Podcasts about sars

Air-Borne: the Hidden History of the Air We Breathe by Carl Zimmer charts the history of the field of aerobiology:  the science dealing with airborne microorganisms.  In this episode, we discover the story of two lost pioneers of the 1930s, physician and self-taught epidemiologist Mildred Weeks Wells and her husband sanitary engineer William Firth Wells, who proved that infectious diseases could be spread long distances through the air. But the pair had a reputation as outsiders and they failed to convince the scientific establishment, who ignored their findings for decades. What the pair figured out could have saved many lives from tuberculosis, SARS, COVID, and other airborne diseases. Mildred and her husband's contributions have been all but erased from history — until now. Learn about your ad choices: dovetail.prx.org/ad-choices

Is South Africa serious about fighting organised crime, or just blowing smoke? Phumi Mashigo takes a dive into the dark underbelly of our tobacco market with industry expert Johnny Moloto. As the Area Head of Corporate & Regulatory Affairs at British American Tobacco (BAT) Sub-Saharan Africa, Johnny unpacks the deep economic and public health impact of the trade - and why he believes foreign influence and weak enforcement are sabotaging efforts to fix it. He critiques the Tobacco Control Bill, questions government accountability, and calls for bold leadership, better regulation, and stronger action from SARS. The Burning Platform

Guest: Stephan de Wet | Chairperson Financial Planning Institute's Tax Competency Committee Africa Melane speaks to Stephan de Wet from the FPI on the looming tax blitz aimed at recovering R70 billion in unpaid revenue. With 500 new agents and a focus on compliance, could this reshape the tax landscape in South Africa?See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Christo de Witt – SA Country Manager, Luno SAfm Market Update - Podcasts and live stream

This evening we dive into market movements with PSG Wealth, we speak to the SA Oil & Gas Alliance about a R15bn gas deal that's raising some questions, Luno discusses a new Sars unit cracking down on crypto non-compliance, we speak to Hollard about its Africa growth strategy and concluding two major acquisitions, FNB discusses sustainability in grain farming, and we speak to E-DEED, a new online evaluation tool set to change the rural property landscape. SAfm Market Update - Podcasts and live stream

中文大學一份調查顯示有近七成香港人有睡眠不足的情況，這個問題影響日間精神狀態，甚至會影響認知功能、情緒及心理健康！您對於睡眠有多少認識？又有哪些因素令您出現睡眠不足的情況？這一集Afreen、Piano和Angel和大家一起探討睡眠不足帶來的危害。

In this eye-opening episode of the Matt Beall Limitless podcast, we sit down with Billy Carson to explore ancient mysteries, modern phenomena, and the future of humanity. From the secrets of Egypt and the legend of Atlantis to recent UAP activity and the hidden truths of the Vatican, Billy shares his unique insights and bold theories. Plus, we discuss ancient nuclear power, the SARS Project, and whether we are truly free in today's world. Don't miss this thought-provoking conversation!Follow Matt Beall Limitless: https://x.com/MattbLimitlesshttps://www.tiktok.com/@mblimitlesshttps://www.instagram.com/mattbealllimitless/https://www.facebook.com/people/Matt-Beall-Limitless/61556879741320/ Listen on: YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@mattbealllimitlessSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4PEaXTfAy8NkLjmukUJfXZ?si=b5fa7ee1b1d54736Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/matt-beall-limitless/id1712917413 Rumble: https://rumble.com/c/c-6727221 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/c/MattBeallLimitless Check out Billy:youtube.com/@billycarsonofficial/featured4bk.tvinstagram.com/4bidden_podcast_networkfacebook.com/4biddenKnowledgetwitter.com/4biddnknowledge Episode Timeline:00:00 Introductions03:40 Egypt27:00 UAP Phenomenon40:12 Solar System48:36 Back to Egypt51:40 40,000 yr old Fisherman55:32 Atlantis59:50 The SARS Project01:11:06 Ancient Nuclear Power01:22:48 Terrence Howard01:29:12 Ashton Forbes01:34:42 Recent UAP Activity01:44:24 Are We Truly Free?01:50:54 The Epstein Files01:53:56 What is the Vatican Hiding?02:03:28 What's Next for Humanity?02:09:16 What's Next for Billy?02:10:52 Closing

The Pretoria High Court is today expected to make a ruling in the 20 years illegal cigarettes trading allegation against Hennie Delport by SARS. The R264 million case is against Delport for allegedly claiming false VAT and exercise duties from Sars resumes in the High Court in Pretoria today. Delport has cited collusion between the South African Revenue Service (Sars) and British American Tobacco (BAT) to shut him down. In 2007, SARS allegedly obtained a R300 million asset forfeiture court order against Delport and the other members of the alleged syndicate. Sakina Kamwendo spoke to SABC reporter, Nosipho Radebe...

Kobraların gündeminde bu hafta:

Kobraların gündeminde bu hafta:

Allianz Trade, bilindiği üzere şirketlere yurt içi ve ihracat pazarlarında ticaret çözümleri sunan bir kuruluş. 40 ülkede 5.800 çalışanıyla toplam büyüklüğü küresel GSYİH'in yüzde 98'sini oluşturan 289 milyondan fazla şirketi takip ediyorlarmış. Firma, “Fırtınadaki Süvariler” başlığıyla 2025'in ilk çeyreğini kapsayan Ekonomik Görünüm Raporu'nu yayınlamış.

Joining Africa Melane is Matthew Parks, COSATU’s Parliamentary Coordinator, who says the DA's move is not only legally flimsy but politically reckless in a year already charged with populist rhetoric. Follow us on:CapeTalk on Facebook: www.facebook.com/CapeTalkCapeTalk on TikTok: www.tiktok.com/@capetalkCapeTalk on Instagram: www.instagram.com/capetalkzaCapeTalk on YouTube: www.youtube.com/@CapeTalk567CapeTalk on X: www.x.com/CapeTalkSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The scientific method involves observation, questioning, forming hypotheses, testing predictions and altering theories to align with results; it is not the altering of results to align with a hypothesis.  There are three acceptable narratives about COVID-19: a wet mart (official), 5G (conspiracy), and laboratory leak (alternative). Whereas the https://www.science.org/content/article/cia-bribed-its-own-covid-19-origin-team-reject-lab-leak-theory-anonymous-whistleblower to reject the lab theory, https://apnews.com/article/covid-cia-trump-china-pandemic-lab-leak-9ab7e84c626fed68ca13c8d2e453dde1 explanation. This announcement was made just days after the former President regained the White House. As of April 2025, the https://www.whitehouse.gov/lab-leak-true-origins-of-covid-19/?fbclid=IwY2xjawJv5wdleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHrhaCm1LYQx2UbG8uGLw5gkhCvB3N4a2gNrAgdarT7Z6C-XKZijSXHb3PctU_aem_hUJWc6XJ_Gfj14AvDa1VSA as “the true origins of COVID-19.”  This new official designation means that at one time or another two totally different explanations were given, ultimately with the consequence of censorship and ridicule if a person thought or said anything different. Both explanations still result in justufciaotn for past, and future, measures such as: social distancing, masking, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/04/end-hygiene-theater/618576/ as a form of a theater, vaccines, etc.  Prior to the recent shift in narratives, undercover video reportedly proved that Pfizer was indeed conducing gain of function research in a laboratory. But that lab was not a viral facility or a Wuhan institute; instead, it was a computer lab. In fact, https://www.pfizer.com/news/announcements/pfizer-responds-research-claims stating: “With a naturally evolving virus, it is important to routinely assess the activity of an antiviral. Most of this work is conducted using computer simulations…” Such computer simulations were used to predict mass casualties from COVID, too, and are the same ones being employed for Climate Change narratives. But what is COVID-19 or the virus designated SARS-COV-2. It is a list or complex of symptoms that are classified into categories of disease. Examination of COVID's symptoms prove they are nearly identical to the common cold and flu, among others. In fact, the https://hsph.harvard.edu/news/a-sharp-drop-in-flu-cases-during-covid-19-pandemic/. According to Harvard, this was the result of “wearing masks and distancing,” though they did not explain how such measures stopped the flu but not SARS-COV-2. Consider these three sets of symptoms from the CDC website: https://www.cdc.gov/common-cold/about/index.html: runny nose or nasal congestion, cough, sneezing, sore throat, headache, mild body aches, fever.https://www.cdc.gov/flu/signs-symptoms/index.html: runny or stuffy nose, cough, sore throat, headaches, muscle or body aches, fatigue, fever, and vomiting or diarrhea.  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/signs-symptoms/index.html: congestion or runny nose, cough, sore throat, headache, muscle or body aches, fatigue, fever or chills, nausea or vomiting, and diarrhea.  The only distinct symptoms of COVID were “shortness of breath or difficulty breathing” and “new loss of taste or smell.” The first symptom is already https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm in the United States - chronic lower respiratory disease. Since COVID was first tested CLRD has been bumped to sixth, though many of these respiratory deaths have been listed as COVID. In other words, what would have been diagnosed as CLRD was categorized instead as COVID-19. This is the same reason flu nearly disappeared as reported cases. These breathing problems were, within the COVID diagnosis, themselves sub-categorized as COVID-Pneumonia, and https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24002-covid-pneumonia.   The second symptom of losing a senes of taste or smell varied between total loss and partial loss, something that also occurs with the common cold and flu. This distinct and often promoted https://www.healthline.com/health-news/who-is-most-likely-to-lose-their-sense-of-smell-and-taste-from-covid-19, and even so only involved some often minor or unspecified form of loss.  Thus we can determine that between 15-37% of COVID cases had “distinct” symptoms arguably different than the overall symptoms that classify cold or flu, which means at liberal estimates over two thirds of COVID cases were nothing more than a case of the cold or flu. When defining what caused these other symptoms, we know recategorized pneumonia was one. But what about other causes that resulted in loss of senses?  Other than injuries or inflammation, often caused by what we call allergies, https://www.livestrong.com/article/13731552-food-suddenly-tastes-different/ and https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27178656/, as can neurological disorders. Other than the obvious and physical, there is also the psychological. Anxiety and stress are well known to alter sense perceptions, including https://www.calmclinic.com/anxiety/signs/smell and https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668578/. Consider how much anxiety and stress were cultivated by 24-hour coverage of cases, deaths, symptoms, videos from China, etc., and how wiling the public was to adopt any perceptually legal or even illogical dictate for the purposes of keeping themselves and others “safe.” There is a long history of such mass psychogenic pathogen.Much of this fear was generated by variant names like “KRAKEN,” a mythical monster, as was https://www.unmc.edu/healthsecurity/transmission/2023/09/19/meet-the-man-who-named-covids-new-variants/ who likewise believed this naming heightened the public's perception of a terror they should be feeling. Such fear became so intense that one analysis suggested that COVID activated “archetypes of evil” and thus “added psychological suffering.” The study suggested: “Fear and grief caused by the pandemic have produced a powerful unconscious narrative in the collective psyche that the coronavirus is driven by an https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8441919/. The resulting archetypal dimension of fear causes an extra layer of psychological suffering in individuals.”  Such mythical, theological, and even magical terms were not lost in the New England Journal of Medicine which openly declared in 2020 that masks were little more than talismans: “Masks are not only tools, https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2006372...” A spirit or demon possessing a body is an impure form that makes one sick. Items such as crosses or holy water are employed in its exorcism - to exercise/exorcise the demon and make healthy again - along with the name of the unclean. The same is done today in modern vaccine administration. The holy water is replaced by a vaccine vial, the cross is replaced by a syringe and plunger, the demon's name is replaced by the variant or virus name, and the ritual robes are replaced by white lab coats.  The pandemic was not about a virus and a distinct set of symptoms. Instead it was about inducing archetypical fear and https://www.weforum.org/stories/2020/10/the-rich-got-richer-during-the-pandemic-and-that-s-a-daunting-sign-for-our-recovery/. It was at best https://www.history.com/articles/mysterious-illnesses-mass-hysteria, in the middle a conspiracy of fraud and psychological terror, and at worst a dark magical ritual to induce trauma.  Further evidence of the fraud can be found in reports like this one from the New York Times that discuss the ultra amplification of PCR testing cycles from the low 30s to the mid 40s -“https://absa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/NYT-200829-Your-Coronavirus-Test.pdf” - “In three sets of testing data that include cycle thresholds, compiled by officials in Massachusetts, New York and Nevada, up to 90 percent of people testing positive carried barely any virus…In Massachusetts, from 85 to 90 percent of people who tested positive in July with a cycle threshold of 40 would have been deemed negative if the threshold were 30 cycles.”  Even ‘true' positive tests do not indicate symptoms or disease, or the future development of such, which brings us back to the White House website and the statement about the lab leak: “The virus possesses a biological characteristic that is not found in nature.” This may be true, as per whatever is being assumed to exist, or observed under a microscope, or played with in a computer model, yet it does not prove any disease, especially in https://abcnews.go.com/Health/covid-transmission-asymptomatic/story?id=84599810. *The is the FREE archive.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-secret-teachings--5328407/support.

