Importance of maintaining proper neuronal communication. 4. Neurotoxins and Their Effects - Types of neurotoxins: - Heavy metals (e.g., lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, aluminum). - Chemical neurotoxins (e.g., organophosphates, solvents). - Biological toxins (e.g., mycotoxins). - Environmental pollutants (e.g., PCBs, dioxins). - Mechanisms of neurotoxin damage: - Disruption of neurotransmitter release. - Impairment of receptor function. - Interference with ion channel operation. 5. Example: Mercury's Impact on Cognitive Function - Pathway of mercury exposure and accumulation in the brain. - Disruption of calcium homeostasis and synaptic transmission. - Resulting cognitive impairments. 6. Strategies to Reduce Neurotoxin Exposure - Nutrition: - Opting for organic produce. - Washing produce properly. - Avoiding MSG and aspartame. - Limiting aluminum exposure (baking powder). - Evaluating cookware. - Avoiding farmed salmon. - Water and air quality: - Using water filtration to remove fluoride. - Choosing fluoride-free toothpaste. - Improving air quality and mold remediation. - Using air-purifying plants (e.g., aloe vera, English ivy). - Reducing exposure to places with highly-concentrated neurotoxic chemicals (e.g., nail salons). Thank you to our episode sponsor: ⁠⁠⁠Tremetes, LLC⁠ Use code CHLOE15 to get 15% off ⁠Tremetes' Turkey Tail⁠ Thanks for tuning in! Get Chloe's Book Today! "⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠75 Gut-Healing Strategies & Biohacks⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠" Follow Chloe on Instagram ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@synthesisofwellness⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Follow Chloe on TikTok @chloe_c_porter Visit ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠synthesisofwellness.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ to purchase products, subscribe to our mailing list, and more! --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/chloe-porter6/support

https://www.paypal.me/Truelifepodcast?locale.x=en_USAloha and welcome, dear listeners, to another illuminating episode of TrueLife Media, where we explore the fascinating intersections of community, consciousness, and the ever-evolving frontiers of human potential. Today, we are privileged to be joined by a true pioneer in the realms of neuroscience and biotechnology, whose work bridges the scientific and the spiritual in profound and transformative ways.Our esteemed guest, Dr. Iris Madrona, is a distinguished neuroscientist and the visionary CEO of an innovative early-stage biotech firm. With a Ph.D. in Neuroscience from Dartmouth College, Dr. Madrona has made groundbreaking contributions in genetic engineering and regenerative medicine, evidenced by their impressive portfolio of provisional patents. As the founder and director of the Interdisciplinary Research Institute at Shasta, Dr. Madrona is dedicated to leveraging neuroscience to tackle real-world challenges, spearheading research initiatives that advance wellness solutions through the intersection of neuroscience, mental health, and molecular biology.Dr. Madrona's research is as diverse as it is impactful, spanning the psychological and biological implications of music, the computational modeling of affective states, and the exploration of emotion, self, and psychometrics. Their interdisciplinary approach has significantly influenced early childhood program assessments and our understanding of emotional dynamics in the brain.Today, we delve into one of Dr. Madrona's most intriguing projects: the neurogenesis of vocalization circuits in songbirds, inspired by the neurogenerative properties of psychedelic compounds like ayahuasca. This project not only seeks to enhance our understanding of neural plasticity and neurogenesis but also holds the potential to revolutionize therapeutic approaches for vocal and cognitive rehabilitation.Dr. Madrona's work is a beautiful synthesis of science and spirituality, art and nature. Their dedication to integrating these realms is evident in their innovative study designs and their profound connection to the natural world. Inspired by personal experiences and a deep-seated belief in the healing power of music and psychedelics, Dr. Madrona's research offers new hope for those suffering from neurological damage and chronic disease.As we journey through this conversation, prepare to be inspired by Dr. Madrona's insights into the neurogenesis of song circuits, the ethical considerations of neural manipulation, and the future of psychedelic research. Their passion for pushing the boundaries of what we know about the brain and consciousness promises to leave us with much to ponder and reflect upon.Please join me in warmly welcoming the brilliant and innovative Dr. Iris Madrona.https://docs.google.com/document/d/12rB9J3ixrE-flDO0iJC4G_8tH2pUJCLASE8uGqdoJpA/edit?usp=sharingYou can find more of my work on my Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/irismadronaphd https://www.paypal.me/Truelifepodcast?locale.x=en_US

In this episode, we explore Oxytocin and Vasopressin's vast roles in Human Biology. We time travel to cover the evolution of the two molecules and learn about their functions with developing and socializing. Oxytocin and Vasopressin are dynamic molecules whereby they are Peptides and Hormones. In addition, we cover previously discussed brain regions and how the molecules work alongside key Neuromodulators like Serotonin and Dopamine.Social Reward https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6214365/Social Reward Requires Oxytocin and Serotonin in Nucleus Accumbens (Parvo Path) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4091761/Magnocellular and Parvocellular social Information Processing https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(20)30770-4?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0896627320307704%3Fshowall%3DtrueMagnocellular and Parvocellular https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jne.12284Meta-Analysis of Intranasal https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=intranasal+oxytocin+autism&sort=pubdate&filter=pubt.meta-analysishttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33400920/Intranasal Review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38579916/(0:00) Intro; Oxytocin and Vasopressin; Episode Objectives(2:46) Oxytocin and Vasopressin; 700 million year time travel (Phylogeny)(4:12) Peptides and Hormones; Modes of Transmission- Endocrine, Paracrine, Synaptic(6:35) Proteins and Peptides; Amino Acids and Aromatic Amino Acids and Light(8:58) Magnocellular and Parvocellular(12:33) Roles of Oxytocin and Vasopressin and connections to various Brain Regions(22:20) Scientific Literatures(27:12) Oxytocin and Serotonin; 1) Reward Processing, 2) Fear Response, 3) Social-Emotional Processing(30:07) Oxytocin and Dopamine(31:08) Dopamine Receptors(31:37) GABA(33:57) Intranasal Oxytocin(36:08) Take aways from Intranasal Literature(37:24) Biggest Take Away (Magnocellular versus Parvocellular and Intranasal Administration)email: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

Medical advances have significantly improved the survival of preterm babies and term neonates with brain injuries due to environmental hypoxia or genetic causes. Anca Pasca, M.D., shares her work to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders associated with fetal and neonatal brain injury. Series: "Stem Cell Channel" [Health and Medicine] [Science] [Show ID: 39453]

Medical advances have significantly improved the survival of preterm babies and term neonates with brain injuries due to environmental hypoxia or genetic causes. Anca Pasca, M.D., shares her work to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders associated with fetal and neonatal brain injury. Series: "Stem Cell Channel" [Health and Medicine] [Science] [Show ID: 39453]

Medical advances have significantly improved the survival of preterm babies and term neonates with brain injuries due to environmental hypoxia or genetic causes. Anca Pasca, M.D., shares her work to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders associated with fetal and neonatal brain injury. Series: "Stem Cell Channel" [Health and Medicine] [Science] [Show ID: 39453]

Medical advances have significantly improved the survival of preterm babies and term neonates with brain injuries due to environmental hypoxia or genetic causes. Anca Pasca, M.D., shares her work to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders associated with fetal and neonatal brain injury. Series: "Stem Cell Channel" [Health and Medicine] [Science] [Show ID: 39453]

Medical advances have significantly improved the survival of preterm babies and term neonates with brain injuries due to environmental hypoxia or genetic causes. Anca Pasca, M.D., shares her work to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders associated with fetal and neonatal brain injury. Series: "Stem Cell Channel" [Health and Medicine] [Science] [Show ID: 39453]

Medical advances have significantly improved the survival of preterm babies and term neonates with brain injuries due to environmental hypoxia or genetic causes. Anca Pasca, M.D., shares her work to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders associated with fetal and neonatal brain injury. Series: "Stem Cell Channel" [Health and Medicine] [Science] [Show ID: 39453]

