Podcasts about khoe

Khoe kinh nghiệm 16 năm làm bùa yêu, 'thầy' nhanh chóng thu hút được một lượng khách hàng nữ tin vào phép màu trong chuyện tình cảm. Một khách hàng cho biết phải liên tục quan hệ tình dục với 'thầy' để 'thầy theo dõi cái phần âm trong người'.

Đánh bại Barca hùng mạnh, Inter Milan vào chung kết Champions League thứ hai trong ba năm qua là minh chứng hùng hồn nữa cho “sự bí ẩn” của lối chơi Ý, đặc biệt khi đã được cập nhật phiên bản mới.

This is episode 222 - Zooming out to peer at 1863, and a bit of Namaqualand Copper and Gunny Bags. We've just entered the period of 1863 to 1865. It's also time to take a quick tour of 1863 as is our usual way. While the Transvaal Civil War has ended, the American Civil War is still going gangbusters. In the last 12 months, momentous events have shaped world history. Abraham Lincoln signed the the Emancipation Proclamation in January of 1863 making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate States a War goal. A speculative mania followed in 1853/4, alarming the Government of the Cape. In the 1850s, a wave of speculative mining booms swept across the globe, driven by dramatic gold and mineral discoveries in places like California, Australia, and South Africa. These were fuelled by exaggerated rumours, newspaper hype, and dubious prospecting claims. Tens of thousands of hopefuls chased fortunes, often to remote or inhospitable regions, believing the next strike was just over the ridge. This era gave rise to a kind of "treasure hysteria", where wildcat ventures and fraudulent schemes—what some dubbed “red herrings”—diverted investors and prospectors alike. King Moshoeshoe the first of the Basotho had taken a great deal of interest in the Transvaal Civil War. The Orange Free State had been instrumental — and in particular — it's new president Johan Brandt, in ending the inter-Boer battles. He was also growing more concerned by the signs of increased mining activity which had been going on west of his territory. Ancient peoples who predated the Khoe in the northern Cape had taken advantage of these minerals, there is archaeological evidence they were using iron from the area dug from pits 6000 years Before Present, around 4000 BC. Remarkable really, the use of iron in Southern Africa predates European Iron Age use by 3800 years. There is an excellent short book published by John Smalberger in 1975 called A history of Copper Mining in Namaqualand published which I've used as one of the sources. A specialised company called Phillips and King began exporting the ore in 1852 — a small 11 tons loaded on board a steamer called the Bosphorus which sailed out of Hondeklip Bay. They built a 140 meter long wooden jetty to facilitate loading here. A speculative mania followed in 1853/4, alarming the Government of the Cape. In the 1850s, a wave of speculative mining booms swept across the globe, driven by dramatic gold and mineral discoveries in places like California, Australia, and South Africa. These were fuelled by exaggerated rumours, newspaper hype, and dubious prospecting claims. Tens of thousands of hopefuls chased fortunes, often to remote or inhospitable regions, believing the next strike was just over the ridge.

This is episode 222 - Zooming out to peer at 1863, and a bit of Namaqualand Copper and Gunny Bags. We've just entered the period of 1863 to 1865. It's also time to take a quick tour of 1863 as is our usual way. While the Transvaal Civil War has ended, the American Civil War is still going gangbusters. In the last 12 months, momentous events have shaped world history. Abraham Lincoln signed the the Emancipation Proclamation in January of 1863 making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate States a War goal. A speculative mania followed in 1853/4, alarming the Government of the Cape. In the 1850s, a wave of speculative mining booms swept across the globe, driven by dramatic gold and mineral discoveries in places like California, Australia, and South Africa. These were fuelled by exaggerated rumours, newspaper hype, and dubious prospecting claims. Tens of thousands of hopefuls chased fortunes, often to remote or inhospitable regions, believing the next strike was just over the ridge. This era gave rise to a kind of "treasure hysteria", where wildcat ventures and fraudulent schemes—what some dubbed “red herrings”—diverted investors and prospectors alike. King Moshoeshoe the first of the Basotho had taken a great deal of interest in the Transvaal Civil War. The Orange Free State had been instrumental — and in particular — it's new president Johan Brandt, in ending the inter-Boer battles. He was also growing more concerned by the signs of increased mining activity which had been going on west of his territory. Ancient peoples who predated the Khoe in the northern Cape had taken advantage of these minerals, there is archaeological evidence they were using iron from the area dug from pits 6000 years Before Present, around 4000 BC. Remarkable really, the use of iron in Southern Africa predates European Iron Age use by 3800 years. There is an excellent short book published by John Smalberger in 1975 called A history of Copper Mining in Namaqualand published which I've used as one of the sources. A specialised company called Phillips and King began exporting the ore in 1852 — a small 11 tons loaded on board a steamer called the Bosphorus which sailed out of Hondeklip Bay. They built a 140 meter long wooden jetty to facilitate loading here. A speculative mania followed in 1853/4, alarming the Government of the Cape. In the 1850s, a wave of speculative mining booms swept across the globe, driven by dramatic gold and mineral discoveries in places like California, Australia, and South Africa. These were fuelled by exaggerated rumours, newspaper hype, and dubious prospecting claims. Tens of thousands of hopefuls chased fortunes, often to remote or inhospitable regions, believing the next strike was just over the ridge.

VOV1 - Iran vừa bất ngờ khoe tên lửa đạn đạo thế hệ mới được mô tả là thành tựu mới nhất của nền quốc phòng quốc gia Hồi giáo. Động thái được tiến hành trong bối cảnh căng thẳng gia tăng nghiêm trọng giữa Iran và Israel xung quanh nhiều vấn đề, đặc biệt là trong vấn đề hạt nhân và quan hệ giữa Iran

Mùa hè gửi tín hiệu bằng sắc loa kèn đầu tháng tư, và dõng dạc cất tiếng trong cơn mưa giông ào ạt. Đó là lúc, thành phố sắp bắt đầu rực rỡ một mùa hoa.

Trong cuộc phỏng vấn độc quyền với kênh Fox Noticias hôm 15-4, Tổng thống Trump đã điểm lại những thành tựu nổi bật nhất chính quyền ông đạt được trong gần 100 ngày quay lại Nhà Trắng, với trọng tâm là kiểm soát biên giới và chính sách thuế quan.

‘Thần y' Nguyễn Kiên nói mình có năng lượng từ hố đen vũ trụ, mỗi lần "phát công" là năng lượng rất mạnh nên bệnh tự khỏi. Sau một hồi thăm khám, phóng viên bèn giới thiệu mình là nhà báo tới tìm hiểu thực hư. Lúc này, ông Kiên khựng lại, bối rối…

Đã 10 năm kể từ khi các phòng tắm nắng thương mại bị cấm ở Úc. Tuy nhiên, nhiều người Úc vẫn tiếp tục tắm nắng, và hiện nay, các trào lưu khoe làn da rám nắng đang thu hút hàng triệu lượt xem trên mạng xã hội. Các chuyên gia về ung thư da cũng lo ngại về sự gia tăng của các loại giường nắng cải tiến, được gọi là "collariums". Những thiết bị này phát ra tia cực tím (UV) và đang được quảng bá như một lựa chọn "lành mạnh" thay thế cho các phòng tắm nắng truyền thống.

