Podcasts about Fourier

In this episode of The Hydrogen Podcast, we take a global tour of hydrogen innovation and policy—from the conference floor in Houston to funding announcements in Europe and startup breakthroughs in the U.S.

fa-lan-stè-rio Significato Nell'utopia di Fourier, città-edificio destinata ad accogliere le abitazioni e le attività produttive di un'intera comunità; in senso spregiativo, grande edificio densamente abitato Etimologia da phalanstère termine coniato dal filosofo francese Charles Fourier all'inizio del XIX secolo, composto dal phálagks ‘falange' e dal suffisso di monastère ‘monastero'. Voce di Giorgio Moretti Montaggio di Stefano Riggi e Emanuele Pavese Sigla a cura di Emanuele Pavese Testi di unaparolaalgiorno.it Sito Instagram Una produzione Bonfire Sito  Instagram

Rick Aster, Colorado State University The long-period seismic background microseism wavefield is a globally visible signal that is generated by the incessant forces of ocean waves upon the solid Earth and is excited via two distinct source processes. Extensive continuous digital seismic data archives enable the analysis of this signal across nearly four decades to assess trends and other features in global ocean wave energy. This seminar considers primary and secondary microseism intensity between 4 and 20 s period between 1988 and late 2024. 73 stations from 82.5 deg. N to 89.9 deg. S latitude with >20 years of data and >75% data completeness from the NSF/USGS Global Seismographic, GEOSCOPE, and New China Digital Networks. The primary microseism wavefield is excited at ocean wave periods through seafloor tractions induced by the dynamic pressures of traveling waves where bathymetric depths are less than about 300 m. The much stronger secondary wavefield is excited at half the ocean wave period through seafloor pressure variations generated by crossing seas. It is not restricted to shallower depths but is sensitive to acoustic resonance periods in the ocean water column. Acceleration power spectral densities are estimated using 50%-overlapping, 1-hr moving windows and are integrated in 2-s wide period bands to produce band-passed seismic amplitude and energy time series. Nonphysical outliers, earthquake signals, and Fourier series seasonal variations (with a fundamental period of 365.2422 d) are removed. Secular period-dependent trends are then estimated using L1 norm residual-minimizing regression. Increasing microseism amplitude is observed across most of the Earth for both the primary and secondary microseism bands, with average median-normalized trends of +0.15 and +0.10 %/yr, respectively. Primary and secondary band microseism secular change rates relative to station medians correlate across global seismic stations at R=0.65 and have a regression slope of 1.04 with secondary trends being systematically lower by about 0.05 %/yr. Multiyear and geographically extensive seismic intensity variations show globally observable interannual climate index (e.g., El Niño–Southern Oscillation) influence on large-scale storm and ocean wave energy. Microseism intensity histories in 2-s period bands exhibit regional to global correlations that reflect ocean-basin-scale teleconnected ocean swell, long-range Rayleigh wave propagation, and the large-scale reach of climate variation. Global secular intensity increases in recent decades occur across the entire 4 – 20 s microseism band and progressively greater intensification at longer periods, consistent with more frequent large-scale storm systems that generate ocean swell at the longest periods.

By Walt HickeyWelcome to the Numlock Sunday edition.This week, I spoke to Olivia Walch, author of the brand-new book Sleep Groove: Why Your Body's Clock Is So Messed Up and What To Do About It.Olivia's a good friend of mine and I've been hearing about her research and her work for years, and now she's finally got a whole book diving into why ideal sleep is more than just the eight hours number we hear so much about. It's a delightful book with all sorts of cool insights that can have major impacts on your life and health. We spoke about the human body's numerous circadian rhythms, why sleep regularity is more important than sleep duration, and why permanent daylight saving time is a bad idea. Walch can be found at oliviawalch.com and the book can be found wherever books are sold.This interview has been condensed and edited. Olivia, thank you so much for coming on.I'm so delighted to be here.You are the author of the brand-new book Sleep Groove: Why Your Body's Clock Is So Messed Up and What To Do About It. It's a really, really fun book. It covers a lot of the science behind sleep and actually has some pretty surprising stuff in there for folks who are interested in their own sleep health.You have a really interesting story about how you even fell into being interested in the science behind sleep. You did a sleep study at some point in grad school that changed your life, it sounds like.Well, you knew me before then. We were in college together.Each diabolically bad at sleeping.I would give each of us a failing grade — you maybe a lower grade than me. I was bad, but you were exploring new horizons of bad, like with polyphasic sleep.I tried it once. It was such a bad idea.Maybe a D, D-minus. I knew when I went to grad school something had to change. I was not sleeping; I was not making new memories; I was getting sick. I got MRSA in college and I wonder all the time, was it because my immune system was like a frail Cheeto trying to hold the door closed to the germs? But at the time, I thought at college, you have to do everything. You have to be in every club and miss no opportunity for an experience. And I now remember no experiences from that time period.In grad school, I decided I was going to sleep more. I did, but I didn't actually notice that huge of a difference with fewer things filling my schedule, even though I was sleeping more. It was better, but it wasn't that much better. It took a sleep study in which I had to keep a really regular bedtime and researchers were spying on me. They would know if I didn't, because I was wearing a device, ye olde Jawbone, which is not even a thing anymore. For months, I went to bed at 11:30 every single night.The changes were so profound. I didn't just instantly fall asleep at 11:30, though that did happen. I got faster, I lost weight, skin conditions cleared up. In every dimension, my life was better. And the thing that had shifted was not really sleep duration, but sleep regularity.You get at this idea early in the book. There's this very common number that everybody associates with the right thing to do about sleep, which is that you should sleep for eight hours. The book goes the next level deeper, looks at some of the other dimensions of sleep, and it turns out that eight hours is good, that's a good thought to keep in your mind, but it's really the rhythm. What is the conceit here? Why are rhythms important when it comes to this stuff?Our understanding of sleep health is so fixated on duration that there's a creepypasta on Reddit that goes, "Oh, these Russians were kept awake and they went crazy." The creepypasta has always been funny to me because it's like, "Yeah, and after five days of no sleep, they started eating their own organs." (Spoilers for the Russian sleep experiment creepypasta.) Yet we've kept lots of people up for five days and they don't start eating their organs. We have this conception in our minds that losing sleep duration is going to be really bad. It's not good, but it also doesn't make you self-cannibalize after five days of no sleep.That definition of sleep health is woefully inadequate. The movement in the sleep field is higher dimensional. There are more things that matter to sleep health. There's this big, long list of things. People say you should think about how many times you wake up in the middle of the night, and you should think about how alert you feel during the day.All of those are great, but they're not memorable. People don't keep two things in their head, let alone five. I'm trying to get people to keep two, which is duration and regularity, as the latitude and longitude of sleep health. You don't say Madrid and New York are close together just because they have the same latitude; longitude also matters. You shouldn't say somebody who sleeps eight hours a night is healthy if they have horrible regularity. That's a case where they are probably pretty far from health, just like New York and Madrid are pretty far from each other.A lot of this comes down to circadian rhythms. What are they in your view? What kind of bodily processes are governed by them?The whole shebang. The problem with circadian rhythms is that their UI is terrible. People talk about the circadian rhythm, but that's not really right because circadian rhythms are plural. Sleep is under the subhead of circadian rhythms, but so is everything else in your body: when you're strongest, when you metabolize food, when your immune system peaks, when you repair DNA. There's this real problem. I think that because circadian rhythms are kind of everything, people just say, "You know, the rhythms." This leads to everyone who doesn't study this all day, every day, walking around having no idea what they are and just thinking it's probably the same thing as sleep.Your body has an internal clock, and it schedules things according to when it thinks you need to do more or less of them. That clock is set by your light exposure, and in modern life, we get light whenever we want it, which is not particularly traditional or natural.Circadian rhythms developed as a process because we live on Earth, right? We know there's a certain amount of daylight and when certain things should happen, and we evolved specifically to have a circadian rhythm.Yes. The circadian rhythm is so tuned to Earth that if you put us on a planet with 28-hour days, we probably wouldn't be able to adjust. We would basically continue to have close to a 24-hour period in our rhythms that would continue, even though the sun on this planet would be up and down at different times. It's baked into us, and it's the case that there's just stuff in your body at some times that isn't there at other times. The hormone melatonin, for example. If I made you spit into a tube right now, you would not have melatonin in your spit.We're speaking in the middle of the afternoon. It's very, very bright outside.No melatonin. But 10 hours from now? Different story. The thing to imagine is just a bunch of switches in your body getting flipped on and off depending on the time of day, which has massive implications for health, drug efficacy, how you feel, and people have lost their connection to that. Number one, we can have light whenever we want it, so our rhythms are squished relative to where they otherwise would be. But number two, I think we don't have a great way of talking about rhythmic health, which my book tries to address. I'm sure there's much better I can do and other people can do in the future, but this is my first stab at it.You get at this inflection point where so much of these functions are the result of, if not tens of thousands, then millions of years of evolutionary processes really locking us into a day/night process. Then you have the emergence of electricity, and a lot of your book reflects on how that's actually changed the way our bodies work, in ways we wouldn't ordinarily expect. What are some of those ways?I would say signs of rhythms having different effects on your body in the winter versus summer. Any study that reports on those, I'm always very cautious about, because I was involved in a study where we looked at Twitter patterns over the course of the year. We wanted to know if people tweeted differently at different times of the year in a way that reflected the sun and circadian rhythms, and we saw this pretty incredible trend where things seemed to really shift around the spring. Daylight saving time is happening then, the sun is changing, so you think, okay, maybe it's related to the sun.Then we dug a little more closely into the data and saw that the entire effect was just driven by people going on spring break. You would see that people tweeted later when they were on break because they were sleeping in. The fact that we have light available to us whenever we want it and we're not just sitting around in the dark at 6 p.m. in December with nothing to do means that we're in a sort of perpetual summer. We have light as late as we want, as long as we want, and that's stepping on these natural rhythms that would be emerging in the absence of that light.The title of the book is Sleep Groove, and sleep groove is actually a thing you talk about quite a bit in the book. It's getting locked into a really strong, robust, resilient rhythm, and there are lots of advantages to having that. What are some of the advantages that you have by having that rhythm, and what are some things that can go wrong if you don't?I would say you die sooner. This is a brand-new result, that sleep regularity predicts dying better than sleep duration, but it does. Again, this definition of sleep health being how long you sleep would say, okay, shoot for eight hours on average, it doesn't matter when, and you're good.But if you actually look to see what predicts whether you die, the people who have the worst sleep regularity are highly correlated with dying younger, and it keeps coming out. This is in the last 18 months that connections are coming out between sleep regularity and hypertension, diabetes, mood disorders. The data was all there, but people weren't really looking at sleep regularity. We also didn't have as textured tools for defining sleep regularity as we do now, so that's another reason why it's coming out. But things that can go wrong without sleep regularity are all those bad things I listed.I should say that those are all correlations. You could say, well, maybe stressed people die earlier, and they're also sleeping irregularly as a sign of their stress. Except we also have studies where you put people on weird light schedules and you can watch a melatonin rhythm that's really robust just go away. They go 24 hours without making melatonin, which is weird. You've basically flattened their rhythm altogether.The mental image I always have in my mind for modern life is that we've taken rhythms that would be really high and pronounced — like, hey, now's the time to fix your DNA so you don't get cancer. Let's fix all our DNA right now. It's really clear period for fixing DNA — and you've stepped on it. Now it's like, well, I don't know. I guess it's the time to fix DNA? Maybe I'll do a little bit of that.The science is emerging. I don't want to overstate it, but I think there's a strong theoretical case for why the quashing of circadian amplitude is tied to a lot of bad things. The good thing is that more melatonin means you sleep better, feel better — basically my life after doing that one study.What's a situation where you have a strong circadian amplitude? A lot of light during the day? How do you get there?You do the same exact thing every day. I should say, I'm going to speak from a theoretical perspective because a lot of the experiments haven't been run yet. It's my collaborators and me who are calling for amplitude to be the new thing we go after, because sleep regularity is just circadian amplitude wearing glasses and a mustache. They pick up the same thing.What the theory says will get you the maximum circadian amplitude is to have a super bright day and get tons of daylight during the day, and then have a really, really dark night, and copy and paste that over and over again. That's basically it. I'm always think I should add other things for people to do, but it boils down to that.One of the challenges why people haven't discovered this on their own is that that's actually really hard to do in practice. Light at night is super fun, and we also have to work, and often work is indoors where there's just not as much sunlight.It really does seem like a problem of modernity. We've always had a way to illuminate the night, for all intents and purposes, but there's a vast gulf of difference between a candle and an incandescent light bulb, and then there's an even bigger difference between an incandescent light bulb and a full room of fluorescent light. There's been this subtle shift that we didn't notice over time, but our bodies did.You're speaking my language. This is exactly it: the creeping of light into every aspect of our life. Also, because it literally doesn't have mass, it feels immaterial, right? What, the photons are going to get you?And I don't think they will on a short time span. You can absolutely have a bad night of sleep. You can absolutely have disrupted sleep. People cross time zones. But it does add up over a lifespan, which is why we see sleep regularity being a better predictor of mortality than sleep duration. If you're highly irregular over your whole life, all these rhythms that would otherwise have been high metabolism, high DNA repair, robust ability to sleep, become flat and crappy and you get an accumulation of risk.So, a lot of what we've talked about is that there are lots of negative things when you're out of that appropriately phased kind of sleep. There are actually some really good things about being very attuned to that, too. You write in the book about athletics, about medicine. What are some of the ways we can actually gain quite a bit through knowing about this?By having a better sense of what our circadian time is. Conflict of interest disclosure, I do have a startup that tries to do this, but we'll be able to time drugs so that they're maximally effective and as least toxic as they can be.People sometimes go, okay, timing drugs as in you take sleep medication before you go to sleep. Sure, okay. But what if there were a drug that sometimes made your tumor shrink and at other times made it grow faster? That's a paper that came out in the last year. People aren't thinking about this. They're thinking about a 10% variation over the course of the day. They're not thinking about how this person's glioblastoma treatment didn't work because they took dexamethasone at the wrong time, and they died months earlier.I think the simplicity of the idea has started to act as a reason for people to not do it. They think, well, if timing actually mattered, somebody would have figured it out already. I won't be the one who wastes a bunch of time rediscovering what everyone else has. My stance is that we're just beginning to scratch the surface of all the things that can be controlled by timing, and the magnitude of the effects we can see.Imagine the drug I mentioned that accelerated tumor growth sometimes and squished it at others is standard of care. Everybody gets it with this particular type of brain tumor that it was studied in. Imagine you're testing a new drug and oh, it seems to work in these patients but it doesn't work in these other patients. Must not be a very good drug, so it gets ditched. It could be that that entire efficacy difference was driven by when they were taking this standard-of-care drug that everybody takes according to the clock, according to their body's clock. If you could just control for that, you could get more drugs making it through clinical trials.You even made a point that there's a good shift happening between notes saying you should take this pill in the morning, you should take the pill at night, and changing that to say you should take this pill after waking up or take this pill before you go to sleep. It's getting better at adequately describing the bodily conditions you should take pharmaceuticals under.Right. If you're a shift worker, you could be waking up at 3 p.m., for instance, and morning could be the worst time for you. You should take it when you wake up. Then again, if you're a shift worker, your rhythms are so funky that — I might be biased here — you should be using Olivia's cool app to track your circadian rhythms and know when to take all these different things.But yes, circadian medicine is all about timing your pills before you go to bed or after you wake up. It's also this idea of introducing grooves where we've removed the groove. An example would be that you have a sick kid and you can't feed them, so you put them on total parenteral nutrition, or TPN. They're getting fed through an IV, and the standard for that is to either do it overnight or do it just continuously, 24 hours a day. But if you think about it, if our whole bodies are rhythmic and we expect some things at some times and not at other times, and you're feeding them constantly, that's like being in the light all the time, which we would consider to be torture. If you put somebody in constant light, they are miserable.These researchers just changed it so they gave TPN only during the day, when the kids are awake and their metabolism is up and running. They were able to leave the hospital on average four days earlier because they weren't being force fed like a foie gras goose overnight. So, it's not just sleep grooves: it's food grooves, it's activity grooves, it's mood grooves, it's all these things. Acknowledging that they're rhythmic will lead to people being healthier.The medical stuff can get a bit in the weeds, but I thought it was really informative when you talked about U.S. Olympians going to Japan. You reflected on when folks went to Japan and how they trained there. There's actually a lot of performance that was hypothetically not being unlocked because people weren't being attuned to their circadian peaks. Do you want to talk a little about that?I was reading what people who are Olympians posted on their Instagram, imagining that we were friends. I saw somebody in the weight lifting category be like, "Can't wait to go to Tokyo in two days to compete!" They were fully adjusted or entrained to U.S. time, and they were going to do this trip to Tokyo that was going to massively disrupt their circadian rhythms. Then they were going to compete shortly after landing.Probably the reason for that is because it's really expensive to go and leave your life for a long period of time, and weight lifting isn't the moneybags, the dollar sign, of Olympic sports. But that probably wasn't the best for optimizing performance, to wait until right before you're supposed to go on and then try and lift something really hugely heavy — though it could have been.The thing is, when you travel, you get tired and you undergo jet lag because your light exposure is changing, but you also have a circadian rhythm in performance where people tend to do best in the evening. Around 5 or 6 p.m., you're strong and fast and can run far and lift heavy things. If in Japan, you were supposed to compete at 10 a.m., maybe what you want to do is not adjust and be really careful about staying on your old time zone for the first day you're there, so that your body is at 6 p.m. during Japan's local time of 10 a.m.When it's most suited to compete.Exactly, to lift a big, heavy thing.Exciting. You wrote a little about how there are two big peaks for performance over the course of a given day. What are those?People tend to be alert in the morning, and then they have a second wave of alertness as the day winds down. The way we think about that is that there are two forces that combine to make you feel sleepy: There's how much hunger for sleep you've built up, and then there's your circadian clock basically shaping the gravity. How heavy is gravity for you right now?In the morning, after you get over this initial wave of grogginess, you have the first wave of alertness and that's because you don't have any hunger for sleep. Imagine you're biking, and you just started biking so you're feeling fresh, you're okay. You haven't accumulated feeling tired from biking. In the middle of the day, though, you have accumulated some fatigue. You've been doing stuff with your brain and the circadian clock is not saying it's a great time to be alert. People often get sleepy in the middle of the day, like you would be sleepy if you'd been biking for four hours.Then later in the day, the circadian clock comes in and says it's time for you to be awake. You need to get your act together before the sun goes down or you might die. That's like the road you're biking on sloping downward. It becomes easier. It doesn't take as much effort to stay awake; it doesn't take as much effort to pedal. Your circadian clock is like, great, be alert. Do stuff in the latter part of your day up until close to your habitual bedtime, when the road starts to swoop up again.Then you basically hit the wall of, it's 3 a.m. I want to die. Why am I staying up super late in the year 2009 next to my good friend Walter? What are we doing? You push through that and you get on the other side, and the road starts to slant down again.It was really cool to see, because this speaks to my experience of being sleep deprived and going over the swing set. It's really cool that circadian rhythm still holds, and that's why you get that second wind in the morning and sleep deprivation madness or whatever you want to call it. You do still see that swing hold even if you get more and more sleep weight accumulating.Exactly.I want to talk about some of the studies that you covered, because they're very, very interesting, but I also want to talk about some policy implications. Two things stuck out to me. One was the conversation about daylight saving time and potentially going either permanent DST or permanent standard time. The other one that was super interesting was basically how teenagers react to light and how we set school schedules. What are your insights on those two potential policy questions?Let's do DST first. This also has horrible UI. Nobody can figure out what they're saying when they talk about DST. So, standard time is brighter mornings, darker evenings. Standard time is what we're on in the winter when everyone's depressed and they're like, "It's 5 p.m. and it's dark. Stupid, stupid DST." That's actually standard time that's causing that. DST is darker mornings, lighter at night. DST is what we're on in the summer when we have lots of light even at 9 p.m. It's really bright at night.The thing most circadian scientists are going to tell you is that permanent standard time is best, then the current system where we switch, and then the last and least preferable is permanent DST. You might think, okay, but why isn't it just better to not switch? There's this penalty of everyone jet lagging themselves when we wake up an hour earlier or have to stay up an hour later when we do these transitions in the spring and the fall. The reason is because having the light late into the day in the summer, and especially having light in the afternoons and evenings in the winter and really, really dark mornings in the winter, is worse than the jet lag from transitioning. If we did permanent DST, where we have really dark mornings in the winter, it wouldn't just be a couple days of us all feeling jet lagged. It would be this chronic buildup of a messed up groove.One of the reasons why it's hard for people to concisely say why permanent DST is bad is because it's about rhythmic health. It's been argued, hey, if you want to maximize the amount of hours that we have really bright light during the daytime periods where people are normally awake, DST is really good for that, because you have light until super late. Think about the summer.But do we want to maximize that?Exactly, because imagine the case that I alluded to when we were talking about the meal timing thing. If you're in bright light 20 hours a day like people are up in the Arctic, you have bad sleep. It's not because you don't know about blackout curtains; it's because you're not able to adjust to a rhythm that's all bright light, little bit of darkness. What permanent DST does is basically, in the wintertime, it forces a bunch of people to wake up in darkness, or dim light. They then stay in the dark for a really long time, and they get their bright light weighted way on the latter half of their day.I'm going to go into a long analogy, but I promise I'll bring it back down. Imagine a sidewalk with alternating yellow and black squares, and I give you a yellow shoe and a black shoe. I say, yellow shoe steps on the yellow square, black shoe steps on the black square. If it's well sized to your legs, you could just do that. You're like, awesome, this is great. But then I do something where I basically take the yellow squares and scoot them up into the black squares. Then I have this brownish, crappy blurring of light and dark: yellow, black, and the blur. If I go, "Okay, walk on this," what you have to do is take one big step with one foot and a little step with your other, and you have to repeat that over and over again.That's basically what DST is doing to you in the winter. If we were to go to that in the winter, you'd wake up in the darkness, but then you'd get light later in the day. It makes it so that your rhythms are thrown off. You wake up with a bunch of melatonin in your body. It's like everybody's popping melatonin pills first thing, if you were to do permanent DST.If you're sitting here thinking, "I'm not convinced by her arguments around stepping on yellow tiles with yellow shoes and black tiles with black shoes," the most compelling reason is the fact that we literally tried this. We tried DST in the winter. We didn't even make a year. Russia tried it in the last decade — they made it three years and they bailed. People have tried DST in the winter and we all think it sucks. Meanwhile, Arizona has been on standard time all year since the 1960s and they're going strong.They seem really thrilled with their situation in Arizona.They're pretty happy. So, moral of the story, the current system would be better than having super dark mornings in the winter, which is what permanent DST would be. But I don't really care that much because I'm so convinced that if we try this again, we'll be like Russia in 2014 and bail. We'll be like us in the '70s and bail. We just need to, as a generation, collectively experience it and realize, oh yeah, this is why DST sucks.The old knowledge has been lost. We must relearn it.We'll relearn it and we'll say, no, we're never going to make this mistake again. And then in 50 years, we'll make it again.People always want the optimization of, I want more sleep. I want eight hours of sleep. I want the most sleep I can possibly get, or I want the most light I can possibly get. It seems like that's a trap. I completely understand why people get into that position, because I like light and I like sleep, but just realistically, if you're seeing how much of this governs the rhythm of lots of different processes that are more sophisticated than just enjoying seeing bright things, it's a real shock to the system.Human brains are just not wired to think rhythmically. It's like if you're in a math class and you're learning about Fourier series, to go extremely niche, really fast. It's not intuitive. People are wired to think, "More of thing good," and we're just less wired to think, well, it's good at some times and bad at other times.Very briefly, then, should kids be going to school as early as they currently go to school?No. At the same time, we also shouldn't make it so late, because what would happen if we made it really late is kids would just stay up later. There are diminishing returns, but now you have kids who are waking up at 5:30. That's absolutely what it would feel like for me to wake up at 3:30. It's cruel to them. There's this idea that, oh, we'll do DST. We'll do permanent DST so we don't have to switch, and then we'll also make school times an hour later.You've basically just got us back to where we started. You've made it so that they're going to be functionally popping a melatonin pill in the morning, just based on how much more melatonin is in their body when they wake up, and then you're letting them sleep in another hour. You cannot make both of those changes and act like you've changed anything. You at best maintain the status quo. My personal vote is we should do permanent standard time or keep the current system and make it so that schools for kids start later.The book is full of really, really interesting studies. Some of them are fascinating, recent, breaking studies that, like you mentioned earlier, reveal incredible things about the link between these biorhythms as well as pharmaceuticals and things like that. Some of them, however, are from a more swashbuckling age of discovery, and you cover a lot of really interesting sleep studies from the earliest days of sleep research. Do you have any favorites?In the book it probably comes across that I am so enamored with these old sleep studies, in part because they really underscore this point that if our definition of sleep health is only duration, it's insufficient. There are a bunch of peer-reviewed papers that went, yeah, this guy said he didn't want to sleep anymore, so he just didn't sleep for a week and we watched him. Actually, that's maybe my favorite. There's this guy who comes into a lab and is like, humans don't need to sleep and I can prove it. And then he just doesn't.They went, whoa, let him cook?Yeah, he might be on to something. In the paper, they're like, we tried to stop him but he said he was going to do it anyway, so we gave him a typewriter to see how bad he got at typing. The answer is, he got so bad at typing so fast that he just went, I can't do this. They didn't make him type anymore because it was too hard for his eyes. He got really snippy. People tend to hallucinate when you keep them up all night. They get paranoid for days and days. But at the same time, he was functioning. He was able to, on the last day of the study, write a vaguely sexist acrostic poem. I have tried to understand this thing. It's confusing, but you get the sense that it's not positive toward women.The original no-sleep creepypasta.Seriously. Obviously, I'm glad we don't do studies like this now. We have human subject protections. Why would you need to run the study? They did that in the '30s and '60s, and it was weird. But the data's been out there for so long. The creepypasta levels of sleep deprivation, people can survive. You should not do it. You should absolutely not do it. It's a bad idea. But it's not an instantly fatal thing, like you pulled an all-nighter so watch out.The punchline is, unfortunately for human brains, which want very rapid feedback and instant gratification, the way to have sleep health is not something acute, like the absence of these all-nighters that are terrible for you, but rather the constant maintenance of healthy rhythms that are on the time scale of weeks, months and years, as opposed to hacks that you can do in one hour of your day.The book is called Sleep Groove: Why Your Body's Clock Is So Messed Up and What To Do About It. There are so many fascinating things in here, Olivia. Why don't you tell readers a little about where they can find the book and you.Sleep Groove is a book about the emerging science of sleep regularity and how it matters so much to your overall health, well-being, and how you feel at 3 a.m. in the morning. You probably feel pretty bad; my book will explain why. You can find it where books are sold, including Amazon and your local independent bookseller. There's also an audiobook coming out next month.Oh, fun. That's great. Thanks so much for coming on, Olivia.Thanks for having me.Edited by Susie Stark.If you have anything you'd like to see in this Sunday special, shoot me an email. Comment below! Thanks for reading, and thanks so much for supporting Numlock.Thank you so much for becoming a paid subscriber! Send links to me on Twitter at @WaltHickey or email me with numbers, tips or feedback at walt@numlock.news. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.numlock.com/subscribe