John Maytham is joined by transport economist Shaun Mhlanga to dissect a startling gap in South Africa’s revenue system: the largely untaxed minibus taxi industry and the broader implications for national tax policy. Follow us on:CapeTalk on Facebook: www.facebook.com/CapeTalkCapeTalk on TikTok: www.tiktok.com/@capetalkCapeTalk on Instagram: www.instagram.com/capetalkzaCapeTalk on YouTube: www.youtube.com/@CapeTalk567CapeTalk on X: www.x.com/CapeTalkSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Author Events Series presents Dr. Anthony Fauci | On Call: A Doctor's Journey in Public Service THIS EVENT IS NOW SOLD OUT! In Conversation with Dave Davies  Anthony Fauci is arguably the most famous - and most revered - doctor in the world today. His role guiding America sanely and calmly through Covid (and through the torrents of Trump) earned him the trust of millions during one of the most terrifying periods in modern American history, but this was only the most recent of the global epidemics in which Dr. Fauci played a major role. His crucial role in researching HIV and bringing AIDS into sympathetic public view and his leadership in navigating the Ebola, SARS, West Nile, and anthrax crises, make him truly an American hero. His memoir reaches back to his boyhood in Brooklyn, New York, and carries through decades of caring for critically ill patients, navigating the whirlpools of Washington politics, and behind-the-scenes advising and negotiating with seven presidents on key issues from global AIDS relief to infectious disease preparedness at home. ON CALL will be an inspiration for readers who admire and are grateful to him and for those who want to emulate him in public service. He is the embodiment of "speaking truth to power," with dignity and results. Dave Davies is a regular contributor and guest host for NPR's Fresh Air with Terry Gross. In addition to his work on Fresh Air, Davies spent more than three decades covering city government and state and local politics in Philadelphia, for WHYY-FM, KYW Newsradio and the Philadelphia Daily News. Davies is a graduate of the University of Texas. The 2024/25 Author Events Series is presented by Comcast. Because you love Author Events, please make a donation when you register for this event to ensure that this series continues to inspire Philadelphians. All tickets are non-refundable. (recorded 4/3/2025)

Fake Fact Check: Scammers Pretending to Be SARS – Here's How to Spot it by Radio Islam

John Maytham is joined by Build One South Africa (BOSA) leader and Appropriations Committee chairperson Mmusi Maimane to unpack the turbulent state of the Government of National Unity. As tensions flare between the ANC and DA over the 2025/26 Budget, especially the controversial VAT hike, Maimane weighs in on whether the DA’s exit signals the rise of a new coalition. With BOSA and ActionSA having helped the ANC pass the fiscal framework, a slimmer GNU 2.0 may be taking shape. Maimane explores what this means for parliamentary accountability, economic reform, and the future of coalition governance in South Africa.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Are you enjoying this? Are you not? Tell us what to do more of, and what you'd like to hear less of. The Reykjavík Grapevine's Iceland Roundup brings you the top news with a healthy dash of local views. In this episode, Grapevine publisher Jón Trausti Sigurðarson is joined by Heimildin journalist Aðalsteinn Kjartansson, and Grapevine friend and contributor Sindri Eldon to roundup the stories making headlines in recent weeks. On the docket this week are: ✨ April 1st saw yet another eruption in the vicinity of Grindavík. All but over now, we discuss the eruption, if magma can change your state of being, and mention the resident of Grindavík who allegedly pulled a shotgun on two members of the local SARS when they asked him to leave the town due to the eruption.✨ Does Icelandic liquorice have health benefits, we doubt it.✨ Can one see Greenland from Iceland? We dive into that age old question.✨Is Mt. Esja Iceland's most overrated mountain? ✨ Life expectancy in Iceland increases and this leads to discussion about Val Kilmer (RIP).✨ 30 people rescued from Eyjafjallajökull glacier. ✨ We discuss difficult sounds in Icelandic along with a few strange Icelandic words, such as "rannsaka" or ransack and being "horsedrunk".✨ Finally we discuss taxation of the fishing industry in Iceland.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SHOW SUPPORTSupport the Grapevine's reporting by becoming a member of our High Five Club: https://steadyhq.com/en/rvkgrapevine/You can also support the Grapevine by shopping in our online store: https://shop.grapevine.is------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This is a Reykjavík Grapevine podcast.The Reykjavík Grapevine is a free alternative magazine in English published 18 times per year, biweekly during the spring and summer, and monthly during the autumn and winter. The magazine covers everything Iceland-related, with a special focus culture, music, food and travel. The Reykjavík Grapevine's goal is to serve as a trustworthy and reliable source of information for those living in Iceland, visiting Iceland or interested in Iceland. Thanks to our dedicated readership and excellent distribution network, the Reykjavík Grapevine is Iceland's most read English-language publication. You may not agree with what we write or publish, but at least it's not sponsored content.www.grapevine.is

In this episode, Jabu is joined by tax lawyer Louis Botha and Director of Cash n Sport Research, Nqobile Ndlovu, for a comprehensive discussion the firesale of Royal AM amid tax debts incurred by its owner, Shawn Mkhize. Jabu, Louis, and Nqobile break down the legal, financial, and sporting implications of the case, analysing how it fits into the broader context of South African football.Topics covered include Shawn Mkhize's longstanding tax dispute with SARS, the extensive powers that the curator bonis Jacob Venter has over Royal AM, the unsuccessful bid by Roy Moodley for Royal AM, what happens if the curator does not receive satisfactory bids for the club, and what the Royal AM case reflects about the PSL clubs' corporate governance and financial sustainability.---------------

Faheema Adia of Momentum Securities unpacks Shaftesbury Capital's confirmation of a 25% sale of Covent Garden estate at their valuation – could this be a prime real estate opportunity? Gibs's Professor Adrian Saville explores the budget vote stakes – what happens if it doesn't pass, and is the real issue a lack of imagination? Jashwin Baijoo from Tax Consulting SA breaks down the latest Sars revenue data – what's the story behind the numbers?

Bongani Bingwa speaks to Edward Kieswetter, Commissioner of SARS, about the latest revenue collection results for 2024/25, addressing South Africa's budget deficit, debt challenges, and SARS' efforts to improve tax collection with new funding.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Stephen Grootes discusses the contentious budget vote and its far-reaching financial implications with Nhlanhla Nene, former finance minister, and delves into the preliminary revenue collection figures for the 2024/25 fiscal year with Edward Kieswetter, SA Revenue Service commissioner. In other interviews, Johann Kotze, CEO of AgriSA, talks about the recent visit of high-profile South African business and labour leaders to Washington, where they sought to gauge the sentiment of US officials towards South Africa. The Money Show is a podcast hosted by well-known journalist and radio presenter, Stephen Grootes. He explores the latest economic trends, business developments, investment opportunities, and personal finance strategies. Each episode features engaging conversations with top newsmakers, industry experts, financial advisors, entrepreneurs, and politicians, offering you thought-provoking insights to navigate the ever-changing financial landscape.Thank you for listening to The Money Show podcast.Listen live - The Money Show with Stephen Grootes is broadcast weekdays between 18:00 and 20:00 (SA Time) on 702 and CapeTalk. There’s more from the show at www.themoneyshow.co.za Subscribe to the Money Show daily and weekly newslettersThe Money Show is brought to you by Absa. Follow us on:702 on Facebook: www.facebook.com/TalkRadio702 702 on TikTok: www.tiktok.com/@talkradio702702 on Instagram: www.instagram.com/talkradio702702 on X: www.x.com/Radio702702 on YouTube: www.youtube.com/@radio702CapeTalk on Facebook: www.facebook.com/CapeTalk CapeTalk on TikTok: www.tiktok.com/@capetalk CapeTalk on Instagram: www.instagram.com/capetalkzaCapeTalk on YouTube: www.youtube.com/@CapeTalk567CapeTalk on X: www.x.com/CapeTalk See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Are tax hikes really driving up illicit trade, or is the industry narrative just smoke and mirrors? Professor Corné van Walbeek, Director of UCT’s Research Unit on the Economics of Excisable Products (REEP), joins John Maytham to unpack key insights into why beer consumption is thriving despite tax increases, how Treasury’s tiered alcohol tax model is encouraging healthier choices, and why South Africa is losing billions each year to illicit cigarettes. It is a data-driven deep dive into the numbers, the narrative, and the policy path forward.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Stephen Grootes speaks to Edward Kieswetter, SA Revenue Service commissioner, about the preliminary revenue collection figures for the 2024/25 fiscal year. The Money Show is a podcast hosted by well-known journalist and radio presenter, Stephen Grootes. He explores the latest economic trends, business developments, investment opportunities, and personal finance strategies. Each episode features engaging conversations with top newsmakers, industry experts, financial advisors, entrepreneurs, and politicians, offering you thought-provoking insights to navigate the ever-changing financial landscape.Thank you for listening to The Money Show podcast.Listen live - The Money Show with Stephen Grootes is broadcast weekdays between 18:00 and 20:00 (SA Time) on 702 and CapeTalk. There’s more from the show at www.themoneyshow.co.za Subscribe to the Money Show daily and weekly newslettersThe Money Show is brought to you by Absa. Follow us on:702 on Facebook: www.facebook.com/TalkRadio702 702 on TikTok: www.tiktok.com/@talkradio702702 on Instagram: www.instagram.com/talkradio702702 on X: www.x.com/Radio702702 on YouTube: www.youtube.com/@radio702CapeTalk on Facebook: www.facebook.com/CapeTalk CapeTalk on TikTok: www.tiktok.com/@capetalk CapeTalk on Instagram: www.instagram.com/capetalkzaCapeTalk on YouTube: www.youtube.com/@CapeTalk567CapeTalk on X: www.x.com/CapeTalkSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Edward Kieswetter – Commissioner, Sars SAfm Market Update - Podcasts and live stream

