Infested

What do you give an injured lemon? LEMON-AID! Today’s podcast is all about saving the citrus, protecting the OJ, rescuing the grapefruits and pomelos: we are talking about citrus greening disease! Learn all about this insect vector sucking up tree phloem like a goshdarn juice box and how it spits out dangerous bacteria. Hear Lindsay discuss why we need citrus in our diet and why you’ve seen so many non-Navel orange fruits in your local supermarket. Get comfy. Pour a glass of orange juice or lemonade. This is Infested. Links to our Social Media Follow us on Instagram and Twitter @Infestedpodcast Follow Lindsay on Twitter @Baxter.Lindsay Email us at Infestedpodcast@gmail.com This Podcast is produced and edited by Lindsay and Bailey. Their views and opinions are theirs and do not reflect the institution for which they are employed   Literature Cited  (Asian citrus psyllid - Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) . 2020. Asian citrus psyllid - Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. (http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/citrus/acpsyllid.htm).   Grafton-Cardwell, E. E., and V. F. Lazaneo. 2010. Asian Citrus Psyllid: Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals.   Yang, Y., M. Huang, G. A. C. Beattie, Y. Xia, G. Ouyang, and J. Xiong. 2006. Distribution, biology, ecology and control of the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, a major pest of citrus: A status report for China. International Journal of Pest Management. 52: 343–352.   Citrus Greening Disease    Canales, E., Y. Coll, I. Hernández, R. Portieles, M. R. García, Y. López, M. Aranguren, E. Alonso, R. Delgado, M. Luis, L. Batista, C. Paredes, M. Rodríguez, M. Pujol, M. E. Ochagavia, V. Falcón, R. Terauchi, H. Matsumura, C. Ayra-Pardo, R. Llauger, M. del C. Pérez, M. Núñez, M. S. Borrusch, J. D. Walton, Y. Silva, E. Pimentel, C. Borroto, and O. Borrás-Hidalgo. 2016. ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, Causal Agent of Citrus Huanglongbing, Is Reduced by Treatment with Brassinosteroids. PLOS ONE. 11: e0146223.   (Citrus greening is killing the world’s orange trees. Scientists are racing to help) Chemical & Engineering News. 2020. Citrus greening is killing the world’s orange trees. Scientists are racing to help. (https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/biochemistry/Citrus-greening-killing-worlds-orange/97/i23).   Dala-Paula, B. M., A. Plotto, J. Bai, J. A. Manthey, E. A. Baldwin, R. S. Ferrarezi, and M. B. A. Gloria. 2019. Effect of Huanglongbing or Greening Disease on Orange Juice Quality, a Review. Front. Plant Sci. 9.   Ghanim, M., D. Achor, S. Ghosh, S. Kontsedalov, G. Lebedev, and A. Levy. 2017. ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ Accumulates inside Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Vacuoles in the Gut Cells of Diaphorina citri. Sci Rep. 7: 16945. Hansen, A. K., J. T. Trumble, R. Stouthamer, and T. D. Paine. 2008. A New Huanglongbing Species, “Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous,” Found To Infect Tomato and Potato, Is Vectored by the Psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 5862–5865.   (ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLIDS (STERNORRHYNCHA: PSYLLIDAE) AND GREENING DISEASE OF CITRUS: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF RISK IN FLORIDA) . 2020. ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLIDS (STERNORRHYNCHA: PSYLLIDAE) AND GREENING DISEASE OF CITRUS: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF RISK IN FLORIDA. (https://bioone.org/journals/florida-entomologist/volume-87/issue-3/0015-4040(2004)087%5B0330%3AACPSPA%5D2.0.CO%3B2/ASIAN-CITRUS-PSYLLIDS-STERNORRHYNCHA--PSYLLIDAE-AND-GREENING-DISEASE-OF/10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0330:ACPSPA]2.0.CO;2.full).   ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLIDS (STERNORRHYNCHA: PSYLLIDAE) AND GREENING DISEASE OF CITRUS: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF RISK IN FLORIDA. (n.d.). Retrieved March 15, 2020, from https://bioone-org.proxy.library.cornell.edu/journals/Florida-Entomologist/volume-87/issue-3/0015-4040(2004)087[0330:ACPSPA]2.0.CO;2/ASIAN-CITRUS-PSYLLIDS-STERNORRHYNCHA--PSYLLIDAE-AND-GREENING-DISEASE-OF/10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0330:ACPSPA]2.0.CO;2.full   Batool, A., Iftikhar, Y., Mughal S, M., Khan M, M., Jaskani M, J., Abbas, M., & Khan I, A. (2008). Citrus Greening Disease – A major cause of citrus decline in the world: A Review. Horticultural Science, 34(No. 4), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.17221/1897-HORTSCI Singerman, A., & Rogers, M. E. (2020). The Economic Challenges of Dealing with Citrus Greening: The Case of Florida. Journal of Integrated Pest Management, 11(1), pmz037. https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmz037

Pop in your headphones, turn up the car stereo, and grab a snack: today’s episode is INFESTED FOODS. You heard us right! Lindsay and Bailey take a journey outside disease vectors to discuss two unique cases of when food goes ary or shall we say a-FLY… Listen to hear Lindsay stump Bailey with a case study about a disease exponentially increasing with climate change. Stick around to hear Bailey highlight about a very rare cheese and its special inhabitant! Links to our Social Media Follow us on Instagram and Twitter @Infestedpodcast Follow Lindsay on Twitter @Baxter.Lindsay Email us at Infestedpodcast@gmail.com This podcast is produced and edited by Lindsay and Bailey. Their views and opinions are theirs and do not reflect the institution for which they are employed. References Cited Ciguatera Olsen, D. A. (1988). The Impact of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning within a Changing Caribbean Environment. Population and Environment, 10(1), 14–31. JSTOR. Pearn, J. (2001). Neurology of ciguatera. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 70(1), 4–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.70.1.4 Ciguatera | California Poison Control System | UCSF. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2020, from https://calpoison.org/news/ciguatera Farstad, D. J., & Chow, T. (2001). A brief case report and review of ciguatera poisoning. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 12(4), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1580/1080-6032(2001)012[0263:ABCRAR]2.0.CO;2 Gingold, D. B., Strickland, M. J., & Hess, J. J. (2014). Ciguatera Fish Poisoning and Climate Change: Analysis of National Poison Center Data in the United States, 2001–2011. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(6), 580–586. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307196 Villareal, T. A., Hanson, S., Qualia, S., Jester, E. L. E., Granade, H. R., & Dickey, R. W. (2007). Petroleum production platforms as sites for the expansion of ciguatera in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Harmful Algae, 6(2), 253–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2006.08.008 Cazu Marzu Babel, F. J. 1953. The role of fungi in cheese ripening. Econ Bot. 7: 27–42. Centi, V., F. Matteucci, A. Lepidi, M. D. Gallo, and C. Ercole. 2017. Microbiological and biochemical aspects of inland Pecorino Abruzzese cheese. Heliyon. 3. Colangelo, M. 2015. A Desperate Search for Casu Marzu, Sardinia’s Illegal Maggot Cheese | Food & Wine. Food and Wine. (https://www.foodandwine.com/news/desperate-search-casu-marzu-sardinias-illegal-maggot-cheese). Donnelly, C. W. (Ed.). (2016). The Oxford companion to cheese. New York: Oxford University Press. Lerma-García, M. J., A. Gori, L. Cerretani, E. F. Simó-Alfonso, and M. F. Caboni. 2010. Classification of Pecorino cheeses produced in Italy according to their ripening time and manufacturing technique using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Dairy Science. 93: 4490–4496. Scholl, P. J., D. D. Colwell, and R. Cepeda-Palacios. 2019. Myiasis (Muscoidea, Oestroidea), pp. 383–419. In Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Elsevier. Trofimov, Y. 2000. Sardinia’s Worm-Filled Pecorinos Fly in the Face of Edible Reason. Wall Street Journal.

