Podcasts about moraxella

Moraxella means more moronic puns from Jame&Callum. A short episode for some sort rods. Listen to hear about this coccobacillus, how to identify it in the lab and what sort of clinical syndromes it causes.Show note for this episode hereSend us a text Support the showQuestions, comments, suggestions to idiotspodcasting@gmail.com or on X/Threads @IDiots_podPrep notes for completed episodes can be found here (Not all episodes have prep notes).If you are enjoying the podcast please leave a review on your preferred podcast app!Feel like giving back? Donations of caffeine gratefully received!https://www.buymeacoffee.com/idiotspod

AABP Executive Director Dr. Fred Gingrich is joined by Dr. John Angelos, University of California-Davis, and Dr. Dustin Loy, Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, to discuss infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), commonly referred to as pinkeye. This is a multi-factorial disease that can sometimes be difficult to manage during outbreak situations. Our conversation begins as a review of the major pathogens associated with IBK which includes Moraxella bovis and Mycoplasma bovoculi  which are associated with the majority of cases submitted to diagnostic labs. Our guests also review the various risk factors associated with IBK including flies, mechanical trauma and viral infections. There are nine commercially available bacterin products, two conditionally licensed products, and autogenous vaccines to aid in the prevention of IBK in cattle. Our guests review some best practices for incorporating vaccination into herd health protocols as well as other prevention measures veterinarians may recommend to beef and dairy producers such as clipping pastures, fly control, mineral supplementation and managing viral risk factors.When prevention fails, treatment protocols are important for veterinarians to develop for producers during both individual animal cases and herd outbreaks. Oxytetracycline and tulathromycin are two antimicrobials currently labeled in the U.S. for treatment of IBK in cattle. There are no Veterinary Feed Directive products labeled for IBK treatment, prevention or control and veterinarians should be aware that it is prohibited to write a VFD for an extra-label use of in-feed antimicrobials. Veterinarians are an ideal resource to develop prevention and treatment protocols for managing IBK on beef and dairy operations. Continuing to monitor cases and risk factors can aid in managing this important disease.  

AABP Executive Director Dr. Fred Gingrich is joined by AABP member Dr. Dave Krahn to discuss a disease that may be unfamiliar to many listeners – infection from hematogenous mycoplasma species. Krahn has been a practicing dairy veterinarian in central Wisconsin since graduating from veterinary school in 1989. This episode of Have You Herd? is sponsored by Addison Biological Laboratories, manufacturers of MAXI/GUARD Pinkeye Bacterin and Moraxella bovoculi bacterin to protect your herd before pinkeye season. For more information, visit https://addisonlabs.com/.  We start our conversation by reviewing the characteristics of the hematogenous mycoplasmas and clinical signs that may be attributable to infection. Diagnosis of the disease is done via PCR and a presumptive diagnosis can be made via a blood smear to look for the organism on red blood cells. Krahn worked with university partners to do a study on his client's herds as well as a prevalence study in Michigan and Wisconsin which found that 100% of farms were positive for one or both of the organisms. The within herd prevalence for hematogenous mycoplasmas was 75%. Krahn has implemented protocols for use of pasteurized colostrum for feeding calves and individual needle use for all injections to control the spread of the disease. He reports that herds show a resolution of clinical signs within 4-6 months after implementation of control measures. Schambow RA, Poulsen K, Bolin S, Krahn D, Norby B, Sockett D, Ruegg PL. Apparent prevalence of Mycoplasma wenyonii, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, and bovine leukemia virus in Wisconsin and Michigan dairy cattle herds. JDS Commun. 2021 Jan 22;2(2):61-66. https://doi.org/10.3168/jdsc.2020-0033  