Nalini AnantharamanGéométrie spectraleCollège de FranceAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Géométries aléatoires et applications : Gros plan sur la géométrie aléatoire convexeIntervenant : Pierre CalkaUniversité de Rouen NormandieRésuméL'exposé porte sur un certain type de géométrie aléatoire qui mélange géométrie convexe et intégrale avec la théorie des probabilités et plus particulièrement la notion de processus ponctuel. Celui-ci consiste en général à se donner un ensemble discret de points aléatoires dans l'espace euclidien puis d'effectuer une construction géométrique déterministe à partir de cet ensemble et d'étudier l'objet aléatoire obtenu. Nous nous concentrons en particulier sur le plus petit polytope convexe contenant le nuage aléatoire de points, c'est-à-dire son enveloppe convexe. Un tel modèle apparaît naturellement dans différents domaines comme la géométrie algorithmique, l'analyse d'images ou la statistique de données multivariées. Une fois donné le contexte historique, nous présentons quelques résultats asymptotiques récents en faisant un gros plan sur la frontière du polytope aléatoire. Ceux-ci incluent des lois limites, valeurs extrêmes ou des propriétés en grande dimension. Nous espérons en chemin donner un aperçu significatif des outils mathématiques requis, à la fois en probabilités et en géométrie, et tenter de faire le pont avec d'autres domaines comme les équations aux dérivées partielles.L'exposé est basé sur plusieurs travaux communs avec Joe Yukich, Gauthier Quilan et Benjamin Dadoun.----Le terme « géométrie aléatoire » désigne tout processus permettant de construire de manière aléatoire un objet géométrique ou des familles d'objets géométriques. Un procédé simple consiste à assembler aléatoirement des éléments de base : sommets et arêtes dans le cas des graphes aléatoires, triangles ou carrés dans certains modèles de surfaces aléatoires, ou encore triangles, « pantalons » ou tétraèdres hyperboliques dans le cadre des géométries hyperboliques. La théorie des graphes aléatoires imprègne toutes les branches des mathématiques actuelles, des plus théoriques (théorie des groupes, algèbres d'opérateurs, etc.) aux plus appliquées (modélisation de réseaux de communication, par exemple). En mathématiques, l'approche probabiliste consiste à évaluer la probabilité qu'une propriété géométrique donnée apparaisse : lorsque l'on ne sait pas si un théorème est vrai, on peut tenter de démontrer qu'il l'est dans 99 % des cas.Une autre méthode classique pour générer des paysages aléatoires consiste à utiliser les séries de Fourier aléatoires, avec de nombreuses applications en théorie du signal ou en imagerie.En physique théorique, les géométries aléatoires sont au cœur de la théorie de la gravité quantique et d'autres théories des champs quantiques. Les différents aspects mathématiques s'y retrouvent curieusement entremêlés, par exemple, la combinatoire des quadrangulations ou des triangulations apparaît dans le calcul de certaines fonctions de partition.Ce colloque offrira un panorama non exhaustif des géométries aléatoires, couvrant des aspects allant des plus abstraits aux applications concrètes en imagerie et télécommunications.

Nalini AnantharamanGéométrie spectraleCollège de FranceAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Géométries aléatoires et applications : Sur les graphes aléatoires unimodulairesIntervenant :François BaccelliInria & École normale supérieure ParisRésuméL'exposé introduira d'abord les graphes aléatoires unimodulaires et donnera plusieurs exemples issus de la théorie des processus ponctuels, des processus de branchement, des marches aléatoires et des ensembles aléatoires discrets auto-similaires. Plusieurs types de résultats sur ces graphes seront ensuite passés en revue :Des extensions unimodulaires de théorèmes classiques du calcul de Palm et de la théorie ergodique.Une classification des dynamiques déterministes ou aléatoires sur ces graphes basée sur les propriétés de leurs variétés stables.Deux nouvelles notions de dimension pour de tels graphes, à savoir leurs dimensions unimodulaires de Minkowski et de Hausdorff.Cet exposé est basé sur une série d'articles en collaboration avec M.-O. Haji-Mirsadeghi et A. Khezeli.----Le terme « géométrie aléatoire » désigne tout processus permettant de construire de manière aléatoire un objet géométrique ou des familles d'objets géométriques. Un procédé simple consiste à assembler aléatoirement des éléments de base : sommets et arêtes dans le cas des graphes aléatoires, triangles ou carrés dans certains modèles de surfaces aléatoires, ou encore triangles, « pantalons » ou tétraèdres hyperboliques dans le cadre des géométries hyperboliques. La théorie des graphes aléatoires imprègne toutes les branches des mathématiques actuelles, des plus théoriques (théorie des groupes, algèbres d'opérateurs, etc.) aux plus appliquées (modélisation de réseaux de communication, par exemple). En mathématiques, l'approche probabiliste consiste à évaluer la probabilité qu'une propriété géométrique donnée apparaisse : lorsque l'on ne sait pas si un théorème est vrai, on peut tenter de démontrer qu'il l'est dans 99 % des cas.Une autre méthode classique pour générer des paysages aléatoires consiste à utiliser les séries de Fourier aléatoires, avec de nombreuses applications en théorie du signal ou en imagerie.En physique théorique, les géométries aléatoires sont au cœur de la théorie de la gravité quantique et d'autres théories des champs quantiques. Les différents aspects mathématiques s'y retrouvent curieusement entremêlés, par exemple, la combinatoire des quadrangulations ou des triangulations apparaît dans le calcul de certaines fonctions de partition.Ce colloque offrira un panorama non exhaustif des géométries aléatoires, couvrant des aspects allant des plus abstraits aux applications concrètes en imagerie et télécommunications.