This evening we look at the markets with Exness, we speak to Econometrix about a new SOE proposed to manage state property, the World Gold Council give us insight into the gold price and how it impacts illegal mining activity, Sars gives us an update on revenue collections, and we speak to Nox Cape Town about tourism trends affecting the short-term rentals sector. SAfm Market Update - Podcasts and live stream

In this emergency episode, Tony Merkel is joined by Egypt researcher Derek Olson to break down stunning new revelations beneath Egypt's Khafre Pyramid. Using a never-before-seen radar scan (SARS technology), researchers claim to have discovered five massive chambers, eight mysterious shafts, and an entire subterranean city 5,000 feet underground—all without permission from the Egyptian government. Could this be evidence of a lost pre-Diluvian civilization? Were the pyramids actually ancient power plants? Is there a buried Tesla-like energy grid hidden beneath Giza? We dive into: ⚡️ The alleged scan data and what it reveals

Last week the Khafre Research Project announced, that by using a new technology called SARS (synthetic aperture radar scans), that they had discovered never before seen structures, not only inside the so-called Khafre Pyramid, but underneath it as well. These subterranean structures supposedly descend thousands of feet down beneath the Giza plateau. This news has sent shockwaves around the world with various reactions. Many people are very excited about this alleged discovery and what it may mean, others are quite skeptical, and still others are just downright angry. In this episode I break down the latest news and all that you need to know regarding who this Khafre Research Team is, what kind of technology the used, the key details about the Khafre Pyramid and the shocking claims regarding these supposed super structures. I will also share the major reactions to this news from mainstream Egyptologist Zahi Hawass as well as alternative history author and engineer Christopher Dunn. Of course I will share my own personal theories and feature 4K video footage I captured from inside the Great Pyramids throughout this episode. SHOW NOTESKhafre Research ProjectTrevor Grassi Nicole Ciccolo Jahanna James & Trevor Grassi Hugh Newman & Andrew CollinsTOURS

Are you enjoying this? Are you not? Tell us what to do more of, and what you'd like to hear less of. The Reykjavík Grapevine's Iceland Roundup brings you the top news with a healthy dash of local views. In this episode, Grapevine publisher Jón Trausti Sigurðarson is joined by Heimildin journalist Aðalsteinn Kjartansson, and Grapevine friend and contributor Sindri Eldon to roundup the stories making headlines in recent weeks. On the docket this week are: ✨ An update on a tourist rescued by SARS almost two weeks ago near Seyðisfjörður in East Iceland. We tell you who it was, and what we can learn from his "adventure".✨The minister of Education & Children, Ásthildur Lóa Þórsdóttir resigned Thursday after a story broke about her having had a child with a 16 year old boy in 1990. ✨Carbfix, an Icelandic company founded in 2007 that has developed an approach to permanently store CO2 by dissolving it in water and injecting it into basalt rocks pulls out of its plan to set up operations in the town of Hafnarfjöður due to protest by the locals.✨ The landowners at Sólheimasandur in South Iceland have recently bough and old Douglas Dakota DC-3 WW2 era airplane. Why? Because an old wreck of such a plane in the area has in recent years become a tourist attraction, but due to wear and tear needs, in the opinion of the landowners, to be replaced. ✨ We also talk about a tiny protest outside Iceland's only Tesla dealership over the weekend and arrests made due to violent crime in downtown Reykjavík, which seems to be related to organised crime.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SHOW SUPPORTSupport the Grapevine's reporting by becoming a member of our High Five Club: https://steadyhq.com/en/rvkgrapevine/You can also support the Grapevine by shopping in our online store: https://shop.grapevine.is------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This is a Reykjavík Grapevine podcast.The Reykjavík Grapevine is a free alternative magazine in English published 18 times per year, biweekly during the spring and summer, and monthly during the autumn and winter. The magazine covers everything Iceland-related, with a special focus culture, music, food and travel. The Reykjavík Grapevine's goal is to serve as a trustworthy and reliable source of information for those living in Iceland, visiting Iceland or interested in Iceland. Thanks to our dedicated readership and excellent distribution network, the Reykjavík Grapevine is Iceland's most read English-language publication. You may not agree with what we write or publish, but at least it's not sponsored content.www.grapevine.is

This episode provides the background on both Warrants and SARs in an ESOP transaction.  The typical usage of synthetic equity structured within a deal can create a solid win-win for the shareholders and the company.  Within the topic, the podcast uses the Nicolas Cage film “Knowing” as an example to explain how a warrant and SAR model help to predict the future just like so that we can create a lasting legacy for the company and a successful reward for those that are taking on the future risk of the enterprise. 

Five years ago last week, the world shut down. The coronavirus that caused COVID-19 had first emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. By March 2020, it had become a global pandemic leading to mass death and grinding the global economy to a halt, with some labeling it "the most disruptive global event since the Great Depression and World War 2." Hoping to prevent those ill with the deadly respiratory virus from overwhelming the capacity of hospital systems, governments around the world sought to "flatten the curve" by mandating the closure of businesses and schools, and ordering people to stay at home. The extent to which governments took such measures varied, both between and within countries. But the overall effect was that for a few months in 2022, the earth seemed to truly stand still. Even as the pandemic was still unfolding, analysts openly wondered whether it would "fundamentally alter globalization, democracy, capitalism, multilateralism, the predominance of US power, and other core features of the pre-COVID international system," as one collection of research papers put it. Some asserted it would dramatically change the global order, as it offered an opportunity for China to use its ability to quickly contain its outbreak - as well as its control over the supply of personal protective equipment - to claim superiority over the U.S. and Western countries that struggled to do so. Others saw the pandemic's impact working in the opposite direction, viewing it as China's "Chernobyl moment." By this argument, Beijing's inability to keep the virus from spreading globally would be a death blow to the Chinese Communist Party's legitimacy, just as Moscow's inability to prevent and address the consequences of the 1986 meltdown of the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, Ukraine, undermined Communist Party rule in the former Soviet Union. Regardless of exactly how the pandemic might affect the global order, the international relations scholars Hal Brands and Frank Gavin seemed to be speaking for everyone when they wrote in their 2020 book, "COVID19 and World Order," that "even after the virus is contained, the consequences will be with us for some time." But reflecting on the pandemic five years later, it seems that its main impact on the global order was that it had no impact at all. Rather than serving as a profound shock on the scale of the 20th century's world wars, COVID-19 appears to have come and gone. That's not to say that it wasn't meaningful or that it had no impact. To the contrary, consider how many people still make a point of getting the latest COVID-19 vaccination booster, or the fact that masking is now more common than it was in the "before times." But rather than changing the global order, COVID-19 was more a reflection and product of that order. That it was a reflection of the current international system is most evident with respect to the global economy. As global exchange ground to halt, investors fled the markets to protect their financial assets. But in turning instead to the U.S. dollar, they underscored the greenback's already established role as the world's most prominent reserve currency and ultimate safe haven. Additionally, the failure to contain the global spread of the virus, which was enabled by the ease with which people and products travel from one country to another these days, underscored the highly interconnected nature of the global economy. Indeed, COVID-19's spread, while staggering in scale, was not unprecedented. Like the severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, virus in 2002, and even worries over the potential spread of bird flu today, COVID-19 simply made it clear that global pandemics are an ever-present risk in today's globalized economy. With respect to COVID-19 being a product of the international order, the rapid spread of the pandemic was also due to a failure of international cooperation. In particular, the key feature of the current global order is the emergence of China ...

Project EuropeBluesky CEO “eine Welt ohne Cäsars”--Diskutier mit uns & der Community auf der AustrianStartups Plattform: https://austrianstartups.com/topics/4...Folge uns auf Social Media:Instagram:   / futureweeklyLinkedIn:   / 49159750---Du hast Feedback, Ideen, Moonshots oder Predictions zu den heutigen Themen? Schick uns ein Soundbite an podcast@austrianstartups.com und werde ein Teil der nächsten Episode.---Production: Christoph NowotnyMusik (Intro/Outro): www.sebastianegger.com

Clement Manyathela speaks to Menachem Kay, the CEO of Octagon Financial as they discuss what constitutes wealth tax and how it will work in South Africa.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Are you enjoying this? Are you not? Tell us what to do more of, and what you'd like to hear less of. The Reykjavík Grapevine's Iceland Roundup brings you the top news with a healthy dash of local views. In this episode, Grapevine publisher Jón Trausti Sigurðarson is joined by Heimildin journalist Aðalsteinn Kjartansson, and Grapevine friend and contributor Sindri Eldon to roundup the stories making headlines in recent weeks. On the docket this week are: ✨ Bobby Fischer thought The Reykjavík Grapevine was funded by the CIA. Or was it USAID? We discuss a recent update on the multiple conspiracy theories about The Reykjavík Grapevine's funding. ✨Iceland just got bigger. Or so to say. The UN Continental Shelf Commission has decided that Iceland holds sovereignty over the continental shelf of the Reykjanes Ridge. We "celebrate" this as far as we understand what it means. Mostly we just fear that this will make Trump notice us, something we're happy not to happen.✨A tourist was rescued Thursday by SARS after being lost for five days. The tourist had walked, alone, without any equipment or food to a remote uninhabited fjord in East Iceland and survived by eating grass and old berries. Again we ask: Why?✨ Paul Watson of Sea Shepherd fame was quoted in Japan Today as saying "Our ongoing campaign is to stop illegal whaling activities this summer. We will be intervening against Icelandic whaling. That'll start in June". We discuss Mr. Watson's previous adventures in Iceland, some dating back to 1986.✨ Icelandic Minister of Educations talks shit about our justice system after having lost a court case. We discuss both how this is not cool, yet far from unusual.✨ A man was murdered on Tuesday. At least 6 people have been arrested, some of them detained. Details are sparse. We discuss this tragedy.✨ Those still interested in the Reykjanes Eruptions are waiting for the next eruption to start. We aren't really waiting, but thought we'd mention it.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SHOW SUPPORTSupport the Grapevine's reporting by becoming a member of our High Five Club: https://steadyhq.com/en/rvkgrapevine/You can also support the Grapevine by shopping in our online store: https://shop.grapevine.is------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This is a Reykjavík Grapevine podcast.The Reykjavík Grapevine is a free alternative magazine in English published 18 times per year, biweekly during the spring and summer, and monthly during the autumn and winter. The magazine covers everything Iceland-related, with a special focus culture, music, food and travel. The Reykjavík Grapevine's goal is to serve as a trustworthy and reliable source of information for those living in Iceland, visiting Iceland or interested in Iceland. Thanks to our dedicated readership and excellent distribution network, the Reykjavík Grapevine is Iceland's most read English-language publication. You may not agree with what we write or publish, but at least it's not sponsored content.www.grapevine.is

SARs!Search and rescue services?Subject access requests?Sudden acute respiratory syndrome?No - suspicious activity reports! That's what we are talking about this time. And there's a lot more to them than you might think.Send us a textSupport the showFollow us on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-dark-money-files-ltd/ on Twitter at https://twitter.com/dark_files or see our website at https://www.thedarkmoneyfiles.com/

Steve Gurdak, Group Supervisory of the Northern Virginia Financial Initiative discusses the work of his SAR Review team, the importance of law enforcement collaboration when working SARS and the importance of SAR narratives.