It's the Ranch It Up Radio Show.  We dive into our discussions on Pinkeye and how to treat it.  We have lots of news you need to hear, cattle sale updates, cattle for sale, and sale reports, and this week's top hand.  Join Jeff 'Tigger' Erhardt, the Boss Lady Rebecca Wanner aka 'BEC', and our crew as we bring you the latest in markets, news, and Western entertainment on this all-new episode of the Ranch It Up Radio Show.  Be sure to subscribe on your favorite podcasting app or on the Ranch It Up Radio Show YouTube Channel.   EPISODE 159 DETAILS Some say that Pinkeye is just a necessary evil that we have to face in the cattle business, or is it?  We are joined again today by Dr. Jeff Sarchet with Zoetis to discuss how to treat pinkeye.  There are many options from the vaccine to treating the injected eye.  We share out winner of the Ranch It Up Radio Show Top Hand along with a market recap and updates from Stockmen's Livestock Exchange and the Producers Livestock Marketing Association and cattle for sale on LivestockMarket.com.  Plus, the weekly market recap with Kirk Donsbach with Stone X Financial, Inc.  We have it all for you in this jam-packed episode of The Ranch It Up Radio Show!  As always Tigger & BEC and the Ranch It Up crew dive into the latest agriculture news, rodeo action not to miss, and cover the cattle markets.   WHAT CAUSES PINKEYE IN CATTLE   Preventing traditional summer pinkeye in cattle involves eliminating the many eye irritations listed in this report. Identifying and taking steps to resolve physical hazards in your operation, including face fly control, may be more effective than pinkeye vaccinations. Offer protection from the sunlight by providing adequately sized shade and allow cattle to graze at night when face flies are not active. Make sure mineral consumption is adequate months before the pinkeye season. Selenium, copper, and zinc are vital for maintaining eye health. Be vigilant and immediately isolate the first case of pinkeye. Seek a veterinary diagnosis. Develop a treatment and prevention plan with input from your veterinarian.   WHAT IS PINKEYE The scientific name for pinkeye is infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). It is a disease of cornea (eye surface) and the conjunctiva (eyelids). IBK is reported as the most common cause of eye disease in all breeding females and calves more than three weeks old. It is second only to calf scours, the most prevalent condition affecting pre-weaned calves (Dewell). According to the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the first clinical signs of any eye irritation, including IBK, is often tearing, tear staining, and eyelid squinting. Tearing often increases as the pinkeye progresses. IBK may suddenly appear as an opaque spot on the cornea, making early recognition difficult. Conjunctivitis is sometimes seen but not in every case. Corneal ulceration may occur as pinkeye progresses. Some cases of IBK spontaneously resolve. Others result in severe damage to the cornea and blindness. IBK is costly and labor intense to treat. Suffering cattle have decreased appetite because of pain or decreased vision and the inability to locate food and water. Cattle with scarred or ‘blue' eyes with prolapsed corneas, or blind cattle have reduced value at the market. ASSOCIATED PINKEYE FACTORS Normal eyes have adequate defense mechanisms to prevent infection and subsequent corneal ulceration. Any form of eye irritation allows pathogens to penetrate the cornea: Physical trauma from aggression between animals, overcrowded bunks, self-feeders; handling during transport; abrasive bedding, grazing close to field margins where thorns, barbed wire and tufts of dry stalks of grass can scratch the cornea; rust/corrosion and the sharp edges from galvanized handling systems and penning; tail switching especially when crowded together under shade Blowing dust and sand, weed seeds/chaff Face flies UV irradiation (bright sunlight) causes cell damage to the conjunctiva and cornea Chemical trauma, i.e. fresh nitrogen on pasture Other IBK associated factors include stress from shipping, processing, and insects which can all be immunosuppressive. Younger cattle are more susceptible to IBK than are older