Read the longform article at:https://gettherapybirmingham.com/healing-the-modern-soul-part-2/   The Philosophy of Psychotherapy The Corporatization of Healthcare and Academia: A Threat to the Future of Psychotherapy The field of psychotherapy is at a critical juncture, facing numerous challenges that threaten its ability to effectively address the complex realities of the human experience. Chief among these challenges is the growing influence of corporate interests and the trend towards hyper-specialization in academic psychology, which have led to a disconnect between the profession and its roots, as well as a lack of understanding of the physical reality of the body, anthropology, and the history of the field. In this article, we will explore the ways in which the corporatization of healthcare and academia is impacting psychotherapy, and argue that in order for the profession to remain relevant and effective, it must embrace a more holistic and integrative approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of the mind, body, and spirit. This requires a renewed commitment to developing a coherent concept of self, a shared language and understanding of implicit memory, and a vision of psychotherapy as a means of empowering individuals to become more effective at being themselves in the world and, in turn, better at transforming the world for the better. The Corporatization of Healthcare and Academia The influence of corporate interests on healthcare and academia has had a profound impact on the field of psychotherapy. The pressure to maximize profits and minimize costs has led to a shift away from comprehensive diagnosis and towards a reliance on quick fixes like medication and brief, manualized therapies. This trend is particularly evident in the way that psychiatry has evolved over the past few decades. Psychiatrists used to spend an entire hour with their patients doing psychotherapy, but now the majority of the profession relies solely on drug therapy. In fact, a staggering 89% of psychiatrists used only drug therapy in 2010, compared to just 54% in 1988 (Mojtabai & Olfson, 2008). Patients are often left feeling frustrated and unheard, with many giving up on medication after their psychiatrist writes a script in the first and last five minutes of their first session. The same forces are at work in academia, where the cost of education has skyrocketed and the focus has shifted towards producing "products" rather than fostering critical thinking and innovation. Adjunct professors, who often lack the expertise and experience to teach psychotherapy effectively, have replaced tenure-track faculty, and students are graduating with a narrow understanding of the field that is ill-suited to the realities of private practice (Collier, 2017). The result is a profession that is increasingly disconnected from its roots and the physical reality of the body. Anthropology, humanities and the history of the profession, which offer valuable insights into the nature of the human experience and the evolution of psychotherapy, are largely ignored in favor of a narrow focus on cognitive-behavioral interventions and symptom reduction pushed largely to help psychopharm companies' bottom lines (Frances, 2013). The current academic publishing system is also broken. Academics work hard to come up with original ideas and write papers, only to give their work away for free to publishers who make trillions of dollars in profits while the authors get no compensation (Buranyi, 2017). Peers often cite papers to support their own points without actually reading them in depth. And the "best" journals frequently publish absurd psychology articles that would make you laugh if you said their main point out loud, but hide their lack of substance behind academic jargon (Sokal, 2008). Meanwhile, students spend years in graduate school being forced to research what their advisor wants, not what's truly innovative or needed to advance the field. After a decade of study and compromise, the pinnacle achievement is often creating a new 30-question screener for something like anxiety, rather than developing therapists who can actually discern and treat anxiety without needing a questionnaire. The system fails to properly vet or pay therapists, assuming they can't be trusted to practice without rigid manuals and checklists. This hyper-rationality, the madness arising from too much logic rather than too little, is very useful to moneyed interests like the Department of Defense in how they want to fund and control research. Large language models and AI are the pinnacle of this - spreadsheets sorting data points to mimic human speech, created by people so disconnected from a real sense of self that they believe you can turn people into robots because they've turned themselves into robots (Weizenbaum, 1976). But psychology and therapy can't be reduced to hard science and pure empiricism the way fields like physics can (at least until you get to quantum physics and have to rely on metaphor again). We can't remove all intuition, subjective experience and uncertainty (Rogers, 1995). The reproducibility crisis in psychology research shows the folly of this over-rationality (Open Science Collaboration, 2015). Studies that throw out any participant who dropped out of CBT treatment because it wasn't helping them are not painting an accurate picture (Westen et al., 2004). Developing a Coherent Concept of Self A History of the Self Our understanding of the self has evolved throughout history: Ancient Greek Philosophy (6th century BCE - 3rd century CE) Socrates introduces the idea of the self as a distinct entity, emphasizing self-knowledge and introspection (Plato, trans. 2002). Plato's concept of the soul as the essence of the self, distinct from the physical body (Plato, trans. 1997). Aristotle's notion of the self as the unity of body and soul, with the soul being the form or essence of the individual (Aristotle, trans. 1986). Medieval Philosophy (5th century CE - 15th century CE) St. Augustine's concept of the self as a reflection of God, with the inner self being the source of truth and self-knowledge (Augustine, trans. 2002). St. Thomas Aquinas' synthesis of Aristotelian and Christian concepts of the self, emphasizing the soul as the form of the body (Aquinas, trans.1981). Renaissance and Enlightenment (16th century CE - 18th century CE) Descartes' famous "cogito ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"), establishing the self as a thinking, conscious being (Descartes, trans. 1996). Locke's idea of the self as a blank slate shaped by experience and the continuity of consciousness (Locke, trans. 1975). Hume's skepticism about the self, arguing that it is merely a bundle of perceptions without a unified identity (Hume, trans. 2000). Romantic Era (late 18th century CE - mid-19th century CE) The self is seen as a creative, expressive force, with an emphasis on individuality and subjective experience (Berlin, 2013). The rise of the concept of the "self-made man" and the importance of personal growth and self-realization (Trilling, 1972). 20th Century Philosophy and Psychology Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which posits the self as composed of the id, ego, and superego, with unconscious drives and conflicts shaping behavior (Freud, trans.1989). Jung's concept of the self as the center of the psyche, integrating conscious and unconscious elements (Jung, 1959). Existentialism's emphasis on the self as a product of individual choices and actions, with the need to create meaning in a meaningless world (Sartre, trans. 1956). The rise of humanistic psychology, with its focus on self-actualization and the inherent potential of the individual (Maslow, 1968). Postmodernism's deconstruction of the self, challenging the idea of a unified, coherent identity (Jameson, 1991). Contemporary Developments (late 20th century CE - present) The influence of neuroscience and cognitive science on the understanding of the self as an emergent property of brain processes (LeDoux, 2002). The impact of social and cultural factors on the construction of the self, with the recognition of multiple, intersecting identities (Gergen, 1991). The rise of narrative theories of the self, emphasizing the role of storytelling in shaping personal identity (Bruner, 1990). The influence of Eastern philosophies and contemplative practices on Western concepts of the self, with an emphasis on mindfulness and interconnectedness (Epstein, 1995). Psychotherapy and the Concept of Self Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) - Psychoanalysis: Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, conceived of the self as being composed of three elements: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id represents the primitive, instinctual drives; the ego mediates between the demands of the id and the constraints of reality; and the superego represents the internalized moral standards and values of society. Freud believed that the goal of psychotherapy was to bring unconscious conflicts and desires into conscious awareness, allowing the ego to better manage the competing demands of the id and superego (Freud, trans. 1989). Carl Jung (1875-1961) - Analytical Psychology: Jung, a former collaborator of Freud, developed his own theory of the self, which he saw as the central archetype of the psyche. Jung believed that the self represented the unity and wholeness of the personality, and that the goal of psychotherapy was to help individuals achieve a state of self-realization or individuation. This involved integrating the conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche, including the persona (the public face), the shadow (the repressed or hidden aspects of the self), and the anima/animus (the inner masculine or feminine) (Jung, 1959). Alfred Adler (1870-1937) - Individual Psychology: Adler, another former collaborator of Freud, emphasized the importance of social relationships and the drive for superiority in shaping the self. He believed that individuals develop a unique lifestyle or way of being in the world based on their early experiences and relationships, and that the goal of psychotherapy was to help individuals overcome feelings of inferiority and develop a healthy, socially-oriented way of living (Adler, trans. 1964). Fritz Perls (1893-1970) - Gestalt Therapy: Perls, the founder of Gestalt therapy, saw the self as an ongoing process of self-regulation and self-actualization. He believed that the goal of psychotherapy was to help individuals become more aware of their present-moment experience and to take responsibility for their thoughts, feelings, and actions. Perls emphasized the importance of contact between the self and the environment, and the need to integrate the different aspects of the self into a cohesive whole (Perls et al., 1951). Internal Family Systems (IFS) - Richard Schwartz (1950-present): IFS is a more recent approach that sees the self as being composed of multiple sub-personalities or "parts." These parts are seen as having their own unique qualities, desires, and beliefs, and the goal of IFS therapy is to help individuals develop a greater sense of self-leadership and inner harmony. The self is seen as the core of the personality, with the capacity to lead and integrate the different parts (Schwartz, 1995). As Schwartz writes in the introduction to his book on IFS, the model was heavily influenced by Gestalt therapy and the work of Carl Jung. Schwartz aimed to create a non-pathologizing approach that honored the complexity and wisdom of the psyche. IFS shares Jung's view of the self as the central organizing principle, surrounded by various archetypes or subpersonalities. It also draws on the Gestalt emphasis on present-moment awareness and the need for integration of different aspects of the self. However, IFS offers a more user-friendly language than classical Jungian analysis, without the need for extensive explanations of concepts like anima/animus. In IFS, a patient can quickly identify different "parts" - for example, a protector part that taps its foot and bites its nails to avoid painful feelings. By directly engaging with and embracing that part, the patient can access the vulnerable feelings and memories it is protecting against, fostering self-compassion and integration over time. The IFS model is an example of how contemporary approaches are building on the insights of depth psychology while offering more transparent, experience-near practices suitable for a wider range of patients and practitioners. It reflects an ongoing effort to develop a cohesive yet flexible understanding of the self that remains open to unconscious processes. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) - Aaron Beck (1921-2021) and Albert Ellis (1913-2007): CBT, developed by Beck and Ellis, focuses on the role of thoughts and beliefs in shaping emotional and behavioral responses. CBT sees the self as being largely determined by the individual's cognitions, and the goal of therapy is to help individuals identify and modify maladaptive or irrational beliefs and thought patterns. CBT places less emphasis on the unconscious or intrapsychic aspects of the self, and more on the conscious, rational processes that shape behavior (Beck, 1979; Ellis & Harper, 1975). Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) - B.F. Skinner (1904-1990): ABA, based on the work of Skinner and other behaviorists, sees the self as a product of environmental contingencies and reinforcement histories. ABA focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal states or processes, and the goal of therapy is to modify behavior through the systematic application of reinforcement and punishment. ABA has been widely used in the treatment of autism and other developmental disorders, but has been criticized for its lack of attention to the inner experience of the self (Skinner, 1953; Lovaas, 1987). What is Self? One of the key challenges facing psychotherapy today is the lack of a coherent concept of self. The self is a complex and dynamic entity that is shaped by a range of internal and external factors, including our experiences, relationships, and cultural context (Baumeister, 1987). Unfortunately, many contemporary models of therapy fail to adequately capture this complexity, instead relying on simplistic and reductionistic notions of the self as a collection of symptoms or behaviors to be modified (Wachtel, 1991). To develop a more coherent and holistic concept of self, psychotherapy must draw on insights from a range of disciplines, including psychology, philosophy, anthropology, and the humanities (Sass & Parnas, 2003). This requires a willingness to engage with the messy and often paradoxical nature of the human experience, recognizing that the self is not a fixed entity but rather a constantly evolving process of becoming (Gendlin, 1978). The psychoanalyst Carl Jung's concept of the self as the central archetype, connected to the divine and the greater unconscious, offers a useful starting point for this endeavor. Jung believed that by making the unconscious conscious and dealing with ego rigidity, individuals could embody a deeper sense of purpose and connection to the universe (Jung, 1959). While we may not need to fully embrace Jung's metaphysical language, his emphasis on the dynamic interplay between conscious and unconscious processes, as well as the importance of symbol, dream, and myth in shaping the self, remains highly relevant today (Hillman, 1975). Other approaches, such as Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapy and somatic experiencing, also offer valuable insights into the nature of the self. IFS sees the self as a core of compassion, curiosity, and confidence that is surrounded by protective parts that arise in response to trauma and other challenges. By working with these parts and fostering greater integration and self-leadership, individuals can develop a more coherent and authentic sense of self (Schwartz, 1995). Similarly, somatic experiencing emphasizes the role of the body in shaping the self, recognizing that trauma and other experiences are stored not just in the mind but also in the muscles, nerves, and other physical structures (Levine, 1997). Models like IFS, somatic experiencing, and lifespan integration are appealing because they see the self as a dynamic ecosystem that is always evolving and striving for integration and actualization (Boon et al., 2011; Ogden et al., 2006; Pace, 2012). They don't try to label and categorize everything, recognizing that sometimes we need to just sit with feelings and sensations without fully understanding them intellectually. Lifespan integration in particular views the self as a continuum of moments threaded together like pearls on a necklace. Traumatic experiences can cause certain "pearls" or ego states to become frozen in time, disconnected from the flow of the self-narrative. By imaginally revisiting these moments and "smashing them together" with resource states, lifespan integration aims to re-integrate the self across time, fostering a more coherent and flexible identity (Pace, 2012). In contrast, the more behavioral and manualized approaches like CBT and ABA have a much more limited and problematic view. They see the self as just a collection of cognitions and learned behaviors, minimizing the role of the unconscious and treating people more like programmable robots (Shedler, 2010). If taken to an extreme, this is frankly offensive and damaging. There has to be room for the parts of the self that we can feel and intuit but not fully articulate (Stern, 2004). Ultimately, developing a coherent concept of self requires a willingness to sit with the tensions and paradoxes of the human experience, recognizing that the self is always in communication with the world around us, and that our sense of who we are is constantly being shaped by implicit memory and other unconscious processes (Schore & Schore, 2008). It requires remaining open to uncertainty and realizing that the self is never static or finished, but always dynamically unfolding (Bromberg, 1996). Good therapy helps people get in touch with their authentic self, not just impose a set of techniques to modify surface-level symptoms (Fosha et al., 2009). Understanding Implicit Memory Another critical challenge facing psychotherapy today is the lack of a shared language and understanding of implicit memory. Implicit memory refers to the unconscious, automatic, and often somatic ways in which our past experiences shape our present thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (Schacter et al., 1993). While the concept of implicit memory has a long history in psychotherapy, dating back to Freud's notion of the unconscious and Jung's idea of the collective unconscious, it remains poorly understood and often overlooked in contemporary practice (Kihlstrom, 1987). This is due in part to the dominance of cognitive-behavioral approaches, which tend to focus on explicit, conscious processes rather than the deeper, more intuitive and embodied aspects of the self (Bucci, 1997). To effectively address the role of implicit memory in psychological distress and personal growth, psychotherapy must develop a shared language and framework for understanding and working with these unconscious processes (Greenberg, 2002). This requires a willingness to engage with the body and the somatic experience, recognizing that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are deeply rooted in our physical being (van der Kolk, 2014). One way to think about implicit memory is as a kind of "photoshop filter" that our brain is constantly running, even when we are not consciously aware of it. Just as the center of our visual field is filled in by our brain based on the surrounding context, our implicit memories are constantly shaping our perceptions and reactions to the world around us, even when we are not consciously aware of them. This is why it is so important for therapists to be attuned to the subtle cues and signals that patients give off, both verbally and nonverbally. A skilled therapist can often sense the presence of implicit memories and unconscious processes long before the patient is consciously aware of them, and can use this information to guide the therapeutic process in a more effective and meaningful direction (Schore, 2012). At the same time, it is important to recognize that implicit memories are not always negative or pathological. In fact, many of our most cherished and meaningful experiences are encoded in implicit memory, shaping our sense of self and our relationships with others in profound and often unconscious ways (Fosshage, 2005). The goal of therapy, then, is not necessarily to eliminate or "fix" implicit memories, but rather to help individuals develop a more conscious and intentional relationship with them, so that they can be integrated into a more coherent and authentic sense of self (Stern, 2004). The Future of the Unconscious Many of the most interesting thinkers in the history of psychology understood this symbolic dimension of implicit memory, even if their specific theories needed refinement. Freud recognized the dynamic interplay of conscious and unconscious processes, and the way that repressed material could manifest in dreams, symptoms, and relational patterns (Freud, trans. 1989). Jung saw the unconscious as not just a repository of repressed personal material, but a deep well of collective wisdom and creative potential, populated by universal archetypes and accessed through dream, myth, and active imagination (Jung, 1968). Jung urged individuals to engage in a lifelong process of "individuation," differentiating the self from the collective while also integrating the conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche (Jung, 1964). Reich connected chronic muscular tensions or "character armor" to blocked emotions and neurotic conflicts, pioneering body-based interventions aimed at restoring the free flow of life energy (Reich, 1980). While some of Reich's later work veered into pseudoscience, his core insights about the somatic basis of psychological experience were hugely influential on subsequent generations of clinicians (Young, 2006). More recently, emerging models such as sensorimotor psychotherapy (Ogden & Fisher, 2015), accelerated experiential dynamic psychotherapy (AEDP; Fosha, 2000), and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 2017) aim to access and integrate implicit memories through body-based and imagistic techniques. By working with posture, sensation, movement, and breath, these approaches help patients bring nonverbal, affective material into conscious awareness and narrative coherence. Process-oriented therapies such as Arnold Mindell's process work (Mindell, 1985) offer another compelling framework for engaging implicit memory. Mindell suggests that the unconscious communicates through "channels" such as vision, audition, proprioception, kinesthesia, and relationship. By unfolding the process in each channel and following the flow of "sentient essence," therapists can help patients access and integrate implicit memories and in turn catalyze psychological and somatic healing. These contemporary approaches build on the insights of earlier clinicians while offering new maps and methods for navigating the realm of implicit memory. They point towards an understanding of the self as an ever-evolving matrix of conscious and unconscious, cognitive and somatic, personal and transpersonal processes. Engaging implicit memory is not about pathologizing the unconscious so much as learning its unique language and honoring its hidden wisdom. At the same time, this is tricky terrain to navigate, personally and professionally. As therapist and patient venture into the uncharted waters of the unconscious, it is crucial to maintain an attitude of humility, compassion, and ethical integrity (Stein, 2006). We must be mindful of the power dynamics and transference/countertransference currents that can arise in any therapeutic relationship, and work to create a safe, boundaried space for healing and transformation (Barnett et al., 2007). There is also a risk of getting lost in the fascinating world of the unconscious and losing sight of external reality. While depth psychology and experiential therapies offer valuable tools for self-exploration and meaning-making, they are not a replacement for practical skills, behavioral changes, and real-world action. We must be careful not to fall into the trap of "spiritual bypassing," using esoteric practices to avoid the hard work of embodying our insights and values in daily life (Welwood, 2000). Ultimately, the future of psychotherapy lies in integrating the best of what has come before while remaining open to new discoveries and directions. By combining scientific rigor with clinical artistry, cognitive understanding with experiential depth, and technical skill with ethical care, we can continue to expand our understanding of the self and the transformative potential of the therapeutic relationship. As we navigate the uncharted territories of the 21st century and beyond, we will need maps and methods that honor the full complexity and mystery of the human experience. Engaging with the unconscious and implicit dimensions of memory is not a luxury but a necessity if we are to rise to the challenges of our time with creativity, resilience, and wisdom. May we have the courage to venture into the depths, and the humility to be transformed by what we find there. Empowering Individuals to Be Themselves The ultimate goal of psychotherapy, in my view, is to empower individuals to become more effective at being themselves in the world and, in turn, better at transforming the world for the better. This requires a fundamental shift in the way that we think about mental health and well-being, moving beyond a narrow focus on symptom reduction and towards a more holistic and integrative approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of mind, body, and spirit. To achieve this goal, psychotherapy must embrace a range of approaches and techniques that are tailored to the unique needs and experiences of each individual. This may include somatic therapies that work with the body to release trauma and promote healing, such as somatic experiencing, sensorimotor psychotherapy, or EMDR (Levine, 1997; Ogden & Fisher, 2015; Shapiro, 2017). It may also include depth psychologies that explore the unconscious and archetypal dimensions of the psyche, such as Jungian analysis, psychosynthesis, or archetypal psychology (Jung, 1968; Assagioli, 1965; Hillman, 1975). And it may include humanistic and experiential approaches that emphasize the inherent worth and potential of each person, such as person-centered therapy, gestalt therapy, or existential psychotherapy (Rogers, 1995; Perls et al., 1951; Yalom, 1980). At the same time, psychotherapy must also be grounded in a deep understanding of the social, cultural, and political contexts in which individuals live and work. This requires a willingness to engage with issues of power, privilege, and oppression, recognizing that mental health and well-being are intimately connected to the broader structures and systems that shape our lives (Prilleltensky, 1997). It also requires a recognition that the goal of therapy is not simply to help individuals adapt to the status quo, but rather to empower them to become agents of change in their own lives and in the world around them (Freire, 1970). Therapists as Agents of the Post-Secular Sacred One way to think about this is through the lens of what depth psychologist David Tacey calls the "post-secular sacred" (Tacey, 2004). Tacey argues that we are moving into a new era of spirituality that is grounded in a deep respect for science and reason, but also recognizes the importance of myth, symbol, and the unconscious in shaping our experience of the world. In this view, the goal of therapy is not to strip away our illusions and defenses in order to reveal some kind of objective truth, but rather to help individuals develop a more authentic and meaningful relationship with the mystery and complexity of existence. This requires a willingness to sit with the discomfort and uncertainty that often accompanies the process of growth and transformation. It also requires a recognition that the path to wholeness and healing is not always a straight line, but rather a winding and often circuitous journey that involves confronting our deepest fears and vulnerabilities (Jung, 1959). Therapists of Agents of the Post Secular Sacred Riddle in the Garden by Robert Penn Warren My mind is intact, but the shapes of the world change, the peach has released the bough and at last makes full confession, its pudeur had departed like peach-fuzz wiped off, and We now know how the hot sweet- ness of flesh and the juice-dark hug the rough peach-pit, we know its most suicidal yearnings, it wants to suffer extremely, it Loves God, and I warn you, do not touch that plum, it will burn you, a blister will be on your finger, and you will put the finger to your lips for relief—oh, do be careful not to break that soft Gray bulge of blister like fruit-skin, for exposing that inwardness will increase your pain, for you are part of this world. You think I am speaking in riddles. But I am not, for The world means only itself. In the image that Penn Warren creates in "Riddle in the Garden" is a labyrinth leading back to the birth of humans in the garden of Eden.  