We open with word that Russian president Vladimir Putin is open to a cease fire if it means getting to an end to all hostilities. Rep. Jasmine Crockett (D-TX) belclowns herself again regarding the possible government shutdown. And, Sen. Chuck “You” Schumer needs to be reminded that the current CR is a continuation of the Biden/Democrat budget. Yet, many Democrats cannot be trusted to write their own thoughts about the looming shutdown and have to resort to copy/paste from the approved messaging from their Hive Queen overlord. Rep. James Comer (R-KY) says they have finally been given access to dozens of suspicious activity reports surrounding ActBlue. He also mentions there are likely hundreds more. The acting ICE Director, Todd Lyons, just revealed another instance of the Biden regime cooking the books. Seems all of those “arrests” they touted at the border, were nothing more than initial apprehensions, before processing them and releasing them into the country. This leads DNI Tulsi Gabbard to tell us while the Biden era wanted to focus on white supremacy, the real threat is with the influx of Islamists into our country unchecked. There was an illegal protest inside of Trump Tower today, demanding the release of the Hamas terrorist affiliate Mahmoud Khalil. While they were being arrested, Secretary of State Marco Rubio explained to the brain dead Legacy/Mainstream media why Khalil's case isn't one of First Amendment rights. We play audio of Sen. Bernie Sander (D-VT) sounding like he's now onboard with the DOGE team. Then we realize, that was back in 2011. We wonder what's changed since then? EPA Secretary Lee Zeldin explains how rolling back so many onerous regulations will help all Americans, while CNN makes fools of themselves by choosing not to look things up before trying to “fact check” them. Rep. Tim “Sarah” McBride (D-DE) took to the lectern to address being called “Congressman” and went on a silly and ironic rant about culture wars and a wish for the GOP to work on bringing down costs and finding government efficiencies. So, on the heels of people living mentally unhinged, we turn to a man in Seattle who bought a Tesla, only to destroy it in an effort to hurt Elon Musk. Finally, we get work from a TikTok'er by the name of TheSouthernGal1 regarding “intelligence” after being mocked by someone for her accent. She nails it as any bright and intelligent woman could.  Please take a moment to rate and review the show and then share the episode on social media. You can find me on Facebook, X, Instagram, GETTR and TRUTH Social by searching for The Alan Sanders Show. And, consider becoming a sponsor of the show by visiting my Patreon page!!

John Maytham speaks with Webber Wentzel Consultant Des Kruger about the Supreme Court of Appeal’s decision to reject SARS’ attempt to overturn an interdict preventing CCTV surveillance in cigarette manufacturers’ warehouses. They discuss the implications of the ruling, the arguments from both SARS and the Fair-Trade Independent Tobacco Association (FITA), and whether SARS may escalate the matter to the Constitutional Court.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

durée : 00:03:58 - Le Regard culturel - par : Lucile Commeaux - Jugés plutôt fades cette année par la plupart des observateurs, retour sur les deux grands temps forts du cinéma français et américain en filant la métaphore fromagère pour lui donner un peu de piquant.

How epidemic photography during a global pandemic of bubonic plague contributed to the development of modern epidemiology and our concept of the “pandemic.” In Visual Plague: The Emergence of Epidemic Photography (MIT Press, 2022), Christos Lynteris examines the emergence of epidemic photography during the third plague pandemic (1894–1959), a global pandemic of bubonic plague that led to over twelve million deaths. Unlike medical photography, epidemic photography was not exclusively, or even primarily, concerned with exposing the patient's body or medical examinations and operations. Instead, it played a key role in reconceptualizing infectious diseases by visualizing the “pandemic” as a new concept and structure of experience—one that frames and responds to the smallest local outbreak of an infectious disease as an event of global importance and consequence. As the third plague pandemic struck more and more countries, the international circulation of plague photographs in the press generated an unprecedented spectacle of imminent global threat. Nothing contributed to this sense of global interconnectedness, anticipation, and fear more than photography. Exploring the impact of epidemic photography at the time of its emergence, Lynteris highlights its entanglement with colonial politics, epistemologies, and aesthetics, as well as with major shifts in epidemiological thinking and public health practice. He explores the characteristics, uses, and impact of epidemic photography and how it differs from the general corpus of medical photography. The new photography was used not simply to visualize or illustrate a pandemic, but to articulate, respond to, and unsettle key questions of epidemiology and epidemic control, as well as to foster the notion of the “pandemic,” which continues to affect our lives today. Christos Lynteris is Professor of Medical Anthropology at the University of St Andrews. His research focuses on the anthropological and historical examination of epidemics with a particular focus on zoonotic diseases, epidemiological epistemology, visual medical culture, and colonial medicine. His regional expertise includes China and Inner Asia. Professor Lynteris holds the first chair in medical anthropology at the University of St Andrews. Focusing on diseases that spread between animals and humans, his research has been foundational in the establishment of the anthropological study of zoonosis. Combining archival and ethnographic research together with visual methods and critical approaches to medical and epidemiological epistemologies, Professor Lynteris's research seeks to understand how specific zoonotic diseases (SARS, COVID-19, plague) and the broader question of zoonosis shape social and multispecies worlds and are in turn shaped by them. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

How epidemic photography during a global pandemic of bubonic plague contributed to the development of modern epidemiology and our concept of the “pandemic.” In Visual Plague: The Emergence of Epidemic Photography (MIT Press, 2022), Christos Lynteris examines the emergence of epidemic photography during the third plague pandemic (1894–1959), a global pandemic of bubonic plague that led to over twelve million deaths. Unlike medical photography, epidemic photography was not exclusively, or even primarily, concerned with exposing the patient's body or medical examinations and operations. Instead, it played a key role in reconceptualizing infectious diseases by visualizing the “pandemic” as a new concept and structure of experience—one that frames and responds to the smallest local outbreak of an infectious disease as an event of global importance and consequence. As the third plague pandemic struck more and more countries, the international circulation of plague photographs in the press generated an unprecedented spectacle of imminent global threat. Nothing contributed to this sense of global interconnectedness, anticipation, and fear more than photography. Exploring the impact of epidemic photography at the time of its emergence, Lynteris highlights its entanglement with colonial politics, epistemologies, and aesthetics, as well as with major shifts in epidemiological thinking and public health practice. He explores the characteristics, uses, and impact of epidemic photography and how it differs from the general corpus of medical photography. The new photography was used not simply to visualize or illustrate a pandemic, but to articulate, respond to, and unsettle key questions of epidemiology and epidemic control, as well as to foster the notion of the “pandemic,” which continues to affect our lives today. Christos Lynteris is Professor of Medical Anthropology at the University of St Andrews. His research focuses on the anthropological and historical examination of epidemics with a particular focus on zoonotic diseases, epidemiological epistemology, visual medical culture, and colonial medicine. His regional expertise includes China and Inner Asia. Professor Lynteris holds the first chair in medical anthropology at the University of St Andrews. Focusing on diseases that spread between animals and humans, his research has been foundational in the establishment of the anthropological study of zoonosis. Combining archival and ethnographic research together with visual methods and critical approaches to medical and epidemiological epistemologies, Professor Lynteris's research seeks to understand how specific zoonotic diseases (SARS, COVID-19, plague) and the broader question of zoonosis shape social and multispecies worlds and are in turn shaped by them. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

How epidemic photography during a global pandemic of bubonic plague contributed to the development of modern epidemiology and our concept of the “pandemic.” In Visual Plague: The Emergence of Epidemic Photography (MIT Press, 2022), Christos Lynteris examines the emergence of epidemic photography during the third plague pandemic (1894–1959), a global pandemic of bubonic plague that led to over twelve million deaths. Unlike medical photography, epidemic photography was not exclusively, or even primarily, concerned with exposing the patient's body or medical examinations and operations. Instead, it played a key role in reconceptualizing infectious diseases by visualizing the “pandemic” as a new concept and structure of experience—one that frames and responds to the smallest local outbreak of an infectious disease as an event of global importance and consequence. As the third plague pandemic struck more and more countries, the international circulation of plague photographs in the press generated an unprecedented spectacle of imminent global threat. Nothing contributed to this sense of global interconnectedness, anticipation, and fear more than photography. Exploring the impact of epidemic photography at the time of its emergence, Lynteris highlights its entanglement with colonial politics, epistemologies, and aesthetics, as well as with major shifts in epidemiological thinking and public health practice. He explores the characteristics, uses, and impact of epidemic photography and how it differs from the general corpus of medical photography. The new photography was used not simply to visualize or illustrate a pandemic, but to articulate, respond to, and unsettle key questions of epidemiology and epidemic control, as well as to foster the notion of the “pandemic,” which continues to affect our lives today. Christos Lynteris is Professor of Medical Anthropology at the University of St Andrews. His research focuses on the anthropological and historical examination of epidemics with a particular focus on zoonotic diseases, epidemiological epistemology, visual medical culture, and colonial medicine. His regional expertise includes China and Inner Asia. Professor Lynteris holds the first chair in medical anthropology at the University of St Andrews. Focusing on diseases that spread between animals and humans, his research has been foundational in the establishment of the anthropological study of zoonosis. Combining archival and ethnographic research together with visual methods and critical approaches to medical and epidemiological epistemologies, Professor Lynteris's research seeks to understand how specific zoonotic diseases (SARS, COVID-19, plague) and the broader question of zoonosis shape social and multispecies worlds and are in turn shaped by them. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/medicine