cattle. Cattle with white faces,except Brahman cattle, appear to have a higher incidence of IBK. Mineral deficiencies involving selenium, copper and zinc have been diagnosed in recurrent IBK herd outbreaks. MICROBIAL AGENTS INVOLVED WITH PINKEYE The eye has a limited number of ways to respond to disease or injury; clinical signs look the same for a variety of reasons. Since the 1970's, Moraxilla bovis is accepted as the most common cause of traditional IBK (‘summer pinkeye'). M. bovis is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium with pili that allows them to attach to eye surface. M. bovis produces a toxin and hemolysin which play roles in pathogenicity. M. bovis can be isolated from normal eyes; asymptomatic carriers reside in herds. Other Moraxella species were identified as causing IBK, the first being Moraxilla ovis. Moraxilla bovoculi was next characterized in 2007 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostics. Since 2007, it has become clear that the vast majority of M. ovis recovered from bovine eyes prior to the ability to identify M. bovoculi would now be reclassified as M. bovoculi. According to the 2010 Iowa State University study conducted by Connor et al, M. bovoculi could be isolated with or without M. bovis from calves with IBK. Moraxella bovoculi and bovis were more frequently recovered from eyes with IBK lesions than unaffected eyes. M. bovoculi is often associated with ‘winter pinkeye'. Winter pinkeye is present year-round and occurs in stabled cattle. It does not appear to need physical trauma, or summer flies and UV light often associated with traditional ‘summer pinkeye'. Carrier animals may exist in the herd, with M. bovoculi residing in eyes, nasal passages, and vaginal tissues. Other bacteria isolated from IBK include Mycoplasma and other respiratory pathogens and Listeria monocytogenes (associated with silage feeding, called ‘silage eye'). Viral infections including IBR, BVD and the herpes virus which causes malignant catarrhal fever may also result in eye lesions. Abnormal growths involving the eye, such as squamous cell carcinoma, may also lead to eye injury. A veterinary exam is needed to accurately diagnose the cause of clinical signs. RANCH IT UP RADIO SHOW TOP HAND We are starting a new feature here on the Ranch It Up Radio Show.  Each week a particular operation, business, person, outfit, bull, dog, it does not matter, is highlighted as Tigger & BEC approved, and they are the Top Hand of the Week.  You can nominate any operation just send us an email of who or what you are nominating and why you are nominating.  Today our Top Hand goes to the popular Facebook Group, Cattle Feeders, Stockers, Cow/Calf Discussion!   Cattle Feeders, Stockers, Cow/Calf Discussion We use this group a lot to gauge what various people are asking for the cattle that they have for sale, especially those bred females.  A tool in the toolbox and this week's Top Hand.  COW COUNTRY AGRICULTURE NEWS NCBA Blasts USDA's Approval fo Paraguayan Beef SALE BARN REPORTS Producers Livestock Marketing Association Stockmens Livestock Exchange   FEATURING Jeff Sarchet, DVM Zoetis https://www.zoetisus.com/beef/ @ZoetisBeef   Producers Livestock Marketing Association Salina, Utah http://www.producerslivestock.com/ @ProducersLivestockMarketingAssociation   Stockmen's Livestock Exchange Dickinson, ND http://www.gostockmens.com/ @gostockmens   Shaye Koester Casual Cattle Conversation https://www.casualcattleconversations.com/ @cattleconvos   Kirk Donsbach: Stone X Financial https://www.stonex.com/   @StoneXGroupInc      Mark Van Zee  Livestock Market, Equine Market, Auction Time https://www.auctiontime.com/ https://www.livestockmarket.com/ https://www.equinemarket.com/ @LivestockMkt @EquineMkt @AuctionTime   Questions & Concerns From The Field? Call or Text your questions, or comments to 707-RANCH20 or 707-726-2420 Or email RanchItUpShow@gmail.com FOLLOW Facebook/Instagram: @RanchItUpShow SUBSCRIBE to the Ranch It Up YouTube Channel: @ranchitup Website: RanchItUpShow.com https://ranchitupshow.com/   The Ranch It Up Podcast available on ALL podcasting apps. https://ranchitup.podbean.com/ Rural America is center-stage on this outfit. AND how is that? Because of Tigger & BEC... Live