Life itself is a swelling of inflammation from a wound or a need in both blisters and in peaches. You cannot have one part of the process without accepting all of it. The swelling in the growth of the fruit is also the swelling in the growth of a blister of pain. The peach must swell and become a sweet tempting blister or else no one would eat it and expose the "inwardness" of the seed to grow more trees.  exists to be eaten to die. We eat the peach to grow the next one. Not to touch the “suicidal” peach is not to touch life itself. For to live is to be hurt and to grow. To touch the peach is to become part of the world like Adam and Eve found out. It hurts it blisters us turning us into fruit.  For Penn Warren it is the separation of the self from the world of divine connection with nature that creates our need for meaning. This need is the reason that patients come to therapy. God tells us that “I am the lord your God” but Penn Warren tells us “I am not”. For “The world means only itself”. This process only has the meaning that we allow ourselves to give it. This is not a riddle, Penn Warren tells us.  It is only something we have to deal with but cannot not solve. The world means only itself. There is no gimmick or solution to the problem of being human.  In other words, the process of becoming more fully ourselves is not always easy or comfortable. It requires a willingness to confront the pain and suffering that is inherent in the human condition, and to recognize that growth and healing often involve an alchemical kind of death and rebirth. But it is precisely through this process of facing our fears and vulnerabilities that we can begin to develop a more authentic and meaningful relationship with ourselves, with others, and with the world around us. Ultimately, the goal of psychotherapy is not to provide answers or solutions, but rather to create a space in which individuals can begin to ask deeper questions about the nature of their existence and their place in the world. It is to help individuals develop the tools and capacities they need to navigate the complexities of life with greater courage, compassion, and wisdom. And it is to empower individuals to become more effective at being themselves in the world, so that they can contribute to the greater whole and help to create a more just, equitable, and sustainable future for all. The Future of Psychotherapy The corporatization of healthcare and academia poses a serious threat to the future of psychotherapy, undermining its ability to effectively address the complex realities of the human experience. To remain relevant and effective in the face of these challenges, the field must embrace a more holistic and integrative approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of the mind, body, and spirit. This requires a renewed commitment to developing a coherent concept of self, a shared language and understanding of implicit memory, and a vision of psychotherapy as a means of empowering individuals to become more effective at being themselves in the world and, in turn, better at transforming the world for the better. It also requires a willingness to engage with the full complexity and paradox of the human experience, recognizing that growth and healing often involve a kind of death and rebirth, and that the path to wholeness is not always a straight line. As the psychologist Carl Jung once wrote, "The privilege of a lifetime is to become who you truly are." Psychotherapy and the Dialectic of Self and World As we have explored throughout this essay, the self does not exist in a vacuum, but is always in dynamic interaction with the world around it. Our sense of who we are, what we value, and what is possible for us is shaped by a complex interplay of internal and external factors, from our earliest experiences of attachment and attunement to the broader social, cultural, and political contexts in which we are embedded. In many ways, psychotherapy can be seen as a process of exploring and working with the dialectical tension between self and world, between our innermost longings, fears, and aspirations and the often harsh realities of the environments we find ourselves in. When we enter therapy, we bring with us not only our own unique histories, personality structures, and ways of being, but also the internalized messages, expectations, and constraints of the world around us. For many individuals, these internalized messages and constraints can feel suffocating, limiting their sense of possibility and agency in the world. They may find themselves feeling stuck, trapped, or disconnected from their authentic selves, playing roles and wearing masks that no longer fit who they really are. In the face of external pressures to conform, to achieve, to fit in, the self can become fragmented, disempowered, or lost. The task of psychotherapy, then, is to help individuals rediscover and reclaim a sense of self that feels vital, authentic, and empowered, while also developing the skills and capacities needed to navigate the complexities of the world with greater flexibility, resilience, and integrity. This requires a delicate balance of supportive and challenging interventions, of validating the individual's unique experience while also gently questioning and expanding their assumptions about what is possible. On one end of the spectrum, an overly supportive or myopic approach to therapy can run the risk of enabling individuals to remain stuck in limiting patterns and beliefs, reinforcing a sense of helplessness or dependence on the therapist. While providing a warm, empathic, and nonjudgmental space is essential for building trust and safety in the therapeutic relationship, it is not sufficient for fostering real growth and change. Individuals need to be challenged to step outside their comfort zones, to experiment with new ways of being and relating, and to take responsibility for their choices and actions in the world. On the other end of the spectrum, an overly challenging or confrontational approach to therapy can be experienced as invalidating, shaming, or even retraumatizing, particularly for individuals with histories of abuse, neglect, or marginalization. Pushing individuals to "toughen up," to adapt to oppressive or toxic environments, or to simply accept the "reality" of their situation without questioning or resisting it can lead to a kind of false or forced adaptation, a loss of self that is no less harmful than remaining stuck. The key, then, is to find a middle path between these extremes, one that honors the individual's inherent worth, agency, and potential while also recognizing the very real constraints and challenges of the world they inhabit. This requires a deep understanding of the ways in which power, privilege, and oppression shape our experiences and identities, as well as a willingness to grapple with the existential questions of meaning, purpose, and authenticity that arise when we confront the gap between who we are and who we feel we ought to be. In practice, this might involve helping individuals to: Develop a clearer and more coherent sense of self, one that integrates the various parts of their personality, history, and identity in a way that feels authentic and meaningful to them. Identify and challenge limiting beliefs, assumptions, and patterns of behavior that keep them stuck or disconnected from their true desires and values. Cultivate greater self-awareness, self-compassion, and self-acceptance, learning to embrace the full range of their thoughts, feelings, and experiences with curiosity and kindness. Develop the skills and capacities needed to communicate effectively, set healthy boundaries, and navigate relationships and social situations with greater ease and confidence. Explore and experiment with new ways of being and relating in the world, taking risks and stepping outside their comfort zones in service of their growth and healing. Engage critically and creatively with the social, cultural, and political contexts that shape their lives, developing a sense of empowerment, agency, and social responsibility. Connect with a deeper sense of meaning, purpose, and spirituality, one that transcends the ego and connects them to something greater than themselves. Ultimately, the goal of psychotherapy is not simply to help individuals adapt to the world as it is, but to empower them to become active agents of change, both in their own lives and in the larger systems and structures that shape our collective reality. By developing a stronger, more integrated, and more authentic sense of self, individuals can begin to challenge and transform the limiting beliefs, oppressive power dynamics, and dehumanizing narratives that keep us all stuck and disconnected from our shared humanity. In this sense, psychotherapy is not just a personal journey of healing and self-discovery, but a deeply political and moral enterprise, one that calls us to envision and create a world that is more just, compassionate, and sustainable for all. As therapists, we have a unique opportunity and responsibility to support individuals in this process, to bear witness to their pain and their resilience, and to help them find the courage, clarity, and creativity needed to live a life of purpose, integrity, and connection. As the existential psychiatrist Viktor Frankl once wrote, "Between stimulus and response there is a space. In that space is our power to choose our response. In our response lies our growth and our freedom." By creating a space for individuals to explore and expand their capacity to choose, to respond to the world with authenticity and agency, psychotherapy can play a vital role in the ongoing dialectic of self and world, of personal and collective transformation. May we rise to the challenge and opportunity of this sacred work, and may we never lose sight of the inherent beauty, complexity, and potential of the human spirit as it unfolds in the therapy room and beyond. https://youtu.be/iAof2cim5Wk References Adler, A. (1964). The individual psychology of Alfred Adler: A systematic presentation in selections from his writings (H. L. Ansbacher & R. R. Ansbacher, Eds.). Harper & Row. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Erlbaum. Aquinas, T. (1981). Summa theologica (Fathers of the English Dominican Province, Trans.). Christian Classics. Aristotle. (1986). De anima (On the soul) (H. Lawson-Tancred, Trans.). Penguin. Assagioli, R. (1965). Psychosynthesis: A manual of principles and techniques. Hobbs, Dorman & Company. Augustine of Hippo. (2002). Confessions (R. S. Pine-Coffin, Trans.). Penguin. Baumeister, R. F. (1987). How the self became a problem: A psychological review of historical research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 163-176. Beck, A. T. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. Guilford Press. Berlin, I. (2013). The roots of romanticism (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. Boon, S., Steele, K., & Van der Hart, O. (2011). Coping with trauma-related dissociation: Skills training for patients and therapists. W. W. Norton & Company. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. Basic Books. Boyd, D. (2014). It's complicated: The social lives of networked teens. Yale University Press. Bromberg, P. M. (1996). Standing in the spaces: The multiplicity of self and the psychoanalytic relationship. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 32(4), 509-535. Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press. Buber, M. (1958). I and thou (R. G. Smith, Trans.). Scribner. Buranyi, S. (2017, June 27). Is the staggeringly profitable business of scientific publishing bad for science? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jun/27/profitable-business-scientific-publishing-bad-for-science Burkeman, O. (2012). The antidote: Happiness for people who can't stand positive thinking. Faber & Faber. Carr, N. (2010). The shallows: What the internet is doing to our brains. W. W. Norton & Company. Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2009). Connected: The surprising power of our social networks and how they shape our lives. Little, Brown and Company. Collier, R. (2017, December 12). Half of psychology studies fail reproducibility test. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2015.18248 Comas-Díaz, L. (2012). Multicultural care: A clinician's guide to cultural competence. American Psychological Association. Cozolino, L. (2014). The neuroscience of human relationships: Attachment and the developing social brain (2nd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. Dalai Lama, & Ekman, P. (2009). Emotional awareness: Overcoming the obstacles to psychological balance and compassion. Times Books. Descartes, R. (1996). Meditations on first philosophy (J. Cottingham, Ed. & Trans.). Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1641) Doctorow, C., & Wang, H. (2020, September 28). How to destroy surveillance capitalism. OneZero. https://onezero.medium.com/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism-8135e6744d59 Ellis, A., & Harper, R. A. (1975). A new guide to rational living. Prentice-Hall. Epstein, M. (1995). Thoughts without a thinker: Psychotherapy from a Buddhist perspective. Basic Books. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. W. W. Norton & Company. Fosha, D. (2000). The transforming power of affect: A model for accelerated change. Basic Books. Frances, A. (2013). Saving normal: An insider's revolt against out-of-control psychiatric diagnosis, DSM-5, Big Pharma, and the medicalization of ordinary life. William Morrow. Frankl, V. E. (2006). Man's search for meaning. Beacon Press. (Original work published 1946) Freud, S. (1989). The ego and the id. W. W. Norton & Company. (Original work published 1923) Fromm, E. (1955). The sane society. Rinehart & Company. Gawande, A. (2009). The checklist manifesto: How to get things right. Metropolitan Books. Gendlin, E. T. (1978). Focusing. Bantam Books. Gergen, K. J. (1991). The saturated self: Dilemmas of identity in contemporary life. Basic Books. Goodman, D. M., & Freeman, E. E. (2015). Psychology and the art of compassion: Issues in transpersonal psychology. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 47(2), 192-207. Goodman, R. D., Williams, J. M., Chung, R. C.-Y., Talleyrand, R. M., Douglass, A. M., McMahon, H. G., & Bemak, F. (2004). Decolonizing traditional pedagogies and practices in counseling and psychology education: A move towards social justice and action. In R. L. Carter (Ed.), Handbook of racial-cultural psychology and counseling: Vol. 2. Training and practice (pp. 147-160). Wiley. Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings. American Psychological Association. Greenberg, L. S., & Goldman, R. N. (2019). Clinical handbook of emotion-focused therapy. American Psychological Association. Griffith, J. L., & Griffith, M. E. (2002). Encountering the sacred in psychotherapy: How to talk with people about their spiritual lives. Guilford Press. Grof, S. (1985). Beyond the brain: Birth, death and transcendence in psychotherapy. State University of New York Press. Harari, Y. N. (2018). 21 lessons for the 21st century. Spiegel & Grau. Hillman, J. (1975). Re-visioning psychology. Harper & Row. Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Owen, J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Utsey, S. O. (2013). Cultural humility: Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(3), 353-366. Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., Van Tongeren, D. R., & Utsey, S. O. (2016). Cultural humility and racial microaggressions in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(3), 269-277. Hopwood, C. J., & Bleidorn, W. (Eds.). (2018). The Oxford handbook of personality and social psychology. Oxford University Press. Hume, D. (2000). A treatise of human nature (D. F. Norton & M. J. Norton, Eds.). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1739-1740) Jameson, F. (1991). Postmodernism, or, the cultural logic of late capitalism. Duke University Press. Jung, C. G. (1959). The archetypes and the collective unconscious (R. F. C. Hull, Trans.). Princeton University Press. Jung, C. G. (1964). Man and his symbols. Dell. Jung, C. G. (1968). Analytical psychology: Its theory and practice (The Tavistock lectures). Vintage Books. Jung, C. G. (1973). C. G. Jung letters: Volume 1, 1906-1950 (G. Adler, Ed.; R. F. C. Hull, Trans.). Princeton University Press. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. Delacorte Press. Kihlstrom, J. F. (1987). The cognitive unconscious. Science, 237(4821), 1445-1452. Knill, P. J., Levine, E. G., & Levine, S. K. (2005). Principles and practice of expressive arts therapy: Toward a therapeutic aesthetics. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. LeDoux, J. (2002). Synaptic self: How our brains become who we are. Viking. Levine, P. A. (1997). Waking the tiger: Healing trauma. North Atlantic Books. Locke, J. (1975). An essay concerning human understanding (P. H. Nidditch, Ed.). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1689) Lovaas, O. I. (1987). Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(1), 3-9. Malchiodi, C. A. (Ed.). (2003). Handbook of art therapy. Guilford Press. Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being (2nd ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold. May, R. (1969). Love and will. W. W. Norton & Company. McNiff, S. (1981). The arts and psychotherapy. Charles C. Thomas. McWilliams, N. (2004). Psychoanalytic psychotherapy: A practitioner's guide. Guilford Press. Mearns, D., & Cooper, M. (2005). Working at relational depth in counselling and psychotherapy. Sage. Mindell, A. (1985). River's way: The process science of the dreambody. Routledge & Kegan Paul. Mitchell, S. A. (1988). Relational concepts in psychoanalysis: An integration. Harvard University Press. Mojtabai, R., & Olfson, M. (2008). National trends in psychotherapy by office-based psychiatrists. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(8), 962-970. Nietzsche, F. (1967). The will to power (W. Kaufmann & R. J. Hollingdale, Trans.). Vintage Books. (Original work published 1901) Norcross, J. C., & Goldfried, M. R. (Eds.). (2005). Handbook of psychotherapy integration (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. Ogden, P., Minton, K., & Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy. W. W. Norton & Company. Ogden, P., & Fisher, J. (2015). Sensorimotor psychotherapy: Interventions for trauma and attachment. W. W. Norton & Company. Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716 Pace, P. (2013). Lifespan integration: Connecting ego states through time (5th ed.). Lifespan Integration. Pargament, K. I. (2007). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. Guilford Press. Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the internet is hiding from you. Penguin Press. Perls, F., Hefferline, R. F., & Goodman, P. (1951). Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality. Julian Press. Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child (M. Cook, Trans.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1937) Plante, T. G. (Ed.). (2007). Spirit, science, and health: How the spiritual mind fuels physical wellness. Praeger. Plato. (1997). Phaedo (G. M. A. Grube, Trans.). In J. M. Cooper & D. S. Hutchinson (Eds.), Plato: Complete works (pp. 49-100). Hackett. (Original work published ca. 360 BCE) Plato. (2002). Apology (G. M. A. Grube, Trans.). In J. M. Cooper & D. S. Hutchinson (Eds.), Plato: Complete works (pp. 17-36). Hackett. (Original work published ca. 399 BCE) Pollan, M. (2018). How to change your mind: What the new science of psychedelics teaches us about consciousness, dying, addiction, depression, and transcendence. Penguin Press. Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company. Post, B. C., & Wade, N. G. (2009). Religion and spirituality in psychotherapy: A practice-friendly review of research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(2), 131-146. Prilleltensky, I., & Fox, D. (1997). Introducing critical psychology: Values, assumptions, and the status quo. In D. Fox & I. Prilleltensky (Eds.), Critical psychology: An introduction (pp. 3-20). Sage. Reich, W. (1980). Character analysis (3rd, enlarged ed.; V. R. Carfagno, Trans.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. (Original work published 1933) Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist's view of psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin. Rogers, C. R. (1995). A way of being. Houghton Mifflin. Sartre, J.-P. (1956). Being and nothingness: An essay on phenomenological ontology (H. E. Barnes, Trans.). Philosophical Library. Sass, L. A., & Parnas, J. (2003). Schizophrenia, consciousness, and the self. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29(3), 427-444. Schacter, D. L., Chiu, C.-Y. P., & Ochsner, K. N. (1993). Implicit memory: A selective review. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 16, 159-182. Schore, A. N. (2012). The science of the art of psychotherapy. W. W. Norton & Company. Schore, J. R., & Schore, A. N. (2008). Modern attachment theory: The central role of affect regulation in development and treatment. Clinical Social Work Journal, 36(1), 9-20. Schwartz, R. C. (1995). Internal family systems therapy. Guilford Press. Shedler, J. (2010). The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 65(2), 98-109. Siegel, D. J. (1999). The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are. Guilford Press. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. Macmillan. Sokal, A. (2008). Beyond the hoax: Science, philosophy and culture. Oxford University Press. Sokal, A. D. (1996). Transgressing the boundaries: Toward a transformative hermeneutics of quantum gravity. Social Text, (46/47), 217-252. Stein, M. (2006). The principle of individuation: Toward the development of human consciousness. Chiron Publications. Stern, D. N. (2004). The present moment in psychotherapy and everyday life. W. W. Norton & Company. Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2013). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (6th ed.). Wiley. Tacey, D. J. (2004). The spirituality revolution: The emergence of contemporary spirituality. Brunner-Routledge. Tervalon, M., & Murray-García, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117-125. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Westview Press. Trilling, L. (1972). Sincerity and authenticity. Harvard University Press. Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3-17. van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking. Vieten, C., Scammell, S., Pilato, R., Ammondson, I., Pargament, K. I., & Lukoff, D. (2013). Spiritual and religious competencies for psychologists. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(3), 129-144. Wachtel, P. L. (1991). From eclecticism to synthesis: Toward a more seamless psychotherapeutic integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1(1), 43-54. Wallin, D. J. (2007). Attachment in psychotherapy. Guilford Press. Warren, R. P. (1998). The collected poems of Robert Penn Warren (J. Burt, Ed.). Louisiana State University Press. Weizenbaum, J. (1976). Computer power and human reason: From judgment to calculation. W. H. Freeman and Company. Westen, D., Novotny, C. M., & Thompson-Brenner, H. (2004). The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: Assumptions, findings, and reporting in controlled clinical trials. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 631-663. Wilber, K. (2000). Integral psychology: Consciousness, spirit, psychology, therapy. Shambhala. Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. Basic Books. Young, C. (2006). One hundred and fifty years on: The history, significance and scope of body psychotherapy today. In J. Corrigall, H. Payne, & H. Wilkinson (Eds.), About a body: Working with the embodied mind in psychotherapy (pp. 14-28). Routledge.   #Psychotherapy #CorporateInfluence #HolisticHealing #AuthenticSelf #ImplicitMemory #PostSecularSacred #MentalHealthTransformation #IntegrativePsychotherapy #EmpoweringIndividuals #PsychotherapyChallenges #jung #philosophy #PsychotherapyInCrisis #MentalHealth #Self #eikonosphere #ImplicitMemory #Empowering #AuthenticSelf #capitalism 