VDVV-1627_0738 -Cac Ban Tu Vo Vi Roi No Mo Tam -Cai Nguon Goc Manh Khoe No O Dau.mp3PodCast ChannelsVô Vi Podcast - Vấn Đạo  Vô Vi Podcast - Băn GiảngVô Vi Podcast - Nhạc Thiền

This is episode 201. The sounds you're hearing are those of roadworks, because South Africa is upgrading. Quickly. The arrival of governor sir George Grey in 1854 heralded a new epoch. Previous governors had been Peninsular war Veterans, they'd fought against Napoleon. This one was the first who was the child of a veteran of the war against Napoleon, and a person who was schooled in liberal humanism. He was also a Victorian, steeped in the consciousness of evolution, principled and simultaneously, flaunting truth. A fibber who was in a delirium of post-renaissance spirituality, combining dialect and salvation. You heard about George Grey's time in New Zealand last episode, and here he was, the new Cape Governor. So without further ado, let's dive into episode 201. He was free from prejudice against black and coloured people, and all indigenes as such, firmly believing from his own insight into the Polynesians cultures, the Maori, that there was nothing to distinguish them in aptitude and intelligence from anyone else in mankind. The same applied to Aborigines and black South Africans he believed. At the same time, Grey wanted indigenous people to wean themselves from what he called barbarism and heathenism. By suppressing tribal laws and customs, and incorporating indigenes into the economic system through labour and industry. During his short stint in Australia, he had set the Aborigines to work building roads, and those who worked hardest, earned the most. At the same time, he ruthlessly suppressed any sort of push back from the Aborigines, then the Maoris, and now he brought this brand of colonialism to South Africa. Dangling the carrot of labour, then applying the stick of punishment. The Cape colony was his laboratory in the Victorian age of discovery. An intellectual exercise. There was quite a bit in it for him of course. An ideologue and highly learned, he had written the New Zealand articles of Representative Government, an act that led to him being knighted. Sir George. Utopia beckons those who are imbued with internal fire — it's only now and then that history provides a crack into which people with this sort of vision can plunge. A man or woman appears at a particular point in time, restructuring entire territories and societies by dint of their character, and their timing, their epoch. During this time, a powerful figure with a vision for change could restructure an entire land before his minders back in England could do anything about it. Correspondence with the antipodes, New Zealand and Australia, took nearly a year for an exchange of letters to take place. Six months one way, six months return. In the meantime, an industrious social engineer could get very busy indeed. South Africa was closer to the centres of power, the new steam driven ships could do the return journey in four months, but that was more than a financial quarter in modern jargon. A person with initiative could launch quite a few initiatives before the folks back in London put a stop to their initiating. The biggest problem at this moment for Grey was not the amaXhosa or AmaZulu or Basotho, nor the Khoe, or the Boers. IT was the British colonial office. They were in the throes of recession not expansion. Retrenchment and withdrawal. Grey pondered the solution. Five thousand white European immigrants should be brought in he wrote, the occupy British Kaffraria. There was a certain problem, and that was the amaNqika Xhosa lived there at a pretty squashed density of 83 people per square mile. To give you an idea of how squashed this was, the Cape colony population density of 1854 was 1.15 per square mile at the same time. The second conundrum was accessing cash to construct all these new schools and public buildings. Grey sent a letter to the Colonial office outlining his needs — this new plan would require 45 000 pounds a year.

This is episode 201. The sounds you're hearing are those of roadworks, because South Africa is upgrading. Quickly. The arrival of governor sir George Grey in 1854 heralded a new epoch. Previous governors had been Peninsular war Veterans, they'd fought against Napoleon. This one was the first who was the child of a veteran of the war against Napoleon, and a person who was schooled in liberal humanism. He was also a Victorian, steeped in the consciousness of evolution, principled and simultaneously, flaunting truth. A fibber who was in a delirium of post-renaissance spirituality, combining dialect and salvation. You heard about George Grey's time in New Zealand last episode, and here he was, the new Cape Governor. So without further ado, let's dive into episode 201. He was free from prejudice against black and coloured people, and all indigenes as such, firmly believing from his own insight into the Polynesians cultures, the Maori, that there was nothing to distinguish them in aptitude and intelligence from anyone else in mankind. The same applied to Aborigines and black South Africans he believed. At the same time, Grey wanted indigenous people to wean themselves from what he called barbarism and heathenism. By suppressing tribal laws and customs, and incorporating indigenes into the economic system through labour and industry. During his short stint in Australia, he had set the Aborigines to work building roads, and those who worked hardest, earned the most. At the same time, he ruthlessly suppressed any sort of push back from the Aborigines, then the Maoris, and now he brought this brand of colonialism to South Africa. Dangling the carrot of labour, then applying the stick of punishment. The Cape colony was his laboratory in the Victorian age of discovery. An intellectual exercise. There was quite a bit in it for him of course. An ideologue and highly learned, he had written the New Zealand articles of Representative Government, an act that led to him being knighted. Sir George. Utopia beckons those who are imbued with internal fire — it's only now and then that history provides a crack into which people with this sort of vision can plunge. A man or woman appears at a particular point in time, restructuring entire territories and societies by dint of their character, and their timing, their epoch. During this time, a powerful figure with a vision for change could restructure an entire land before his minders back in England could do anything about it. Correspondence with the antipodes, New Zealand and Australia, took nearly a year for an exchange of letters to take place. Six months one way, six months return. In the meantime, an industrious social engineer could get very busy indeed. South Africa was closer to the centres of power, the new steam driven ships could do the return journey in four months, but that was more than a financial quarter in modern jargon. A person with initiative could launch quite a few initiatives before the folks back in London put a stop to their initiating. The biggest problem at this moment for Grey was not the amaXhosa or AmaZulu or Basotho, nor the Khoe, or the Boers. IT was the British colonial office. They were in the throes of recession not expansion. Retrenchment and withdrawal. Grey pondered the solution. Five thousand white European immigrants should be brought in he wrote, the occupy British Kaffraria. There was a certain problem, and that was the amaNqika Xhosa lived there at a pretty squashed density of 83 people per square mile. To give you an idea of how squashed this was, the Cape colony population density of 1854 was 1.15 per square mile at the same time. The second conundrum was accessing cash to construct all these new schools and public buildings. Grey sent a letter to the Colonial office outlining his needs — this new plan would require 45 000 pounds a year.

Nước Úc đang trải qua một hình thức mới về bạo lực kỳ thị người đồng tính, trong đó thủ phạm sử dụng mạng xã hội để đăng tải và khoe khoang về tội ác của mình. Cảnh sát ở nhiều tiểu bang đang điều tra các vụ việc, mà thanh thiếu niên sử dụng ứng dụng hẹn hò, để dụ dỗ nạn nhân trước khi đánh đập và quay phim các vụ tấn công, sau đó tải lên các trang mạng xã hội. Ngoài ra cũng có sự gia tăng các vụ tấn công đường phố, mà những kẻ phạm tội tuổi teen đã tấn công nạn nhân LGBTIQ+.