This Western Lifestyle. Tigger & BEC represent the Working Ranch world by providing the cowboys, cowgirls, beef cattle producers & successful farmers the knowledge and education needed to bring high-quality beef & meat to your table for dinner. Learn more about Jeff 'Tigger' Erhardt & Rebecca Wanner aka BEC here: TiggerandBEC.com https://tiggerandbec.com/ #RanchItUp #StayRanchy #TiggerApproved #tiggerandbec #rodeo #ranching #farming References https://www.stonex.com/ https://www.livestockmarket.com/ https://www.equinemarket.com/ https://www.auctiontime.com/ https://gelbvieh.org/ https://www.imogeneingredients.com/ https://alliedgeneticresources.com/ https://westwayfeed.com/ https://medoraboot.com/ https://www.bek.news/dakotacowboy https://www.zoetisus.com/beef/ http://www.gostockmens.com/ https://livestock.extension.wisc.edu/articles/managing-and-preventing-pinkeye/ http://www.producerslivestock.com/ https://www.meatingplace.com/Industry/News/Details/112298

It's the Ranch It Up Radio Show.  We answer your questions about what causes pinkeye.  We have lots of news you need to hear, cattle sale updates, cattle for sale, and sale reports, and don't forget about our new segment where you, our listeners, get to cast your vote for the Ranch It Up Radio Show Top Hand.  Join Jeff 'Tigger' Erhardt, the Boss Lady Rebecca Wanner aka 'BEC', and our crew as we bring you the latest in markets, news, and Western entertainment on this all-new episode of the Ranch It Up Radio Show.  Be sure to subscribe on your favorite podcasting app or on the Ranch It Up Radio Show YouTube Channel. EPISODE 158 DETAILS We have been spending a lot of time processing calves, giving pre-weaning shots and getting calves ready for their next address and destination.  But interestingly enough, we have seen many herds battling Pinkeye.  In fact many outfits are treating as many as 50% of their calves or more!  Why is this?  What causes pinkeye?  Is it something that we are going to have to fight next year?  We answer all those questions.  Dr. Jeff Sarchet with Zoetis joins us to tackle the tough questions, specifically “What Causes Pinkeye”.  We have lots of news to cover from meat recalls to internships.  Congratulations to JYJ Red Angus of Columbus, Alabama on their first production sale, we have a sale report.  Plus updates from Stockmen's Livestock Exchange, cattle for sale on LivestockMarket.com, and don't forget we have our new segment, “The Ranch It Up Radio Show Top Hand”!   You, our listeners get to nominate a person, farm/ranch, business, product, horse, dog, etc, that does for our weekly Ranch It Up Radio Show Top Hand.  Today, we reveal another winner. Not to mention the weekly market recap with Kirk Donsbach with Stone X Financial, Inc.  We have it all for you in this jam-packed episode of The Ranch It Up Radio Show!  As always Tigger & BEC and the Ranch It Up crew dive into the latest agriculture news, rodeo action not to miss, and cover the cattle markets. WHAT CAUSES PINKEYE IN CATTLE Preventing traditional summer pinkeye in cattle involves eliminating the many eye irritations listed in this report. Identifying and taking steps to resolve physical hazards in your operation, including face fly control, may be more effective than pinkeye vaccinations. Offer protection from the sunlight by providing adequately sized shade and allow cattle to graze at night when face flies are not active. Make sure mineral consumption is adequate months before the pinkeye season. Selenium, copper, and zinc are vital for maintaining eye health. Be vigilant and immediately isolate the first case of pinkeye. Seek a veterinary diagnosis. Develop a treatment and prevention plan with input from your veterinarian. WHAT IS PINKEYE The scientific name for pinkeye is infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). It is a disease of cornea (eye surface) and the conjunctiva (eyelids). IBK is reported as the most common cause of eye disease in all breeding females and calves more than three weeks old. It is second only to calf scours, the most prevalent condition affecting pre-weaned calves (Dewell). According to the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the first clinical signs of any eye irritation, including