Nalini AnantharamanGéométrie spectraleCollège de FranceAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Géométries aléatoires et applications : Géométrie des excursions de champs aléatoires réguliers et inférence statistiqueIntervenante :Anne EstradeUniversité Paris CitéRésuméSome geometrical and topological features of the excursions of smooth random fields will be presented, such as their expected Lipschitz-Killing curvatures. The concerned random fields will be Gaussian or Gaussian based, but also shot-noise fields will be considered. Based on these features, one can statistically infer some informations on the underlying random field, in particular statistical tests (of Gaussianity, or of isotropy) and parameters estimations. A special focus on the two-dimensional case will be payed as it is the natural framework for image analysis.----Le terme « géométrie aléatoire » désigne tout processus permettant de construire de manière aléatoire un objet géométrique ou des familles d'objets géométriques. Un procédé simple consiste à assembler aléatoirement des éléments de base : sommets et arêtes dans le cas des graphes aléatoires, triangles ou carrés dans certains modèles de surfaces aléatoires, ou encore triangles, « pantalons » ou tétraèdres hyperboliques dans le cadre des géométries hyperboliques. La théorie des graphes aléatoires imprègne toutes les branches des mathématiques actuelles, des plus théoriques (théorie des groupes, algèbres d'opérateurs, etc.) aux plus appliquées (modélisation de réseaux de communication, par exemple). En mathématiques, l'approche probabiliste consiste à évaluer la probabilité qu'une propriété géométrique donnée apparaisse : lorsque l'on ne sait pas si un théorème est vrai, on peut tenter de démontrer qu'il l'est dans 99 % des cas.Une autre méthode classique pour générer des paysages aléatoires consiste à utiliser les séries de Fourier aléatoires, avec de nombreuses applications en théorie du signal ou en imagerie.En physique théorique, les géométries aléatoires sont au cœur de la théorie de la gravité quantique et d'autres théories des champs quantiques. Les différents aspects mathématiques s'y retrouvent curieusement entremêlés, par exemple, la combinatoire des quadrangulations ou des triangulations apparaît dans le calcul de certaines fonctions de partition.Ce colloque offrira un panorama non exhaustif des géométries aléatoires, couvrant des aspects allant des plus abstraits aux applications concrètes en imagerie et télécommunications.

Nalini AnantharamanGéométrie spectraleCollège de FranceAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Géométries aléatoires et applications : Modèles d'images aléatoires et applications en mammographie digitaleIntervenante :Agnès DesolneuxCNRS, École normale supérieure Paris-SaclayRésuméIn this talk I will present several random image models that are else explicit (such as Gaussian models or Boolean models for instance), or more "implicit" (such as images generated by a neural network). I will discuss how these models are used to understand the detectability of some lesions in digital mammograms. I will also discuss another interest of such models, which is that they allow to perform virtual clinical trials.----Le terme « géométrie aléatoire » désigne tout processus permettant de construire de manière aléatoire un objet géométrique ou des familles d'objets géométriques. Un procédé simple consiste à assembler aléatoirement des éléments de base : sommets et arêtes dans le cas des graphes aléatoires, triangles ou carrés dans certains modèles de surfaces aléatoires, ou encore triangles, « pantalons » ou tétraèdres hyperboliques dans le cadre des géométries hyperboliques. La théorie des graphes aléatoires imprègne toutes les branches des mathématiques actuelles, des plus théoriques (théorie des groupes, algèbres d'opérateurs, etc.) aux plus appliquées (modélisation de réseaux de communication, par exemple). En mathématiques, l'approche probabiliste consiste à évaluer la probabilité qu'une propriété géométrique donnée apparaisse : lorsque l'on ne sait pas si un théorème est vrai, on peut tenter de démontrer qu'il l'est dans 99 % des cas.Une autre méthode classique pour générer des paysages aléatoires consiste à utiliser les séries de Fourier aléatoires, avec de nombreuses applications en théorie du signal ou en imagerie.En physique théorique, les géométries aléatoires sont au cœur de la théorie de la gravité quantique et d'autres théories des champs quantiques. Les différents aspects mathématiques s'y retrouvent curieusement entremêlés, par exemple, la combinatoire des quadrangulations ou des triangulations apparaît dans le calcul de certaines fonctions de partition.Ce colloque offrira un panorama non exhaustif des géométries aléatoires, couvrant des aspects allant des plus abstraits aux applications concrètes en imagerie et télécommunications.

Proudly sponsored by PyMC Labs, the Bayesian Consultancy. Book a call, or get in touch!My Intuitive Bayes Online Courses1:1 Mentorship with meOur theme music is « Good Bayesian », by Baba Brinkman (feat MC Lars and Mega Ran). Check out his awesome work!Visit our Patreon page to unlock exclusive Bayesian swag ;)Takeaways:Bayesian statistics offers a robust framework for econometric modeling.State space models provide a comprehensive way to understand time series data.Gaussian random walks serve as a foundational model in time series analysis.Innovations represent external shocks that can significantly impact forecasts.Understanding the assumptions behind models is key to effective forecasting.Complex models are not always better; simplicity can be powerful.Forecasting requires careful consideration of potential disruptions. Understanding observed and hidden states is crucial in modeling.Latent abilities can be modeled as Gaussian random walks.State space models can be highly flexible and diverse.Composability allows for the integration of different model components.Trends in time series should reflect real-world dynamics.Seasonality can be captured through Fourier bases.AR components help model residuals in time series data.Exogenous regression components can enhance state space models.Causal analysis in time series often involves interventions and counterfactuals.Time-varying regression allows for dynamic relationships between variables.Kalman filters were originally developed for tracking rockets in space.The Kalman filter iteratively updates beliefs based on new data.Missing data can be treated as hidden states in the Kalman filter framework.The Kalman filter is a practical application of Bayes' theorem in a sequential context.Understanding the dynamics of systems is crucial for effective modeling.The state space module in PyMC simplifies complex time series modeling tasks.Chapters:00:00 Introduction to Jesse Krabowski and Time Series Analysis04:33 Jesse's Journey into Bayesian Statistics10:51 Exploring State Space Models18:28 Understanding State Space Models and Their Components

SKRÄCKINJAGANDE NÖRDNIVÅ. Hur skiljer sig torvighet och rökighet? David whippar fram både forskning och ett halvdussin artiklar: här ska ni få nördighet till jul så det räcker till trettonhelgen. Tidningen New Scientist blandar AI med whisky och ordnar drinken "meh". Vi lustmördar, men ser gärna BRA exempel på AI och whisky. Har du några tips? Skicka hit! Vad var det i glaset? Mathias njöt en Nc'nean, destilleriet grundat av Annabel Thomas. David hade Connemara peated single malt. Jeroen smuttar vidare på sin Ardnamurchan sherry cask release. Två Krångliga lyssnarfrågor galore från Fredrik Björkholm! Massor torv och rök och whisky! Låt oss börja i den allra mest skräckinjagande nördighetsnivå, det vill säga forskningen: Bathgate, George N. & A. G. Taylor, ”The qualitative and quantitative measurement of peat smoke on distiller's malt”, Journal of the Institute of Brewing 83 (1977), s. 163–168. Harrison, Barry & Fergus G. Priest, ”Composition of peats used in the preparation of malt for Scotch whisky production: Influence of geographical source and extraction depth”, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57 (2009), s. 2385–2391. Harrison, Barry et al., ”Differentiation of peats used in the preparation of malt for Scotch whisky production using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy”, Journal of the Institute of Brewing 112 (2006), nr. 4, s. 333–339. Jeleń, Henryk H., Małgorzata Majcher & Artur Szwengiel, ”Key odorants in peated malt whisky and its differentiation from other whisky types using profiling of flavor and volatile compounds”, LWT – Food Science and Technology 107 (juni 2019), s. 56–63. Inte forskning men rejält nördigt: Strengell, Teemuu, ”Peat”, 13/2 2011: http://whiskyscience.blogspot.se/2011/02/peat.html Strengell, Teemuu, ”Peat Terroir”, 29/5 2011: http://whiskyscience.blogspot.se/2011/05/peat-terroir.html Och så några lite mer normalnördiga texter: Broom, Dave, ”Peat terroir and its impact on whisky”, 17/5 2016: https://scotchwhisky.com/magazine/features/9292/peat-terroir-and-its-impact-on-whisky/ Broom, Dave, ”Phenol fables: peat's secrets uncovered”, 16/5 2016, https://scotchwhisky.com/magazine/features/9293/phenol-fables-peat-s-secrets-uncovered/ Derbidge, Andrew, ”The complete guide to peat and peated whisky”, 28/12 2020: https://www.whiskyandwisdom.com/the-complete-guide-to-peat-and-peated-whisky/ Hayes, Annie, ”Everything you wanted to know about peat”, 28/2 2020: https://www.masterofmalt.com/blog/post/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-peat-but-were-afraid-to-ask.aspx McCormick, Johnny, ”Turf's up”, i Malt whisky yearbook 2016, s. 9–15. Wisniewski, Alan, ”Peat performance”, Whisky Magazine 24 (2002), s. 60–63; också på https://whiskymag.com/story/peat-performance Om Diageos Distiller's Edition, utgåvor som släppts fram till 2015: https://tjederswhisky.se/diageos-distillers-edition-series-an-attempt-at-a-complete-list/ AI och whisky: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2460910-ai-beats-human-experts-at-distinguishing-american-whiskey-from-scotch/ Här når du oss: En trea whisky på Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/entreawhisky) Maila till oss på hej@entreawhisky.se Davids blogg tjederswhisky.se (https://www.tjederswhisky.se) Följ oss på Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/entreawhisky Bli medlem! https://entreawhisky.memberful.com/checkout?plan=74960

Интервью недели: Алексей Примак в гостях у bizmall – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmFDgs4mgA4 (Ребята там еще и конкурс в комментариях проводят, не забудьте заценить) Реклама. Акционерное общество «Финансовая платформа БИЗМОЛЛ», ИНН 7840098900. Erid: 2W5zFGdjzSc Бонусные посты от RationalAnswer: — Лонгрид недели: обогнали ли хедж-фонды индекс S&P500? — https://t.me/RationalAnswer/1163 — Срач про дейтинг с парнями, которые живут с родителями — https://t.me/RationalAnswer/1162 — Какие облигации покупать в пассивный портфель (в данном случае – на примере российского инвестора) — https://t.me/RationalAnswer/1165 Дополнительные материалы к выпуску: — Love-Death-Transformers учит нейросеть материться — https://t.me/lovedeathtransformers/8819 — Нейросеть режет стейки — https://t.me/seeallochnaya/2138 — Физическая модель Genesis — https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKSttLFNlW0 — Про alignment-тесты нейросети Claude — https://www.astralcodexten.com/p/claude-fights-back — The Edinorog про медицинско-юридический AI-стартап — https://t.me/Theedinorogblog/6406 — Sexy-Денис рассказывает, зачем ему ChatGPT o1 Pro — https://t.me/denissexy/9203 — Тред в Вастрик-клубе про использование LLM — https://vas3k.club/thread/25726/ — Научпоп про женские попы — https://t.me/Fourier_series/208?single — 10 способов снизить налоги для российских инвесторов — https://smart-lab.ru/blog/1094568.php Текстовая версия выпуска со ссылками: https://habr.com/ru/articles/868712/ Посмотреть выпуск на YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90FWBq50N1c Поддержи проект RationalAnswer и попади в титры: — Patreon (в валюте) – https://www.patreon.com/RationalAnswer — Boosty (в рублях) – https://boosty.to/RationalAnswer СОДЕРЖАНИЕ: 00:00 – ЦБ оставил ставку 21% 02:04 – ФРС навел шухера на рынке США 04:31 – Что воруют в Читай-городе 05:15 – Бешеный принтер закругляет итоги года 06:37 – Замедление YouTube в РФ ускорено 07:51 – 15-й пакет санкций ЕС 08:22 – Лонгрид недели: Хедж-фонды не нужны? 10:48 – Новые модели AI: Нейросеть, которая матерится 15:44 – Claude цинично хочет быть хорошим 18:41 – EvenUP: ИИ-стартап, который не смог 19:50 – Что Sexy-Денис делает с OpenAI o1 Pro 20:58 – Новости крипты: Самый доходный Fartcoin 22:05 – Статистика недели: Бракораспадные процессы 23:15 – Научпоп недели 24:08 – Налоговый лайфхак недели 24:38 – Интервью недели: Алексей Примак в гостях у bizmall 28:01 – Хорошая новость недели и бонусные посты

Se zgodi tudi med svetniki, kaj se ne bi med posvečenimi osebami, med umetniki pa je to tako rekoč vsakdanji …

Join Jay Gunkelman and Pete Jansons on the NeuroNoodle Neurofeedback and Mental Health Podcast as they explore fascinating topics, including: How neurofeedback can support mental health and brain optimization The science behind cell towers, 5G technology, and their impact on the brain Understanding power lines, electromagnetic exposure, and brain health Key differences between General Health and Wellness devices and medical-grade neurofeedback equipment Insightful stories about brain science, mental resilience, and environmental factors Jay Gunkelman, a renowned EEG expert, offers his unique perspective on these critical topics. Don't miss this engaging discussion filled with actionable insights and thought-provoking science. Key Moments: [0:00] Welcome and Introductions Jay Gunkelman and Pete Jansons kick off the episode, introducing the NeuroNoodle Neurofeedback and Mental Health Podcast. [6:01] Local vs. National Politics and Mental Health Impacts A discussion on how local and national political engagement affects mental health and community well-being. [12:02] Cell Towers: Not in My Backyard! Exploring the resistance to cell tower installations and the implications for community connectivity. [16:58] 5G, Power Lines, and Brain Health Concerns Addressing concerns about the impact of 5G technology and power lines on brain health and overall safety. [24:03] Satellite Cell Towers: The Future? A look at the future of communication technology with satellite-based cell towers and their potential benefits. [32:09] General Wellness Devices vs. Medical-Grade Neurofeedback Comparing general health and wellness devices with medical-grade neurofeedback systems for mental health applications. [40:49] Why Wavelets Beat Fourier Analysis for EEG Explaining why wavelet analysis is a superior method for EEG processing compared to traditional Fourier analysis.

Charlee Stefanski and Constantin Gonciulea, co-authors of Building Quantum Software, are interviewed by Yuval Boger. Charlee, a software engineer, and Constantin, an expert in math and quantum computing, both from Wells Fargo, discuss their new book aimed at developers and readers with a basic background in math and programming, emphasizing a deeper understanding of quantum algorithms like Grover's algorithm and the quantum Fourier transform. They also cover the importance of hybrid quantum-classical algorithms and the development of their own high-performance quantum simulator. The conversation touches on the current state of quantum software tools, the challenges of scaling quantum algorithms, and the potential business impact of quantum computing, particularly in optimization and finance, and much more.

In this episode, Gabriel and Autumn interview mathematician, comedian, and author Matt Parker about his latest book, "Love Triangle." They discuss the unique page numbering system in the book, which is based on the sine function, and how it adds an extra layer of discovery for readers. They also explore the use of triangles and quads in 3D modeling, the concept of Perlin noise, and the perception of randomness. The conversation touches on the intersection of mathematics and creativity, as well as the practical applications of mathematical concepts in various fields. The conversation explores various topics related to mathematics, including the analysis of the Mona Lisa, the use of math in playing pool, the discovery of new shapes, and the application of math in various fields. The speakers discuss the motivation behind exploring these topics and the interplay between math and art. They also provide advice for science and math content creators on YouTube.Keywords: mathematics, book, Love Triangle, page numbering, sine function, triangles, quads, 3D modeling, Perlin noise, randomness, creativity, practical applications, mathematics, Mona Lisa, parallax, pool, shapes, Fourier analysis, YouTube, physics, AI, machine learningSubscribe to Breaking Math wherever you get your podcasts.Become a patron of Breaking Math for as little as a buck a monthFollow Matt Parker on Twitter and on YouTube at @StandUpMaths and find his book "Love Triangle" on AmazonFollow Breaking Math on Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, Website, YouTube, TikTokFollow Autumn on Twitter and InstagramFollow Gabe on Twitter.Become a guest hereemail: breakingmathpodcast@gmail.com

Stephen Wolfram answers questions from his viewers about the history of science and technology as part of an unscripted livestream series, also available on YouTube here: https://wolfr.am/youtube-sw-qa Questions include: Is there a directionality to science and technology?​​ - Has anyone sort of applied the hacker mentality to the Antikythera mechanism to figure out what else you could use it for? What kind of uses could a time-traveling von Neumann figure out?​​ - What is the likelihood that ancient tech we've discovered had vastly different uses than what we believe?​​ - ​​Southeast Asia is terrible for archeology because you can make almost anything from bamboo: tens of thousands of years ago, people obviously used wood etc., but only stone remains.​​ - What does that say going forward, with our fast-rotting bits, in contrast with stone or wood, or even paper? - ​​Any thoughts on the ancient dodecahedra? Do you have one?​​ - Who started research on the periodic tables? Can you discuss a bit about its development?​​ - What motivated the advent of the fast Fourier transform algorithm? What was its creator wanting to solve?​​ - ​​How advanced did analog computers get before we moved to digital computers? Was there any debate on whether we shouldn't move to digital at the time?​​ - Why did modern formal logic take so long to develop historically, compared to other branches of mathematics or physical sciences? What explains the delay until the mid-nineteenth century?​​ - Is there any knowledge in physics today that has been influenced by ancient texts like the Vedas etc.?​​

Siva Yellamraju is the Co-founder and CEO at Fourier. Fourier's mission is to make hydrogen universally accessible with on-site and on-demand production. Fourier is not Siva's first startup, it's his fourth. He sold his last company to Apple the one before that to Google and the one before that to Polycom, so he knows a thing or two about entrepreneurship.Fourier is barely two years old and they raised a seed round in mid-April led by General Catalyst. They've largely operated in stealth. In fact, there's nothing on their website at fourier.earth other than their thesis statement for starting the company, so we were excited to learn from Siva about why he transitioned from a very successful entrepreneurial career in software to tackle a business in the energy sector. We were also eager to learn specifically about what Siva''s building in distributed hydrogen and what he's learned from the process thus far. In this episode, we cover: [2:01] Siva's entrepreneurial background[4:46] His decision to work on climate and energy [7:35] Customer pain point understanding [12:44] Potential use cases for distributed hydrogen, including power backup solutions and data centers[15:04] Approaching hydrogen production as a data problem[21:47] Customers working with Fourier as part of a broader movement around clean energy   [24:01] Potential use cases for distributed hydrogen, including power backup solutions and data centers[27:14] Advantages of hydrogen over batteries for long-term storage and heavy transportation [33:20] Geographic markets for hydrogen deployment; the US, Germany, India, and Indonesia[35:33] Fourier's success to date and plans for commercial rollout [37:12] The goals for Fourier's pilots in the US and India [40:16] Siva's learning curves in building an energy company [42:29] Potential for India to become a leader in hydrogen[44:21] The name behind Fourier [45:34] Fourier's current capital and hiring needsEpisode recorded on July 25, 2024 (Published on Aug 1, 2024) Get connected with MCJ: Jason Jacobs X / LinkedInCody Simms X / LinkedInMCJ Podcast / Collective / YouTube*If you liked this episode, please consider giving us a review! You can also reach us via email at content@mcjcollective.com, where we encourage you to share your feedback on episodes and suggestions for future topics or guests.