In this episode, we cover the oddball insect: the tsetse fly. Learn about its odd biology, hear about a parasitic disease it transmits, and listen to some of the different forms of vector control used to control it. Stick around as Bailey and Lindsay discuss the Wuhan coronavirus and its impact. Links to our Social Media Follow us on Instagram and Twitter @Infestedpodcast Follow Lindsay on Twitter @Baxter.Lindsay Email us at Infestedpodcast@gmail.com This Podcast is produced and edited by Lindsay and Bailey. Their views and opinions are theirs and do not reflect the institution for which they are employed References Cited   Angier, N. 2019. Everywhere in the Animal Kingdom, Followers of the Milky Way. New York Times. (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/11/science/milk-animals-evolution.html). Bhanoo, S. N. 2012. Tsetse Flies and Mammals Share a Milk Enzyme. New York Times. (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/science/tsetse-flies-and-mammals-share-a-milk-enzyme.html). Coren, M. J. 2020. China says the Wuhan virus, unlike SARS, is infectious during its incubation period. Quartz. (https://qz.com/1791405/china-says-wuhan-virus-unlike-sars-infectious-during-incubation/). De Meeûs, T., S. Ravel, P. Solano, and J. Bouyer. 2019. Negative Density-dependent Dispersal in Tsetse Flies: A Risk for Control Campaigns? Trends in Parasitology. 35: 615–621. Elliott, I., T. Patel, J. Shah, and P. Venkatesan. 2014. West-African trypanosomiasis in a returned traveller from Ghana: an unusual cause of progressive neurological decline. BMJ Case Rep. 2014. Franco, J. R., P. P. Simarro, A. Diarra, and J. G. Jannin. 2014. Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis. Clin Epidemiol. 6: 257–275. Gibson, W., L. Peacock, and R. Hutchinson. 2017. Microarchitecture of the tsetse fly proboscis. Parasites Vectors. 10: 430. Glossina CABI. 2020. Glossina. (https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/102385). Hide, G. 1999. History of Sleeping Sickness in East Africa. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12: 112–125. International Society for Antiviral Research - Coronavirus 19-20 Outbreak . 2020. International Society for Antiviral Research - Coronavirus 19-20 Outbreak. (https://www.isar-icar.com/Coronavirus). Krafsur, E. S. 2009. Tsetse flies: Genetics, evolution, and role as vectors. Infect Genet Evol. 9: 124–141. Lambrecht, F. L. 1980. Palaeoecology of Tsetse Flies and Sleeping Sickness in Africa. 20. McNeil Jr., D. G. 2018. Rapid Cure Approved for Sleeping Sickness, a Horrific Illness - The New York Times. New York Times. (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/16/health/sleeping-sickness-africa-cure.html). New York Times. 2020. Alarm Grows as Markets Tumble and Death Toll Rises - The New York Times. New York Times. (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/27/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html). Novel Coronavirus 2019, Wuhan, China | CDC Centers for Disease Control. 2020. Novel Coronavirus 2019, Wuhan, China | CDC. (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html). Shaw, A. P. M., S. J. Torr, C. Waiswa, G. Cecchi, G. R. W. Wint, R. C. Mattioli, and T. P. Robinson. 2013. Estimating the costs of tsetse control options: An example for Uganda. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 110: 290–303. Slingenbergh, J. 2020. Tsetse control and agricultural development in Ethiopia. FAO. (http://www.fao.org/ag/aGA/AGAP/FRG/FEEDback/War/u6600b/u6600b0g.htm). Trypanosoma sp. Protozoa - MONSTER HUNTER’S GUIDE TO: VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY Veterinary Pathology. 2020. Trypanosoma sp. Protozoa - MONSTER HUNTER’S GUIDE TO: VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY. https://www.veterinaryparasitology.com/trypanosoma.html.