Today's AI is largely based on supervised learning of neural networks using the backpropagation-of-error synaptic learning rule. This learning rule relies on differentiation of continuous activation functions and is thus not directly applicable to spiking neurons. Today's guest has developed the algorithm SuperSpike to address the problem. He has also recently developed a biologically more plausible learning rule based on self-supervised learning. We talk about both.  

In this episode, we discuss common genetic and proteins implicated with Autism. This episode is all about preparing for a future episode about Excitation and Inhibition imbalance- a known phenomena with Autism. I play Tug-of-War with Barbed-Wire and talk about a critical factor of our environment implicating proteins and development- This is huge, and necessary. Genomic Architecture of Autism https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(22)01324-1.pdfPTEN and mTOR https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(22)01435-8?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2211124722014358%3Fshowall%3Dtrue16p11.2, Serotonin, and Possible Social Deficit Rescueshttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4824539/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0416-4https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-021-01091-6https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7606557/Dr. Jack Kruse on Autism https://jackkruse.com/category/autism/Cullin 3 / Cul3 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31455858/SHANK3 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=shank3Neurexin and Neuroligin https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4120877/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867414006734(0:00) Introduction; Excitation and Inhibition; (3:15) Phosphate and Tensin- Pten; Synapses, Soma Size, Migration, Cellular Spine Density, Dendritic Overgrowth, Myelination; mTOR (Rapamycin) and hope; Are cells doing what they should? (10:18) 16p11.2; Serotonin; Raphe and Nucleus Accumbens; Possible Therapeutic Help;(13:40) NEED TO KNOW INFORMATION; Tryptophan, Aromatic Amino Acids, UV-B Light and Proteins; Changes in our Light Environment and Implications to our Biology and Modern Health Concerns; Photoreceptors and Brain and Skin Connection- Neuroectoderm; Circadian Mismatch;(19:24) Back to 16p11.2 and Cortical Development;(22:00) Cullin 3 and Cul3 and Implications to Socialness and Sensory-Gating; Causes of Stereotypic Behaviors; Neuronal Excitability;(24:09) SHANK3; Tissues and Brain; Synaptic Implications; more Spine and Dendritic formation; Sensory Processing; Repetitive Behaviors; Anxiety; Social Deficits; Poor Motor Coordination;(25:59) Neurexin and Neuroligin; Synaptic development and action; Myelination; E/I and Spine; CNTNAP2 and mPFC(29:25) Wrap Up and Contact Informationemail: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