LECTURE A DEUX VOIX, mardi et vendredi à 10h et 16h.Chronique littéraire animée par Valère-Marie Marchand. Cette semaine, Valère-Marie nous parle des livres "Les Gens de Derrière le Rideau" de Georges Picard (Editions Corti) & "Tout est Solitude" de Claire Fourier (Tinbad).Hébergé par Ausha. Visitez ausha.co/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Does sound travel faster in space? Is the multiverse theory true? Can gravity escape a black hole? In our latest episode of our popular “Chuck GPT” series, Dr. Charles Liu and co-host Allen Liu welcome our Social Media/Patreon Community Director Stacey Severn to answer fan questions collected from Patreon patrons, students, Facebook and YouTube. As always, though, we start off with the day's joyfully cool cosmic thing: the recently released Euclid space telescope image of galactic cluster Abell 2390, which is about 2.7 billion light years away from Earth, in which more than 50,000 galaxies are visible. You'll also hear about the Coma Cluster, the Virgo Cluster, the closest galactic cluster to us, and the planned Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. Our first fan question comes from Emil R. on Patreon: “I wonder what would happen, if you tied one end of a really, really long rope to the International Space Station and have the other end hang down all the way down in the Earth's atmosphere. Would the current speed of the ISS circling the globe counteract the fact that the rope is in the atmosphere and experiencing drag? Would people on airplanes be able to see a rope swing by? Would the end of the rope on the ISS be stretched out or loose, and would it drag the ISS down in its orbit?” Allen, who loves this question, addresses orbital velocity, drag, momentum, conservation of energy, space tethers, sky hooks, space elevators, and the ISS. Chuck talks about having seen the Tethered Satellite System trailing behind the Space Shuttle through the telescope he was using for his doctoral dissertation in the 1990s! Our first student question comes from Michael L.: “Is the multiverse theory true?” Chuck's answer involves eternal inflation, bubble universes, quantum mechanics, many worlds, and, somehow, Schrödinger's cat. From Facebook, Steven B. asks: “We all know that warp drive is still science fiction. But what is developing with other kinds of propulsion? Have we reached the limit of chemical propellants? What is happening with ion drives and nuclear systems?” Allen reviews the state of the art, including Ad Astra's VASIMIR engine, which we covered in our 2-part episode Star Trucking with Franklin Chang-Diaz and Miranda Chang. Our next student question is from Roberto J.: “How was gravity created?” Chuck says that while we just don't know for certain, gravity may have come into existence during the “Plank time” at the very start of our universe before cosmic inflation began. YouTuber @UnexpectedBooks asks, “How can gravity be “transmitted” via gravitons? It seems that a black hole would have no mass, because gravitons, like everything else, couldn't escape it.” Chuck explains that even though definitely black holes have mass, if gravitons exist, they must be able to leave the event horizon, and Allen points out that gravitational waves do just that. Our last student question is from Omar: “Does sound travel faster in space?” Chuck describes how sound waves travel, and why there's enough particulate matter in space to still allow it, possibly even faster than here on Earth. We end on a Patreon question from Eric S.: “The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a casualty of the particular mathematics we have used to explore the quantum world. If we were to adjust those mathematics to a less consistent but more complete axiomatic viewpoint, could it be possible to 'see deeper'?” Chuck and Allen's answer involves high-order math, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, string theory and quantum mechanics. We hope you enjoy this episode of The LIUniverse, and, if you do, please support us on Patreon.   Credits for Images This Episode: – Euclid telescope image of Abell 2390 – ESA/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA, image processing by J.-C. Cuillandre (CEA Paris-Saclay), G. Anselmi, ESA license – Virgo Cluster of Galaxies – Chris Mihos (Case Western Reserve University)/ESO, CC BY 4.0 – Coma Cluster of Galaxies – Nielander, Public Domain – Hubble telescope image of Abell 2390 – NASA, ESA, & Johan Richard (Caltech, USA), Public Domain – Roman Space Telescope under construction – NASA/Chris Gunn, Public Domain – Space Elevator Artist's concept – Andrei Sokolov – The ISS in orbit – NASA, Public Domain – The Tethered Satellite System – Space Shuttle – NASA, Public Domain (Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:STS-46_TSS-1_fully_extended.jpg) – Many-worlds depiction of Schrödinger's cat – Christian Schirm, Public Domain – NEXIS Ion thruster – Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Public Domain – Design of NASA & DARPA's DRACO nuclear rocket – DARPA, Public Domain – History of the universe diagram – NASA/WMAP Science Team, Public Domain – Artist's animation of gravitational waves – LIGO/T. Pyle, free to use – Fourier transform of a signal – Wawo1102, Public Domain – Waveform of same signal – Made with Desmos, Attribution – Wavelet (Gabor) transform of same signal – Wawo1102, Public Domain #TheLIUniverse #CharlesLiu #AllenLiu #SciencePodcast #AstronomyPodcast  #Euclidspacetelescope #galacticcluster #Abell2390 #VirgoCluster #ComaCluster #darkmatter #darkenergy #orbitalvelocity #momentum #conservationofenergy #spacetethers #skyhooks #spaceelevators #ISS #InternationalSpaceStation #TetheredSatelliteSystem #SpaceShuttle #multiverse #theoryofthemultiverse #eternalinflation #bubbleuniverses #quantummechanics #manyworldstheory #schrodingerscat #soundwaves #blackhole #gravitons #gravity #Planktime #BigBang #Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple

Stephen Wolfram answers questions from his viewers about the history of science and technology as part of an unscripted livestream series, also available on YouTube here: https://wolfr.am/youtube-sw-qa Questions include: How often do separate ideas emerge (like convergent evolution) and merge to either compliment each other or "make whole" ideas that didn't have all the answers themselves? - What surprises you most about the history of science and technology? What is there to learn? - What's the history of timekeeping? - How did civilizations create the calendar and clocks? What science supports this? - How would you keep track of time/sync up your devices? Today it's easy with electronic devices. I'm imagining my microwave and stove clock always being a minute or two out of sync from manually setting it. - How did you get to know so much, and in such depth, about such vastly disparate historical topics? Seems this could be fascinating to hear about in and of itself. - Makes me think that maybe blockchains are the evolution of agreed-upon ledgers in one single agreed-upon time. - Do you think the Fourier transform is fundamental to nature? - Historically, it appears in quantum field theory, quantum computing, signal processing, etc. - When did time become an important variable in science?​ - Why do you suppose no one tried to continue with Nikola Tesla's incomplete inventions?​ - As a software engineer, I discover elegant academic programming languages all the time, but they never seem to gain much traction in industry. On the other hand, we have languages like JavaScript, which was pretty much developed as a prototype but is now ubiquitous in web development. I'd be curious to hear your thoughts on this history of "organic" development of programming languages. - Are there any pros to using "historical" technology, or is newer always better?

durée : 01:59:59 - Les Nuits de France Culture - par : Philippe Garbit - Charles Fourier, figure du socialisme utopique, est né à Besançon et mort à Paris. Pour Jean Montalbetti, c'est l'occasion, en 1980, de parcourir ces deux villes qui ont forgé l'homme qu'il est devenu.

durée : 01:05:00 - Les Nuits de France Culture - par : Philippe Garbit - Charles Fourier, figure du socialisme utopique, est né à Besançon et décédé à Paris. Pour Jean Montalbetti, c'est l'occasion, en 1980, de parcourir ces deux villes qui ont forgé l'homme qu'il est devenu.

La Ley de Fourier describe con gran precisión la transmisión de calor en objetos sólidos. Un trabajo reciente revela la primera excepción conocida a esta ley que podría tener consecuencias interesantes para la economía mundial. Gracias por sus comentarios, interacciones, apoyo económico y suscripción. Escuche y descargue gratuitamente en MP3 2024/03/06 Fourier Excepción. Gracias por su apoyo a El Explicador en: Patreon, https://www.patreon.com/elexplicador_enriqueganem PayPal, elexplicadorpatrocinio@gmail.com SoundCloud, https://soundcloud.com/el-explicador Spotify, https://open.spotify.com/show/01PwWfs1wV9JrXWGQ2MrbY iTunes, https://podcasts.apple.com/mx/podcast/el-explicador-sitio-oficial/id1562019070 Amazon Music, https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/f2656899-46c8-4d0b-85ef-390aaf20f366/el-explicador-sitio-oficial YouTube, https://youtube.com/c/ElExplicadorSitioOficial Twitter @enrique_ganem Lo invitamos a suscribirse a estas redes para recibir avisos de nuestras publicaciones y visitar nuestra página http://www.elexplicador.net. En el título de nuestros trabajos aparece la fecha año/mes/día de grabación, lo que facilita su consulta cronológica, ya sabe usted que el conocimiento cambia a lo largo del tiempo. Siempre leemos sus comentarios, no tenemos tiempo para reponder a cada uno personalmente pero todos son leídos y tomados en cuenta. Este es un espacio de divulgación científica en el que nos interesa informar de forma clara y amena, que le invite a Ud. a investigar sobre los temas tratados y a que Ud. forme su propia opinión. Serán borrados todos los comentarios que promuevan la desinformación, charlatanería, odio, bullying, violencia verbal o incluyan enlaces a páginas que no sean de revistas científicas arbitradas, que sean ofensivos hacia cualquier persona o promuevan alguna tendencia política o religiosa ya sea en el comentario o en la fotografía de perfil. Aclaramos que no somos apolíticos, nos reservamos el derecho de no expresar nuestra opinión política, ya que éste es un canal cuya finalidad es la divulgación científica. ¡Gracias por su preferencia!

In this episode of the Generally AI podcast, hosts Roland and Anthony explore the fascinating world of audio waves by discussing the history of Fourier analysis and how the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) revolutionized signal processing with its efficiency. They then shift to song recognition apps like Shazam and their underlying algorithms: breaking songs into snippets and using techniques such as the FFT or neural networks. Read a transcript of this interview: https://www.infoq.com/podcasts/generally-ai-making-waves/ Subscribe to the Software Architects' Newsletter for your monthly guide to the essential news and experience from industry peers on emerging patterns and technologies: https://www.infoq.com/software-architects-newsletter Upcoming Events: QCon London (April 8-10, 2024) Discover new ideas and insights from senior practitioners driving change and innovation in software development. https://qconlondon.com/ InfoQ Dev Summit Boston (June 24-25, 2024) Actionable insights on today's critical dev priorities. https://devsummit.infoq.com/ QCon San Francisco (November 18-22, 2024) Get practical inspiration and best practices on emerging software trends directly from senior software developers at early adopter companies. https://qconsf.com/ The InfoQ Podcasts: Weekly inspiration to drive innovation and build great teams from senior software leaders. Listen to all our podcasts and read interview transcripts: - The InfoQ Podcast https://www.infoq.com/podcasts/ - Engineering Culture Podcast by InfoQ https://www.infoq.com/podcasts/#engineering_culture - Generally AI Podcast www.infoq.com/generally-ai-podcast/ Follow InfoQ: - Mastodon: https://techhub.social/@infoq - Twitter: twitter.com/InfoQ - LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/infoq - Facebook: bit.ly/2jmlyG8 - Instagram: @infoqdotcom - Youtube: www.youtube.com/infoq Write for InfoQ: Learn and share the changes and innovations in professional software development. - Join a community of experts. - Increase your visibility. - Grow your career. https://www.infoq.com/write-for-infoq

歡迎嚟到 搞乜咁科學 GMG Science 第21集！今集嘅主題係聲音 Sound

Saints du jour 2023-12-09 Saint Pierre Fourier by Radio Maria France

Hey folks!

Reader feedback, leadless pacing, ABIM, SGLT2 inhibitors, peri-operative MI after cardiac surgery, and. AHA late-breakers are the topics John Mandrola, MD, covers in this week's podcast. This podcast is intended for healthcare professionals only. To read a partial transcript or to comment, visit: https://www.medscape.com/twic I. Reader Feedback Sep 22, 2023 This Week in Cardiology Podcast https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/996694 -   ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1801174 -   FOURIER https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1615664 II. Leadless Pacing -   Leadless vs Transvenous Pacemaker Study https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euad269 III. ABIM News Heart Societies Ready to Split From ABIM Over Long-Standing MOC Disputes https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/996747 IV. SGLT2 inhibitors Empagliflozin Gets FDA Nod for CKD Without T2D or HF https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/996873 -   EMPA-Kidney https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2204233 V. Peri-Op MI after Cardiac Surgery Cardiac Troponin Predicts Mortality Post Surgery https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/996877 -   Austrian Perioperative MI study https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.07.011 -   Vision  https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2000803 VI. AHA Late Breakers -   Link to Late-Breakers https://professional.heart.org/en/meetings/scientific-sessions/programming/late-breaking-science#late-breaking You may also like: Medscape editor-in-chief Eric Topol, MD, and master storyteller and clinician Abraham Verghese, MD, on Medicine and the Machine https://www.medscape.com/features/public/machine The Bob Harrington Show with Stanford University Chair of Medicine, Robert A. Harrington, MD. https://www.medscape.com/author/bob-harrington Questions or feedback, please contact news@medscape.net

Today we're joined by Sophia Sanborn, a postdoctoral scholar at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In our conversation with Sophia, we explore the concept of universality between neural representations and deep neural networks, and how these principles of efficiency provide an ability to find consistent features across networks and tasks. We also discuss her recent paper on Bispectral Neural Networks which focuses on Fourier transform and its relation to group theory, the implementation of bi-spectral spectrum in achieving invariance in deep neural networks, the expansion of geometric deep learning on the concept of CNNs from other domains, the similarities in the fundamental structure of artificial neural networks and biological neural networks and how applying similar constraints leads to the convergence of their solutions. The complete show notes for this episode can be found at twimlai.com/go/644.

This week, Kate, Gary, Mark and Henry discuss treatments for osteoporosis in post-menopausal women, the effect of adding evolocumab to a statin - a reanalysis of the FOURIER trial, using mifepristone for painful adenomyosis, and real world data comparing 24-hour ambulatory BP with clinic readings.

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: An interactive introduction to grokking and mechanistic interpretability, published by Adam Pearce on August 7, 2023 on The AI Alignment Forum. Our write up largely agrees with @Quintin Pope's summary, with the addition of training trajectory visualizations and an explanation of the MLP construction that solves modular addition. A meta note that didn't make it into the article - with so many people looking into this problem over the last 18 months, I'm surprised this construction took so long to find. The modular addition task with a 1-layer MLP is about as simple as you can get! Scaling mechanistic interpretability up to more complex tasks/models seems worth continuing to try, but I'm less sure extracting crisp explanations will be possible. Even if we "solve" superposition, figuring the construction here - where there's no superposition in the generalizing model - wasn't trivial. gif/twitter summary If we train a MLP to solve modular addition, the generalizing phase has suggestive periodic patterns. To figure out why the model generalizes, we first look at task where we know the generalizing solution - sparse parity. You can see the model generalizing as weight decay prunes spurious connections. One point from the Omnigrok paper I hadn't internalized before training lots of models: grokking only happens when hyper-parameters are just right. We can make other weird things happen too, like AdamW oscillating between low train loss and low weights. To understand how a MLP solves modular addition, we train a much smaller model with a circular input embedding baked in. Following @Neel Nanda and applying a discrete Fourier transform, we see larger models trained from scratch use the same star trick! Finally, we show what the stars are doing and prove that they work: Our ReLU activation has a small error, but it's close enough to the exact solution - an x² activation suggested in Grokking modular arithmetic - for the model to patch everything up w/ constructive interference. And there are still open question: why are the frequencies with >5 neurons lopsided? Why does factoring Winput not do that same thing as factoring Woutput? Also see The Hydra Effect: Emergent Self-repair in Language Model Computations Thanks for listening. To help us out with The Nonlinear Library or to learn more, please visit nonlinear.org.