Episode 199, cognitive dissonance, desiccated hags, a Trail of Tears and Ssehura Baartman — Almost two hundred episodes exploring a land rich with some of the earliest examples of human habitation. We need to assess what has happened — standing back a bit to view the scene from where we've arrived - 1853 in the main with a smattering of 1854. The amaXhosa had lost a great deal of land to the English Settlers, the Coloureds, Khoe and Boers, as well as the amaMfengu refugees who were allies of the colonists. The coloureds and Khoekhoe had then lost some of their land to the colonists post 8th Frontier War. Each epoch saw a tussle over the territory. AmaXhosa chiefs realised by the mid-Nineteenth century that they were fighting for survival. A semblance of joint understanding was starting to spread out from southern AFrica into the interior, but not in the sense of any co-ordinated response to a colonial threat. The vast majority of African chiefdoms facing expanding settler frontiers were still responding locally, their response fragmented because the vast majority of African chiefs still regarded each other as more dangerous enemies - so their joint response to this growing threat was haphazard. AS the first people's faced annhilation, what distinguished the amaXhosa in a kind of historical contradiction, is that they did not diminish the numbers after each pushback — their numbers actually increased. This is not what happened to the Khoe and San who were pushed off their land by the new arrivals, the Nguni, then the next arrivals, the Europeans. The First people's of south Africa almost disappeared from the landscape as they were defeated. Not so the amaXhosa. Last episode I spoke of the historical Doppler Effect, and how folks approach the past, and this episode it's Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance theory. A simple example of this is that when people smoke, and they know smoking causes cancer, they are in a state of cognitive dissonance. The behaviour is smoking, and knowing it causes cancer is the cognitive dissonance bit when they continue to puff away. When Individuals form a group try to avoid disharmony by seeking consistency in beliefs. This is a central tenant to being human. However, it was this basic principle that was going to lead to the coming Cattle Killing extravaganza. Mlanjeni's prophecy continued — despite the fact that he had failed in his mission, he had not failed in his message. It is not a surprise therefore to hear that the next complex prophet in our tale of magic and mystery hailed from southern Transkei, and lived alongside the Gxara River which is just north of the Great Kei River Mouth. This is a place I know well, having regularly hiked from the Kei mouth Ferry along the beach to a nearby place called Qholora near the Ngogwane River in the mid-1980s. The riverine bush here is thick, mysterious, ancient and haunting. It seeps into your consciousness like the fingers of God, prodding your imagination, assailing your senses with sight and sound — and smell. The reason for spending time on the flora is because the next character to emerge in this saga who is going to alter South African history was a young Xhosa girl, Nongqawuse. It is these sights and sounds, this landscape that etched into her mind because it was from inside this landscape from bushes growing near her village, two strangers would appear in a bush and tell her that salvation for the Xhosa lay in killing all their cattle.

Episode 199, cognitive dissonance, desiccated hags, a Trail of Tears and Ssehura Baartman — Almost two hundred episodes exploring a land rich with some of the earliest examples of human habitation. We need to assess what has happened — standing back a bit to view the scene from where we've arrived - 1853 in the main with a smattering of 1854. The amaXhosa had lost a great deal of land to the English Settlers, the Coloureds, Khoe and Boers, as well as the amaMfengu refugees who were allies of the colonists. The coloureds and Khoekhoe had then lost some of their land to the colonists post 8th Frontier War. Each epoch saw a tussle over the territory. AmaXhosa chiefs realised by the mid-Nineteenth century that they were fighting for survival. A semblance of joint understanding was starting to spread out from southern AFrica into the interior, but not in the sense of any co-ordinated response to a colonial threat. The vast majority of African chiefdoms facing expanding settler frontiers were still responding locally, their response fragmented because the vast majority of African chiefs still regarded each other as more dangerous enemies - so their joint response to this growing threat was haphazard. AS the first people's faced annhilation, what distinguished the amaXhosa in a kind of historical contradiction, is that they did not diminish the numbers after each pushback — their numbers actually increased. This is not what happened to the Khoe and San who were pushed off their land by the new arrivals, the Nguni, then the next arrivals, the Europeans. The First people's of south Africa almost disappeared from the landscape as they were defeated. Not so the amaXhosa. Last episode I spoke of the historical Doppler Effect, and how folks approach the past, and this episode it's Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance theory. A simple example of this is that when people smoke, and they know smoking causes cancer, they are in a state of cognitive dissonance. The behaviour is smoking, and knowing it causes cancer is the cognitive dissonance bit when they continue to puff away. When Individuals form a group try to avoid disharmony by seeking consistency in beliefs. This is a central tenant to being human. However, it was this basic principle that was going to lead to the coming Cattle Killing extravaganza. Mlanjeni's prophecy continued — despite the fact that he had failed in his mission, he had not failed in his message. It is not a surprise therefore to hear that the next complex prophet in our tale of magic and mystery hailed from southern Transkei, and lived alongside the Gxara River which is just north of the Great Kei River Mouth. This is a place I know well, having regularly hiked from the Kei mouth Ferry along the beach to a nearby place called Qholora near the Ngogwane River in the mid-1980s. The riverine bush here is thick, mysterious, ancient and haunting. It seeps into your consciousness like the fingers of God, prodding your imagination, assailing your senses with sight and sound — and smell. The reason for spending time on the flora is because the next character to emerge in this saga who is going to alter South African history was a young Xhosa girl, Nongqawuse. It is these sights and sounds, this landscape that etched into her mind because it was from inside this landscape from bushes growing near her village, two strangers would appear in a bush and tell her that salvation for the Xhosa lay in killing all their cattle.

This is episode 197. Which is a prime number and therefore symbolic too because this episode we're dealing with a unique event in Southern African history. The 8th Frontier war, which began on Christmas Day 1950, was going to end eventually although as with all conflicts that stretch into years, most of those involved despaired believing perhaps the guns would never fall silent. A British government under Russell had come a cropper partly because of the way in which this war dragged on, it led to Sir Harry Smith losing his job as Cape Governor, and Sir George Cathcart had arrived to escort the conflagration to its spluttering expiration. Lord Earl Grey had lost his job as Colonial Secretary, only a few weeks after he'd fired Harry Smith. Among the amaXhosa, things were actually not much better. The overall situation was different from the previous war, because there was no longer any attempt at a central command, or even unity of action. Chief Sandile of the amaNqgika had told his warriors to avoid gathering in large numbers, preferring quick and dirty small raids to anything large scale. Committing acts of mischief of all kinds as the British referred to it. For both the settlers and Xhosa people who were trying to get on with their lives, the unstable frontier was a torturous concoction of blood, sweat and tears. It was actually the Khoekhoe rebels under leaders like Willem Uithaalder who were determined to hold out whatever happened. This position was reinforced when the British conducted a show trial of a man who has been treated very badly by History, by the name of Andries Botha. A Khoe veteran — former of the Cape Mounted Rifles. He faced two treason trials, the first ended in 1851, but the settlers were baying for his blood as a former Cape Mounted Rifles commander who was accused of switching sides to fight with the amaXhosa. As you'll hear, he hadn't. In May 1852 he was re-arrested and marched into a court where Judge Sir John Wylde presided in what became known as South Africa's first show trial — foreshadowing others such as the Rivonia Treason Trials where Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life on Robben Island. It as an unprecedented event this 1852 show trial, the first of its kind in the Supreme Court of the Cape Colony. Previously the trials had been dominated by the almost ritualised sentencing of rebellious slaves, but this one was the first politically charged trial taking aim at an indigenous person, a man of Southern Africa, not a rebellious slave from Madagascar or West Africa. Botha was defended by two of the Cape's top lawyers, Frank Watermeyer and Johannes Brand. In what amounted to an unsightly rush, he was sentenced to death in spite of a strong defence, however the outrage that followed led to the death sentence commuted to life in prison. The amaXhosa were exhausted and in Febuary 1853, Sir George Cathcart, like his predecessors, had tired of greedy colonists making quite a bit of cash out of this war. They hiked up their prices for all goods, horses, oxen, feed, leather goods, food. After protracted negotiations, Sandile and Maqoma surrendered, along with their chiefs. They were pardoned by Cathcart, who had promised they would not be arrested like Siyolo, in exchange for an unconditional surrender. And so dear listener, the end of the eighth frontier war was inconclusive. At first glance, it appeared the British had prevailed, the amaXhosa had been vanquished. It had cost close to three million pounds, 16 000 Xhosa had died, 1400 British and colonials. It had given the world something called the Birkenhead Drill, women and children first. It had also revealed to planet earth, a modern war where a guerrilla-style army with experience in the bush had forced the conventional army into unconventional tactics.