In this episode of the Crazy Wisdom Podcast, Stewart Alsop engages with senior data scientist Anand Divedi to delve deep into the facets of machine learning and AI's evolving capabilities. They discuss Anand's journey and insights into AI, particularly focusing on the freedom from execution boundaries brought by advancements in AI and large language models (LLMs). The conversation extends to the concept of 'human in the loop' learning, emphasizing the interdisciplinary approach to mimicking neural decision-making processes. Anand shares his initial foray into machine learning via financial surveillance to detect fraud utilizing AI to sift through massive data. They discuss the significance of teaching and learning for both AI models and humans, touching on aspects of cognitive pruning, memory, and how AI, much like the human brain, can 'forget' outdated information to make room for new learnings. The episode also introduces Haley Darden, who kicks off her segment on supervised learning, aiming to bridge the gap between technical AI concepts and everyday understanding. Together, they ponder over the future of AI in terms of model specialization versus generalization, and whether AI should or can forget information similar to human cognitive pruning. Check out this GPT we trained on this conversation Timestamps 00:41 Diving Deep with Anand Divedi: Exploring Machine Learning and Boundaries 01:23 The Evolution of Machine Learning: From Boundaries to Freedom 04:00 Bridging the Gap: Machine Learning for Technical and Non-Technical Minds 08:54 Human in the Loop: Merging AI with Human Decision-Making 10:20 From Financial Surveillance to AI: Anand's Journey into Machine Learning 14:13 Understanding AI: Parameters, Learning, and Growth 29:54 The Spiritual and Philosophical Dimensions of Learning and AI 37:28 Exploring Self-Reflection and Emotional Learning 38:12 The Role of Memory and Reflection in Learning 38:47 Introducing AI's Long-Term Memory and Reflection 39:10 Active Learning and the Structure of Self in AI 40:42 Welcoming Haley Darden and Discussing Supervised Learning 41:44 Breaking Down AI: From Basics to Complex Concepts 44:56 Understanding AI's Learning, Forgetting, and Trust Mechanisms 59:01 Concluding Thoughts and Future Directions Key Insights Breaking Boundaries in AI and Machine Learning: Anand Dwivedi shared a significant shift in his approach to AI, where he moved from conceptual boundaries to practical execution, experiencing a newfound sense of freedom. This reflects a broader trend in the AI field, where advancements in large language models (LLMs) and other technologies have drastically expanded the possibilities for innovation and application, enabling researchers and practitioners to explore new frontiers beyond traditional limitations. Human-in-the-Loop Learning: The conversation highlighted Anand's work in human-in-the-loop learning, emphasizing the integration of human decision-making processes within AI systems. This approach seeks to understand and replicate human reasoning in AI models, facilitating a symbiotic relationship where both humans and AI contribute to and enhance the learning process, thereby improving the accuracy and effectiveness of AI applications in real-world scenarios. The Evolution of AI through Large Language Models: Anand discussed the transformative impact of LLMs on his work, describing them as powerful tools for parsing and analyzing information. These models have revolutionized how AI can assist in structuring thoughts and accelerating research processes, showcasing the rapid development in AI's capabilities and the increasing sophistication of tools available to data scientists and researchers. The Importance of Frameworks in AI Learning: Throughout the podcast, the significance of frameworks in understanding and implementing AI was a recurring theme. Anand underscored the need for structured approaches to learning and applying AI, highlighting how frameworks can guide users in effectively leveraging AI capabilities, thus bridging the gap between technical complexity and practical usability. AI's Impact on Decision Making and Surveillance: Anand's insights into his career, particularly in financial surveillance, illustrated how AI can be pivotal in managing vast amounts of data to identify anomalies or fraudulent activities. This underscores AI's role in enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of decision-making processes in high-stakes environments, such as financial markets, where the ability to swiftly analyze and act on data is crucial. Neuroscience and AI: The discussion touched on the intersection of neuroscience and AI, with Anand exploring how AI models mimic neural processes. This comparison not only sheds light on the potential of AI to replicate human cognitive functions but also on the ongoing efforts to improve AI's learning and decision-making capabilities by understanding and emulating the complexities of the human brain. Future of AI and Ethical Considerations: The conversation ventured into the future trajectory of AI, including the ethical dimensions of AI development and application. Anand's dialogue with Hayley Darden in the latter part of the episode highlighted the challenges in ensuring AI's reliability and trustworthiness, addressing concerns such as AI hallucinations and the importance of developing robust mechanisms to evaluate and trust AI outputs, thereby ensuring AI's responsible and ethical integration into society.

Découvrez le livre NEUROSAPIENS ! Pour apprendre à créer rapidement et à moindre coût son podcast, c'est par ici ! Aujourd'hui, je vous propose une aventure assez exaltante à travers les méandres du cerveau adolescent. A l'image du bus magique (ref que seuls les millenials comprendront), je vous propose d'aller explorer un labyrinthe d'hormones, d'émotions et d'acrobaties neuronales au cœur du cerveau des adolescents. Dans cet épisode, nous allons regarder les changements qui se trament dans le cerveau lorsqu'on est adolescent, mais aussi bien sûr les changements hormonaux et comment ces deux dynamiques cérébrales et hormonales influencent nos comportements de prise de risque, nos relations sociales, notre sommeil, etc. Production, animation, réalisation : Anaïs RouxInstagram : https://www.instagram.com/neurosapiens.podcast/neurosapiens.podcast@gmail.comProduit et distribué en association avec LACME Production.Références : Chein J, Albert D, O'Brien L, Uckert K, Steinberg L. Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain's reward circuitry. Dev Sci. 2011 Mar;14(2):F1-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01035.x. PMID: 21499511; PMCID: PMC3075496.Steinberg L, Albert D, Cauffman E, Banich M, Graham S, Woolard J. Age differences in sensation seeking and impulsivity as indexed by behavior and self-report: evidence for a dual systems model. Dev Psychol. 2008 Nov;44(6):1764-78. doi: 10.1037/a0012955. PMID: 18999337.Carskadon MA. Sleep in adolescents: the perfect storm. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2011 Jun;58(3):637-47. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2011.03.003. PMID: 21600346; PMCID: PMC3130594.Brechwald WA, Prinstein MJ. Beyond Homophily: A Decade of Advances in Understanding Peer Influence Processes. J Res Adolesc. 2011 Mar 1;21(1):166-179. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00721.x. PMID: 23730122; PMCID: PMC3666937.Blakemore SJ, Choudhury S. Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006 Mar-Apr;47(3-4):296-312. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01611.x. PMID: 16492261.Figner B, Mackinlay RJ, Wilkening F, Weber EU. Affective and deliberative processes in risky choice: age differences in risk taking in the Columbia Card Task. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2009 May;35(3):709-30. doi: 10.1037/a0014983. PMID: 19379045.Huttenlocher PR. Synaptic density in human frontal cortex - developmental changes and effects of aging. Brain Res. 1979 Mar 16;163(2):195-205. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90349-4. PMID: 427544.Gunnar MR, Wewerka S, Frenn K, Long JD, Griggs C. Developmental changes in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal activity over the transition to adolescence: normative changes and associations with puberty. Dev Psychopathol. 2009 Winter;21(1):69-85. doi: 10.1017/S0954579409000054. Erratum in: Dev Psychopathol. 2010 Winter;22(1):237. PMID: 19144223; PMCID: PMC3933029.Parent AS, Teilmann G, Juul A, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J, Bourguignon JP. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration. Endocr Rev. 2003 Oct;24(5):668-93. doi: 10.1210/er.2002-0019. PMID: 14570750.Musique :ONE NIGHT AWAY de Patrick PatrikiosLOVE ASIDE de Patrick Patrikios

Join the Community Sign up to ‘A Helpful Newsletter' In this immersive episode of "This Might Be Helpful," Cameron Rosin dives deep into the world of synaptic debris, cognitive overwhelm, and the overwhelming influx of information in our digital age. Examining the impact of constant data consumption on our brains, Cameron sheds light on the physiological effects of processing excessive information. Unveiling the consequences of information outpacing integration, he explores the quest for clarity amidst an age of overwhelming digital noise. Get Cameron's guided meditation package: Meditations Follow Cameron on Instagram: Instagram Follow Cameron on TikTok: TikTok Subscribe to Cameron's Youtube: Youtube For more information visit https://camrosin.io/

Synaptic pruning is one of the most foundational ways to change the brain. In fact, it is the way the brain changes in structure and in function.  In this episode, I break down synaptic pruning into its most basic, scientific components, and talk about how you can use synaptic pruning to your advantage, in really simple ways.

Today we're joined by Kareem of Thrive Capital for one of the most extensive conversations we've had on the show—we cover the core insight that drove Thrive to invest in late-stage companies like Stripe and Slack, how they approach thinking about fund size and timing, the benefits of a concentrated portfolio, and more. If you're looking to improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, check out: https://synaptic.com/turpentine --- SPONSORS: Synaptic unifies over one hundred real-time company performance metrics across alternative datasets like user traffic, employee data, app downloads, product reviews, and more. It's your all-in-one source for alternative data that helps you make better investment decisions. To learn how Synaptic can improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, visit https://synaptic.com/turpentine Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) is a single platform for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds; offers one consistent price, instead of variable regional pricing; and of course nobody does data better than Oracle. If you want to do more and spend less, take a free test drive of OCI at https://oracle.com/turpentine --- Join our free newsletter to get Erik's top 3 insights from each episode every week: https://turpentinevc.substack.com/ --- RELATED SHOWS: If you like Turpentine VC, check out our show The Limited Partner with David Weisburd, where David talks to the investors behind the investors: https://link.chtbl.com/thelimitedpartner --- RECOMMENDED PODCAST:  Every week investor and writer of the popular newsletter The Diff, Byrne Hobart, and co-host Erik Torenberg discuss today's major inflection points in technology, business, and markets – and help listeners build a diversified portfolio of trends and ideas for the future. Subscribe to “The Riff” with Byrne Hobart and Erik Torenberg: https://link.chtbl.com/theriff RECOMMENDED PODCAST: LIVE PLAYERS Join host Samo Burja and Erik Torenberg as they analyze the mindsets of today's most intriguing business leaders, investors, and innovators through the lens of their bold actions and contrarian worldviews. You'll come away with a deeper understanding of the development of technology, business, political power, culture and more. LIsten and subscribe everywhere you get your podcasts: https://link.chtbl.com/liveplayers. --- X / TWITTER: @kareemszaki (Kareem) @ThriveCapital (Thrive Capital) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @TurpentineVC --- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Intro (3:03) How does Thrive balance an opportunistic vs a focused approach (07:01) Thrive's structure and core insights (14:57) Sponsor: Synaptic (15:50) On Thrive's DNA (18:06) Kareem's insights on selling (24:01) Thrive's history (29:45) Sponsor: Oracle (33:10) Kareem's insights on the impact team  (36:21) On incubations (39:45) On regulated or capital intensive industries (43:06) Thrive and healthcare (49:37) How does Thrive think about macro? (53:14]) The future of Thrive (55:25) Kareem on making bets on young people and cultivating talent