IBK, is often tearing, tear staining, and eyelid squinting. Tearing often increases as the pinkeye progresses. IBK may suddenly appear as an opaque spot on the cornea, making early recognition difficult. Conjunctivitis is sometimes seen but not in every case. Corneal ulceration may occur as pinkeye progresses. Some cases of IBK spontaneously resolve. Others result in severe damage to the cornea and blindness. IBK is costly and labor intensive to treat. Suffering cattle have decreased appetite because of pain or decreased vision and the inability to locate food and water. Cattle with scarred or ‘blue' eyes with prolapsed corneas, or blind cattle have reduced value at the market. ASSOCIATED PINKEYE FACTORS Normal eyes have adequate defense mechanisms to prevent infection and subsequent corneal ulceration. Any form of eye irritation allows pathogens to penetrate the cornea: Physical trauma from aggression between animals, overcrowded bunks, self-feeders; handling during transport; abrasive bedding, grazing close to field margins where thorns, barbed wire and tufts of dry stalks of grass can scratch the cornea; rust/corrosion and the sharp edges from galvanized handling systems and penning; tail switching especially when crowded together under shade Blowing dust and sand, weed seeds/chaff Face flies UV irradiation (bright sunlight) causes cell damage to the conjunctiva and cornea Chemical trauma, i.e. fresh nitrogen on pasture Other IBK associated factors include stress from shipping, processing, and insects which can all be immunosuppressive. Younger cattle are more susceptible to IBK than are older cattle. Cattle with white faces,except Brahman cattle, appear to have a higher incidence of IBK. Mineral deficiencies involving selenium, copper and zinc have been diagnosed in recurrent IBK herd outbreaks. MICROBIAL AGENTS INVOLVED WITH PINKEYE The eye has a limited number of ways to respond to disease or injury; clinical signs look the same for a variety of reasons. Since the 1970's, Moraxilla bovis is accepted as the most common cause of traditional IBK (‘summer pinkeye'). M. bovis is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium with pili that allows them to attach to the eye surface. M. bovis produces a toxin and hemolysin which play roles in pathogenicity. M. bovis can be isolated from normal eyes; asymptomatic carriers reside in herds. Other Moraxella species were identified as causing IBK, the first being Moraxilla ovis. Moraxilla bovoculi was next characterized in 2007 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostics. Since 2007, it has become clear that the vast majority of M. ovis recovered from bovine eyes prior to the ability to identify M. bovoculi would now be reclassified as M. bovoculi. According to the 2010 Iowa State University study conducted by Connor et al, M. bovoculi could be isolated with or without M. bovis from calves with IBK. Moraxella bovoculi and bovis were more frequently recovered from eyes with IBK lesions than unaffected eyes. M. bovoculi is often associated with ‘winter pinkeye'. Winter pinkeye is present year-round and occurs in stabled cattle. It does not appear to need physical trauma, or summer flies and UV light often associated with traditional ‘summer pinkeye'. Carrier animals may exist in the herd, with M. bovoculi residing in eyes, nasal passages, and vaginal tissues. Other bacteria isolated from IBK include Mycoplasma and other respiratory pathogens and Listeria monocytogenes (associated with silage feeding, called ‘silage eye'). Viral infections including IBR, BVD and the herpes virus which causes malignant catarrhal fever may also result in eye lesions. Abnormal growths involving the eye, such as squamous cell carcinoma, may also lead to eye injury. A veterinary exam is needed to accurately diagnose the cause of clinical signs. RANCH IT UP RADIO SHOW TOP HAND We are starting a new feature here on the Ranch It Up Radio Show.  Each week a particular operation, business, person, outfit, bull, dog, it does not matter, is highlighted as Tigger & BEC approved, and they are the Top Hand of the Week.  You can nominate any operation just send us an email of who or what you are nominating and why you are nominating.  