This is episode 197. Which is a prime number and therefore symbolic too because this episode we're dealing with a unique event in Southern African history. The 8th Frontier war, which began on Christmas Day 1850, was going to end eventually although as with all conflicts that stretch into years, most of those involved despaired believing perhaps the guns would never fall silent. A British government under Russell had come a cropper partly because of the way in which this war dragged on, it led to Sir Harry Smith losing his job as Cape Governor, and Sir George Cathcart had arrived to escort the conflagration to its spluttering expiration. Lord Earl Grey had lost his job as Colonial Secretary, only a few weeks after he'd fired Harry Smith. Among the amaXhosa, things were actually not much better. The overall situation was different from the previous war, because there was no longer any attempt at a central command, or even unity of action. Chief Sandile of the amaNqgika had told his warriors to avoid gathering in large numbers, preferring quick and dirty small raids to anything large scale. Committing acts of mischief of all kinds as the British referred to it. For both the settlers and Xhosa people who were trying to get on with their lives, the unstable frontier was a torturous concoction of blood, sweat and tears. It was actually the Khoekhoe rebels under leaders like Willem Uithaalder who were determined to hold out whatever happened. This position was reinforced when the British conducted a show trial of a man who has been treated very badly by History, by the name of Andries Botha. A Khoe veteran — former of the Cape Mounted Rifles. He faced two treason trials, the first ended in 1851, but the settlers were baying for his blood as a former Cape Mounted Rifles commander who was accused of switching sides to fight with the amaXhosa. As you'll hear, he hadn't. In May 1852 he was re-arrested and marched into a court where Judge Sir John Wylde presided in what became known as South Africa's first show trial — foreshadowing others such as the Rivonia Treason Trials where Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life on Robben Island. It as an unprecedented event this 1852 show trial, the first of its kind in the Supreme Court of the Cape Colony. Previously the trials had been dominated by the almost ritualised sentencing of rebellious slaves, but this one was the first politically charged trial taking aim at an indigenous person, a man of Southern Africa, not a rebellious slave from Madagascar or West Africa. Botha was defended by two of the Cape's top lawyers, Frank Watermeyer and Johannes Brand. In what amounted to an unsightly rush, he was sentenced to death in spite of a strong defence, however the outrage that followed led to the death sentence commuted to life in prison. The amaXhosa were exhausted and in Febuary 1853, Sir George Cathcart, like his predecessors, had tired of greedy colonists making quite a bit of cash out of this war. They hiked up their prices for all goods, horses, oxen, feed, leather goods, food. After protracted negotiations, Sandile and Maqoma surrendered, along with their chiefs. They were pardoned by Cathcart, who had promised they would not be arrested like Siyolo, in exchange for an unconditional surrender. And so dear listener, the end of the eighth frontier war was inconclusive. At first glance, it appeared the British had prevailed, the amaXhosa had been vanquished. It had cost close to three million pounds, 16 000 Xhosa had died, 1400 British and colonials. It had given the world something called the Birkenhead Drill, women and children first. It had also revealed to planet earth, a modern war where a guerrilla-style army with experience in the bush had forced the conventional army into unconventional tactics.

On this episode we cover a wide range of topics. Hatch kicks off the pod discussing how he is OFFICIALLY OFF THE MARKET?! hatch explains why he believes most relationships don't last?! Hatch goes behind the curtain and talks about personal experiences and pressures of leaving a legacy?! Hatch makes claim all the bad bitches are gay in 2024?! Meek Mill claims he is apart of NO DIDDY GANG?! Lamar Odom takes this creepy shit to another level making a sex doll to look exactly like Khoe kardashian?! & much much more!Song of the week : 50 Cent Feat Sonny Digital - I'm The ManX : OGHatch_FaceBook : OG HatchFaceBook Group Page: Friends of the Show The Thin Line Between Genius & InsanityYouTube: OGHatcchTik Tok : OGHatchTVIG: OGHatch_Rumble : OGHatchThreads :OGHatch_

VDVV_1575_0575 -Thay Giang Ngay Chot Khoa Suc Khoe Va Tam Linh 2. Washington DC 28 Sep 97.mp3PodCast ChannelsVô Vi Podcast - Vấn Đạo  Vô Vi Podcast - Băn GiảngVô Vi Podcast - Nhạc Thiền 

For today's Heritage Half hour we speak to Lindie Buirski, she's with the COCT's   Environmental Planning and Sustainability Branch & our topic is the City's Experiential Education Garden at the Green Point Urban Park , an exciting feature at the EEG is the  Khoi education programme  & exhibition . The first phase of the EEG project was launched in December 2020 and during the current phase more elements, such as the dome structured classroom, is being added.   The dome's design references the dwellings of the Khoi and pays tribute to their heritage as a First Nations group. The proposed exhibition displays and educational programmes will further relay their history. These components will also link to the current Khoe structures and information in the biodiversity showcase garden in the Green Point Park. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Sau khi Ủy ban Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam công khai hơn 12.000 trang sao kê, dân mạng đã dành cả đêm check var người nổi tiếng, bạn bè…trong đó nhiều người lên tiếng xin lỗi vì trót khoe mẽ, cũng có người phải đính chính lại số tiền mình đã ủng hộ.

Kommer oor die toename in moord op kinders, en die verkragting van vroue. Die taalraad, Pansat, vra dat Khoe- en San-tale by openbare skole aangebied moet word. Ons fokus op die Springbokke se oorwinning teen die All Blacks.

Niềm vui vỡ òa khi cậu bạn trẻ khoe giấy báo trúng tuyển đại học ngay trước di ảnh cha mẹ, những người đã luôn bên cạnh ủng hộ và dõi theo từng bước đi của con. Một khoảnh khắc đầy xúc động, minh chứng cho sự nỗ lực và tình yêu gia đình.