Head to head comparison of the two top robotic companies that seem to be the most advanced at this time: Fourier Intelligence and Tesla's Tesla Bot called Optimus. Robotics expert Dr. Scott Walter does a deep dive comparison. Other Bot videos with Scott Walter: Bot Jobs : Tesla Bot Expert Shows Factory Video Which Jobs Will Be Replaced https://youtu.be/pqdouW3g1Xw New Bots: Tesla Bot Expert BREAKSDOWN NEW Bot Video (What You Missed) https://youtu.be/cz4y3QX-8Ww 500 Bots: Tesla Bot Expert Shows PROOF Bots Already Making Cars (and 500 By End of Year) https://youtu.be/6X_UtMQ4c5o Scott Walter is an Aerospace Engineer with a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering and has co-founded two robotics companies Follow Scott on Twitter: @GoingBallistic5 Follow Scott on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@goingballisticmotion5455 ❤️ Thank you to my YouTube Members! Your support means a lot! ❤️ Pls like, subscribe and comment. It's a simple way to support the channel.

In this episode, KJK Student Defense attorneys Susan Stone and Kristina Supler talk with Dr. Michelle Fourcier, a Professor of Pediatrics, Assistant Dean of Medicine at The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University.  Dr. Forcier specializes in gender, sexual and reproductive health.  In this episode, they talk about what all the terms of LGBTQ+ mean, how pediatricians work with both parents and children about gender identity, and resources for parents to learn more about this complicated issue. Links: PubMed Website Show Notes: (04:12) Understanding the Gender Terminology within LGBTQ+ (06:59)  How Does Type of Care Different from Heteronormative (09:27)  Assigned Gender versus Gender Identity: What is the Difference? (12:16)  Is the Child Just Playing With Identities?  Or Do We Need to Act? (15:02)  When Does a Physician Decide if Hormones are Required? (16:44)  Do We Want Puberty in Children to Happen Later? (18:11)  How Pediatricians Work With Children to Keep Them Safe (19:15)  What are the Side Effects of Hormones? (20:52)  Blockers: What Do They Do? (22:43)  Conversations with Parents Who Are Not on Board with Hormones or Blockers (24:45)  When Do Children Go Through Surgery? (25:32)  When Surgery for Minors may be Necessary (27:46)  What are LARCs?  How Do They Prevent STIs? (30:36)  Dual Method for Birth Control and STI prevention (31:46)  Consider This Thought If Your 14 Year Old Child is Sexually Active (34:19)  Resources for Parents to Learn More Transcript: Susan Stone: So everybody out there listening to this podcast know that my, this is Susan and my daughter got married this weekend, and I'm a little tired.  But  Kristina Supler: though you think everyone knows that. Everyone doesn't actually know that.  Susan Stone: I know, but I felt the need. This is Real Talk guys out there on listening land. I am exhausted. But I had to come into work today cuz they knew that we had, the books, the recording of this podcast. And we're gonna talk about pediatric health for the L G P. Lg, I told you I'm tired. BTQ Plus community and I, Kristina, I just wanna have a conversation about the health needs and not a political conversation.  Kristina Supler: Yeah. I'm really looking forward to today's episode because I think there's so muchto talk about and learn to have more real conversations about the issues versus some of the politicized language that has pushed people into corners and people have in many ways shut down and are not open to learning new information. Susan Stone: and I think we're just forgetting that we're still talking about kids. So why don't you kick off the guest so we can just launch in and talk about whatever the health needs are of the kids and guys, let's leave the politics out. Okay? For once.  Kristina Supler: Today we are really happy to be joined by Dr. Michelle Fourier, who is an associate professor of pediatrics and an assistant dean at the medical school at Brown University. And with extensive training and experience in adolescent health and sexual healthcare, she's dedicated her career to addressing the unique needs of the LGBTQ plus youth.  Susan Stone: That is the guest we needed for today's podcast, a Doctor.  Perfect.  Dr. Michelle Forcier: So let's jump in.  Susan Stone: Let's just jump in. Dr. Fourier, can you explain exactly what you do for that population? Dr. Michelle Forcier: I have been a pediatrician for about 25 plus years. And I've been providing gender, sex and reproductive justice care, basically across the lifespanfor this period of time. And it's been a pretty exciting, community, pretty wonderful and satisfying community to work for and to work with. And the way I look at providing care for the L G B T Q community is that it really is primary care. Basically gender and sexuality are part of human identity. And they're there before we leave the womb. There's a neat study about in utero masturbation, which is kind of cool. So we get started early and we are gendered and sexual persons, until we die. So if we look at gender and sexuality as being a ubiquitous part of the human experience, and we look at biology as absolutely diversity is a part of biology. It's one of the basic tenets of biology. Then we understand that both sex and gender are gonna be diverse experiences for a range of different people and folks. And my role has been to provide care for some of our most marginalized community members, which is the L B G T Q I A plus. Sometimes it's easier just to say rainbow population. I like that.  Kristina Supler: Before we dive in further, just to get some terminology nailed down for our listeners who maybe aren't as familiar. you've spoken about gender and sex and we're referencing the plus, but can you just define those terms for our listeners, particularly the plus as well? Dr. Michelle Forcier: Sure. For many gender has been considered in this very binary, traditional way of male, female. Or heterosexual and homosexual. Sexuality is about who we love and who we're attracted to and who we have different sexual behaviors with. Gender is who we are. It's a part of our identity in terms of being masculine, feminine, non-binary and all the other ways that we could express, a gendered self. And the world for many years has been pretty limited in terms of only discussing these binary identities. I think with time, with improved social discourse, with the advent of the internet and increasing knowledge spread in, in diverse ways and diverse communities, we understand that there are many, many ways to be sexual and many ways to be gendered. So the L stands for lesbian, which are persons, we might say women who are attracted to or have sex with women. Gay usually is referenced to either, males or females who are attracted to the same gender partner, bisexual, historically has been the term for people who identify as being attracted to both males and females. But now we have even more inclusive terms, which are things like pansexual, which means gender doesn't factor into who I'm attracted to. Transgender or gender diverse are persons whose gender identity doesn't exactly match the gender they were assigned by their parts, chromosomes or hormones and birth. I is another. Initial for intersex or persons who have differences, in sexual development in the parts and organs they were born with. And A can mean asexual or persons who really don't have a sexual affinity or an interest in, sexual activity.  allied, And the plus means there are probably a million different ways, and we know there are a million different ways people may identify in terms of how they see themselves as a gendered person and their gender expression and gender role and gender self in the world, as well as their sexual, um, attraction, their sexual behaviors and their sexual identity in the world. Susan Stone: That's a lot. That's a lot. But here's messy. Something that comes into my mind, because you are a pediatrician. How do those differences make a difference in terms of just treatment for well visits? What is, what type of care is specific and unique to that population as opposed to what I would call a heteronormative child. Dr. Michelle Forcier: Sure. to be honest, in any visit, and again whether it's children or whether it's adults, we should be talking about these aspects of selfhood and behavior and health needs across the lifespan. Of course, we should do it in a developmentally appropriate way. So if we're gonna talk to a six year old about their gender identity, we might ask them, they're like, what is it like to be a boy or a girl? How does that feel to you? How do you express boyness? How do you express girlness, For a 16 year old, that may have very different words in terms of, how do you view your gender identity? What parts of it are comfortable for you, what parts are not comfortable? Do you have any questions? Again, the same with sexuality. Who might you have a crush on versus, a full sexual history forlater teen or young adult who's sexually active with one or more partners. So it's all about, again, using the language of the patient and understanding where they are developmentally to continue to talk about these aspects of both selfhood and wellness during health visits. Susan Stone: Well, I guess I wanna press you on that because I'm a mother of three. And I would say for the first 14 years of, checkups. It's, you know, height, weight, weight, vaccinations,  Kristina Supler: poking and prodding,  Susan Stone: poking and prodding, talking about school and milestones. We really,  Kristina Supler: or at least that was your experience with your child's children's pediatrician. Susan Stone: Yeah, but I just don't rem I don't think conversations regarding sex came into play until when the making a decision about the H P V vaccine or maybe when does menstruation start for that being the end of growth? I guess that's what I'm confused. Or birth control when that comes in. But other than that, I think of, how big is the baby? Dr. Michelle Forcier: And I'm thrilled that you ask about this. Because what I'm proposing is a slightly more advanced model of care in the sense that, again, if we know that there is gender diversity in the world and some youth present as gender diverse, gender exploratory as early as four, five, and six. Shouldn't we be talking to parents about, say again, educating people? Your child who is assigned male or female at birth. But we don't know what their gender identity may be later down the line. And that's the one or two sentences that a pediatrician can have with a parent to, again, describe and educate the difference between an assigned gender at birth and the fact that potentially two or three of probably more percent of the population of young people are going to be, or exploring gender, or at least talking about it over time. Then when we know that many youth undergo puberty and it's considered normal. As early as seven or eight year old, you can start having breast buds. By age seven or eight, it's considered within the normal range. You can be having a period by the age of 10. So if you're waiting for the magic number of teen years, 13, you've missed a whole bunch of folks that have already started many and of the stages of puberty and actually maybe completely, adult in their hormones and progressing toward adulthood very quickly in terms of their bodies.  So by waiting till kids are teens until quote unquote, they're ready to be sexual or ready to go through the process of puberty, we've missed the boat in preparing both parents and kids for helping their children approach adolescence, approach the changes of puberty. Approach the concepts of being a gendered or a sexual person in a healthy and supportive way.  Think about it. Wouldn't it be easy as a parent or easier as a parent to talk about sexuality when it's theoretical? Versus you're coming in because your daughter's pregnant and you didn't even know she was having sex? I would prefer to talk with kids in a developmentally appropriate way over time. So that kids are prepared to make decisions and that we're not going back and saying, okay, now we need to deal with an issue. Now we need to deal with a problem. Now we need to deal with some sort of health need versus let's talk about anticipatory guidance. Let's have our kids be healthy.  Susan Stone: I know that you are involved in giving T blockers or hormones.  Kristina Supler: Oh, I was gonna ask about that.  Susan Stone: Yeah. I'm really curious, when do you decide that's appropriate? What are the side effects? Are they safe and are they safe? And also, how do you know, and this is a lot, that a child's just not playing with identities and trying on what suit fits because there is discussion versus this is real and we need to act.  Dr. Michelle Forcier: Sure. So we know that gender play trying on identities is common among kids. It's how again, we explore and figure ourselves out. But every kid that plays with their gender identity and gender rules and gender expression doesn't get hormones and doesn't go to a clinician to go get hormones. So if a child is really thinking hard and long about their gender identity, and oftentimes they'll think about it quite a bit before they even talk to their parents, they'll have that conversation with their parents about maybe the gender they were B with were born with doesn't quite fit them. Or maybe it absolutely doesn't fit them. And we have kids really at young ages, just like they know their cisgender identity. We have some kids at very young ages know their transgender identity. Regardless as a parent, in some ways, it really shouldn't matter what their gender identity is. What you want is to create a home situation and ideally again, or early clinical situation where kids and parents have lots of information so they can explore gender in whatever ways make sense for that child in a safe and healthy way. If you look at the studies by Kay Olson, the Trans Youth, project, she shows that kids that grow up in supportive environments, kids who present early as gender diverse and exploring gender identity, she demonstrates that they look just like their cisgender peers in terms of anxiety and depression growing up in supportive households. Now a supportive household doesn't care. The endpoint is a happy and safe child. It doesn't matter which directions the child goes in terms of gender identity, because as an accepting and loving parent, I don't care what their gender identity is. I want my child to be authentic. I want my child to feel safe. I want my child to feel loved. I want my child to feel heard and respected. And it doesn't matter what their gender identity is. They're my child.  Kristina Supler: Is there an average age when the research shows children start to explore gender identity and conversations are starting to be had within households or is it different for everyone? Dr. Michelle Forcier: It's different for everyone. I've had 80 year old patients come to me and say, now is the time that they're ready to start their gender affirmation process.  Susan Stone: But I do wanna press back on the question. Yeah. Because there are parents who do want to help their child. Yep. Good hormones are a health option. And I think Kristina's question was a good one. When does a physician make, how does a physician, and when does a physician make a choice that this is appropriate and are they safe?  Dr. Michelle Forcier: It's not based on age. It's based on need. And so a patient will go through a very thorough evaluation. People don't just walk in clinic and get a shot of puberty blockers, people. Kristina Supler: What do those evaluations entail?  Dr. Michelle Forcier: Oh, long history. About home, about activities, about the family medical history, their medical history, their social history, substances, self harm and mental health issues, exposures at home, in school,  Kristina Supler: it's like I assume questionnaires are given to children and parents as well. Dr. Michelle Forcier: It depends. And I mean, I find that most kids would rather talk to me than fill out a piece of paper.  Susan Stone: Yeah. So we talk. So if you make the decision that it's appropriate, what are the, the benefits and what are the risks?  Dr. Michelle Forcier: So the benefits, again, just remember we're not having the same conversation about, say, kids that are using the same medication for precocious puberty. Again, just to remind yourself in the context of avoiding political chatter, same medicine, kids not talking about it at all. So these are very safe medicines that have been around for many, many years. And we've used them in first, studied them with precocious puberty. Again, completely reversible.  Susan Stone: because Provo, is it true doctor, that precocious puberty, which just for our listeners who mm-hmm. don't know what that is, that's the onset of pub. Pub of puberty, very, very early at life. And we wanna delay that as much as possible because they're now finding that, especially for females, you want a puberty go in later and menopause to be later.  Dr. Michelle Forcier: Well, you want puberty to be later for a couple reasons. Number one, it would be really, really weird to have a fully feminized body at age six. Horrible. Yes. So they're social as well as biological consequences. And these kids use puberty blockers far longer than many of our trans kids. Again without all the bruja about safety and effectiveness. So puberty blockers basically are an hormone analog, and they fool glands in the brain to shut down and stop secreting the hormones that trigger ovaries and testes to secrete testosterone and estrogen, the sort of puberty hormones that start to create adult body and adult sort of physiology. And by putting this temporary pause on those brain gland signals, the ovaries and testes just sort of rust. They stop secreting. And when we take away that hormone, the ovaries and testes start secreting again. So it's sort of like putting a pause button on your Spotify or your, your music player. Pause, lift it back up. The music starts right back where it was. It just has a delay in time.  Susan Stone: Have children ever gone back but forth and said to you, you were, they were on the medication and then said they changed their mind? Or do you see that when kids are evaluated, you make that choice, they're happier, more fulfilled, and they'll stay on it long-term? Or is it across the board?  Dr. Michelle Forcier: It's across the board. as a pediatrician, we wanna keep asking kids, is this the right path for you? Should we be doing this? Does this still help you figure out who you need to be, where you need to go? Or are, have you figured some of these things out and don't need puberty blockers anymore? Or have you figured these things out and now need gender hormones? It all depends on the child. So our job is not to push someone forward through gender hormones or puberty blockers. It's to keep asking kids, what do you need? And that's medicine 1 0 1 patient. Sure. What do you need? Where are we now? Things change in our body. Things change in our heart and mind. We have to keep talking and listening to kids to find out what they need. So if they need to stop, they should. And if they need to, start again because stopping actually demonstrated that they are really uncomfortable with the changes of puberty. Then, yeah, we can honor that request and honor their experience.  Kristina Supler: So what are the, what are some of the risks though, that can be attendant to taking these hormones?  Dr. Michelle Forcier: Well, the way I tell kids and parents having to come to the doctor to get a shot kind of stinks. So that's a risk and that's a bummer. Let's see if kids start these medicines very early in puberty, there's very little change in their internal hormone environment. So they don't have side effects like say, menopause, some hot flashes and some little bit of irritability as hormones are shifting.  Is growth impacted?  Growth usually, is, that's a great question. Impacted in the sense that, trans boys may have the potential to grow a little bit taller because we're gonna block estrogen's effect on growth plates. And for trans girls, again, we can work with them to look at again, their potential height or their, high trajectory to figure out how tall they are gonna be. And will that factor into, again, starting estrogen or gender hormones so we can use it again to inform our patients what their options are. So that they can be in a body that's comfortable and safe for them. Susan Stone: Well, is, are those blockers different than hor gender hormones to help, let's say in a trans. Would it be a child who identifies as trans male wanting to be female? I hope, again, I'm terms right and forgive me if I'm getting 'em wrong. So if you want to help someone develop the other way, or maybe a female by birth sex, who wants to be a male, is that a different type of hormone or medication protocol? Dr. Michelle Forcier: So blockers are used basically just to stop the current gonads, ovaries and testes from secreting, estrogen and testosterone. If a patient is either way past the beginning of puberty or a patient is on gender blockers, you know, puberty blockers, they can start the other hormones in the past referred to as cross-gender hormones to basically start the puberty that makes sense for them. So if I am identifying as female, and I have been on puberty blockers, At age, say 13 or 14 or 15 or 16, whenever again that child, that patient says it's appropriate for them, they have parent support and we all have a plan. They may start estrogen so that they can develop just like their peers. Which we think, again, has a positive health benefit in terms of, again, that congruence.  Socially with my body is developing just like my friends. I feel normal, I feel accepted, I feel like,I'm a part of my community. So for boys puberty usually happens a little bit later, so sometimes they might start their male testosterone hormones a little bit later, say, than females. But again, It's all dependent on when we first see a patient, how far they've gone through puberty, what they understand of their gender identity and where they are in terms of making a plan to affirm their gender identity or not, or just learn more and explore. Kristina Supler: What do you say to parents who are in your office with the child and the parent you can tell, just isn't on board with the child's desire to start hormone therapy or whatever the circumstance may be. What sort of conversations do you have?  Dr. Michelle Forcier: Would that ever happen? Never. So yes, that happens quite frequently. We have parents that want us to say, this is just a phase or a fad. Let me tell you, being transgender or gender diverse is hard in our culture. It's hard. And when we see kids in our clinic, the vast majority of the time, they're there for real issues, real goals, and real pain. And we need again to start with taking our patients at their word and carefully explore what they mean by their experience, their dysphoria or their goals. So I tell parents, listen, you and I are coming from the same place. I want a safe kid, a kid who's around alive participating in the world, the kid who's healthy. Who's mentally and physically healthy. We may come at it from slightly different approaches. You're coming at it as I expected my child to be cisgender and to I wanna walk them down the aisle, at their wedding and they're gonna have a baby and provide me with grandchildren. And my job as that child's pediatrician is to say, your child is telling me that their body, if it's to continue to develop, say, into a female body, is gonna create such harm, such discomfort with their physical self, such anxiety and depression because in their heart and head they identify as male. And so we have to really listen to your, your child and hear what they say in terms of how do we explore the identity you were assigned at birth with the identity that you are telling me you experience now.  Susan Stone: When do you talk about surgery? When does that enter into the conversation? Because it's, I think, One, I think it's a very different conversation. When do you start maybe blockers or hormones versus when do you actually put a child through radical surgery that you can't reverse?  Dr. Michelle Forcier: Most children don't go through quote unquote radical surgeries. In fact, children have far more radical surgeries for lots of other issues or problems, and they ascent to the process of surgery for whatever their healthcare needs, along with the consent of their parents. So I think that's the first thing to take that. would some children  Susan Stone: wa, I would say would wanna com complete the process right?  Dr. Michelle Forcier: But many children don't have necessarily the support or the resources to necessarily go through some of the more major and intensive surgeries. Vaginoplasty and phalloplasty creating a vagina and a penis are very intensive. People don't usually do that until after age 18.  Susan Stone: Okay. So it's not really a pediatric issue then?  Dr. Michelle Forcier: No. Now say there are some youth, and this is the more quote unquote common surgery, although again, with blockers, we don't have to do this quite as often now is say a child's developed breast at age seven or eight and say they identify longstanding as a trans male. Why? When they come see me at age 16, or they come see me at age 14 and by age 16 they're gender dysphoria regarding their adult size breasts, which they've had now for eight years is killing them. They're not showering. They're wearing a binder 24 7. They have suicidality and again, nothing's changed in their gender identity. Why would I say you need to wait two more years until the magic number of 18 to have a male chest construction knowing that nothing has changed from age six to now 16, and you have had eight years of female breast tissue That's harmful. The harm in that is far greater than the harm of saying you're 16, you've been through years of care with us. You're gonna be as assessed by a surgeon. The surgeon may require other information before they do your surgery. And then through this long standing process, not I come in the clinic and tomorrow I have my chest removed, oftentimes months to years I get my chest surgery and I no longer have to wear a binder 24 7 and I can take a shower. And look in the mirror.  Susan Stone: So it can be a pediatric issue. Yeah. Something that a pediatrician. Okay. That's all I wanted to understand. Yeah. Is this something that pediatricians deal with versus not? Dr. Michelle Forcier: Not too often. And most of the time when we get to the point of surgery, again, there may be a number of people involved including gender specialists as well as including mental health people as well as the team that works with the surgeon. So we're talking about a whole lot of people.  Kristina Supler: Dr. Forcier can you tell our listeners a little bit. I, in preparing for today, we came across the term or pneumonic I had never seen before. Lark. Susan Stone: I looked it up too.  Kristina Supler: How do you work with this population in terms of contraception and tell our listeners what a lark is and yeah,  Susan Stone: Because a lark is not a bird, guys. It's an acronym.  Dr. Michelle Forcier: No, and it's wonderful. It's a long acting, completely reversible contraception. They are a little device we can put in the arm or an intrauterine device we put in the uterus. So the I U D, right? Yeah, exactly. They're so effective in terms of preventing pregnancy.  Now we know that young people may not identify, they may identify as straight, but they have either same sex relationships. We also know that young women who have sex with women are actually at increased risk for STIs in pregnancy because they're not prepared.  Susan Stone: Wait, wait. So I was gonna say, if you have a child who tells you that they're interested in only sex with their own matching sex, not gender. Mm-hmm. Because that can be an identity issue. Yeah. You know what? I have to be honest with you, Dr. I would think, why do I need to go down the contraception path?  Dr. Michelle Forcier: Because the data says that young women who have sex with women get STIs and get pregnant because they're exploring well, but wait.  Susan Stone: But long act larks won't prevent an sti I only condom use. Correct. Or dances. They're not  Dr. Michelle Forcier: having sex barriers prevent  Susan Stone: STIs. yes. But given we all know, we can all say that. But we are in the world. World and teens engage in sexual activity. I like the idea of a lark in terms of, you don't have to depend on taking that pill and memory. You got, I gotta be honest with you though, it's not as good though in terms of St I. Infection prevention, is it?  Dr. Michelle Forcier: No, it's purpose is not to prevent STIs. To be like asking your microwave to show you a TV show. Your microwave isn't gonna play Netflix. It's a D, it's a d it's a device for a different purpose. So we need, so I feel like I'm missing about this. Talk about them as separate  Susan Stone: pieces. Help me out. help me out. I'm getting confused.  Dr. Michelle Forcier: I dunno.  Kristina Supler: I'll ask the dumb question. so I mean it's essentially an i u d . Dr. Michelle Forcier: What's essentially an i u D? A lark. Well, no, there's one that goes in the arm or and there's one that goes in the uterus. There, there are different kinds of long, I was confused. Thank you. Yeah. Got it. Cause it's just about the location of the implant. Some young people don't want people putting things in their uteruses. They don't want a pelvic exam. They're freaked out. And so that little rod in the arm that suppresses ovulation, wonderful. Very effective, very easy to put in and take out. Nice.  Kristina Supler: So it's really about patient comfort and what the patient is more,open to.  Dr. Michelle Forcier: Shouldn't that be patient care 1 0 1 anyway?  Susan Stone: Yes. Yeah. But, but, but we still need to insist that students are mindful of using condoms or other ways of preventing disease. So what do you recommend a LARC plus what Dr. Michelle Forcier: I mean the lit well number when the literature shows that, dual methods are wonderful and especially dual methods of STI protection with some sort of barrier method or condom, internal external condom. Or again, a lark in terms of a long-acting reversible contraceptive.  So again,think about the story. You have a parent coming in and she's worried about her teen being sexually active, right? And she says, I don't wanna, I don't wanna allow her to have birth control, even though she tells me this is what she wants, cuz that's gonna give her permission to have sex. Do you really think the parent allowing birth control gives that child permission to have sex? Or do you think that child's gonna make that decision to have sex on their own?  Susan Stone: You're talking to two lawyers whose whole practice is dealing with students and issue sex issue. So and and I have to gather that people who listen to our podcast are well on the way of understand. I guess our questions are focused differently because really our parents all are very supportive of their students and their choices. We're very lucky that by large, by and large, not all of 'em, but. By and large. Yeah.  Dr. Michelle Forcier: but I think the main thing is your kid's telling you they need something and you may not agree with the fact that you want them to be sexually active. Most of us aren't super excited to think about like our 14 year old being sexually active, but I'm not a 14 year old. But if my 14 year old is sexually active, I would really wanna make sure they had good birth control and I would really wanna make sure they understood things like consent. Saying no, saying you need to use a condom. And walking away from that encounter feeling empowered and safe. We don't how Advocacy, yeah. Yeah. If we don't talk about sex and how to manage it, how are young people gonna make thoughtful decisions? And safe decisions.  Kristina Supler: What are some of the most promising or not promising, pressing health issues facing the lgbtq plus community today?  Dr. Michelle Forcier: I thought we weren't gonna talk about politics and legislation. so I'm gonna say health issue. Health issue. Health. Health issue. Yeah. Those are health issues though. Because those are about geographic and political access to care and a state by state basis.  Kristina Supler: So Access's huge. Yeah, funda fundamentally just, it's not even access so much access, the medicine or the science, it's access. Dr. Michelle Forcier: Sure. The science is actually a lot less exciting because the science is pretty consistent. In terms of avail, like different types of availability and access to care for larks is really important. The safety of abortion, the benefits, short term and long term of gender affirmative care.  The science, again, we're not seeing there's like a huge variance in terms of different outcomes in different studies. The outcomes are pretty consistent in terms of access to care improves outcomes. And a whole host of these sexual gender health issues.  Susan Stone: I have to tell you something. I learned something today because, I learned a lot. I did not know what a lot of these acronyms meant, and they're missing, I have to be honest with you. I like taking worries off the table and I did not think you had to worry about pregnancy when you have a child. I thought that, that's, a huge benefit is that's one issue off the table. Or I didn't think about the s t I issue. So I thank you for educating me.  Kristina Supler: Absolutely. I think that this has been a really good discussion with a lot of information for our listeners. And if, parents out there listeners want to learn more about you or any of your research or any good literature, where would you direct them?  Dr. Michelle Forcier: PubMed has lots of good information in terms of all the research. Not just me, but all the research that supports sort of making these types of decisions. Up to date is a nice summary of different information about gender, sexuality, and reproductive healthcare. I'm happy to come on with you guys if you ever wanna have a question and answer session. This is really important stuff and I'm really excited to talk science and to talk evidence and to talk about listening to kids. So I'm, I so appreciate what you're doing and happy to be helpful in any way.  Susan Stone: Thank you, and I'm concerned. I can't imagine, doctor, how many doctors in your area are across the country?  Dr. Michelle Forcier: I wish, that's what, that's why we keep talking about this healthcare being primary care. Primary care, pediatricians, family, medicine doc, nurse practitioners, we all should be comfortable talking about gender and sexuality because they're a part of our lives and they're a part of primary care. Yeah. So we're,  Susan Stone: I can, we're doing more and more training. Yes. Yeah. We do need more discussion about this. Because like I said, when I think of a well visit with the child, I do think of weight, health, and, pumping meningitis, getting,yeah. Yeah. So thank you.  Dr. Michelle Forcier: My 14 year old did not wanna talk about pooping and peeing. There were more pressing and more pertinent issues relevant to her life. Oh, than age 14.  Susan Stone: You need to spend a day at my house because, Pooping is an everyday conversation.  Dr. Michelle Forcier: Okay. And not that, I think it's time to wrap it up.  Kristina Supler: Time to wrap it up. Dr. Forcier thanks so much for joining us and we, hope our listeners enjoyed this episode. Dr. Michelle Forcier: Thank you. Bye-bye. Bye-bye. 