How epidemic photography during a global pandemic of bubonic plague contributed to the development of modern epidemiology and our concept of the “pandemic.” In Visual Plague: The Emergence of Epidemic Photography (MIT Press, 2022), Christos Lynteris examines the emergence of epidemic photography during the third plague pandemic (1894–1959), a global pandemic of bubonic plague that led to over twelve million deaths. Unlike medical photography, epidemic photography was not exclusively, or even primarily, concerned with exposing the patient's body or medical examinations and operations. Instead, it played a key role in reconceptualizing infectious diseases by visualizing the “pandemic” as a new concept and structure of experience—one that frames and responds to the smallest local outbreak of an infectious disease as an event of global importance and consequence. As the third plague pandemic struck more and more countries, the international circulation of plague photographs in the press generated an unprecedented spectacle of imminent global threat. Nothing contributed to this sense of global interconnectedness, anticipation, and fear more than photography. Exploring the impact of epidemic photography at the time of its emergence, Lynteris highlights its entanglement with colonial politics, epistemologies, and aesthetics, as well as with major shifts in epidemiological thinking and public health practice. He explores the characteristics, uses, and impact of epidemic photography and how it differs from the general corpus of medical photography. The new photography was used not simply to visualize or illustrate a pandemic, but to articulate, respond to, and unsettle key questions of epidemiology and epidemic control, as well as to foster the notion of the “pandemic,” which continues to affect our lives today. Christos Lynteris is Professor of Medical Anthropology at the University of St Andrews. His research focuses on the anthropological and historical examination of epidemics with a particular focus on zoonotic diseases, epidemiological epistemology, visual medical culture, and colonial medicine. His regional expertise includes China and Inner Asia. Professor Lynteris holds the first chair in medical anthropology at the University of St Andrews. Focusing on diseases that spread between animals and humans, his research has been foundational in the establishment of the anthropological study of zoonosis. Combining archival and ethnographic research together with visual methods and critical approaches to medical and epidemiological epistemologies, Professor Lynteris's research seeks to understand how specific zoonotic diseases (SARS, COVID-19, plague) and the broader question of zoonosis shape social and multispecies worlds and are in turn shaped by them. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Before getting into this new podcast, have you checked out the recent newsletter editions and podcasts of Ground Truths?—the first diagnostic immunome—a Covid nasal vaccine update—medical storytelling and uncertainty—why did doctors with A.I. get outperformed by A.I. alone?The audio is available on iTunes and Spotify. The full video is embedded here, at the top, and also can be found on YouTube.Transcript with links to Audio and External Links Eric Topol (00:07):Well, hello. It's Eric Topol with Ground Truths, and I am just thrilled today to welcome Carl Zimmer, who is one of the great science journalists of our times. He's written 14 books. He writes for the New York Times and many other venues of great science, journalism, and he has a new book, which I absolutely love called Air-Borne. And you can see I have all these rabbit pages tagged and there's lots to talk about here because this book is the book of air. I mean, we're talking about everything that you ever wanted to know about air and where we need to go, how we missed the boat, and Covid and everything else. So welcome, Carl.Carl Zimmer (00:51):Thanks so much. Great to be here.A Book Inspired by the PandemicEric Topol (00:54):Well, the book starts off with the Skagit Valley Chorale that you and your wife Grace attended a few years later, I guess, in Washington, which is really interesting. And I guess my first question is, it had the look that this whole book was inspired by the pandemic, is that right?Carl Zimmer (01:18):Certainly, the seed was planted in the pandemic. I was working as a journalist at the New York Times with a bunch of other reporters at the Times. There were lots of other science writers also just trying to make sense of this totally new disease. And we were talking with scientists who were also trying to make sense of the disease. And so, there was a lot of uncertainty, ambiguity, and things started to come into focus. And I was really puzzled by how hard it was for consensus to emerge about how Covid spread. And I did some reporting along with other people on this conflict about was this something that was spreading on surfaces or was it the word people were using was airborne? And the World Health Organization said, no, it's not airborne, it's not airborne until they said it was airborne. And that just seemed like not quantum physics, you know what I'm saying? In the sense that it seemed like that would be the kind of thing that would get sorted out pretty quickly. And I think that actually more spoke to my own unfamiliarity with the depth of this field. And so, I would talk to experts like say, Donald Milton at the University of Maryland. I'd be like, so help me understand this. How did this happen? And he would say, well, you need to get to know some people like William Wells. And I said, who?Eric Topol (02:50):Yeah, yeah, that's what I thought.Carl Zimmer (02:53):Yeah, there were just a whole bunch of people from a century ago or more that have been forgotten. They've been lost in history, and yet they were real visionaries, but they were also incredibly embattled. And the question of how we messed up understanding why Covid was airborne turned out to have an answer that took me back thousands of years and really plunged me into this whole science that's known as aerobiology.Eric Topol (03:26):Yeah, no, it's striking. And we're going to get, of course, into the Covid story and how it got completely botched as to how it was being transmitted. But of course, as you go through history, you see a lot of the same themes of confusion and naysayers and just extraordinary denialism. But as you said, this goes back thousands of years and perhaps the miasma, the moral stain in the air that was start, this is of course long before there was thing called germ theory. Is that really where the air thing got going?A Long History of Looking Into Bad AirCarl Zimmer (04:12):Well, certainly some of the earliest evidence we have that people were looking at the air and thinking about the air and thinking there's something about the air that matters to us. Aristotle thought, well, there's clearly something important about the air. Life just seems to be revolve around breathing and he didn't know why. And Hippocrates felt that there could be this stain on the air, this corruption of the air, and this could explain why a lot of people in a particular area, young and old, might suddenly all get sick at the same time. And so, he put forward this miasma theory, and there were also people who were looking at farm fields and asking, well, why are all my crops dead suddenly? What happened? And there were explanations that God sends something down to punish us because we've been bad, or even that the air itself had a kind of miasma that affected plants as well as animals. So these ideas were certainly there, well over 2,000 years ago.Eric Topol (05:22):Now, as we go fast forward, we're going to get to, of course into the critical work of William and Mildred Wells, who I'd never heard of before until I read your book, I have to say, talk about seven, eight decades filed into oblivion. But before we get to them, because their work was seminal, you really get into the contributions of Louis Pasteur. Maybe you could give us a skinny on what his contributions were because I was unaware of his work and the glaciers, Mer de Glace and figuring out what was going on in the air. So what did he really do to help this field?Carl Zimmer (06:05):Yeah, and this is another example of how we can kind of twist and deform history. Louis Pasteur is a household name. People know who Louis Pasteur is. People know about pasteurization of milk. Pasteur is associated with vaccines. Pasteur did other things as well. And he was also perhaps the first aerobiologist because he got interested in the fact that say, in a factory where beet juice was being fermented to make alcohol, sometimes it would spoil. And he was able to determine that there were some, what we know now are bacteria that were getting into the beet juice. And so, it was interrupting the usual fermentation from the yeast. That in itself was a huge discovery. But he was saying, well, wait, so why are there these, what we call bacteria in the spoiled juice? And he thought, well, maybe they just float in the air.Carl Zimmer (07:08):And this was really a controversial idea in say, 1860, because even then, there were many people who were persuaded that when you found microorganisms in something, they were the result of spontaneous generation. In other words, the beet juice spontaneously produced this life. This was standard view of how life worked and Pasteur was like, I'm not sure I buy this. And this basically led to him into an incredible series of studies around Paris. He would have a flask, and he'd have a long neck on it, and the flask was full of sterile broth, and he would just take it places and he would just hold it there for a while, and eventually bacteria would fall down that long neck and they would settle in the broth, and they would multiply in there. It would turn cloudy so he could prove that there was life in the air.Carl Zimmer (08:13):And they went to different places. He went to farm fields, he went to mountains. And the most amazing trip he took, it was actually to the top of a glacier, which was very difficult, especially for someone like Pasteur, who you get the impression he just hated leaving the lab. This was not a rugged outdoorsman at all. But there he is, climbing around on the ice with this flask raising it over his head, and he caught bacteria there as well. And that actually was pivotal to destroying spontaneous generation as a theory. So aerobiology among many, many other things, destroyed this idea that life could spontaneously burst into existence.Eric Topol (08:53):Yeah, no. He says ‘these gentlemen, are the germs of microscopic beings' shown in the existence of microorganisms in the air. So yeah, amazing contribution. And of course, I wasn't familiar with his work in the air like this, and it was extensive. Another notable figure in the world of germ theory that you bring up in the book with another surprise for me was the great Robert Koch of the Koch postulates. So is it true he never did the third postulate about he never fulfilled his own three postulates?Carl Zimmer (09:26):Not quite. Yeah, so he had these ideas about what it would take to actually show that some particular pathogen, a germ, actually caused a disease, and that involved isolating it from patients, culturing it outside of them. And then actually experimentally infecting an animal and showing the symptoms again. And he did that with things like anthrax and tuberculosis. He nailed that. But then when it came to cholera, there was this huge outbreak in Egypt, and people were still battling over what caused cholera. Was it miasma? Was it corruption in the air, or was it as Koch and others believe some type of bacteria? And he found a particular kind of bacteria in the stool of people who were dying or dead of cholera, and he could culture it, and he consistently found it. And when he injected animals with it, it just didn't quite work.Eric Topol (10:31):Okay. Yeah, so at least for cholera, the Koch's third postulate of injecting in animals, reproducing the disease, maybe not was fulfilled. Okay, that's good.Eric Topol (10:42):Now, there's a lot of other players here. I mean, with Fred Meier and Charles Lindbergh getting samples in the air from the planes and Carl Flügge. And before we get to the Wells, I just want to mention these naysayers like Charles Chapin, Alex Langmuir, the fact that they said, well, people that were sensitive to pollen, it was just neurosis. It wasn't the pollen. I mean, just amazing stuff. But anyway, the principles of what I got from the book was the Wells, the husband and wife, very interesting characters who eventually even split up, I guess. But can you tell us about their contributions? Because they're really notable when we look back.William and Mildred Wells Carl Zimmer (11:26):Yeah, they really are. And although by the time they had died around 1960, they were pretty much forgotten already. And yet in the 1930s, the two of them, first at Harvard and then at University of Pennsylvania did some incredible work to actually challenge this idea that airborne infection was not anything real, or at least nothing really to worry about. Because once the miasmas have been cleared away, people who embrace the germ theory of disease said, look, we've got cholera in water. We've got yellow fever in mosquitoes. We've got syphilis in sex. We have all these ways that germs can get from one person to the next. We don't need to worry about the air anymore. Relax. And William Wells thought, I don't know if that's true. And we actually invented a new device for actually sampling the air, a very clever kind of centrifuge. And he started to discover, actually, there's a lot of stuff floating around in the air.Carl Zimmer (12:37):And then with a medical student of his, Richard Riley started to develop a physical model. How does this happen? Well, you and I are talking, as we are talking we are expelling tiny droplets, and those droplets can potentially contain pathogens. We can sneeze out big droplets or cough them too. Really big droplets might fall to the floor, but lots of other droplets will float. They might be pushed along by our breath like in a cloud, or they just may be so light, they just resist gravity. And so, this was the basic idea that he put forward. And then he made real headlines by saying, well, maybe there's something that we can do to these germs while they're still in the air to protect our own health. In the same way you'd protect water so that you don't get cholera. And he stumbled on ultraviolet light. So basically, you could totally knock out influenza and a bunch of other pathogens just by hitting these droplets in the air with light. And so, the Wells, they were very difficult to work with. They got thrown out of Harvard. Fortunately, they got hired at Penn, and they lasted there just long enough that they could run an experiment in some schools around Philadelphia. And they put up ultraviolet lamps in the classrooms. And those kids did not get hit by huge measles outbreak that swept through Philadelphia not long afterwards.Eric Topol (14:05):Yeah, it's pretty amazing. I had never heard of them. And here they were prescient. They did the experiments. They had this infection machine where they could put the animal in and blow in the air, and it was basically like the Koch's third postulate here of inducing the illness. He wrote a book, William and he's a pretty confident fellow quoted, ‘the book is not for here and now. It is from now on.' So he wasn't a really kind of a soft character. He was pretty strong, I guess. Do you think his kind of personality and all the difficulties that he and his wife had contributed to why their legacy was forgotten by most?Carl Zimmer (14:52):Yes. They were incredibly difficult to work with, and there's no biography of the