VDVV-1513_0513 -Be Tam  Ban Bac Tap 05 -Be That Su Khoe Chua -Ky Nay La Tho Vo Vi Co Dang Bai Huan Tu.mp3PodCast ChannelsVô Vi Podcast - Vấn Đạo  Vô Vi Podcast - Băn GiảngVô Vi Podcast - Nhạc Thiền

VDVV-1509_0509 -Be Tam  Ban Bac Tap 01 -Be Khoe Lam Hay Sao Ma Du Tru Ban Bac Khap Cac Noi. 02 Aug 1991.mp3PodCast ChannelsVô Vi Podcast - Vấn Đạo  Vô Vi Podcast - Băn GiảngVô Vi Podcast - Nhạc Thiền

Khoe thu nhập 80 triệu/tháng ở tuổi 28, Thu Trà nhận hàng nghìn lượt tương tác, đây là cách cô hút sự chú ý của các ứng viên cho vị trí công việc đang cần tuyển.

- Những ngày qua, liên tiếp các địa phương công bố điểm chuẩn vào lớp 10. Nhiều trường Đại học cũng chính thức công bố điểm xét tuyển. Cũng từ đây nảy sinh biết bao hỉ nộ ái ố và nổ ra những cuộc tranh luận không hồi kết trên một số diễn đàn và mạng xã hội về việc, có nên khoe thành tích học tập của con trên mạng xã hội? Để có thêm góc nhìn về chủ đề đang thu hút sự chú ý của dư luận, Tiến sỹ Trần Thành Nam, Phó Hiệu trưởng Trường Đại học Giáo dục – Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội và Tiến sỹ xã hội học, thạc sỹ tâm lý trị liệu Phạm Thị Thúy cùng bàn luận câu chuyện này. Chủ đề : khoe thành tích học tập, mạng xã hội --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/vov1sukien/support

First off, a big thank you to those listeners who've been sending me emails, a great deal of useful information emerges from our discussions which always improves the quality of this podcast, specifically thanks to John for sending me your book and to Doctor Nkosi for the contact in eSwatini. When we left off in episode 168, pressure was being exerted on the Kat River Settlement by the new Governor, Sir Henry Pottinger. A quick revisit. The Kat River Settlement came into being in I829 after a clash on the eastern border when the authorities of the Cape Colony expelled amaXhosa from land around the source of the Kat River. To prevent them from re-occupying the area when the soldiers withdrew, the colonial government decided to settle it with English settlers and Khoekhoe and bastaards. Andries Stockenstrom who was then the Commissioner General of the eastern districts, wanted to intersperse the two races and give them equal quantities of land. But his superiors insisted on placing the khoe in the most exposed military positions, then gave the Khoe smaller land-grants than the English settlers received. What is really fascinating is how many types of people lived in this small area — people who differentiated themselves based on their ancestry. The party at the confluence of the Kat and Mankanzana Rivers for example belonged to that class of mixed race South Africans known to the colonists as 'Bastaards', who had adopted Dutch clothing, religion, technology and language, and did not associate themselves with their Khoi heritage. In May 1847 Governor Sir Henry Pottinger appoint a bankrupt farmer and a man who was known as a great hater of the Khoekhoe to oversee the Kat River Settlement. Thomas Jarvis Biddulph was appointed magistrate and immediately there were issues. Andries Stockenstrom said Biddulph's moral character “could not bear scrutiny” and the new magistrate launched into a series of verbal and physical attacks on the Khoekhoe living along the Kat River and Blinkwater. He called them “a lazy set of paupers” and said that they would be better served working as labourers for the English settlers and the Boers. Just to reinforce his view, Biddulph pulled a tax stunt — increasing their tax from eighteen pence to six shillings. From eighteen cents to sixty cents. How about that for a tax hike, that's 43 percent. If you tried that these days, the scratching sound of matches would be heard across the land. This historic site didn't have long to go before it would be eviscerated by colonial jealousy. Even the former supporters, the missionaries, appeared to lose faith. One of the most ardent was Henry Calderwood. His idealism had evaporated — living on the frontier had shattered his liberal attitudes, and now he seemed to swap one obsession for another. One of the things that had driven Pottinger up the wall was the fact that the amaNgqika had continued to insist that they were at peace without admitting that they had been defeated, and by Sandile's refusal to resume negotiations. On the 7th August 1847 Sandile' had been formally declared a rebel. Then the whole situation worsened, and fast. Pottinger resorted to proclaiming that the amaMfengu, the Boers and the Khoekhoe who fought with his regular soldiers could seize whatever they liked from the amaXhosa. The full-scale invasion of the Amathola's began again on the 29th September 1847, and every grain pit was emptied, every single animal seized.

Tựa Đề: Khoe Về Trí Khôn; Tác Giả: Ngọc-Huỳnh-Bích; Loạt Bài: Đồng Hành Với Chúa

Welcome back to the History of South Africa podcast with me your host, Des Latham. This is episode 141. First a little admin - a big thank you to for tuning in. This series has passed one million listens, the response has been staggering. When I began planning the history of South Africa podcast three years ago, it was literally a step into the deep end of audio production. Nothing can truly prepare you for such an enterprise — and this is a solo job. It's me, the hundreds of books collected over decades, the journals, the papers, the travel, the experience and you, the listener. So without resorting to too much grandiose baloney, let me just say thank you. Without your support and wonderful emails and messages, this would have been an awful lot harder. With that little detour out of the way, back to our story for this week. We need to switch our gaze back to the northern Cape, circa 1838 and 9, and spend time discussing what was going on along the Orange River that in many ways is similar to the Nile and the Niger Rivers. The Orange River is smaller, but it also flows through an extremely arid zone like the Nile and the Niger, and like those waterways, it is a lifeline for animal and human life over a large area. It was towards this riparian zone that the colonists were expanding, and ahead of them the Khoe, the Oorlam, the !Kora. Then the Voortrekkers left in their hundreds, the flood turning to thousands, they weakened the Cape frontier substantially because it was a loss of military power. This happened as the trekkers themselves destabilised the interior of the country, and the British administration feared that they'd face dispossessed Africans who would become a nightmare as they entered the Cape, economic and war refugees. Examples were the amaMfengu who had fled the Mfecane, now they faced more destabilisation as hundreds of men riding horses and carrying guns made their way out of the Cape. By this time in the colony, most of previous Governor Benjamin D'Urban's comprehensive programme of reforms had been accomplished, including the establishment of a Legislative Council, the introduction of a Revised charter of Justice, emancipation of the slaves and the beginnings of municipal government so that the locals could manage themselves. As we continue with the series, that narrative of haste will be our companion. When we look at the goings on, we must extend our gaze beyond the borders, most of which are merely lines on maps. Regions are tied together through the shared use of water and other resources. In this episode we're going to look north, and try to understand the link between the people of the Cape, and the people of Namibia. Two people in particular. The San and the Oorlam and their relationship with the Orange River. Between 1800 and 1839 the San had been virtually exterminated as a people. They had stood in the way of the first trekboers through the turn of the century, and the expansion could only continue into the welcoming environment of the eastern transOrangia region after the San of the Sneeuberg had been pacified. This had been both a violent and a subtle and insidious practice, including gift giving, mainly alcohol. Even peaceful trekkers had undermined the San resistance by pure dint of infiltration into their territory. Once the colonists had established themselves beyond the Sneeuberg, the San were unable to prevent the destruction of their lifestyle. It was a similar story for the Khoekhoe. Those who were not killed or captured retreated deep into the deserts or the inhospital areas of Bushmansland so that they could survive. The !Kora were various clans who lived in a fluid situation in the interior of the country, and anyone who chose a raiding, roving mode of existence were likely to be called Koranna regardless of their ancestry. But they had made excellent use of two major introductions into South Africa. The Gun and the horse.