This week's episode of Turpentine VC features Benchmark GPs Sarah Tavel and Eric Vishria. We discuss ideas that are central to Benchmark's beliefs in firm-building, including why platform teams exist to help the general partners more so than founders themselves. If you're looking to improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, check out: https://synaptic.com/turpentine --- SPONSORS: Synaptic unifies over one hundred real-time company performance metrics across alternative datasets like user traffic, employee data, app downloads, product reviews, and more. It's your all-in-one source for alternative data that helps you make better investment decisions. To learn how Synaptic can improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, visit https://synaptic.com/turpentine Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) is a single platform for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds; offers one consistent price, instead of variable regional pricing; and of course nobody does data better than Oracle. If you want to do more and spend less, take a free test drive of OCI at https://oracle.com/turpentine. --- Join our free newsletter to get Erik's top 3 insights from each episode every week: https://turpentinevc.substack.com/ --- RELATED SHOWS: If you like Turpentine VC, check out our show The Limited Partner with David Weisburd, where David talks to the investors behind the investors: https://link.chtbl.com/thelimitedpartner --- RECOMMENDED PODCAST:  Every week investor and writer of the popular newsletter The Diff, Byrne Hobart, and co-host Erik Torenberg discuss today's major inflection points in technology, business, and markets – and help listeners build a diversified portfolio of trends and ideas for the future. Subscribe to “The Riff” with Byrne Hobart and Erik Torenberg: https://link.chtbl.com/theriff RECOMMENDED PODCAST: LIVE PLAYERS Join host Samo Burja and Erik Torenberg as they analyze the mindsets of today's most intriguing business leaders, investors, and innovators through the lens of their bold actions and contrarian worldviews. You'll come away with a deeper understanding of the development of technology, business, political power, culture and more. LIsten and subscribe everywhere you get your podcasts: https://link.chtbl.com/liveplayers. --- X / TWITTER: @sarahtavel (Sarah) @ericvishria (Eric) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @benchmark (Benchmark) @TurpentineVC --- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Episode Preview (01:29) Benchmark in the history of venture capital (05:08) The Benchmark DNA (07:50) Learnings from Benchmark's expansion (10:53) Sponsor: Synaptic (11:55) The trade-offs of scaling (13:00) How Benchmark thinks about macro (15:08) Comparing the different Benchmark eras (17:46) Partnership construction and combining skill sets and personalities (29:38) On the investor and founder relationship (33:58) Sponsor: Oracle (39:10) How Benchmark remains one of the most relevant VC firms (44:30) The right business model for venture scale (48:24) the hallmark of a Benchmark company (52:52) Learnings from consumer social (1:08:43) What types of companies have enduring value or are truly defensible? (1:15:09) On crypto (1:23:47) Re-founding Benchmark

Erik is joined by Alfred Lin, partner at Sequoia Capital for over 13 years, and investor in Airbnb, Doordash, Houzz, and more legendary Silicon Valley companies. We dive into the unique ways which Sequoia operates as a firm in this episode: why they don't actually track A-U-M, why they launched the Sequoia Capital Fund, the decision-making behind creating Sequoia Arc, and more. If you're looking to improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, check out: https://synaptic.com/turpentine --- SPONSORS: Synaptic unifies over one hundred real-time company performance metrics across alternative datasets like user traffic, employee data, app downloads, product reviews, and more. It's your all-in-one source for alternative data that helps you make better investment decisions. To learn how Synaptic can improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, visit https://synaptic.com/turpentine Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) is a single platform for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds; offers one consistent price, instead of variable regional pricing; and of course nobody does data better than Oracle. If you want to do more and spend less, take a free test drive of OCI at https://oracle.com/turpentine. --- Join our free newsletter to get Erik's top 3 insights from each episode every week: https://turpentinevc.substack.com/ --- RECOMMENDED PODCAST:  Every week investor and writer of the popular newsletter The Diff, Byrne Hobart, and co-host Erik Torenberg discuss today's major inflection points in technology, business, and markets – and help listeners build a diversified portfolio of trends and ideas for the future. Subscribe to “The Riff” with Byrne Hobart and Erik Torenberg: https://link.chtbl.com/theriff RECOMMENDED PODCAST: LIVE PLAYERS Join host Samo Burja and Erik Torenberg as they analyze the mindsets of today's most intriguing business leaders, investors, and innovators through the lens of their bold actions and contrarian worldviews. You'll come away with a deeper understanding of the development of technology, business, political power, culture and more. LIsten and subscribe everywhere you get your podcasts: https://link.chtbl.com/liveplayers. --- X / TWITTER: @Alfred_Lin (Alfred) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @sequoia (Sequoia) @TurpentineVC --- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Episode preview (01:10) How Sequoia does generational transitions (05:31) Sequoia's firm structure and evolution (11:01) Sponsor: Synaptic (11:52) On Sequoia Arc and competing against YC (15:01) On metrics and leading indicators (18:19) How to add the most value to founders (23:33) Alfred on the landscape of venture in 2030 (25:39) What makes a Sequoia partner great? (28:40) Sponsor: Oracle Clound Infrastructure (33:02) On incubations (34:53) On macro (38:56) Alfred's thoughts on AI (43:33) Leadership and how to show up for founders (49:42) Alfredisms: the time span of discretion and the roles of a founder

On episode eleven of Turpentine VC, Ann Miura-Ko—co-founding partner at Floodgate—sits down with Erik Torenberg to dive deep into the core fundamentals of VC partners talk about behind close doors, including how to identify inflection points to give you an edge when starting a fund, muscles Floodgate has built in the -1 to 0 space, the true opportunities in AI, and more. If you're looking to improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, check out: https://synaptic.com/turpentine --- SPONSORS: Synaptic unifies over one hundred real-time company performance metrics across alternative datasets like user traffic, employee data, app downloads, product reviews, and more. It's your all-in-one source for alternative data that helps you make better investment decisions. To learn how Synaptic can improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, visit https://synaptic.com/turpentine --- RECOMMENDED PODCAST:  Every week investor and writer of the popular newsletter The Diff, Byrne Hobart, and co-host Erik Torenberg discuss today's major inflection points in technology, business, and markets – and help listeners build a diversified portfolio of trends and ideas for the future. Subscribe to “The Riff” with Byrne Hobart and Erik Torenberg: https://link.chtbl.com/theriff RECOMMENDED PODCAST: LIVE PLAYERS Join host Samo Burja and Erik Torenberg as they analyze the mindsets of today's most intriguing business leaders, investors, and innovators through the lens of their bold actions and contrarian worldviews. You'll come away with a deeper understanding of the development of technology, business, political power, culture and more. LIsten and subscribe everywhere you get your podcasts: https://link.chtbl.com/liveplayers. --- Join our free newsletter to get Erik's top 3 insights from each episode every week: https://turpentinevc.substack.com/ --- RELATED SHOWS: If you like Turpentine VC, check out our show The Limited Partner with David Weisburd, where David talks to the investors behind the investors: https://link.chtbl.com/thelimitedpartner --- X / TWITTER: @annimaniac (Ann) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @floodgatefund @TurpentineVC --- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Episode preview (01:29) How Ann thinks about macro (04:33) Is 2023 better for incumbents or start-ups? (07:12) When is the right time to start a fund? (10:23) How Ann identifies inflections that guide her approach to innovative VC (12:40) Sponsor: Synaptic (15:43) Why Floodgate's fund size is their strategy (19:36) Ann's litmus test for product market fit (22:32) What would prompt Floodgate to change their strategy? (25:51) On how Ann evaluates people (28:02) Muscles Floodgate has built on the -1 to 0 space (31:52) Ann's thoughts on Sam's Factory Model Venture theory (39:22) AI as an inflection point (44:11) Ann's thoughts on exciting opportunities in AI

Trae Stephens, General Partner at Founders Fund, joins Erik Torenberg to chat through how the firm's focus on independent thinking and debate culture, and counterintuitive lack of true process, has been key in helping them build an enduring fund. If you're looking to improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, check out: https://synaptic.com/turpentine We're hiring across the board at Turpentine and for Erik's personal team on other projects he's incubating. He's hiring a Chief of Staff, EA, Head of Special Projects, Investment Associate, and more. For a list of JDs, check out: eriktorenberg.com. --- SPONSORS: Synaptic unifies over one hundred real-time company performance metrics across alternative datasets like user traffic, employee data, app downloads, product reviews, and more. It's your all-in-one source for alternative data that helps you make better investment decisions. To learn how Synaptic can improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, visit https://synaptic.com/turpentine --- RECOMMENDED PODCAST:  Every week investor and writer of the popular newsletter The Diff, Byrne Hobart, and co-host Erik Torenberg discuss today's major inflection points in technology, business, and markets – and help listeners build a diversified portfolio of trends and ideas for the future. Subscribe to “The Riff” with Byrne Hobart and Erik Torenberg: https://link.chtbl.com/theriff RECOMMENDED PODCAST: LIVE PLAYERS Join host Samo Burja and Erik Torenberg as they analyze the mindsets of today's most intriguing business leaders, investors, and innovators through the lens of their bold actions and contrarian worldviews. You'll come away with a deeper understanding of the development of technology, business, political power, culture and more. LIsten and subscribe everywhere you get your podcasts: https://link.chtbl.com/liveplayers. --- Join our free newsletter to get Erik's top 3 insights from each episode every week: https://turpentinevc.substack.com/ --- RELATED SHOWS: If you like Turpentine VC, check out our show The Limited Partner with David Weisburd, where David talks to the investors behind the investors: https://link.chtbl.com/thelimitedpartner --- X / TWITTER: @traestephens (Trae) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @foundersfund @TurpentineVC --- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Episode preview (01:24) Debate culture and why that's key to Founders Fund's success (03:59) How Founders Fund's pitch is different from a16z's (06:56) FF's unique market position (09:09) How FF recruits their partners (13:10) Sponsor: Synaptic (14:16) The deal-making process, or lack thereof (16:14) Governance at Founders Fund (19:27) Comparing the YC approach  (21:41) How they measure success against other funds (22:50) Trae's journey at Founders Fund (24:54) On incubating Anduril (28:04) Why having no process forces partners to be higher conviction (30:15) Core debates at Founders Fund (32:24) The key to Founders Fund's current approach (34:22) Trae's request for startups in gov tech (36:03) Erik's On Deck question (37:58) What does the future look like for Founders Fund? (39:47) What gets misunderstood about the firm (44:06) On Mike Solana (47:01) The three eras of Founders Fund summarized

Sam Lessin, General Partner at Slow Ventures, and Seth Rosenberg, General Partner at Greylock, debate what the effects of AI on incumbents and the next wave of AI-first products will look like. If you're looking to improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, check out: https://synaptic.com/turpentine We're hiring across the board at Turpentine and for Erik's personal team on other projects he's incubating. He's hiring a Chief of Staff, EA, Head of Special Projects, Investment Associate, and more. For a list of JDs, check out: eriktorenberg.com. --- SPONSORS: Synaptic unifies over one hundred real-time company performance metrics across alternative datasets like user traffic, employee data, app downloads, product reviews, and more. It's your all-in-one source for alternative data that helps you make better investment decisions. To learn how Synaptic can improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, visit https://synaptic.com/turpentine --- RECOMMENDED PODCAST:  Every week investor and writer of the popular newsletter The Diff, Byrne Hobart, and co-host Erik Torenberg discuss today's major inflection points in technology, business, and markets – and help listeners build a diversified portfolio of trends and ideas for the future. Subscribe to “The Riff” with Byrne Hobart and Erik Torenberg: https://link.chtbl.com/theriff RECOMMENDED PODCAST: LIVE PLAYERS Join host Samo Burja and Erik Torenberg as they analyze the mindsets of today's most intriguing business leaders, investors, and innovators through the lens of their bold actions and contrarian worldviews. You'll come away with a deeper understanding of the development of technology, business, political power, culture and more. LIsten and subscribe everywhere you get your podcasts: https://link.chtbl.com/liveplayers. --- Join our free newsletter to get Erik's top 3 insights from each episode every week: https://turpentinevc.substack.com/ --- LINKS: Seth's essay on Product-Led AI: https://greylock.com/greymatter/seth-rosenberg-product-led-ai/ --- RELATED SHOWS: If you like Turpentine VC, check out our show The Limited Partner with David Weisburd, where David talks to the investors behind the investors: https://link.chtbl.com/thelimitedpartner For more AI content, check out The Cognitive Revolution with Nathan Labenz, where Nathan covers the most pertinent AI updates in the industry with builders, investors, and more: https://link.chtbl.com/TheCognitiveRevolution --- X / TWITTER: @lessin (Sam) @SethGRosenberg (Seth) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @TurpentineVC --- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Episode preview (00:47) Seth's blog post on opportunities in AI (04:46) Sam's reaction to Seth's product-led AI thesis (9:58) Identifying outliers (12:29) What happening during the cloud, mobile, and AI tech waves (14:51) Sponsor: Synaptic (15:52) Why incumbents are incredibly well-positioned to add AI tools (19:08) The mobile tech wave and why incumbents won (21:59) The Uber of the AI era (26:11) New markets unlocked with AI (28:26) Defensibility of AI startups (32:28) Thoughts on Midjourney and Character AI (34:01) Closing remarks (37:26) ​​On copilots