Wellses. So I had to go into archives and find letters and unpublished documents and memos, and people will just say like, oh my goodness, these people are so unbearable. They just were fighting all the time. They were fighting with each other. They were peculiar, particularly William was terrible with language and just people couldn't deal with them. So because they were in these constant fights, they had very few friends. And when you have a big consensus against you and you don't have very many friends to not even to help you keep a job, it's not going to turn out well, unfortunately. They did themselves no favors, but it is still really remarkable and sad just how much they figured out, which was then dismissed and forgotten.Eric Topol (15:53):Yeah, I mean, I'm just amazed by it because it's telling about your legacy in science. You want to have friends, you want to be, I think, received well by your colleagues in your community. And when you're not, you could get buried, your work could get buried. And it kind of was until, for me, at least, your book Air-Borne. Now we go from that time, which is 60, 70 years ago, to fast forward H1N1 with Linsey Marr from Virginia Tech, who in 2009 was already looking back at the Wells work and saying, wait a minute there's something here that this doesn't compute, kind of thing. Can you give us the summary about Linsey? Of course, we're going to go to 2018 again all before the pandemic with Lydia, but let's first talk about Linsey.Linsey MarrSee my previous Ground Truths podcast with Prof Marr hereCarl Zimmer (16:52):Sure. So Linsey Marr belongs to this new generation of scientists in the 21st century who start to individually rediscover the Welles. And then in Lindsey Marr's case, she was studying air pollution. She's an atmospheric scientist and she's at Virginia Tech. And she and her husband are trying to juggle their jobs and raising a little kid, and their son is constantly coming home from daycare because he's constantly getting sick, or there's a bunch of kids who are sick there and so on. And that got Linsey Marr actually really curious like what's going on because they were being careful about washing objects and so on, and doing their best to keep the kids healthy. And she started looking into ideas about transmission of diseases. And she got very interested in the flu because in 2009, there was a new pandemic, in other words that you had this new strain of influenza surging throughout the world. And so, she said, well, let me look at what people are saying. And as soon as she started looking at it, she just said, well, people are saying things that as a physicist I know make no sense. They're saying that droplets bigger than five microns just plummet to the ground.Carl Zimmer (18:21):And in a way that was part of a sort of a general rejection of airborne transmission. And she said, look, I teach this every year. I just go to the blackboard and derive a formula to show that particles much bigger than this can stay airborne. So there's something really wrong here. And she started spending more and more time studying airborne disease, and she kept seeing the Welles as being cited. And she was like, who are these? Didn't know who they were. And she had to dig back because finding his book is not easy, I will tell you that. You can't buy it on Amazon. It's like it was a total flop.Eric Topol (18:59):Wow.Carl Zimmer (19:00):And eventually she started reading his papers and getting deeper in it, and she was like, huh. He was pretty smart. And he didn't say any of the things that people today are claiming he said. There's a big disconnect here. And that led her into join a very small group of people who really were taking the idea of airborne infection seriously, in the early 2000s.Lydia BourouibaEric Topol (19:24):Yeah, I mean, it's pretty incredible because had we listened to her early on in the pandemic and many others that we're going to get into, this wouldn't have gone years of neglect of airborne transmission of Covid. Now, in 2018, there was, I guess, a really important TEDMED talk by Lydia. I don't know how you pronounce her last name, Bourouiba or something. Oh, yeah. And she basically presented graphically. Of course, all this stuff is more strained for people to believe because of the invisibility story, but she, I guess, gave demos that were highly convincing to her audience if only more people were in her audience. Right?Carl Zimmer (20:09):That's right. That's right. Yeah. So Lydia was, again, not an infectious disease expert at first. She was actually trained as a physicist. She studied turbulence like what you get in spinning galaxies or spinning water in a bathtub as it goes down the drain. But she was very taken aback by the SARS outbreak in 2003, which did hit Canada where she was a student.Carl Zimmer (20:40):And it really got her getting interested in infectious diseases, emerging diseases, and asking herself, what tools can I bring from physics to this? And she's looked into a lot of different things, and she came to MIT and MIT is where Harold Edgerton built those magnificent stroboscope cameras. And we've all seen these stroboscope images of the droplets of milk frozen in space, or a bullet going through a card or things like that that he made in the 1930s and 1940s and so on. Well, one of the really famous images that was used by those cameras was a sneeze actually, around 1940. That was the first time many Americans would see these droplets frozen in space. Of course, they forgot them.Carl Zimmer (21:34):So she comes there and there's a whole center set up for this kind of high-speed visualization, and she starts playing with these cameras, and she starts doing experiments with things like breathing and sneezes and so on. But now she's using digital video, and she discovers that she goes and looks at William Wells and stuff. She's like, that's pretty good, but it's pretty simple. It's pretty crude. I mean, of course it is. It was in the 1930s. So she brings a whole new sophistication of physics to studying these things, which she finds that, especially with a sneeze, it sort of creates a new kind of physics. So you actually have a cloud that just shoots forward, and it even carries the bigger droplets with it. And it doesn't just go three feet and drop. In her studies looking at her video, it could go 10 feet, 20 feet, it could just keep going.Eric Topol (22:24):27 feet, I think I saw. Yeah, right.Carl Zimmer (22:26):Yeah. It just keeps on going. And so, in 2018, she gets up and at one of these TEDMED talks and gives this very impressive talk with lots of pictures. And I would say the world didn't really listen.Eric Topol (22:48):Geez and amazing. Now, the case that you, I think centered on to show how stupid we were, not everyone, not this group of 36, we're going to talk about not everyone, but the rest of the world, like the WHO and the CDC and others was this choir, the Skagit Valley Chorale in Washington state. Now, this was in March 2020 early on in the pandemic, there were 61 people exposed to one symptomatic person, and 52 were hit with Covid. 52 out of 61, only 8 didn't get Covid. 87% attack rate eventually was written up by an MMWR report that we'll link to. This is extraordinary because it defied the idea of that it could only be liquid droplets. So why couldn't this early event, which was so extraordinary, opened up people's mind that there's not this six-foot rule and it's all these liquid droplets and the rest of the whole story that was wrong.Carl Zimmer (24:10):I think there's a whole world of psychological research to be done on why people accept or don't accept scientific research and I'm not just talking about the public. This is a question about how science itself works, because there were lots of scientists who looked at the claims that Linsey Marr and others made about the Skagit Valley Chorale outbreak and said, I don't know, I'm not convinced. You didn't culture viable virus from the air. How do you really know? Really, people have said that in print. So it does raise the question of a deep question, I think about how does science judge what the right standard of proof is to interpret things like how diseases spread and also how to set public health policy. But you're certainly right that and March 10th, there was this outbreak, and by the end of March, it had started to make news and because the public health workers were figuring out all the people who were sick and so on, and people like Linsey Marr were like, this kind of looks like airborne to me, but they wanted to do a closer study of it. But still at that same time, places like the World Health Organization (WHO) were really insisting Covid is not airborne.“This is so mind-boggling to me. It just made it obvious that they [WHO] were full of s**t.”—Jose-Luis JimenezGetting It Wrong, Terribly WrongEric Topol (25:56):It's amazing. I mean, one of the quotes that there was, another one grabbed me in the book, in that group of the people that did air research understanding this whole field, the leaders, there's a fellow Jose-Luis Jimenez from University of Colorado Boulder, he said, ‘this is so mind-boggling to me. It just made it obvious that they were full of s**t.' Now, that's basically what he's saying about these people that are holding onto this liquid droplet crap and that there's no airborne. But we know, for example, when you can't see cigarette smoke, you can't see the perfume odor, but you can smell it that there's stuff in the air, it's airborne, and it's not necessarily three or six feet away. There's something here that doesn't compute in people's minds. And by the way, even by March and April, there were videos like the one that Lydia showed in 2018 that we're circling around to show, hey, this stuff is all over the place. It's not just the mouth going to the other person. So then this group of 36 got together, which included the people we were talking about, other people who I know, like Joe Allen and many really great contributors, and they lobbied the CDC and the WHO to get with it, but it seemed like it took two years.Carl Zimmer (27:32):It was a slow process, yes. Yes. Because well, I mean, the reason that they got together and sort of formed this band is because early on, even at the end of January, beginning of February 2020, people like Joe Allen, people like Linsey Marr, people like Lidia Morawska in Australia, they were trying to raise the alarm. And so, they would say like, oh, I will write up my concerns and I will get it published somewhere. And journals would reject them and reject them and reject them. They'd say, well, we know this isn't true. Or they'd say like, oh, they're already looking into it. Don't worry about it. This is not a reason for concern. All of them independently kept getting rejected. And then at the same time, the World Health Organization was going out of their way to insist that Covid is not airborne. And so, Lidia Morawska just said like, we have to do something. And she, from her home in Australia, marshaled first this group of 36 people, and they tried to get the World Health Organization to listen to them, and they really felt very rebuffed it didn't really work out. So then they went public with a very strong open letter. And the New York Times and other publications covered that and that really started to get things moving. But still, these guidelines and so on were incredibly slow to be updated, let alone what people might actually do to sort of safeguard us from an airborne disease.Eric Topol (29:15):Well, yeah, I mean, we went from March 2020 when it was Captain Obvious with the choir to the end of 2021 with Omicron before this got recognized, which is amazing to me when you look back, right? That here you've got millions of people dying and getting infected, getting Long Covid, all this stuff, and we have this denial of what is the real way of transmission. Now, this was not just a science conflict, this is that we had people saying, you don't need to wear a mask. People like Jerome Adams, the Surgeon General, people like Tony Fauci before there was an adjustment later, oh, you don't need masks. You just stay more than six feet away. And meanwhile, the other parts of the world, as you pointed out in Japan with the three Cs, they're already into, hey, this is airborne and don't go into rooms indoors with a lot of people and clusters and whatnot. How could we be this far off where the leading public health, and this includes the CDC, are giving such bad guidance that basically was promoting Covid spread.Carl Zimmer (30:30):I think there are a number of different reasons, and I've tried to figure that out, and I've talked to people like Anthony Fauci to try to better understand what was going on. And there was a lot of ambiguity at the time and a lot of mixed signals. I think that also in the United States in particular, we were dealing with a really bad history of preparing for pandemics in the sense that the United States actually had said, we might need a lot of masks for a pandemic, which implicitly means that we acknowledge that the next pandemic might to some extent be airborne. At least our healthcare folks are going to need masks, good masks, and they stockpiled them, and then they started using them, and then they didn't really replace them very well, and supplies ran out, or they got old. So you had someone like Rick Bright who was a public health official in the administration in January 2020, trying to tell everybody, hey, we need masks.The Mess with MasksCarl Zimmer (31:56):And people are like, don't worry about it, don't worry about it. Look, if we have a problem with masks, he said this, and he recounted this later. Look, if the health workers run out of masks, we just tell the public just to not use masks and then we'll have enough for the health workers. And Bright was like, that makes no sense. That makes no sense. And lo and behold, there was a shortage among American health workers, and China was having its own health surge, so they were going to be helping us out, and it was chaos. And so, a lot of those messages about telling the public don't wear a mask was don't wear a mask, the healthcare workers need them, and we need to make sure they have enough. And if you think about that, there's a problem there.Carl Zimmer (32:51):Yeah, fine. Why don't the healthcare workers have their own independent supply of masks? And then we can sort of address the question, do masks work in the general community? Which is a legitimate scientific question. I know there are people who are say, oh, masks don't work. There's plenty of studies that show that they can reduce risk. But unfortunately, you actually had people like Fauci himself who were saying like, oh, you might see people wearing masks in other countries. I wouldn't do it. And then just a few weeks later when it was really clear just how bad things were getting, he turns around and says, people should wear masks. But Jerome Adams, who you mentioned, Surgeon General, he gets on TV and he's trying to wrap a cloth around his face and saying, look, you can make your own mask. And it was not ideal, shall we say?Eric Topol (33:55):Oh, no. It just led to mass confusion and the anti-science people were having just a field day for them to say that these are nincompoops. And it just really, when you look back, it's sad. Now, I didn't realize the history of the N95 speaking of healthcare workers and fitted masks, and that was back with the fashion from the bra. I mean, can you tell us about that? That's pretty interesting.Carl Zimmer (34:24):Yeah. Yeah, it's a fascinating story. So there was a woman who was working for 3M. She was consulting with them on just making new products, and she really liked the technology they used for making these sort of gift ribbons and sort of blown-fiber. And she's like, wow, you should think about