Đến với episode 71, là một genZ, mình muốn đặt câu hỏi, vì sao chúng ta khoe và đây nên là điều được khuyến khích hay bác bỏ? Theo dõi Amateur Psychology qua website: https://amateurpsychologytaymohocdoibangtamlyhoc.com Mua sách Hành tinh của một kẻ nghĩ nhiều: https://bit.ly/hanhtinhcuamotkenghinhieu_tiki bit.ly/44MTa6c Theo dõi Amateur Psychology qua các nền tảng khác: https://linktr.ee/nguyendoanminhthu

Last episode we ended with Hendrick Potgieter and Sarel Cilliers riding to try and find a route to Delagoa Bay, and meeting up with Louis Trichardt. If you remember, Potgieter had warned his followers camped the Sand Rivier not to cross the Vaal River into Mzilikazi's territory, or they'd be attacked. We'll come back to what happened when a small group decided to ignore his orders in a moment. Some explanation is required about what the difference is between a trekboer, and a Voortrekker. The drosters, or raiders, had preceded the Voortrekkers, and in many ways, they had scarred the landscape and warped the perception of folks who dressed in trousers and carried muskets. The frontiers mixed race groups that had pushed out of the Cape starting early in the 18th Century, more than one hundred years before the Voortrekkers, had ploughed into the people's of inner southern Africa, and these same people were to become the agterryers of the Boers in the future. The Voortrekker Exodus was one of many early 19th Century treks out of the Cape by indigenous South Africans. There was a northern boundary and the Kora, Koranna, Griqua, basters and other mixed groups expanded this boundary, speaking an early form of Afrikaans, simplified Dutch, indigenised if you like. The Zulus and Ndebele, and others, who were going to face the new threat on the veld, did not have the long history of fighting the Dutch and the English and did not really understand how to avoid suicidal full frontal suicidal attacks on entrenched positions — they were machismo to the max — believing that a kind of furious sprint towards the enemy would overcome everything. The Boers had another system which was perfected on the open plains of southern Africa. They would ride out to within range of a large group of warriors, an ibutho, and fire on them while keeping a sharp eye out for possible outflanking manoeuvres. The warriors would persist in a massed frontal attack, and the Boers would ride in retreat in two ranks. The first would dismount, fire, remount and retire behind the next line of men who would repeat the action. They would load as they rode, some could do this in less than 20 seconds, or they would hand their rifles to their baster agterryers who would hand them their second musket, increasing the volume of fire. They would draw the enemy into the range of the rest of the Boers inside the laager, and these would open lay down a deadly fusillade, usually stalling the enemy's assault and demoralising the attackers. Sensing victory, the an assault force inside the laager would ride out, routing the enemy. The Voortrekkers departed from these eastern and north eastern locales in more cohesive groups, bound by religion. The differences that emerged the factions, were group based on the leadership of individuals, whereas the trekboers of earlier times had been far more isolated, small nuclear families roaming the vastnesses, the Karoo, the scrublands, the men often taking Khoi and Khoisan mistresses or wives. The earlier frontiersmen were like hillbillies facing off against each other sometimes — squabbling with neighbours. The new moral code that imbued the Voortrekker way demanded conformity, it knitted the Groups together, and there would be no compromise or adaption of the Khoe or Xhosa way of life that had characterised earlier trekkers. Meanwhile, carnage.

Ước muốn của quí vị cao niên không gì khác hơn là sống lâu và khỏe mạnh cùng con cháu. Dĩ nhiên với điều kiện là minh mẩn, không bệnh tật trầm kha khiến phải có người hầu hạ, cũng như có thể đi lại dễ dàng, ăn ngủ điều độ... Ông Lê Văn Inh nổi tiếng là một danh thủ bóng bàn từ Việt Nam sang Úc, mới đây đã cử hành sinh nhật thứ 81. Ông vẫn sinh hoạt bình thường, thi đấu bóng bàn, cũng như huấn luyện cho người khác liên tục từ sáng đến chiều. Bí quyết nào ông giữ được phong độ và sức khoẻ về thể chất cũng như tinh thần như vậy, hôm nay ông chia sẻ cùng quí thính giả của 'Cao Niên Vui Sống'.

From the CW hit series Superman & Lois AND Kung-Fu, actress Jennifer Khoe is my guest in the Comic Book Central Lair! Photo courtesy Jennifer KhoeImages TM & copyright © The CW Follow Jennifer on IGStuff you heard on the show:FanExpo ClevelandTerrifiConSubscribe to Comic Book Central’s YouTube channel

Jennifer Khoe boards the mothership! You know her as Xiao on Kung Fu on the CW. She discusses playing the villain and her experience on the show. She is not only an actress but a producer as well and she discusses her upcoming short films!   #Jenniferkhoe #cwtv #KungFU #Kungfutheseries #indieproducer

Triều Tiên khoe số lượng tên lửa hạt nhân lớn nhất từ trước đến nay trong cuộc duyệt binh ban đêm; Nhật Bản, Philippines cam kết hợp tác an ninh chặt chẽ hơn; Điện Kremlin: Thế giới phải biết sự thật về vụ nổ Nord Stream; Công ty lính đánh thuê Wagner của Nga dừng chiến dịch tuyển mộ tù nhân

Episode #145: Calvin Khoe, the Co-Director of Foreign Policy Community of Indonesia (FPCI), speaks with us about ASEAN's and Indonesia's in role in the Myanmar conflict.Khoe emphasizes the importance of allowing ASEAN to lead detailed, closed-door conversations with a wide range of actors within Myanmar, and that it shouldn't be rushed by outside parties. He criticizes Westerners who he feels are unfamiliar with ASEAN's protocols (and Asian culture in general) and who push too aggressively for progress.To Khoe, the need for private dialogue also informs his perhaps controversial opinion that it is inappropriate even to publicly chastise the Tatmadaw for its many serious human rights infractions, and that such matters should only be addressed by using soft language with them in private. And perhaps even more controversially, he insists that discussions on the future of the country must involve the SAC, as well as the NUG and various EAOs. This is because he feels that all parties have a seat at the table in looking at the future of the country, and he hopes Indonesia can be seen as a “big brother” member of ASEAN that could facilitate this kind of discussion.Addressing concerns that the military-led elections proposed this year would likely not be free and fair, and thus provide a false legitimacy to the junta, Khoe argues that he does not see any better option for resolving the conflict, and adds that ASEAN and Indonesia could help oversee any elections.Khoe explains how ASEAN and Southeast Asian nations view the role of the military within their respective countries. Most Southeast Asian countries have strong militaries, and Khoe believes that outside countries do not appreciate the local context and history of the region, and the traditional role that militaries play in that part of the world. This is also why he insists that the Tatmadaw does have a role in deciding the future of the country, in spite of the widespread violence they have perpetuated in these past two years.