Te Yang Yeh, San Diego State University We have simulated 0–3 Hz deterministic wave propagation in the Southern California Earthquake Center Community Velocity Model (CVM) version CVM‐S4.26‐M01 for the 2019 Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake. A data‐constrained high‐resolution fault zone model (Zhou et al., 2022) is incorporated into the CVM to investigate the effects of the near‐fault low‐velocity zone (LVZ) on the resulting ground motions, constrained by strong‐motion data recorded at 161 stations. The finite‐fault source used for the simulation of the Ridgecrest event was obtained from the Liu et al. (2019) kinematic inversion, enriched by noise following a von Karman correlation function above ∼1 Hz with a f−2 high‐frequency decay. Our results show that the heterogeneous near‐fault LVZ inherent to the fault zone structure significantly perturbs the predicted wave field in the near‐source region, in particular by more accurately generating Love waves at its boundaries. The fault zone decreases the 0.1–0.5 Hz mean absolute Fourier amplitude spectrum bias to seismic recordings for all sites in the model and in the Los Angeles basin area (∼200 km from the source) by 16% and 26%, respectively. The fault zone structure generally improves modeling of the long‐period features in the data and lengthens the coda‐wave trains, in better agreement with observations. We recommend that a data‐constrained fault zone velocity structure, where available, be included in ground‐motion modeling to obtain the least‐biased fit to observed seismic data.

E8A AC waveforms: sine, square, and irregular waveforms. AC measurements, average power and PEP of RF signals, Fourier analysis, analog to digital conversion: digital to analog conversion, advantages of digital communications. 57:37

E8A AC waveforms: sine, square, and irregular waveforms. AC measurements, average power and PEP of RF signals, Fourier analysis, analog to digital conversion: digital to analog conversion, advantages of digital communications. 57:37

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Short Remark on the (subjective) mathematical 'naturalness' of the Nanda--Lieberum addition modulo 113 algorithm, published by Spencer Becker-Kahn on June 1, 2023 on The AI Alignment Forum. These remarks are basically me just wanting to get my thoughts down after a Twitter exchange on this subject. I've not spent much time on this post and it's certainly plausible that I've gotten things wrong.In the 'Key Takeaways' section of the Modular Addition part of the well-known post 'A Mechanistic Interpretability Analysis of Grokking' , Nanda and Lieberum write: This algorithm operates via using trig identities and Discrete Fourier Transforms to map x,ycos(w(x+y)),sin(w(x+y)), and then extracting x+y(modp) And The model is trained to map x,y to z≡x+y(mod113) (henceforth 113 is referred to as p) But the casual reader should use caution! It is in fact the case that "Inputs x,y are given as one-hot encoded vectors in Rp ". This point is of course emphasized more in the full notebook (it has to be, that's where the code is), and the arXiv paper that followed is also much clearer about this point. However, when giving brief takeaways from the work, especially when it comes to discussing how 'natural' the learned algorithm is, I would go as far as saying that it is actually misleading to suggest that the network is literally given x and y as inputs. It is not trained to 'act' on the numbers x, y themselves. When thinking seriously about why the network is doing the particular thing that it is doing at the mechanistic level, I would want to emphasize that one-hotting is already a significant transformation. You have moved away from having the number x be represented by its own magnitude. You instead have a situation in which x and y now really live 'in the domain' (its almost like a dual point of view: The number x is not the size of the signal, but the position at which the input signal is non-zero). So, while I of course fully admit that I too am looking at it through my own subjective lens, one might say that (before the embedding happens) it is more mathematically natural to think that what the network is 'seeing' as input is something like the indicator functions t↦1x(t) and t↦1y(t). Here, t is something like the 'token variable' in the sense that these are functions on the vocabulary. And if we essentially ignore the additional tokens for | and =, we can think that these are functions on the group Z/pZ and that we would like the network to learn to produce the function t↦1x+y(t) at its output neurons.In particular, this point of view further (and perhaps almost completely) demystifies the use of the Fourier basis. Notice that the operation you want to learn is manifestly a convolution operation, i.e. And (as I distinctly remember being made to practically chant in an 'Analysis of Boolean Functions' class given by Tom Sanders) the Fourier Transform is the (essentially unique) change of basis that simultaneously diagonalizes all convolution operations. This is coming close to saying something like: There is one special basis that makes the operation you want to learn uniquely easy to do using matrix multiplications, and that basis is the Fourier basis. Thanks for listening. To help us out with The Nonlinear Library or to learn more, please visit nonlinear.org.