Roger Ehrenberg of IA Ventures joins Erik on episode 8 of Turpentine VC to talk about his contrarian and opinionated view of how seed funds should operate, and how that's allowed him to generate 10x fund returns. If you're looking to improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, check out: https://synaptic.com/turpentine We're hiring across the board at Turpentine and for Erik's personal team on other projects he's incubating. He's hiring a Chief of Staff, EA, Head of Special Projects, Investment Associate, and more. For a list of JDs, check out: eriktorenberg.com. --- SPONSORS: Synaptic unifies over one hundred real-time company performance metrics across alternative datasets like user traffic, employee data, app downloads, product reviews, and more. It's your all-in-one source for alternative data that helps you make better investment decisions. To learn how Synaptic can improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, visit https://synaptic.com/turpentine --- RECOMMENDED PODCAST:  Every week investor and writer of the popular newsletter The Diff, Byrne Hobart, and co-host Erik Torenberg discuss today's major inflection points in technology, business, and markets – and help listeners build a diversified portfolio of trends and ideas for the future. Subscribe to “The Riff” with Byrne Hobart and Erik Torenberg: https://link.chtbl.com/theriff RECOMMENDED PODCAST: LIVE PLAYERS Join host Samo Burja and Erik Torenberg as they analyze the mindsets of today's most intriguing business leaders, investors, and innovators through the lens of their bold actions and contrarian worldviews. You'll come away with a deeper understanding of the development of technology, business, political power, culture and more. LIsten and subscribe everywhere you get your podcasts: https://link.chtbl.com/liveplayers. --- Join our free newsletter to get Erik's top 3 insights from each episode every week: https://turpentinevc.substack.com/ --- RELATED SHOWS: If you like Turpentine VC, check out our show The Limited Partner with David Weisburd, where David talks to the investors behind the investors: https://link.chtbl.com/thelimitedpartner --- X / TWITTER: @infoarbitrage (Roger) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @TurpentineVC --- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Episode Preview (01:20) IA Ventures' firm strategy (03:30) Roger's thoughts on the rise of seed (07:18) Would Roger do anything differently if he started IA today? (11:14) Is the future of venture going to be craftsman or platform? (15:42) Sponsor: Synaptic (16:56) What players are going to favored in today's venture ecosystem? (19:41) Roger's macro lesson on higher interest rates (24:32) Prediction on where interest rates will normalize (26:29) On the future for YC and a16z (31:42) Lessons from crypto, and why Roger's excited about sports for the future (36:53) Why more people should look into the sports space

This week, Erik is joined by Mike Maples, Jr, co-founder of Floodgate, a storied seed firm that's invested in Lyft, Okta, Twitch, and Twitter, to name a few unicorn portcos. If you're looking to improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, check out: https://synaptic.com/turpentine We're hiring across the board at Turpentine and for Erik's personal team on other projects he's incubating. He's hiring a Chief of Staff, EA, Head of Special Projects, Investment Associate, and more. For a list of JDs, check out: eriktorenberg.com. --- SPONSORS: Synaptic unifies over one hundred real-time company performance metrics across alternative datasets like user traffic, employee data, app downloads, product reviews, and more. It's your all-in-one source for alternative data that helps you make better investment decisions. To learn how Synaptic can improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, visit https://synaptic.com/turpentine --- RECOMMENDED PODCAST:  Every week investor and writer of the popular newsletter The Diff, Byrne Hobart, and co-host Erik Torenberg discuss today's major inflection points in technology, business, and markets – and help listeners build a diversified portfolio of trends and ideas for the future. Subscribe to “The Riff” with Byrne Hobart and Erik Torenberg: https://link.chtbl.com/theriff RECOMMENDED PODCAST: LIVE PLAYERS Join host Samo Burja and Erik Torenberg as they analyze the mindsets of today's most intriguing business leaders, investors, and innovators through the lens of their bold actions and contrarian worldviews. You'll come away with a deeper understanding of the development of technology, business, political power, culture and more. LIsten and subscribe everywhere you get your podcasts: https://link.chtbl.com/liveplayers. --- Join our free newsletter to get Erik's top 3 insights from each episode every week: https://turpentinevc.substack.com/ --- RELATED SHOWS: If you like Turpentine VC, check out our show The Limited Partner with David Weisburd, where David talks to the investors behind the investors: https://link.chtbl.com/thelimitedpartner --- X / TWITTER: @m2jr (Mike) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @floodgatefund @TurpentineVC --- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Episode Preview (01:00) The biggest inflection points in Floodgate's history (03:03) Force a choice, not a comparison (07:16) Why didn't Floodgate scale like a16z did? (11:28) Sponsor: Synaptic (12:31) How to bet on people before they have a company (15:38) On how to pull out signal from founder references (17:38) What questions would Mike be asking fund managers as an LP? (20:46) On how venture has evolved (24:12) On YC and their non-consensus economics (25:58) Will Floodgate pursue incubation? (28:05) Frameworks for identifying good ideas (32:35) How Mike thinks about AI (37:59) If Mike started Floodgate today, what would be his differentiating approach? (40:07) What kind of firms will flourish in the next 10 years? (42:10) On firm differentiation (47:57) Mike's take on Sam Lessin's thesis on seed investing

Video version of this episodeJoin the Synthminds Discord HereSynthminds & Synaptic Labs Present their new AI for Educators course, in partnership with BSD EducationFOR 15% OFF PROMPT PERFECT Click here & use code 'httta' at the checkout!Need a custom fine-tuned chatbot that can be spun up and deployed in minutes? Use code "Synthminds15" at GPT TrainerPodcast PageHTTTA NewsletterProfessor Synapse PromptTurn ChatGPT into AutoGPTKey takeaways from the episode:1. The unpredictability of content resonance: The episode reflects on how unpredictable it is to know what content will resonate with viewers. This highlights the importance of experimentation and openness to try new ideas to engage and connect with the audience.2. The power of the prompt: Our guest Joe Rosenbaum of Synaptic labs, and creator of the "Professor Synapse" prompt, that's been shared over 100,000 times. He emphasizes the usefulness and versatility of using prompts generated by GPT to quickly build course content and make the learning experience more interactive. They also mention the excitement of witnessing users personalize their prompt experiences and highlight the importance of putting the power and control in the hands of the users.3. Empowering teachers with AI: The episode discusses the partnership between Synaptic Labs, Synthminds and BSD Education, working on a generative AI for teachers course. The goal is to educate and empower teachers to ethically and responsibly integrate AI technology into their classrooms. [00:02:33] Improved AI model with user-focused prompts.[00:05:15] Course launch successful, positive feedback from audience.[00:08:27] AI empowers transformation, saves time for love.[00:11:10] Podcast, community, course content, interactive, unlimited, preferences, benefit.[00:16:04] Summarize using 7 words: AI game of mad libs with Professor Synapse[00:17:58] Role super important, research based, variables, clear goal, chain of reason, first step, question.[00:22:29] Technology with limited memory creates frustrations in conversation.[00:24:31] Synaptic Labs educates educators on AI.[00:27:27] Exciting things coming: our Discord Synthminds Learning Labs.Give it a listen on the HTTTA podcast to dive deeper into the exciting world of AI! Happy Prompting Everybody!#Technology #EducationalTechnology #AIWritingTools #HTTTA #howtotalktoai #ai #artificialintelligence #promptengineering #prompt #research #nlp #openai #businessinsights #GPT4 #VR #ARLicensing Codes:XE3PMH56JJN9LJ8BASLC-22DC2994-050B57C5D6

10 years after their initial launch, Susa is relaunching the firm with a new vision and strategy, which Susa General Partner, Chad Byers, tells us about in this episode of Turpentine VC. If you're looking to improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, check out: https://synaptic.com/turpentine We're hiring across the board at Turpentine and for Erik's personal team on other projects he's incubating. He's hiring a Chief of Staff, EA, Head of Special Projects, Investment Associate, and more. For a list of JDs, check out: eriktorenberg.com. --- SPONSORS: Synaptic unifies over one hundred real-time company performance metrics across alternative datasets like user traffic, employee data, app downloads, product reviews, and more. It's your all-in-one source for alternative data that helps you make better investment decisions. To learn how Synaptic can improve your sourcing, tracking, and due diligence, visit https://synaptic.com/turpentine --- RECOMMENDED PODCAST:  Every week investor and writer of the popular newsletter The Diff, Byrne Hobart, and co-host Erik Torenberg discuss today's major inflection points in technology, business, and markets – and help listeners build a diversified portfolio of trends and ideas for the future. Subscribe to “The Riff” with Byrne Hobart and Erik Torenberg: https://link.chtbl.com/theriff RECOMMENDED PODCAST: LIVE PLAYERS Join host Samo Burja and Erik Torenberg as they analyze the mindsets of today's most intriguing business leaders, investors, and innovators through the lens of their bold actions and contrarian worldviews. You'll come away with a deeper understanding of the development of technology, business, political power, culture and more. LIsten and subscribe everywhere you get your podcasts: https://link.chtbl.com/liveplayers. --- Join our free newsletter to get Erik's top 3 insights from each episode every week: https://turpentinevc.substack.com/ --- RELATED SHOWS: If you like Turpentine VC, check out our show The Limited Partner with David Weisburd, where David talks to the investors behind the investors: https://link.chtbl.com/thelimitedpartner --- X / TWITTER: @chadbyers (Chad) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @SusaVentures @TurpentineVC --- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Episode Preview (00:56) How does Susa see themselves within the venture ecosystem? (01:54) The history and next evolution of Susa Ventures (8:29) Why Susa isn't becoming multi-stage and the trade-offs of their new vision (11:59) What does Susa look like 5-10 years from now? (14:07) Chad's thoughts on Thrive (15:39) Sponsor: Synaptic (16:38) On incubations and whether Susa would want to pursue them in the future (17:47) On LP strategy (20:31) The trade-offs of investing in platform as a fund (23:21) The sweet spot of where Susa invests in relation to product-market fit (26:16) How has Susa thought about partner recruiting? (29:18) Why doesn't Susa pursue the maximal AUM game? (33:03) The unique ways Susa adds value to founders (36:29) How Chad thinks about seeds firms evolving to multistage firms and competing against Sequoia, Founders Fund, etc. (39:10) Pattern-matching the best founders Chad has backed (42:18) Chad on Sam Lessin's theory on seed investing (46:24) Predictions for the next 3-5 years of venture (48:47) Diving deeper into why Susa decided to double-down to become specialists in seed (50:15) Thought experiment: how would Chad launch Susa in 2023?