VDVV-1235_180g-Suc Khoe Va Tam Linh 2. Washington DC 28 Sep 97  43PPodCast ChannelsVô Vi Podcast - Vấn Đạo  Vô Vi Podcast - Băn GiảngVô Vi Podcast - Nhạc Thiền

We're dealing with the period 1826 to 1828 and southern Africa was a rich patchwork of expanding trekboers, Shaka setting up his empire in Zululand, the Khoe and basters traveling and raiding along the Orange River, and the amaNdebele on the move into the highveld. Of course 1826 was not a great year if you were Lord Charles Somerset, who was hastened home after his administration been scrutinized with an intense scrute, to quote Spike Milligan. Lord Bathurst had setup the Advisory Council in Cape Town, a kind of forerunner to a cabinet, and the days of the Governor merely printing his edicts as law were over. The council then approached a rather thorny problem of creating a separate council for the Eastern districts, the Eastern cape so to speak. But they held off for the meantime – at least until after slavery was abolished. The new lieutenant Governor replacing Somerset was Bourke who waved Lord Charles off in March 1826 to the relative peace at Brighton back in England. The need for a resident authority further east, along the frontier, was met in a while by a compromise. That was when Dutch speaking Andries Stockenstrom landdrost of Graaff-Reinet, was appointed Commissioner-General at Grahamstown, and was to report on all the affairs of the eastern districts .. including Beaufort West in the Karoo. Farewell along with Henry Francis Fynn Fynn who had taken a liking to Shaka. They spent months hunting elephants, and had bagged a fortune in ivory. Life was hard for the settlers here in the early days of Natal, but the rewards were vast. James Saunders King had rented the Mary, which he'd now managed to wreck, but he was not alone on that humid beach in October. Swimming alongside him were Nathanial Isaacs and Charles Rawden Maclean. Isaacs is an entire podcast series himself, and I said we'd be hearing a lot more from him and here he is. Nathanial Isaacs' stories about Shaka would form the core narrative of the Shaka mythology, and some of his comments actually still appear in school text books. It's been a long road to weed out this teenager's overwritten memories from our consciousness. But he was quite an interesting chap nevertheless.

We're dealing with the period 1826 to 1828 and southern Africa was a rich patchwork of expanding trekboers, Shaka setting up his empire in Zululand, the Khoe and basters traveling and raiding along the Orange River, and the amaNdebele on the move into the highveld. Of course 1826 was not a great year if you were Lord Charles Somerset, who was hastened home after his administration been scrutinized with an intense scrute, to quote Spike Milligan. Lord Bathurst had setup the Advisory Council in Cape Town, a kind of forerunner to a cabinet, and the days of the Governor merely printing his edicts as law were over. The council then approached a rather thorny problem of creating a separate council for the Eastern districts, the Eastern cape so to speak. But they held off for the meantime – at least until after slavery was abolished. The new lieutenant Governor replacing Somerset was Bourke who waved Lord Charles off in March 1826 to the relative peace at Brighton back in England. The need for a resident authority further east, along the frontier, was met in a while by a compromise. That was when Dutch speaking Andries Stockenstrom landdrost of Graaff-Reinet, was appointed Commissioner-General at Grahamstown, and was to report on all the affairs of the eastern districts .. including Beaufort West in the Karoo. Farewell along with Henry Francis Fynn Fynn who had taken a liking to Shaka. They spent months hunting elephants, and had bagged a fortune in ivory. Life was hard for the settlers here in the early days of Natal, but the rewards were vast. James Saunders King had rented the Mary, which he'd now managed to wreck, but he was not alone on that humid beach in October. Swimming alongside him were Nathanial Isaacs and Charles Rawden Maclean. Isaacs is an entire podcast series himself, and I said we'd be hearing a lot more from him and here he is. Nathanial Isaacs' stories about Shaka would form the core narrative of the Shaka mythology, and some of his comments actually still appear in school text books. It's been a long road to weed out this teenager's overwritten memories from our consciousness. But he was quite an interesting chap nevertheless.

The Stuph File Program Featuring actor/singer Bob McGrath; actress Jennifer Khoe; & science writer Andrew Fazekas, author of National Geographic Backyard Guide to the Night Sky and National Geographic's Stargazer Atlas: The Ultimate Guide To The Night Sky Download We remember Bob McGrath from Sesame Street, who recently died at the age of 90 with part of a conversation from 2004. He was one of the first four humans on the classic children's program.  Jennifer Khoe, from the TV show, Kung Fu. She plays the shapeshifter Xiao. Science writer, Andrew Fazekas, The Night Sky Guy, author of National Geographic Backyard Guide to the Night Sky and National Geographic's Stargazer Atlas: The Ultimate Guide To The Night Sky, talks about the success of Artemis One's journey to the Moon from its stellar pictures, to record breaking swings past the Moon. and what it all means for the future.(Patreon Stuph File Program fans, there is a Patreon Reward Extra where Andrew talks about China's astronauts going to their own space station; a historical mega tsunami on Mars and more). Now you can listen to selected items from The Stuph File Program on the new audio service, Audea. A great way to keep up with many of the interviews from the show and take a trip down memory lane to when this show began back in 2009, with over 700 selections to choose from! This week's guest slate is presented by history professor, military historian and filmmaker, David O'Keefe, author of many books including One Day in August: The Untold Story Behind Canada's Tragedy at Dieppe and Seven Days in Hell: Canada's Battle for Normandy and the Rise of the Black Watch Snipers.

Những người hâm mộ huyền thoại bóng đá Pele đã tổ chức một buổi cầu nguyện sau khi ông ấy được chuyển đến khu chăm sóc giảm nhẹ. Buổi lễ được tổ chức ngay trước bệnh viện nơi huyền thoại người Brazil đang điều trị ung thư ở Sao Paulo.

This is episode 87 and it's time to talk a bit about the terrifying power of San poison and then a quick revisit to the frontier of 1822 which of course is exactly two hundred years ago. As part of the picture of the past, at times when there's a bit of a lull in the action so to speak, I'll concentrate on aspects of historical themes or interesting titbits and today we're looking into South Africa's first people and specifically – their deadly poison arrows. All the way through these episodes, you have heard about how the amaXhosa, the Khoe and the Boers, then the British, exploited or subjugated the San – previously known as the Bushmen. We have enough DNA evidence to point to the fact that they were not only the first people of South Africa but given their DNA diversity, are the first people of planet earth. But this didn't stop everyone from trying to either kill them, or co-opt them through the thousands of years that their lives have intersected with the lives of newer folks returning home so to speak. The San were particularly terrifying because they could manufacture various types of poison for use with their arrows. Based on the results obtained from various artefacts spanning historical, Later and Middle Stone Age phases particularly at sites along the cape coast archaeologists believe poisoned bone arrowheads may have been in use in southern Africa throughout the last 72,000 years. Its now time move refocus on to what was going on across southern Africa and the world in 1821 as we step back to assess matters. In the east, Shaka Zulu was starting to flex his imperial muscles as you know while in Cape Town, Lord Charles Somerset was back from his sabbatical and facing the ruin of most 1820 Settlers. But the newspapers were also obsessing about other matters at the end of 1821. Napoleon Bonaparte had died of stomach cancer in exile in St Helena. Europe was increasingly unstable as the agreements signed at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 were coming apart.