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Short Remark on the (subjective) mathematical 'naturalness' of the Nanda--Lieberum addition modulo 113 algorithm, published by Spencer Becker-Kahn on June 1, 2023 on LessWrong. These remarks are basically me just wanting to get my thoughts down after a Twitter exchange on this subject. I've not spent much time on this post and it's certainly plausible that I've gotten things wrong.In the 'Key Takeaways' section of the Modular Addition part of the well-known post 'A Mechanistic Interpretability Analysis of Grokking' , Nanda and Lieberum write: This algorithm operates via using trig identities and Discrete Fourier Transforms to map x,ycos(w(x+y)),sin(w(x+y)), and then extracting x+y(modp) And The model is trained to map x,y to z≡x+y(mod113) (henceforth 113 is referred to as p) But the casual reader should use caution! It is in fact the case that "Inputs x,y are given as one-hot encoded vectors in Rp ". This point is of course emphasized more in the full notebook (it has to be, that's where the code is), and the arXiv paper that followed is also much clearer about this point. However, when giving brief takeaways from the work, especially when it comes to discussing how 'natural' the learned algorithm is, I would go as far as saying that it is actually misleading to suggest that the network is literally given x and y as inputs. It is not trained to 'act' on the numbers x, y themselves. When thinking seriously about why the network is doing the particular thing that it is doing at the mechanistic level, I would want to emphasize that one-hotting is already a significant transformation. You have moved away from having the number x be represented by its own magnitude. You instead have a situation in which x and y now really live 'in the domain' (its almost like a dual point of view: The number x is not the size of the signal, but the position at which the input signal is non-zero). So, while I of course fully admit that I too am looking at it through my own subjective lens, one might say that (before the embedding happens) it is more mathematically natural to think that what the network is 'seeing' as input is something like the indicator functions t↦1x(t) and t↦1y(t). Here, t is something like the 'token variable' in the sense that these are functions on the vocabulary. And if we essentially ignore the additional tokens for | and =, we can think that these are functions on the group Z/pZ and that we would like the network to learn to produce the function t↦1x+y(t) at its output neurons.In particular, this point of view further (and perhaps almost completely) demystifies the use of the Fourier basis. Notice that the operation you want to learn is manifestly a convolution operation, i.e. And (as I distinctly remember being made to practically chant in an 'Analysis of Boolean Functions' class given by Tom Sanders) the Fourier Transform is the (essentially unique) change of basis that simultaneously diagonalizes all convolution operations. This is coming close to saying something like: There is one special basis that makes the operation you want to learn uniquely easy to do using matrix multiplications, and that basis is the Fourier basis. Thanks for listening. To help us out with The Nonlinear Library or to learn more, please visit nonlinear.org.

Joseph Bennish returns to dig into the math behind the Fourier Analysis we discussed last time. Specifically, it allows us to express any function in terms of sines and cosines. Fourier analysis appears in nature--our eyes and ears do it. It's used to study the distribution of primes, build JPEG files, read the structure of complicated molecules and more. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-art-of-mathematics/message

This week, please join authors Marc Sabatine and Prakriti Gaba, as well as Associate Editor Amit Khera, as they discuss the article "Association Between Achieved Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Long-Term Cardiovascular and Safety Outcomes: An Analysis of FOURIER-OLE." Dr Greg Hundley: Welcome listeners, to this April 18th issue of Circulation on the Run and I am Dr. Greg Hundley, Associate Editor, Director of the Pauley Heart Center at VCU Health in Richmond, Virginia. Dr Peder Myhre: And I'm Dr. Peder Myhre, Social Media Editor from Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo. Dr Greg Hundley: Peder, today's feature discussion, very interesting. We're going to evaluate the association between what's achieved with LDL cholesterol lowering, and then also long-term cardiovascular and safety outcomes. But before we get to that, how about we grab a cup of coffee and discuss some of the other articles in the issue? Would you like to go first? Dr Peder Myhre: Yes, Greg. I would love to. And the first paper is from the World of Preclinical Science and it comes to us from corresponding author, Jan Magnus Aronsen from University of Oslo in Norway. And perhaps, as you know, Greg, cardiomyocyte contraction and relaxation depend on the activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum CA+2 ATPase 2, abbreviated SERCA2, and lowered levels or reduced activity of SERCA2, as seen in chronic heart failure, weakens contractile force and delays relaxation and no available therapy involves direct manipulation of the SERCA2 activity. And Greg, phosphodiesterase 3A is proposed to be present in the SERCA2 interactome limit SERCA2 activity and disruption of phosphodiesterase 3A from SERCA2 might thus be a strategy to develop SERCA2 activators. And in this study, the authors investigated and mapped SERCA2 and phosphodiesterase 3A and assessed this in experiments assessing the binding between these two in cardiomyocytes and in vesicles. Dr Greg Hundley: Wow Peder, sounds very interesting. So what did they find and how about the clinical implications of the findings? Dr Peder Myhre: So Greg phosphodiesterase 3A bounded directly to SERCA2 in the cardiomyocyte. So that's the first finding. Second, they demonstrated that SERCA2 phosphodiesterase 3A disruption increased SERCA2 activity independently of the catalytic activity of phosphodiesterase 3A in both normal and failing cardiomyocytes. And third, SERCA2 activity by the optimized SERCA2 phosphodiesterase 3A disruptor peptide OPT F reduced mortality and improved contractility after aortic binding in mice. So the clinical implication is that direct targeting of phosphodiesterase 3A binding to SERCA2 could be a novel approach to increase SERCA2 activity and thus cardiac contractility in patients with heart failure. Dr Greg Hundley: Very nice Peder. What a great new finding in the world of preclinical science. Well my paper is going to delve into the world of clinical science and involves patients with stroke. So Peder in this study led by corresponding author, Dr. Dileep Yavagal from University of Miami Miller School of Medicine performed a survey in 75 countries through the Mission Thrombectomy 2020+ Global Network between November of 2020 and February of 2021 to determine the availability of mechanical thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion in patients with stroke. Now Peder, the primary endpoints were the current annual mechanical thrombectomy availability, the mechanical thrombectomy operator availability and the mechanical thrombectomy center availability. All of these availabilities were defined as the proportion of estimated large vessel occlusion for patients receiving mechanical thrombectomy in a given region annually. Dr Peder Myhre: Okay, Greg, so this is really an access question. So in essence, what is the availability of mechanical thrombectomy worldwide? So what did they find? Dr Greg Hundley: Right, great Peder. So what they found, the authors received 887 responses from 67 countries and low-income countries had 88% lower mechanical thrombectomy availability compared to high-income countries. The global mechanical thrombectomy operator availability was 16.5% of optimal, and the mechanical thrombectomy center availability was only 20.8% optimal. And with these results, the authors indicate that global cooperation and targeted region-specific public health interventions, including all stakeholders involved in stroke care delivery, are really needed to rapidly increase access to this brain-saving and disability-sparing treatment with mechanical thrombectomy really worldwide. Dr Peder Myhre: Oh wow. What a beautiful summary, Greg. Thank you so much. And we also have some other interesting papers in the mailbag today. We have an exchange of letters between Dr. Yang and Dr. O'Donoghue regarding the article “Long Term evolocumab in Patients with Established Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.” Dr Greg Hundley: Great Peder, and also Professor Perera has a Frontiers article entitled “Unloading the Left Ventricle in Venoarterial ECMO in Who, When and How?” and then finally there's a Research Letter from Professor Verma entitled “Prevalence of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk in the Middle East and Africa: The Primary results of the PACT-MEA Study.” Well Peder, how about we jump to that feature discussion? Dr Peder Myhre: Can't wait. Dr Greg Hundley: Welcome listeners to this feature discussion on April 18th and we have with us today Prakriti Gaba and Marc Sabatine from Brigham and Women's Hospital and our own associate editor, Dr. Amit Khera. Welcome everyone. Well Marc, we'll start with you. Can you describe for us some of the background information that really helps constitute the preparation of your study and what was the hypothesis that you wanted to address? Dr. Marc Sabatine: Yeah, thanks Greg and thanks for having us. So we've seen in a variety of epidemiologic cohorts the association between LDL cholesterol and the risk of adverse cardiovascular events like in Framingham Heart Study and UK Biobank. But in those cohorts, in these industrial societies, we don't have the benefit of lots of data in individuals with very low levels of LDL cholesterol and so we had the opportunity with the FOURIER study that was the randomized comparison of evolocumab PCSK9 inhibitor versus placebo to get patients down to extremely low levels of LDL cholesterol and evolocumab. We were able to get individuals down to about 30 mg/dL. And so in addition to all the studies we've done showing the comparison of evolocumab to placebo, we also then had the chance to use FOURIER, and as you'll hear from PK, FOURIER-OLE, the open-label extension, as a cohort to then examine patients' new baseline, if you will, their new achieved LDL cholesterol and then it's association not only with cardiovascular events but safety events. And so the hypothesis is that there would be a relationship with the lower the LDL cholesterol, the lower the risk of cardiovascular events and we wanted to explore how far down that went. And then the second one for safety would be that there wouldn't be any association between low levels of LDL cholesterol and a variety of safety outcomes that rightly or wrongly people have ascribed to low levels of LDL cholesterol. Dr Greg Hundley: Thanks so much, Marc. Well listeners, now we're going to turn to PK, the first author, on this very interesting paper and PK, Marc mentioned to us the FOURIER-OLE study. Maybe describe for us here your study design and then what specifically was your study population? Dr. Prakriti Gaba (PK): Yeah, definitely. Thanks so much for the introduction. So the study population included 27,564 patients with stable atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and LDL cholesterol levels that were greater than or equal to 70 mg/dL or non-HDL cholesterol greater than or equal to a 100 mg/dL on statin therapy. The patients who then went on to the FOURIER-OLE or the open-label extension part of the trial consisted of about 6,635 patients. And so in this study we essentially evaluated the combination of those populations in 2 separate analyses. We then categorized patients according to 6 pre-specified bins based on their achieved LDL cholesterol levels at designated time points and those ranged from LDL levels of less than 20 mg/dL all the way up to 100 mg/dL. And then we looked at their baseline characteristics and evaluated the cardiovascular and safety outcomes that Dr. Sabatine mentioned earlier. Dr Greg Hundley: Very nice PK. Well we've got a great listening audience today and they're anxious to hear your study results, so can you share those with us please? Dr. Prakriti Gaba (PK): Definitely. So over the course of more than 77,000 patient years of follow-up, we found that there was a monotonic relationship between achieving lower LDL cholesterol levels down to very low levels of less than 20 mg/dL and a lower annualized risk of the primary efficacy endpoint, which was a composite of 5 individual endpoints. We also found that there was a similar relationship observed between lower LDL achieved, LDL cholesterol levels and a lower annualized risk of the secondary efficacy endpoint, and then when we looked at safety, there were actually no clear monotonic trends between lower achieved LDL levels and the risk of any of the 8 adverse events and these included things like serious adverse events, hemorrhagic stroke or muscle related events. Dr Greg Hundley: Very nice PK and I'm sure our listeners are wanting to know, did you find any discrepancy in your results based on either age or gender? Dr. Prakriti Gaba (PK): That's an excellent question, and we did look at age and gender throughout. I think across the board the results were pretty consistent, but additional subanalyses will further address this question. Dr Greg Hundley: Very good. Well listeners now we're going to turn to one of our associate editors, Dr. Amit Khera, who has helped move this article through the process of evaluation with the editorial team. Amit, you have many papers come across your desk, what attracted you to this paper and then how do we put this study's results really in the context of other studies that have sought to dramatically lower LDL cholesterol? Dr. Amit Khera: Well first thanks a lot Greg for allowing me to participate today. I want to congratulate Drs. Gaba and Sabatine on a fantastic paper and the minute I saw it, and you know can tell when you've done this for a while what's a great paper, and this one certainly is and we work closely with them to try to make it better and enhance the analyses and as a group, I think we achieved that. I was fortunate to write an accompanying editorial that you'll see. So I got to take a pretty deep dive in this paper and I want to just talk about sort of what's important here, why is this important, and I think as Dr. Gaba mentioned, there's two sides to this. There's the efficacy side where you talk about LDL lowering and getting to very low levels. Now mind you, they got to, what I call, ultra low levels, even explored for a down to a median of 7 mg/dL, so really, really low. And first I think what our listeners need to know when we look at guidelines, these numbers of 70 or 55, these are completely arbitrary and they're based on what was observed in clinical trials, what was achieved in high intensity versus moderate intensity statins in IMPROVE-IT. There's no biology behind that, and I think what this study does is reminds us there is no biology behind how low we need to go. This group previously published their shorter-term data approximately 2 years with this construct of lower is better and I think that's fine, but people worry, particularly on the safety side about extension, and we'll get to that in a minute, so where this fits is it gives us even more reassurance that lower is better, reminds us there's no biologic basis of that even down to very low levels. And so what does that mean? I think that comes back to guidelines. We have some discrepancy between European, ACC, Multisociety Guidelines that are around 55 and so from a guideline perspective, I think we'll see a little bit more enthusiasm about lower cut points or lower thresholds. And from a clinical standpoint, as a clinician it reminds me that when I see someone that's very high risk, there's no magic to achieving a number that if the risk is high, we need to be quite intensive and get their LDL down as low as possible and as safely as possible. I do want to also acknowledge, there's not, to your point about context, the IMPROVE-IT study also showed very low levels show additional efficacy and there's also a lot of other data, genetics and ecologic data supporting this. So this is... we look at Bayesian analysis that this is consistent that we're seeing across different platforms. I do want to talk about safety too, Greg. That's really important because honestly this is when it comes to patient level, the safety part of it. We as clinicians may have comfort with very low levels, but the safety is important. I also want to, just from a steady design, this is post-hoc, so those that achieve very low levels are different. You can see that in their table 1, but these investigators did lots of things. They did pretty extensive multi-variable analysis, they looked at time-dependent LDLs, they looked at it multiple different ways, but as mentioned, there really did not seem to be a safety signal. And this is where time matters. Safety in two years, interesting, but safety 5 to 8 years really offers us much more reassurance. So I think that's where this really comes in about that safety piece with the extended analysis. So again, I think from a guideline perspective, from a clinical perspective, there's so many implications from this paper and I really hope people take the time to take a deep dive and also put it in context, like you said, to the other literature where this is not standalone, but it's corroborating what we're seeing. Dr Greg Hundley: Very nice, amit. Marc, I want to come back to you, just two quick questions thinking about the preparation of your study. One, did you sample cognition? One thing we hear about frequently in dramatic lowering of LDL cholesterol are questions around cognition, particularly in the elderly? Dr. Marc Sabatine: Yeah, it's a great question Greg. So first of all, in the FOURIER study itself, there was an embedded study called EBBINGHAUS that Bob Giugliano from our group led that actually did formal neurocognitive testing in individuals using basically a iPad-like test. We also collected the usual neurocognitive adverse events as part of safety collecting. So 2 ways, the general asking about any adverse events and then the specific neurocognitive testing. We had previously reported out the results of EBBINGHAUS that there wasn't any relationship between evolocumab and the low LDL cholesterol and the risk of any neurocognitive AEs. We just were able to recently do this OLE analysis over time for the major adverse cardiovascular events and for the general safety events including cognition, so all that looked good. As PK indicated, we're now digging into the EBBINGHAUS formal neurocognitive testing, which was also extended out. So stay tuned for those results. Dr Greg Hundley: Very nice. And then eligibility, maybe just walk us through that really quickly. Patients that are going to be randomized to this form of therapy, were they already on high-dose statins? Who exactly did we randomize in this trial? Dr. Marc Sabatine: Yeah, so at the get-go, as PK indicated, these are patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, so they had a prior MI, prior stroke, symptomatic PAD. They were to be on an optimized lipid-lowering regimen, optimized statin therapy, so for close to 70%, that was a high-intensity statin. We had a small percentage on ezetimibe, but that's because we hadn't yet published the results of the IMPROVE-IT trial that Amit mentioned when we were enrolling in FOURIER, but it was a well-treated population on statin therapy. So these results would apply to your typical patient with ASCVD who's on a good statin regimen. Dr Greg Hundley: Very nice. Well, listeners now we're going to go back to both of our authors and investigators, as well as Dr. Khera. PK we'll start with you. What do you see as the next study to really be performed in this sphere of research? Dr. Prakriti Gaba (PK): I think that's an excellent question. I think with the data presented here now we know that the lower the LDL, the lower the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and that having a low LDL is safe in the long term. I think moving forward, as Dr. Khera mentioned, there needs to be a shift of these recommendations into the guidelines. So I think additional studies confirming these findings is what we need, but we do have the evidence available. Dr Greg Hundley: Very nice. And Marc? Dr. Marc Sabatine: Yeah, and I agree with PK of course. I think there's a couple things that we want to look at. We had looked in the parent FOURIER trial and found some groups who were higher risk, who seemed to have a bigger benefit early on, and those by and large were people who had a lot of athero. But as Amit indicated that the parent FOURIER trial was relatively short at about in two and a quarter years median follow up, and so now we have the benefit of an additional half decade of follow up in a subset of people and so now we're starting to look through and see the subgroups where we saw some differential benefit and this was a paper we published in circulation soon after we published the primary results of FOURIER. Now we have the ability to go through and look at those same subgroups and see what happens now with an additional 5 years. And so that'll be quite interesting, I think, to see how those groups play out now over time. I think as Amit indicated, time is critical. We know the benefit of lipid lowering really tends to grow with time. We saw that in FOURIER, we saw that in FOURIER-OLE and then as Amit indicated, I think for safety also it's now very reassuring, being able to go out to not two and a half years, but 5, 6, 7, 8 years of safety follow up. Dr Greg Hundley: Very nice. Well, listeners we're next going to turn to Dr. Khera. I'm going to put him on the spot a little bit. I don't know if many of you know he's a cardiologist with expertise in primary prevention. So here we've really focused today, I think, on a very unique set of results in secondary prevention. Amit, as you think about studies to be performed in the future, is there a role for really lowering LDL cholesterol as a primary prevention target? Dr. Amit Khera: The short answer is absolutely. I think, to be fair, you can't necessarily directly extrapolate these results 'cause it's a secondary prevention population, but I think if we step back for a second, is there any reason I think this wouldn't work in primary prevention, there's not, and I think there's tons of genetic data, tons of other long-term data that suggests that lower is better than primary prevention. I think the challenge, as you know, is just from primary prevention is it's just about the number that you need to treat and primary prevention is pretty profound in terms of to lower events. So this is where the trade-off comes. I think even in their study, we do have to appreciate while lower is better, when you have very low levels and you're going to even lower, let's say when you go from in secondary prevention from 50 to 40, as much as that sounds valuable, that delta's pretty small and then the absolute risk reduction is still going to be pretty small for those individuals and that's only magnified in primary prevention. So the short answer is I have no reason to believe that lower is better is not applicable in primary prevention, but I do know that the cost and what entails to get there, you don't get as much return on investment. I do want to say one last thing though. We're talking about lower is better, and I know these investigators know this well, but it's not only just how low but how long and I think that's where primary prevention about to go to clinic and I play the long game for primary prevention that we know we've magnified these benefits over the long term and even a little bit early in life can pay off long dividends. So that's how I look at it. Dr Greg Hundley: Very nice. Well, listeners we want to thank Dr. Prakriti Gaba, Dr. Marc Sabatine, both from Brigham and Women's Hospital and also our own associate editor, Dr. Amit Khera from University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center for bringing us this study involving patients with arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease indicating that long-term achievement of lower LDL cholesterol levels down to values less than 20 mg/dL was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular outcomes and not and not an increase in the risk of significant safety related events. Well, on behalf of Peder, Carolyn and myself, we want to wish you a great week and we will catch you next week on the run. Dr. Greg Hundley: This program is copyright of the American Heart Association 2023. The opinions expressed by speakers in this podcast are their own and not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association. For more, please visit ahajournals.org.