"Neuroplasticity knows no bounds; it is a lifelong journey of growth, learning, and personal transformation." – Dr. Andrew Huberman whose quote we ended our last EPISODE on a “Deeper Diver into Neuroplasticity.” On today's episode we will review: ✔ Tips for regrowing our brain cells (neurogenesis) ✔ A reminder of what prevents neurogenesis and hurts our brain and what we can do to help increase neurogenesis in our brain. ✔ What's the Difference Between Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis? ✔ What's the Controversy with Neurogenesis? What's the difference between Neuroplasticity, that we covered on EPISODE #302[i] (that knows no bounds) that's defined as “the ability of the brain to form new connections and pathways and change how it's circuits are wired; (as shown so well in the Sentis YouTube video that gives us a representation of these pathways visually, and what they look like in our brain when we create NEW pathways).[ii] This we KNOW we can do throughout our lifetime, (while) neurogenesis is the even more amazing ability for the brain to grow new neurons (Bergland, 2017).[iii]  And on today's episode #303, we will take a closer look at “What Exactly IS Neurogenesis and Why is it Controversial Among Neuroscientists.”[iv] Welcome back to The Neuroscience Meets Social and Emotional Learning Podcast, where we connect the science-based evidence behind social and emotional learning (that's finally being taught in our schools today) and emotional intelligence training (used in our modern workplaces) for improved well-being, achievement, productivity and results—using what I saw as the missing link (since we weren't taught this when we were growing up in school), the application of practical neuroscience. I'm Andrea Samadi, an author, and an educator with a passion for learning and launched this podcast 5 years ago with the goal of bringing ALL the leading experts together (in one place) to uncover the most current research that would back up how the brain learns best, taking us ALL to new, and often unimaginable heights.    For today's episode #303, and in keeping with our Season Theme of Going Back to the Basics, to take our learning to new heights, I'm going back to EPISODE #141[v] on “Neurogenesis: What Helps or Hurts our Brain Cells” because it became clear to me that while researching for our last episode that Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis are closely connected, but the former is widely accepted, while the latter holds some controversy. In our first episode on neurogenesis, we looked at: ✔ Tips for regrowing our brain cells (neurogenesis) ✔ A reminder of what prevents neurogenesis and hurts our brain and what we can do to help increase neurogenesis in our brain. Dr. Andrew Huberman on Neurogenesis While researching Dr. Huberman's work last week on neuroplasticity, he mentioned that there was “bad news” with “neurogenesis” and that many people think that they can exercise and add “new neurons” in the brain and “that after age 14, the human nervous system adds few new neurons.”[vi] He said that “in rodents neurogenesis could occur but in humans it was less obvious” and “that while we can't add new neurons, we can change our nervous system”[vii] and dives deeper into the definition of neuroplasticity and why this holds no bounds. Now I'm starting to see the controversy in this topic, as I went back to my first look at Neurogenesis. Dr. David Perlmutter (a board-certified neurologist) on Neurogenesis and Dr. John Ratey, the author of Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain To open up EP 141 from June 2021, I quoted Dr. David Perlmutter, a board-certified neurologist and six-time New York Times bestselling author who said “the best way to increase neurogenesis (regrow your brain cells) is “when your body produces more BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor” (Dr. David Perlmutter) and we covered this topic deeply on EP 274[viii] “What New With BDNF: Building a Faster, Stronger and More Resilient Brain.” I even remember Dr. John Ratey[ix] the author of the book Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain said that BDNF was like “Miracle-Gro for the brain” (you can't forget some of the things some people say over the years and he cites a paper where he talked about how brain cells “do grow back in the hippocampus (and that in the study he sited), they saw while looking at the brains of terminally ill patients who had donated their body to science (Cancer patients who had been injected with a dye that shows up in proliferating cells so that the spread of the disease could be tracked) found their hippocampi were packed with dye marker, proof that the neurons were dividing and propagating—a process called neurogenesis.”[x] (Page 48, Spark) Dr. Ratey's book Spark, talks about “how to kick-start neurogenesis” and where the research began, causing me to think back to Dr. Perlmutter's website where he mentioned that BDNF causes neurogenesis or new cells to form in our brain. He cites the studies that show how “exercise training increases the size of the hippocampus and improves memory” exactly what Dr. Ratey saw that made such a huge difference with those students he worked with at Naperville High School. Dr. Perlmutter's video talks about the study that showed that after 1 year of aerobic exercise, “exercisers had a marked increase in BDNF, and they showed substantial improvement in memory function.”[xi]    Then I found another video I watched in our last episode from Sandrine Thuret called “It's Possible to Grow New Brain Cells” where she said that “we produce 700 new neurons a day in the hippocampus”[xii] Sandrine Thuret's TED TALK lists many ways you can grow new brain cells (the highlighted words) with intermittent fasting, flavonoids (found in dark chocolate) and caffeine being a few evidence-based strategies. Conversely, she mentions a diet high in saturated fat, sugar or ethanol, will have a negative impact on neurogenesis. She even showed a study (from Praag, Kepermann and Gage) where rats who were runners shows an increase in neurogenesis vs the control group who were non-runners that Dr. Ratey talks about in his book Spark. What Does This All Mean? Where's the Controversy? Neuroplasticity vs Neurogenesis To review and conclude this episode on “Diving Deeper into Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis” I think we've got a clear picture of how neuroplasticity works from our last episode, (by making a conscious effort to build new neural pathways in our brain when we learn something new) but the topic of how we can grow new neurons seems to be where the controversy exists. It seems like this is only possible in the hippocampus but I still do wonder why a neurologist like Dr. Perlmutter says neurogenesis is possible through exercise[xiii], while another respected neuroscientist's stance is that “in humans this is less obvious.”[xiv]  This is where the deep learning comes into our study, and being open to what we might uncover here. If we aren't continually questioning what we are learning, then we aren't thinking at all. Mark Waldman's AHA Moment: What Neuroplasticity Is and Isn't While thinking about why neurogenesis is “less obvious” in humans, as it might be in rodents, like Sandrine Thuret's TED TALK covered, and even Dr. Ratey took the same rodent study and made a comparison to the students at Naperville whose test scores improved after running. Then I remembered my mentor Mark Waldman made me think deeply about this when he wrote about “What Neuroplasticity Is and Isn't”[xv] where he explained an article “Adult Neurogenesis in Humans”[xvi] that ended up being my AHA Moment of learning here. He said to “imagine the brain as a city map, and instead of there being 214 streets in Manhattan, imagine that it had a million streets! No room for buildings, just streets winding and weaving east to west, north to south, up and down and diagonal, all woven together like a giant hairball. Each city is a brain function – vision, movement, memory, imagination, feelings, etc. – and the entire state of New York would have cities upon cities woven together on top and alongside each other. Those billions of roads have trillions of cul-de-sacs which are the synapses. Can you visualize that? Below is an actual slice of a thousandth of a millimeter of mouse brain: Everything is jam packed but you the traveler can decide which road or neural pathway to take in order to reach a specific destination to help you perform some action of achieve a particular goal. The fastest your brain can process information is about 60 bits per second, and he guesses that any cognitive function would be traveling around 2,000 miles per hour down those roadways in your brain! Now we can ACCURATELY visualize what plasticity looks like in the adult human brain a bit deeper than what we first looked at the Sentis YouTube with the connections in our brain this way. This was my FIRST look at neuroplasticity, and this video came out 10 years ago. Look at the difference with this image that came from the research paper Mark Waldman read on “Adult Neurogenesis in Humans” that changed his thinking about neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. He said “the roads/neurons don't change but the tiny exits that lead you to another neuron can slowly move to a different synapse, similar to how switch-ways work on a railroad track. That's where synaptic plasticity takes place and that's what happens when you learn something new: You're beginning to find new pathways that create different decisions and behaviors. Waldman went on to point out some main take-aways from this Paper on Neuroplasticity but the ones I want to mention are that   “This kind of plasticity does not add or replace neurons.” “the exception is a process called “adult neurogenesis” conferred by active stem cell niches…in restricted regions [olfactory bulb & hippocampus]” (Confirmed by Dr. Huberman's research)[xvii] “After 60 years of intense research and more than 10,000 peer-reviewed publications, we still do not know if our brain maintains such capability.” Synaptic changes are very slow, involved with learning and brain repair. Stem cell-driven “adult neurogenesis” is still far in the future. ------------ La Rosa C, Parolisi R, Bonfanti L. Brain Structural Plasticity: From Adult Neurogenesis to Immature Neurons. Front Neurosci. 2020 Feb 4;14:75. Review and Conclusion: Neuroplasticity vs Neurogenesis: Uncovering the Controversy So now I've opened up a bit more as to “WHY” this topic holds controversy among neuroscientists, and I think while this is a good start at explaining how Neuroplasticity is different than Neurogenesis, I do want to leave this topic open, to come back to at a later date, and see what else we can add to our understanding In the meantime, I'll continue to read, learn and think of how this learning can apply to our daily life.  While researching this topic, I found an article I like called What is Neuroplasticity[xviii] written just this past April 2023. It explains neuroplasticity thoroughly, and how it applies to learning, a growth mindset, and how it changes as we age. It covers neuroplasticity and how it can help with anxiety, which made me think back to when we changed our brain with Dr. Caroline Leaf's 5 Step Process for Cleaning Up Our Mental Mess on EP #299.[xix] It even covers neuroplasticity exercises for treating chronic pain that took me back to our interview with Ashok Gupta[xx] a well-known brain-training neuroplasticity expert who taught us how to use our brain and mind to manage chronic pain and illness. At the end of this article there are YouTube videos from many of the experts we've covered on this podcast like Dr. Daniel Amen, Dr. Joe Dispenza, and books from Dr. Caroline Leaf, and Norman Doidge. But what was missing, was more about Neurogenesis and how we can change actually change our brain, not just re-wire the pathways in it, there were a bunch of quotes at the end of this article but they were all about neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity Quotes Among other things, neuroplasticity means that emotions such as happiness and compassion can be cultivated in much the same way that a person can learn through repetition to play golf and basketball or master a musical instrument, and that such practice changes the activity and physical aspects of specific brain areas.--Andrew Weil Because of the power of neuroplasticity, you can, in fact, reframe your world and rewire your brain so that you are more objective. You have the power to see things as they are so that you can respond thoughtfully, deliberately, and effectively to everything you experience.--Elizabeth Thornton Any man could, if he were so inclined, be the sculptor of his own brain.--Santiago Ramón y Cajal Meditation invokes that which is known in neuroscience as neuroplasticity; which is the loosening of the old nerve cells or hardwiring in the brain, to make space for the new to emerge.--Craig Krishna Everything having to do with human training and education has to be re-examined in light of neuroplasticity.--Norman Doidge Neurons that fire together wire together.--Donald O. Hebb (Dr. Huberman would say this came from Carla Shatz) Brains are tricky and adaptable organs. For all the ‘neuroplasticity' allowing our brains to reconfigure themselves to the biases of our computers, we are just as neuroplastic in our ability to eventually recover and adapt.--Douglas Rushkoff Our brains renew themselves throughout life to an extent previously thought not possible.--Michael S. Gazzaniga Our minds have the incredible capacity to both alter the strength of connections among neurons, essentially rewiring them, and create entirely new pathways. (It makes a computer, which cannot create new hardware when its system crashes, seem fixed and helpless).--Susannah Cahalan Where are the quotes for Neurogenesis? Like the quote I found from Dr. Perlmutter who said “We can regrow brain cells and retain this ability throughout our entire lifetime.” Is this only possible in our hippocampus? Or will science someday reveal that adult neurogenesis is possible like what Mark Walman mentioned with stem-cell adult neurogenesis that he thinks is far in the future? Until we know for sure, I'm going to stick with doing what I know helps my brain according to Dr. Perlmutter's work, and Sandrine Thuret's TEDTALK where she says by doing certain things like the words she's highlighted in her graphic, we can create neurogenesis that's important for learning and memory, and I'll avoid the non-highlighted words that she says prevents neurogenesis. And I'll come back to this episode at a future date to see what else we can add to accelerate our understanding of “Neuroplasticity vs Neurogenesis.” With that thought, I hope this episode has made you think deeper about your brain, especially when it comes to making choices that we know can improve our ability to build a stronger, more resilient brain by doing what helps it (and our brain cells) instead of what hurts it, and I'll see you next week.   REFERENCES:   [i] https://andreasamadi.podbean.com/e/brain-fact-friday-and-a-deeper-dive-into-applying-neuroplasticity-to-learn-something-new/ [ii] Neuroplasticity Published on YouTube November 6, 2012  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELpfYCZa87g [iii] What is Neuroplasticity: A Psychologist Explains [14+ Tools] by Courtney E Ackerman, MA, Published July 25, 2018, Scientifically reviewed by Melissa Madeson, Ph.D. https://positivepsychology.com/neuroplasticity/#google_vignette [iv] Adult Neurogenesis in Human: A Review of Basic Concepts, History, Current Research, and Clinical Implications Published May 1, 2019 by Ashutosh Kumar, MD. et al.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6659986/ [v] https://andreasamadi.podbean.com/e/brain-fact-friday-on-neurogenesis-what-hurts-or-helps-your-brain-cells/ [vi] Dr. Andrew Huberman Lab Podcast EPISODE #6 “How to Focus to Change Your Brain” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LG53Vxum0as [vii] IBID [viii] https://andreasamadi.podbean.com/e/brain-fact-friday-what-s-new-with-bdnf-building-a-faster-stronger-more-resilient-brain/ [ix] Neuroscience Meets Social and Emotional Learning Podcast EPISODE#116 with Dr. John Ratey on “The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain”  https://andreasamadi.podbean.com/e/best-selling-author-john-j-ratey-md-on-the-revolutionary-new-science-of-exercise-and-the-brain/ [x] Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain by John J. Ratey, MD (January 10, 2008) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07D7GQ887/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1 [xi] https://www.drperlmutter.com/neurogenesis-re-grow-new-brain-cells-exercise/ [xii]Is It Possible to Grow New Brain Cells by Sandrine Thuret published Dec. 8th, 2017  https://capture.dropbox.com/W0af55YnE3LhDb0M [xiii] https://www.drperlmutter.com/neurogenesis-re-grow-new-brain-cells-exercise/ [xiv] Dr. Andrew Huberman Lab Podcast EPISODE #6 “How to Focus to Change Your Brain” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LG53Vxum0as [xv] Mark Waldman “What Neuroplasticity is and isn't” Published on Facebook Nov. 10, 2020 https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=1300824310263746&set=a.112516002427922 [xvi] Adult Neurogenesis in Human: A Review of Basic Concepts, History, Current Research, and Clinical Implications Published May 1, 2019 by Ashutosh Kumar, MD. et al.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6659986/ [xvii] Dr. Andrew Huberman Lab Podcast EPISODE #6 “How to Focus to Change Your Brain” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LG53Vxum0as [xviii] What is Neuroplasticity: A Psychologist Explains [14+ Tools] by Courtney E Ackerman, MA, Published July 25, 2018, Scientifically reviewed by Melissa Madeson, Ph.D. https://positivepsychology.com/neuroplasticity/#google_vignette [xix] https://andreasamadi.podbean.com/e/brain-fact-friday-on-a-deep-dive-into-dr-carolyn-leaf-s-5-scientifically-proven-steps-to-clean-up-our-mental-mess-so-we-can-help-our-children/ [xx] https://andreasamadi.podbean.com/e/ashok-gupta-on-heath-and-happiness-getting-to-the-root-of-chronic-pain-and-illness-long-covid-fibromyalgia-chronic-fatigue-and-others/