other stuff. How about a bra? And so, they actually went forward with this sort of sprayed polyester fiber bra, which was getting much nicer than the kind of medieval stuff that women had to put up with before then. And then she's at the same time spending a lot of time in hospitals because a lot of her family was sick with various ailments, and she was looking at these doctors and nurses who were wearing masks, which just weren't fitting them very well. And she thought, wait a minute, you could take a bra cup and just basically fit it on people's faces.Carl Zimmer (35:29):She goes to 3M and is like, hey, what about this? And they're like, hmm, interesting. And at first it didn't seem actually like it worked well against viruses and other pathogens, but it was good on dust. So it started showing up in hardware stores in the 70s, and then there were further experiments that basically figured showed you could essentially kind of amazingly give the material a little static charge. And that was good enough that then if you put it on, it traps droplets that contain viruses and doesn't let them through. So N95s are a really good way to keep viruses from coming into your mouth or going out.Eric Topol (36:14):Yeah. Well, I mean it's striking too, because in the beginning, as you said, when there finally was some consensus that masks could help, there wasn't differentiation between cotton masks, surgical masks, KN95s. And so, all this added to the mix of ambiguity and confusion. So we get to the point finally that we understand the transmission. It took way too long. And that kind of tells the Covid story. And towards the end of the book, you're back at the Skagit Valley Chorale. It's a full circle, just amazing story. Now, it also brings up all lessons that we've learned and where we're headed with this whole knowledge of the aerobiome, which is fascinating. I didn't know that we breathe 2000 to 3000 gallons a day of air, each of us.Every Breath We TakeEric Topol (37:11):Wow, I didn't know. Well, of course, air is a vector for disease. And of course, going back to the Wells, the famous Wells that have been, you've brought them back to light about how we're aerial oysters. So these things in the air, which we're going to get to the California fires, for example, they travel a long ways. Right? We're not talking about six feet here. We're talking about, can you tell us a bit about that?Carl Zimmer (37:42):Well, yeah. So we are releasing living things into the air with every breath, but we're not the only ones. So I'm looking at you and I see beyond you the ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Every time those waves crash down on the surf, it's spewing up vast numbers of tiny droplets, kind of like the ocean's own lungs, spraying up droplets, some of which have bacteria and viruses and other living things. And those go up in the air. The wind catches them, and they blow around. Some of them go very, very high, many, many miles. Some of them go into the clouds and they do blow all over the place. And so, science is really starting to come into its own of studying the planetary wide pattern of the flow of life, not just for oceans, but from the ground, things come out of the ground all of the time. The soil is rich with microbes, and those are rising up. Of course, there's plants, we are familiar with plants having pollen, but plants themselves are also slathered in fungi and other organisms. They shed those into the air as well. And so, you just have this tremendous swirl of life that how high it can go, nobody's quite sure. They can certainly go up maybe 12 miles, some expeditions, rocket emissions have claimed to find them 40 miles in the air.Carl Zimmer (39:31):It's not clear, but we're talking 10, 20, 30 miles up is where all this life gets. So people call this the aerobiome, and we're living in it. It's like we're in an ocean and we're breathing in that ocean. And so, you are breathing in some of those organisms literally with every breath.Eric Topol (39:50):Yeah, no, it's extraordinary. I mean, it really widens, the book takes us so much more broad than the narrow world of Covid and how that got all off track and gives us the big picture. One of the things that happened more recently post Covid was finally in the US there was the commitment to make buildings safer. That is adopting the principles of ventilation filtration. And I wonder if you could comment at that. And also, do you use your CO2 monitor that you mentioned early in the book? Because a lot of people haven't gotten onto the CO2 monitor.Carl Zimmer (40:33):So yes, I do have a CO2 monitor. It's in the other room. And I take it with me partly to protect my own health, but also partly out of curiosity because carbon dioxide (CO2) in the room is actually a pretty good way of figuring out how much ventilation there is in the room and what your potential risk is of getting sick if someone is breathing out Covid or some other airborne disease. They're not that expensive and they're not that big. And taking them on planes is particularly illuminating. It's just incredible just how high the carbon dioxide rate goes up when you're sitting on the plane, they've closed the doors, you haven't taken off yet, shoots way up. Once again, the air and the filter system starts up, it starts going down, which is good, but then you land and back up again. But in terms of when we're not flying, we're spending a lot of our time indoors. Yeah, so you used the word commitment to describe quality standards.Eric Topol (41:38):What's missing is the money and the action, right?Carl Zimmer (41:42):I think, yeah. I think commitment is putting it a little strongly.Eric Topol (41:45):Yeah. Sorry.Carl Zimmer (41:45):Biden administration is setting targets. They're encouraging that that people meet certain targets. And those people you mentioned like Joe Allen at Harvard have actually been putting together standards like saying, okay, let's say that when you build a new school or a new building, let's say that you make sure that you don't get carbon dioxide readings above this rate. Let's try to get 14 liters per second per person of ventilated fresh air. And they're actually going further. They've actually said, now we think this should be law. We think these should be government mandates. We have government mandates for clean water. We have government mandates for clean food. We don't just say, it'd be nice if your bottled water didn't have cholera on it in it. We'll make a little prize. Who's got the least cholera in their water? We don't do that. We don't expect that. We expect more. We expect when you get the water or if you get anything, you expect it to be clean and you expect people to be following the law. So what Joseph Allen, Lidia Morawska, Linsey Marr and others are saying is like, okay, let's have a law.Eric Topol (43:13):Yeah. No, and I think that distinction, I've interviewed Joe Allen and Linsey Marr on Ground Truths, and they've made these points. And we need the commitment, I should say, we need the law because otherwise it's a good idea that doesn't get actualized. And we know how much keeping ventilation would make schools safer.Carl Zimmer (43:35):Just to jump in for a second, just to circle back to William and Mildred Wells, none of what I just said is new. William and Mildred Wells were saying over and over again in speeches they gave, in letters they wrote to friends they were like, we've had this incredible revolution in the early 1900s of getting clean water and clean food. Why don't we have clean air yet? We deserve clean air. Everyone deserves clean air. And so, really all that people like Linsey Marr and Joseph Allen and others are doing is trying to finally deliver on that call almost a century later.Eric Topol (44:17):Yeah, totally. That's amazing how it's taken all this time and how much disease and morbidity even death could have been prevented. Before I ask about planning for the future, I do want to get your comments about the dirty air with the particulate matter less than 2.5 particles and what we're seeing now with wildfires, of course in Los Angeles, but obviously they're just part of what we're seeing in many parts of the world and what that does, what carries so the dirty air, but also what we're now seeing with the crisis of climate change.Carl Zimmer (45:01):So if you inhale smoke from a wildfire, it's not going to start growing inside of you, but those particles are going to cause a lot of damage. They're going to cause a lot of inflammation. They can cause not just lung damage, but they can potentially cause a bunch of other medical issues. And unfortunately, climate change plus the increasing urbanization of these kinds of environments, like in Southern California where fires, it's a fire ecology already. That is going to be a recipe for more smoke in the air. We will be, unfortunately, seeing more fire. Here in the Northeast, we were dealing with really awful smoke coming all the way from Canada. So this is not a problem that respects borders. And even if there were no wildfires, we still have a huge global, terrible problem with particulate matter coming from cars and coal fire power plants and so on. Several million people, their lives are cut short every year, just day in, day out. And you can see pictures in places like Delhi and India and so on. But there are lots of avoidable deaths in the United States as well, because we're starting to realize that even what we thought were nice low levels of air pollution probably are still killing more people than we realized.Eric Topol (46:53):Yeah, I mean, just this week in Nature is a feature on how this dirty air pollution, the urbanization that's leading to brain damage, Alzheimer's, but also as you pointed out, it increases everything, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular, various cancers. I mean, it's just bad news.Carl Zimmer (47:15):And one way in which the aerobiome intersects with what we're talking about is that those little particles floating around, things can live on them and certain species can ride along on these little particles of pollution and then we inhale them. And there's some studies that seem to suggest that maybe pathogens are really benefiting from riding around on these. And also, the wildfire smoke is not just lofting, just bits of dead plant matter into the air. It's lofting vast numbers of bacteria and fungal spores into the air as well. And then those blow very, very far away. It's possible that long distance winds can deliver fungal spores and other microorganisms that can actually cause certain diseases, this Kawasaki disease or Valley fever and so on. Yeah, so everything we're doing is influencing the aerobiome. We're changing the world in so many ways. We're also changing the aerobiome.Eric Topol (48:30):Yeah. And to your point, there were several reports during the pandemic that air pollution potentiated SARS-CoV-2 infections because of that point that you're making that is as a carrier.Carl Zimmer (48:46):Well, I've seen some of those studies and it wasn't clear to me. I'm not sure that SARS-CoV-2 can really survive like long distances outdoors. But it may be that, it kind of weakens people and also sets up their lungs for a serious disease. I'm not as familiar with that research as I'd like to be.Eric Topol (49:11):Yeah, no, it could just be that because they have more inflammation of their lungs that they're just more sensitive to when they get the infection. But there seems like you said, to be some interactions between pathogens and polluted air. I don't know that we want to get into germ warfare because that's whole another topic, but you cover that well, it's very scary stuff.Carl Zimmer (49:37):It's the dark side of aerobiology.Eric Topol (49:39):Oh my gosh, yes. And then the last thing I wanted just to get into is, if we took this all seriously and learned, which we don't seem to do that well in some respects, wouldn't we change the way, for example, the way our cities, the way we increase our world of plants and vegetation, rather than just basically take it all down. What can we do in the future to make our ecosystem with air a healthier one?Carl Zimmer (50:17):I think that's a really important question. And it sounds odd, but that's only because it's unfamiliar. And even after all this time and after the rediscovery of a lot of scientists who had been long forgotten, there's still a lot we don't know. So there is suggestive research that when we breathe in air that's blowing over vegetation, forest and so on. That's actually in some ways good for our health. We do have a relationship with the air, and we've had it ever since our ancestors came out the water and started breathing with their lungs. And so, our immune systems may be tuned to not breathing in sterile air, but we don't understand the relationship. And so, I can't say like, oh, well, here's the prescription. We need to be doing this. We don't know.Eric Topol (51:21):Yeah. No, it's fascinating.Carl Zimmer (51:23):We should find out. And there are a few studies going on, but not many I would have to say. And the thing goes for how do we protect indoor spaces and so on? Well, we kind of have an idea of how airborne Covid is. Influenza, we're not that sure and there are lots of other diseases that we just don't know. And you certainly, if a disease is not traveling through the air at all, you don't want to take these measures. But we need to understand they're spread more and it's still very difficult to study these things.Eric Topol (52:00):Yeah, such a great point. Now before we wrap up, is there anything that you want to highlight that I haven't touched on in this amazing book?Carl Zimmer (52:14):I hope that when people read it, they sort of see that science is a messy process and there aren't that many clear villains and good guys in the sense that there can be people who are totally, almost insanely wrong in hindsight about some things and are brilliant visionaries in other ways. And one figure that I learned about was Max von Pettenkofer, who really did the research behind those carbon dioxide meters. He figured out in the mid-1800s that you could figure out the ventilation in a room by looking at the carbon dioxide. We call it the Pettenkofer number, how much CO2 is in the room. Visionary guy also totally refused to believe in the germ theory of disease. He shot it tooth in the nail even. He tried to convince people that cholera was airborne, and he did it. He took a vial. He was an old man. He took a vial full of cholera. The bacteria that caused cholera drank it down to prove his point. He didn't feel well afterwards, but he survived. And he said, that's proof. So this history of science is not the simple story that we imagine it to be.Eric Topol (53:32):Yeah. Well, congratulations. This was a tour de force. You had to put in a lot of work to pull this all together, and you're enlightening us about air like never before. So thanks so much for joining, Carl.Carl Zimmer (53:46):It was a real pleasure. Thanks for having me.**********************************************Thanks for listening, watching or reading Ground Truths. Your subscription is greatly appreciated.If you found this podcast interesting please share it!That makes the work involved in putting these together especially worthwhile.All content on Ground Truths—newsletters, analyses, and podcasts—is free, open-access.Paid subscriptions are voluntary and all proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. They do allow for posting comments and questions, which I do my best to respond to. Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. And such support is becoming more vital In light of current changes of funding by US biomedical research at NIH and other governmental agencies. Get full access to Ground Truths at erictopol.substack.com/subscribe