durée : 00:30:00 - Les Nuits de France Culture - par : Albane Penaranda - Par Henri Soubeyran - Lectures Jean Vilar - Réalisation Roger Pillaudin

durée : 00:58:59 - Concordance des temps - par : Jean-Noël Jeanneney - Philippe Régnier revient sur la vie, la pensée et l'œuvre d'un homme qu'on a souvent ridiculisées. Charles Fourier pourtant s'est révélé capable de développer de stupéfiantes intuitions... - invités : Philippe Régnier chercheur au CNRS, historien de la littérature française

Episode 127:This week we're continuing with Post-Scarcity Anarchism by Murray Bookchin.You can find the book here:https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/murray-bookchin-post-scarcity-anarchism-book[Part 1 - 4]Post-Scarcity AnarchismEcology and Revolutionary Thought[Part 5 - 6]Towards a Liberatory Technology-Technology and Freedom-The Potentialities of Modern Technology-The New Technology and the Human Scale[Part 7 - This Week]Towards a Liberatory Technology-The Ecological Use of Technology - 0:38[Part 8]Towards a Liberatory Technology[Part 9 - 11]The Forms of Freedom[Part 12 - 16]Listen, Marxist!Footnotes:27) 4:58See “Ecology and Revolutionary Thought.” 28) 31:37The efficiency of the gasoline engine is rated at around eleven percent, to cite a comparison. Citations:18) 6:11F. M. C. Fourier, Selections from the Works of Fourier, (S. Sonnenschein and Co.; London, 1901), p. 93. 19) 6:48Charles Gide, introduction to Fourier, op. cit., p. 14. 20) 26:54Hans Thirring, Energy for Man (Harper & Row; New York, 1958), p. 266 21) 30:36Ibid., p. 269. 22 Henry Tabor, “Solar Energy,” in Science and the New Nations, ed. 22) 32:45Ruth Gruber (Basic Books; New York, 1961), p. 109. 23) 38:05Eugene Ayres, “Major Sources of Energy,” American Petroleum Institute Proceedings, section 3, Division of Refining, vol. 28 III. (1948), p. 117.

On this episode of The Feudal Future, hosts Joel Kotkin and Marshall Toplansky discuss OpenAI & Chat GPT with mathematician and academic, Daniele Struppa.Dr. Struppa is the author of more than 200 refereed publications, and he is the editor of several volumes. He has edited or co-authored more than ten books, including Bicomplex Holomorphic Functions (2015), Regular Functions of a Quaternionic Variable (2013), Noncommutative Functional Calculus: Theory and Applications of Slice Hyperholomorphic Functions (2011), Analysis of Dirac Systems and Computational Algebra (2004), Fundamentals of Algebraic Microlocal Analysis (1999), and The Fundamental Principle for Systems of Convolution Equations (1983).While serving as chancellor, Dr. Struppa continued his scholarly research focusing on Fourier analysis and its applications to a variety of problems including the algebraic analysis of systems of differential equations, signal processing and pattern recognition. Some of his recent work applies these ideas and methods to problems ranging from denoising to bio-contaminant protection to proteomics of cancerous cells.The California Dream:From Chapman's Center of Demographics & Policy, Joel Kotkin & Marshall Toplansky co-author the brand new report on restoring The California Dream.If you haven't downloaded the report, see it here: https://joelkotkin.com/report-restoring-the-california-dream/Visit Our Pagewww.TheFeudalFuturePodcast.comSupport Our WorkThe Center for Demographics and Policy focuses on research and analysis of global, national, and regional demographic trends and explores policies that might produce favorable demographic results over time. It involves Chapman students in demographic research under the supervision of the Center's senior staff.Students work with the Center's director and engage in research that will serve them well as they look to develop their careers in business, the social sciences, and the arts. Students also have access to our advisory board, which includes distinguished Chapman faculty and major demographic scholars from across the country and the world.For additional information, please contact Mahnaz Asghari, sponsored project analyst for the Office of Research, at (714) 744-7635 or asghari@chapman.edu.Follow us on LinkedIn:https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-feudal-future-podcast/Tweet thoughts: @joelkotkin, @mtoplansky, #FeudalFuture #BeyondFeudalismLearn more about Joel's book 'The Coming of Neo-Feudalism': https://amzn.to/3a1VV87Sign Up For News & Alerts: http://joelkotkin.com/#subscribeThis show is presented by the Chapman Center for Demographics and Policy, which focuses on research and analysis of global, national and regional demographic trends and explores policies that might produce favorable demographic results over time.

FOURIER authors' response, a possible practice-changing paper in electrophysiology, and the ATLAS and CAPLA trials are the topics John Mandrola, MD, discusses in this week's podcast. This podcast is intended for healthcare professionals only. To read a partial transcript or to comment, visit: https://www.medscape.com/twic I. FOURIER Authors Respond Recount of FOURIER Data Finds Higher Mortality With Evolocumab; Trialists Push Back https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/986634 Restoring mortality data in the FOURIER cardiovascular outcomes trial of evolocumab in patients with cardiovascular disease: a reanalysis based on regulatory data https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/12/e060172 Letter to the Editor RE: "Restoring mortality data in the FOURIER cardiovascular outcomes trial of evolocumab in patients with cardiovascular disease: a reanalysis based on regulatory data". BMJ Open https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/12/e060172.responses#letter-to-the-editor-re-restoring-mortality-data-in-the-fourier-cardiovascular-outcomes-trial-of-evolocumab-in-patients-with-cardiovascular-disease-a-reanalysis-based-on-regulatory-data-bmj-open-2022123060172 Risk of selection bias assessment in the NINDS rt-PA stroke study https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9202115/ Methodological survey of missing outcome data in an alteplase for ischemic stroke meta-analysis https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.13656 II. A Potential Practice-Changing Paper in Cardiac Pacing Novel 'Cure' May Avert Lead Extraction in CIED Pocket Infections https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/986762 Regional Antibiotic Delivery for Implanted Cardiovascular Electronic Device Infections https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.10.022 Treatment of Localized Implantable Cardiac Device Pocket Infections https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.11.018 III. ATLAS Trial Perioperative Safety and Early Patient and Device Outcomes Among Subcutaneous Versus Transvenous Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Implantations https://doi.org/10.7326/M22-1566 Subcutaneous or Transvenous Defibrillator Therapy https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1915932 Subcutaneous or Transvenous Defibrillator Therapy https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2034917 IV. CAPLA Published CAPLA Shows Limits of Further Ablation Post PVI in Persistent AF https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/986901 Effect of Catheter Ablation Using Pulmonary Vein Isolation With vs Without Posterior Left Atrial Wall Isolation on Atrial Arrhythmia Recurrence in Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2800186 Catheter Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2800200 You may also like: Medscape editor-in-chief Eric Topol, MD, and master storyteller and clinician Abraham Verghese, MD, on Medicine and the Machine https://www.medscape.com/features/public/machine The Bob Harrington Show with Stanford University Chair of Medicine, Robert A. Harrington, MD. https://www.medscape.com/author/bob-harrington Questions or feedback, please contact news@medscape.net

Damar Hamlin, obesity and semaglutide, Open Data and PCSK9 inhibitors, and TAVI vs SAVR trials are the topics John Mandrola, MD, discusses in this week's podcast. This podcast is intended for healthcare professionals only. To read a partial transcript or to comment, visit: https://www.medscape.com/twic I. Damar Hamlin Five Thoughts on the Damar Hamlin Collapse https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/986550 II. Semaglutide and Obesity in Adolescents FDA Approves Wegovy (Semaglutide) for Obesity in Teens 12 and Up https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/986403 • Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adolescents with Obesity https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2208601 III. Open Data and PCSK9 inhibitors Evolocumab Added to Statins Cuts CV Events in FOURIER Trial https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/877348 • Restoring mortality data in the FOURIER cardiovascular outcomes trial of evolocumab in patients with cardiovascular disease: a reanalysis based on regulatory data https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/12/e060172 • Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1615664 • PCSK9 deficiency rewires heart metabolism and drives heart failure with preserved ejection fraction https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34252181/ • Bendary Tweet https://twitter.com/DrBendary/status/1609849852979986432?s=20&t=FDDhGIofS_HQ4jxf8aHwBA IV. Open Data and TAVI vs SAVR Trials Risk of Bias in Randomized Clinical Trials Comparing Transcatheter and Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2799937 You may also like: Medscape editor-in-chief Eric Topol, MD, and master storyteller and clinician Abraham Verghese, MD, on Medicine and the Machine https://www.medscape.com/features/public/machine The Bob Harrington Show with Stanford University Chair of Medicine, Robert A. Harrington, MD. https://www.medscape.com/author/bob-harrington Questions or feedback, please contact news@medscape.net

First Contact! Wow, that got philosophical real fast! The episode itself is pretty great, a first contact episode from the perspective of other aliens meeting the Federation. But what started as a usual episode recap turned into discussions about political power, proof of aliens, religion, the Cold War, even random mathematical concepts like fast Fourier transforms! What led us down that rabbit hole? Tune in to find out!   Looking for a stylish, compact wallet that can fan out your cards with the push of a button? Get up to 25% off any order at Ekster.com when you use our offer code "NEWBIE"!   Need a super fast, high quality, ultra secure VPN? Get an extra three free months of ExpressVPN when you sign up for 12 months through our affiliate link (a total of 49% in savings!): ExpressVPN.com/NewbieStarTrek    Ask us a question at contact@newbiestartrek.com and we may answer it on the podcast!    Intro theme song: Earl Grey (Hot!) by Nathan Tang  "What happened during this airdate?" song: Around the Sun by Nathan Tang    Catch our other projects (Fugitive Frames Film Podcast, Fugitive Games YouTube channel, etc.) at www.fugitiveframes.com! 

Music theorist Dr. Jenn Harding joins Xanthe for an analysis of minutes 16-20 of The Empire Strikes Back. We talk about textural shifts, snowspeeder sound design, macroharmony, musical structure, spectrograms, math, intonation, the Leia-Han-Luke love triangle (and what the music has to say about it), and more!  This episode is also on YouTube (with spectogram visuals): https://youtu.be/nnflnU9iecM  Discussion Guide: 00:00 - Hello there! 04:15 - Interaction between music and sound design. 06:54 - How Ben Burtt crafted the snowspeeder and snow sounds. 14:07 - Mechanical-sounding perpetual motion with triumphant trumpet flourishes on top. 22:58 - Weird, angular oboe melody and a massive texture shift. 27:54 - No music during the impassionate kiss. 32:10 - Fuzzball, nerfherder. 35:10 - How Ben Burtt made the Imperial Probe Droid explosion sound. 37:38 - Using math to analyze harmony, intro to macroharmony. 45:16 - How would you define harmony? Harmony (abstract) and sonority 48:15 - Spectograms and discrete Fourier transform (DFT). (Visual demonstration of these Star Wars minutes viewed through the spectogram) 1:02:38 - Quick Tip: Orchestral listening challenge. 1:06:54 - Why does knowing the harmonic landscape of something matter? 1:12:45 - 12-tone scale, interval ratios, imperfect reality of intonation. 1:21:20 - Dialogue causing changes in the structure of the speeder music. 1:27:40 - Imperial March sounds steady but doesn't have the same motor. Accents. Why does the Imperial March sound almost... human? 1:45:59 - SWMM Questionnaire Things Mentioned: Jenn's Visual Pitch Class Vector Calculator: https://www.jenndharding.com/vectorcalculator Jenn's DFT Panorama Generator: http://www.jenndharding.com/panorama Complete Catalogue of the Musical Themes of Star Wars (by Frank Lehman): https://franklehman.com/starwars/. Check out Dominic Sewell's analysis of these cues! 2M2 Ben's Instructions - https://youtu.be/Dh9W98GykGs 2M3 Luke's Rescue - https://youtu.be/UTFX2QjGqzQ 2M4 The Imperial March - The Probe Scanner - https://youtu.be/UZaQDrN7YZU Musical Themes: 16b. Dark Side (Ostinato) 24) Imperial March Vamp 10a. Imperial March (Theme) Cues: Very end of 2M2 "Ben's Instructions" 2M3 "Luke's Rescue" 2M4 "The Probe Scanner" Where are we in the soundtrack(s)?: "The Wampa's Lair/Vision of Obi-Wan/Snowspeeders Take Flight" "Rescue from Cloud City/Hyperspace" "The Imperial Probe/Aboard the Executor" --------------- STAR WARS MUSIC MINUTE QUESTIONNAIRE: 1. In exactly 3 words, what does Star Wars sound like? Adventure. Nostalgia. Romance. 2. What's something related to Star Wars music or sound that you want to learn more about? The sound design and its coordination with the score. 3. What's a score or soundtrack you're fond of besides anything Star Wars? Lord of the Rings (by Howard Shore) --------------- Guest: Dr. Jenn Harding https://jenndharding.com https://twitter.com/dizzyfingers42 ----------------- If you want to support the show and join the Discord server, consider becoming a patron!  https://patreon.com/chrysanthetan Leave a voice message, and I might play it on the show...   https://starwarsmusicminute.com/comlink Where else to find SWMM: Twitter: https://twitter.com/StarWarsMusMin Spotify: https://smarturl.it/swmm-spotify Apple Podcasts: https://smarturl.it/swmm-apple YouTube: https://youtube.com/starwarsmusicminute TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@starwarsmusicminute? Instagram: https://instagram.com/starwarsmusicminute Email: podcast@starwarsmusicminute.com Buy Me A Coffee: https://buymeacoffee.com/starwarsmusmin

https://astralcodexten.substack.com/p/highlights-from-the-comments-on-brain [original post here] On What Kind Of Thing Brain Waves Are: Loweren writes: In my undergrad biology program we visited a brain research lab near Moscow. The brain scientist gave us a brief intro to Fourier transforms, which made me understand how beautiful they are - something that 2 years of undergrad math classes didn't manage to do. Then he explained the brain waves to us like this: "Imagine you are standing outside the football stadium. You don't see what's happening inside, but you hear the chatter of the crowd. All the individual words blend together into indistinct mess and although there's definitely a local information transfer going on, from the outside you can't make out anything specific. Then imagine one of the teams scored a goal. The crowd behavior is now very different! The fans of the winning team start to cheer and sing. You can easily pick this up from outside and infer what's happening. This is because the individuals behave in a globally coordinated manner, so their signals amplify each other in tune. From this perspective, brain waves are a byproduct of globally coordinated neuronal activity, and it's the first one we historically learned to pick up. They appear when neurons stop chatting with each other and start chanting in unison." Then he plopped some probes on my head and announced I have beautiful epileptic spikes (I'm not an epileptic)