This is episode 87 and it's time to talk a bit about the terrifying power of San poison and then a quick revisit to the frontier of 1822 which of course is exactly two hundred years ago. As part of the picture of the past, at times when there's a bit of a lull in the action so to speak, I'll concentrate on aspects of historical themes or interesting titbits and today we're looking into South Africa's first people and specifically – their deadly poison arrows. All the way through these episodes, you have heard about how the amaXhosa, the Khoe and the Boers, then the British, exploited or subjugated the San – previously known as the Bushmen. We have enough DNA evidence to point to the fact that they were not only the first people of South Africa but given their DNA diversity, are the first people of planet earth. But this didn't stop everyone from trying to either kill them, or co-opt them through the thousands of years that their lives have intersected with the lives of newer folks returning home so to speak. The San were particularly terrifying because they could manufacture various types of poison for use with their arrows. Based on the results obtained from various artefacts spanning historical, Later and Middle Stone Age phases particularly at sites along the cape coast archaeologists believe poisoned bone arrowheads may have been in use in southern Africa throughout the last 72,000 years. Its now time move refocus on to what was going on across southern Africa and the world in 1821 as we step back to assess matters. In the east, Shaka Zulu was starting to flex his imperial muscles as you know while in Cape Town, Lord Charles Somerset was back from his sabbatical and facing the ruin of most 1820 Settlers. But the newspapers were also obsessing about other matters at the end of 1821. Napoleon Bonaparte had died of stomach cancer in exile in St Helena. Europe was increasingly unstable as the agreements signed at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 were coming apart.

Trouble was not so much brewing as fermenting on the eastern Cape frontier as we heard last episode. The British were aware that Ndlambe and his wardoctor, Nxele, had gathered troops ready to invade the Albany region, the Zuurveld, and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Wilshire, or Tiger Tom as he was known, had been dispatched from the Cape with reinforcements and he'd arrived in Grahamstown. Meanwhile, in Graaff-Reinet, Landdrost Andries Stockenstrom had raised a large commando from amongst the Boers on the frontier. As you're going to hear, they couldn't help the people of Grahamstown, they were too far away. But It was shortly after this that the British were told that the Xhosa warriors appeared to have disappeared. What NXele and Ndlambe had done was to mass 10 000 men in the impenetrable Fish River ravines not far from Grahamstown in preparation for something truly audacious. Some say it was more like 6 000 warriors, but most historians believe it was more like 10 000 so we're sticking with that number. Nothing quite like this had ever been attempted by the Xhosa. They'd attacked farms, burned crops, ambushed British patrols in the Albany thickets, raided cattle. But attacking an entire town was a novel tactic. No-one else but Nxele, or Makhanda as he was formally known, could have envisaged this – he also had broad support by now of most Xhosa, Ndlambe was behind him, so too Chungwa's son Petho who was itching to avenge his father. Remember the old man was shot out of hand by Khoe and Boer commando troops in the previous war. Bygones are never bygones when you're killing someone's father.

Trouble was not so much brewing as fermenting on the eastern Cape frontier as we heard last episode. The British were aware that Ndlambe and his wardoctor, Nxele, had gathered troops ready to invade the Albany region, the Zuurveld, and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Wilshire, or Tiger Tom as he was known, had been dispatched from the Cape with reinforcements and he'd arrived in Grahamstown. Meanwhile, in Graaff-Reinet, Landdrost Andries Stockenstrom had raised a large commando from amongst the Boers on the frontier. As you're going to hear, they couldn't help the people of Grahamstown, they were too far away. But It was shortly after this that the British were told that the Xhosa warriors appeared to have disappeared. What NXele and Ndlambe had done was to mass 10 000 men in the impenetrable Fish River ravines not far from Grahamstown in preparation for something truly audacious. Some say it was more like 6 000 warriors, but most historians believe it was more like 10 000 so we're sticking with that number. Nothing quite like this had ever been attempted by the Xhosa. They'd attacked farms, burned crops, ambushed British patrols in the Albany thickets, raided cattle. But attacking an entire town was a novel tactic. No-one else but Nxele, or Makhanda as he was formally known, could have envisaged this – he also had broad support by now of most Xhosa, Ndlambe was behind him, so too Chungwa's son Petho who was itching to avenge his father. Remember the old man was shot out of hand by Khoe and Boer commando troops in the previous war. Bygones are never bygones when you're killing someone's father.

It's the second decade of the 19th Century - the trekboers as you heard last episode were alarmed by the British decision to drop loan farms – and using the quit-rent system to reinforce land ownership. Governor Somerset had arrived to take over the management of this new system, and to oversee the new Circuit Court process where justice was supposed to be provided for the long-suffering Khoe servants and slaves of the farmers. It was that double change that drove some trekboers on the frontier to rebellion which forms the core of the Afrikaner-nationalist tradition and narrative to this day. The interference of the English, the escalation of human rights to include blacks, and the influence of religion in this saga cannot be underestimated. A handful of rebellious trekboers had approached the amaXhosa in 1814 then again in 1815 to join them in a plan to overthrow British rule on the frontier. IT was by all accounts, a ramshackle jumble of emotions rolled into a dilapidated strategy undermined by a confused motivatio. As Johannes Bezuidenhout, Henrick Prinsloo and others fomented the spirit of rebellion, authorities in the Cape were soon briefed about what was going on. It was impossible for this business to be kept secret, the trekboers were prone to panic, rumour and gossip and perhaps all three emotions were part of the blabbing that reached the authorities. Naturally, ringleader Hendrik Prinsloo was arrested. His sidekick, Johannes Bezuidenhout was on the lamb, still trying to motivate Xhosa leader Ngqika to join his rebellion and had sent another delegation to his Great Place, pleading for support and inviting the Xhosa to reenter the Zuurveld, the Albany region. The British finally were going to make an example of the frontier trekboers, They arrested five of the main ringleaders, including Hendrick Prinsloo, and they were sentenced to death by hanging. What was to follow was a dreadful scene that drives emotions to the present.

It's the second decade of the 19th Century - the trekboers as you heard last episode were alarmed by the British decision to drop loan farms – and using the quit-rent system to reinforce land ownership. Governor Somerset had arrived to take over the management of this new system, and to oversee the new Circuit Court process where justice was supposed to be provided for the long-suffering Khoe servants and slaves of the farmers. It was that double change that drove some trekboers on the frontier to rebellion which forms the core of the Afrikaner-nationalist tradition and narrative to this day. The interference of the English, the escalation of human rights to include blacks, and the influence of religion in this saga cannot be underestimated. A handful of rebellious trekboers had approached the amaXhosa in 1814 then again in 1815 to join them in a plan to overthrow British rule on the frontier. IT was by all accounts, a ramshackle jumble of emotions rolled into a dilapidated strategy undermined by a confused motivatio. As Johannes Bezuidenhout, Henrick Prinsloo and others fomented the spirit of rebellion, authorities in the Cape were soon briefed about what was going on. It was impossible for this business to be kept secret, the trekboers were prone to panic, rumour and gossip and perhaps all three emotions were part of the blabbing that reached the authorities. Naturally, ringleader Hendrik Prinsloo was arrested. His sidekick, Johannes Bezuidenhout was on the lamb, still trying to motivate Xhosa leader Ngqika to join his rebellion and had sent another delegation to his Great Place, pleading for support and inviting the Xhosa to reenter the Zuurveld, the Albany region. The British finally were going to make an example of the frontier trekboers, They arrested five of the main ringleaders, including Hendrick Prinsloo, and they were sentenced to death by hanging. What was to follow was a dreadful scene that drives emotions to the present.

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