Pour la 50 ème cérémonie des Césars, Mickael Dorian est entouré des ses invités pour nous la faire vivre en direct.

On this look back episode we once again take a stroll down the slimy corridors of the financial sector and discuss the 390 million dollars fine levied against Capital One for neglecting to file 1000s of Sars.(Commercial at 19:19)To contact me:bobbycapucci@protonmail.comsource:https://www.wsj.com/articles/capital-one-settles-with-fincen-over-anti-money-laundering-deficiencies-11610750699Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-epstein-chronicles--5003294/support.

Kısa Dalga'nın dış politika podcasti “Dünyada Yarın'ın yeni bölümü yayında! Özge Mumcu Aybars ve Ünal Çeviköz, bu bölümde dünya gündeminin öne çıkan başlıklarını ele alıyor. -Münih Güvenlik Konferansı'nda Avrupa'nın ortak değerleri sarsılıyor mu? -Konferansın başkanı Christopher Hosken'in gözyaşları, transatlantik ilişkilerdeki kırılmanın habercisi mi? -Trump'ın yeniden başkan olması, ABD'nin iç ve dış politikasında nasıl bir dönüşüm yaratıyor? -Basına getirilen kısıtlamalar, Amerikan demokrasisini nasıl etkiliyor? -Zelenskiy'nin Türkiye ziyareti, Ukrayna'nın uluslararası arenadaki yalnızlığını aşmak için yeni bir diplomatik hamle mi? -İsrail ve Filistin arasında süren esir takası, ateşkesin devamını sağlayabilir mi? -Avrupa'da yükselen aşırı sağ, Almanya seçimleri ile birlikte kıtanın geleceğini nasıl şekillendirecek? Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode of The Valley Today, host Janet Michael welcomes back cohost Carl Knoblock, the Virginia District Director for the Small Business Administration (SBA), for a conversation about the importance of preparedness and adaptability in business. Between humorous and honest exchanges, Janet and Carl delve into how businesses manage amidst uncertainties and disruptions, with a specific look at the lessons learned from recent events like the COVID-19 pandemic. Reflecting on the pandemic's unforeseen arrival and the dramatic pivots it necessitated, Carl emphasizes the need for businesses to 'expect the unexpected.' He stresses the importance of not becoming complacent once a business model appears to be running smoothly. 'We're creatures of habit,' Carl notes, alluding to the challenge businesses face in disrupting their own routines to accommodate potential disruptions. Janet builds on this by noting that many businesses adapted during the pandemic only to revert to pre-pandemic operations once the immediate crisis passed. She argues that businesses need to retain a forward-thinking mindset rather than assuming the worst has already happened and won't reoccur. Carl shares insightful anecdotes from his extensive professional background, including his experiences in China during the SARS outbreak and his observations about the global economy's interconnected nature. He discusses the ripple effects of economic disruptions, both in large metropolitan areas and isolated regions, emphasizing the far-reaching impacts of federal decisions on local communities. Janet and Carl discuss the significance of being agile and the pivotal role of government grants and contracts for small businesses and nonprofits. They touch on the growing importance of social media and AI in business strategy and preparedness, offering practical advice for leveraging these tools. Carl advises businesses to look beyond their immediate networks and seek diverse mentorships to tackle staffing issues and other challenges. The conversation wraps up with a reiteration of the need for businesses and nonprofits to constantly re-evaluate and update their plans. Janet underscores the value of expanding one's network, while Carl highlights the necessity of paying attention to federal budgets and policy directions. Their dialogue serves as a robust guide for small businesses on surviving and thriving amidst uncertainty, promoting a mix of resilience, constant learning, and community engagement.

Watch The X22 Report On Video No videos found Click On Picture To See Larger Picture The [CB]/[WEF] are struggling with their agenda, it's falling apart right in front of their eyes, they will give it another push but it will fail. The economy is continuing to fail, Trump is making moves to shift it around. Trump warns the world, you stop accepting the dollar, tariffs are coming. The [DS] is now panicking, there is real panic in DC. Trump is putting the team together and the latest team member is Kash Patel. Kash just stepped into the light as the FBI director. Kash will now pursue justice and will follow the rule of law. Declas coming, get the popcorn and enjoy the show.   (function(w,d,s,i){w.ldAdInit=w.ldAdInit||[];w.ldAdInit.push({slot:13499335648425062,size:[0, 0],id:"ld-7164-1323"});if(!d.getElementById(i)){var j=d.createElement(s),p=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];j.async=true;j.src="//cdn2.customads.co/_js/ajs.js";j.id=i;p.parentNode.insertBefore(j,p);}})(window,document,"script","ld-ajs"); Economy https://twitter.com/SteveGuest/status/1862509325417128246 https://twitter.com/KobeissiLetter/status/1862966829695775075   2008. In previous economic cycles, prolonged declines in this metric were followed by a decline residential construction employment. This data suggests that housing construction employment may shrink by 10%+ year-over-year. US labor market continues to see pockets of weakness. https://twitter.com/KobeissiLetter/status/1862925301724155907   last 2 years. This comes as the Fed has been paying hundreds of billions in interest to banks and money market funds. At the same time, income the Fed has earned on Treasuries and Mortgage-Backed-Securities has declined. Even the Fed is losing money. https://twitter.com/KanekoaTheGreat/status/1862918153229222249   Treasury Department regarding the Biden family, alleging their involvement in money laundering, human trafficking, and tax fraud. The banks also flagged wire transfers sent to the Bidens from foreign state-owned entities, raising concerns about money laundering and tax evasion. Investigations revealed that these foreign funds were funneled through 20 shell companies associated with Biden business partners before being distributed to nine Biden family members, including grandchildren. Despite this, to my knowledge, not a single member of the Biden family has been debanked. For ordinary Americans, even a few SARs would likely result in debanking. Additionally, none of the Bidens registered under the Foreign Agent Registration Act (FARA), as would typically be required in such circumstances. Meanwhile, hundreds of cryptocurrency entrepreneurs and Trump supporters—including Melania and Barron Trump—have been debanked. Just as the establishment weaponizes the U.S. dollar against foreign adversaries, it uses debanking as a weapon against its domestic opponents.   laundering, human trafficking, and tax fraud, according to congressional investigators. Tariffs are coming, but Congress can stop them  When Trump says he will release an executive order on day one of his second term, he is referring specifically to those delegated authorities. Congress still has time to take those authorities back and avoid a potential trade war. Last week, Reps. Suzan DelBene (D-Wash.) and Don Beyer (D-Va.) introduced the Prevent Tariff Abuse Act, which would curtail the president's ability to use a law called the International Emergency Economic Powers Act to enact tariffs and quotas on other countries. That is a good start, but there's still more that Congress can do. Trade analysts have laid out a much broader list of tariff authorities that could be abused by Trump and Congress should act quickly to repeal or reform them. Source: thehill.com  With the Dollar Strengthening, and With Easily Predictable Economic Outcomes Looming, President Trump Targets BRICS