It’s the second episode of Infested! Let’s dive into an insect everyone loves to hate and a disease that will make your skin crawl. Yep,  we are talking about pesky blackflies and the almost-eradicated disease they transmit: River blindness! Buckle in for all the entomology & vector-borne disease goodness along with a global health tale showing the value of vector control and multinational cooperation. Women for Women International Books  Comstock, J. H. (1949). An introduction to entomology. Retrieved from http://archive.org/details/introductiontoen1949coms Peer Reviewed Journal Articles Boussinesq, M. (2018). A new powerful drug to combat river blindness - The Lancet. The Lancet, 392(10154), 1170–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30101-6 Hall, L. R., & Pearlman, E. (1999). Pathogenesis of Onchocercal Keratitis (River Blindness). Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12(3), 445–453. Lamberton, P. H. L., Cheke, R. A., Walker, M., Winskill, P., Crainey, J. L., Boakye, D. A., … Basañez, M.-G. (2016). Onchocerciasis transmission in Ghana: the human blood index of sibling species of the Simulium damnosum complex. Parasites & Vectors, 9(1), 432. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1703-2 Nicholls, R. S., Duque, S., Olaya, L. A., López, M. C., Sánchez, S. B., Morales, A. L., & Palma, G. I. (2018). Elimination of onchocerciasis from Colombia: first proof of concept of river blindness elimination in the world. Parasites & Vectors, 11(1), 237. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2821-9 Thiele, E. A., Cama, V. A., Lakwo, T., Mekasha, S., Abanyie, F., Sleshi, M., … Cantey, P. T. (2016). Detection of Onchocerca volvulus in Skin Snips by Microscopy and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction: Implications for Monitoring and Evaluation Activities. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 94(4), 906–911. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0695 Turner, H. C., Walker, M., Lustigman, S., Taylor, D. W., & Basáñez, M.-G. (2015). Human Onchocerciasis: Modelling the Potential Long-term Consequences of a Vaccination Programme. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(7), e0003938. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003938 Our Social Media Follow us on Instagram and Twitter @Infestedpodcast Follow Lindsay on Twitter @Baxter.Lindsay Email us at Infestedpodcast@gmail.com This Podcast is produced and edited and researched by Lindsay and Bailey. Their views and opinions are theirs and do not reflect the institution for which they are employed. The music for this episode was provided by Lee Rosevere.   

In this very first episode of Infested, we covered unique aspects of flea biology such as solenophagy, high strength legs and jumping capabilities through resilin protein, the benefits of having a laterally compressed body, as well as speciation through genal and pronotal combs. We covered the flea life cycle starting from the egg through to adult emergence including how pupae can survive dormant for years and will rapidly emerge with new host signs. One of the diseases that we discussed was plague, specifically Bubonic plague. Bubonic plague is caused by the transmission of Yersinia pestis bacteria into a vertebrate host through an infected flea bite. The bacteria are regurgitated into the host as the flea tries to take a blood meal while the bacteria forms a thick blockage in its upper digestive tract. We discussed some of the symptoms of plague as well as the historical implications of plague as it has consistently shaped history. Plague is still around today, including endemic levels in the Southwestern United States in enzootic cycles with small mammals like prairie dogs and squirrels. The second disease we dove into was murine typhus also known as flea-borne typhus. Murine typhus is caused by Rickettsia typhii and has many symptoms to other diseases which can make it easy to misdiagnose. We highlighted the current epidemic of murine typhus in California as well as how specific groups are targeted with blame for the epidemic. We talked about vector-borne disease can perpetuate inequality and societal discrimination: a theme that is central to this podcast!   Below is our source material for further reading and exploration! We’ve broken it up into books, peer-reviewed journal articles, and media sources for easy searching.   Thank you for listening! Want to stay in the loop with us on social media? Instagram: @infestedpodcast Twitter: @infestedpodcast // Lindsay’s Twitter:  @Baxter.Lindsay Email: Infestedpodcast@gmail.com   This podcast is produced and edited by Lindsay Baxter and Bailey Willett. Their views and opinions are theirs and do not reflect the institution for which they are employed.   Books Gottfried, R. S. 1983. The black death. Natural and human disaster in medieval europe. The Free Press, New York, N.Y.   Peer Reviewed Sources   Achtman, M., Zurth, K., Morelli, G., Torrea, G., Guiyoule, A., & Carniel, E. (1999). Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(24), 14043–14048. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.24.14043 Azad, A. F. (1990). Epidemiology of Murine Typhus. Annual Review of Entomology, 35(1), 553–570. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.003005 Basra, G., Berman, M. A., & Blanton, L. S. (2012). Murine Typhus: An Important Consideration for the Nonspecific Febrile Illness. Case Reports in Medicine, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/134601 Burroughs, A. L. (1947). Sylvatic plague studies. The vector efficiency of nine species of fleas compared with Xenopsylla cheopis. Epidemiology & Infection, 45(3), 371–396. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022172400014042 Chain, P. S. G., Carniel, E., Larimer, F. W., Lamerdin, J., Stoutland, P. O., Regala, W. M., … Garcia, E. (2004). Insights into the evolution of Yersinia pestis through whole-genome comparison with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(38), 13826–13831. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404012101 Civen, R., & Ngo, V. (2008). Murine Typhus: An Unrecognized Suburban Vectorborne Disease. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 46(6), 913–918. https://doi.org/10.1086/527443 Galimand, M., Guiyoule, A., Gerbaud, G., Rasoamanana, B., Chanteau, S., Carniel, E., & Courvalin, P. (1997). Multidrug Resistance in Yersinia pestis Mediated by a Transferable Plasmid. New England Journal of Medicine, 337(10), 677–681. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199709043371004 Gage, K. L., & Kosoy, M. Y. (2005). NATURAL HISTORY OF PLAGUE: Perspectives from More than a Century of Research. Annual Review of Entomology, 50(1), 505–528. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130337 Hardy, A. (1988). Urban famine or urban crisis? Typhus in the Victorian city. Medical History, 32(04), 401–425. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300048523 Peniche Lara, G., Dzul-Rosado, K. R., Zavala Velázquez, J. E., & Zavala-Castro, J. (n.d.). Murine Typhus. Colombia Médica : CM, 43(2), 175–180. Perry and Fetherston - 1997 - Yersinia pestis--etiologic agent of plague..pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://cmr.asm.org/content/cmr/10/1/35.full.pdf Perry, R. D., & Fetherston, J. D. (1997). Yersinia pestis--etiologic agent of plague. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 10(1), 35–66. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.10.1.35 Randremanana, R., Andrianaivoarimanana, V., Nikolay, B., Ramasindrazana, B., Paireau, J., Bosch, Q. A. ten, … Rajerison, M. (2019). Epidemiological characteristics of an urban plague epidemic in Madagascar, August–November, 2017: an outbreak report. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30730-8 Reeves, W. K., Murray, K. O., Meyer, T. E., Bull, L. M., Pascua, R. F., Holmes, K. C., & Loftis, A. D. (2008). Serological evidence of typhus group rickettsia in a homeless population in Houston, Texas. Journal of Vector Ecology, 33(1), 205–207. https://doi.org/10.3376/1081-1710(2008)33[205:SEOTGR]2.0.CO;2 Ritzmann, I. (1998). [The Black Death as a cause of the massacres of Jews: a myth of medical history?]. Medizin, Gesellschaft, Und Geschichte: Jahrbuch Des Instituts Fur Geschichte Der Medizin Der Robert Bosch Stiftung, 17, 101–130. Schriefer, M. E., Sacci, J. B., Taylor, J. P., Higgins, J. A., & Azad, A. F. (1994). Murine Typhus: Updated Roles of Multiple Urban Components and a Second Typhuslike Rickettsia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 31(5), 681–685. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/31.5.681 Typhus reaches “epidemic levels” in parts of Los Angeles. (n.d.). Retrieved February 21, 2019, from https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/typhus-reaches-epidemic-levels-parts-los-angeles-area-n917271 Walker, D. H., & Fishbein, D. B. (1991). Epidemiology of rickettsial diseases. European Journal of Epidemiology, 7(3), 237–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00145672 Whiteford, S. F., Taylor, J. P., & Dumler, J. S. (2001). Clinical, Laboratory, and Epidemiologic Features of Murine Typhus in 97 Texas Children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 155(3), 396–400. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.155.3.396   Popular Media Sources   CNN, J. H. (n.d.). Flea-borne typhus spreads across LA area. Retrieved March 26, 2019, from CNN website: https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/08/health/typhus-epidemic-los-angeles-bn/index.html Department of Public Health - Acute Communicable Disease Control. (n.d.). Retrieved March 26, 2019, from http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov/acd/vectortyphus.htm Filip, I. (2014, April 11). Avoiding the Black Plague Today. Retrieved April 3, 2019, from The Atlantic website: https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/04/avoiding-black-plague-today/360475/ Plague | Plague | CDC. (2018, November 27). Retrieved April 3, 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/plague/index.html Outbreak of “medieval” typhus in Los Angeles spreads from homeless communities. (2019, February 4). [MovingImage]. Retrieved February 21, 2019, from http://video.foxnews.com/v/5998442627001/ Jones, J. (2012, February 15). Brush with the Black Death: how artists painted through the plague. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2012/feb/15/brush-black-death-artists-plague