Today our Top Hand goes to the popular website Cattle USA! CattleUSA.com Watch cattle sales from all across the country.  Bid and Buy online.  Feeder cattle, fat cattle, horses, weigh ups.  Market reports are available.  Click back and forth between sales.  Use it as a tool to gauge what you can expect for prices or what you can expect to pay.  We are keeping a close eye on those bred heifer and bred cow sales that are getting amped up, on Cattle USA.  A tool in the toolbox and this week's Top Hand.  COW COUNTRY AGRICULTURE NEWS Nearly 15 Tons Of Tyson Chicken Patties Recalled.  "Tyson FULLY COOKED FUN NUGGETS BREADED SHAPED CHICKEN PATTIES," featuring a Best If Used By date of SEP 04, 2024, and lot codes 2483BRV0207, 2483BRV0208, 2483BRV0209, and 2483BRV0210. The packaging also displays the establishment number "P-7211." New HPAI Outbreak Intensifies Across 14 States Angus Foundation Opens Applications For Internship Program SALE REPORTS JYJ Red Angus FARM OR RANCH JOB OPENINGS Leland Red Angus @lelandredangus FEATURING Jeff Sarchet, DVM Zoetis https://www.zoetisus.com/beef/ @ZoetisBeef   Stockmen's Livestock Exchange Dickinson, ND http://www.gostockmens.com/ @gostockmens   Shaye Koester Casual Cattle Conversation https://www.casualcattleconversations.com/ @cattleconvos   Kirk Donsbach: Stone X Financial https://www.stonex.com/   @StoneXGroupInc      Mark Van Zee  Livestock Market, Equine Market, Auction Time https://www.auctiontime.com/ https://www.livestockmarket.com/ https://www.equinemarket.com/ @LivestockMkt @EquineMkt @AuctionTime   Questions & Concerns From The Field? Call or Text your questions, or comments to 707-RANCH20 or 707-726-2420 Or email RanchItUpShow@gmail.com FOLLOW Facebook/Instagram: @RanchItUpShow SUBSCRIBE to the Ranch It Up YouTube Channel: @ranchitup Website: RanchItUpShow.com https://ranchitupshow.com/   The Ranch It Up Podcast available on ALL podcasting apps. https://ranchitup.podbean.com/ Rural America is center-stage on this outfit. AND how is that? Because of Tigger & BEC... Live This Western Lifestyle. Tigger & BEC represent the Working Ranch world by providing the cowboys, cowgirls, beef cattle producers & successful farmers the knowledge and education needed to bring high-quality beef & meat to your table for dinner. Learn more about Jeff 'Tigger' Erhardt & Rebecca Wanner aka BEC here: TiggerandBEC.com https://tiggerandbec.com/ #RanchItUp #StayRanchy #TiggerApproved #tiggerandbec #rodeo #ranching #farming References https://www.stonex.com/ https://www.livestockmarket.com/ https://www.equinemarket.com/ https://www.auctiontime.com/ https://gelbvieh.org/ https://www.imogeneingredients.com/ https://alliedgeneticresources.com/ https://westwayfeed.com/ https://medoraboot.com/ https://www.bek.news/dakotacowboy https://www.jyjredangus.com/ https://www.zoetisus.com/beef/ http://www.gostockmens.com/ https://livestock.extension.wisc.edu/articles/managing-and-preventing-pinkeye/ https://www.meatingplace.com/Industry/News/Details/112179 https://www.meatingplace.com/Industry/News/Details/112220 https://www.angus.org/Foundation/WhatWeDo/Youth/TalonYouth https://lelandredangus.com/ https://www.cattleusa.com/

This week on the BackTable ENT podcast, Dr. Gopi Shah and Dr. Amanda Stapleton, a pediatric otolaryngologist from UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, chat about the unique challenges of treating pediatric sinus and skull base diseases, orbital complications, and biofilm-covered Moraxella. They discuss source control, biofilm, and her research focused on the bacteriology of pediatric chronic sinusitis and patients with cystic fibrosis. --- SHOW NOTES First, they discuss how to recognize the signs and symptoms of pediatric patients who present with orbital or intracranial abscesses and how age and location of the abscess can influence treatment decisions. They also explain how to distinguish between intracranial and orbital abscesses and how to recognize the symptoms of sphenoid sinusitis. Both doctors emphasize the importance of involving infectious disease colleagues to evaluate antibiotic coverage and surgical indications. Next, the doctors discuss the techniques for sinus surgery, including the use of a scope for visualization, warm irrigations, navigation, and augmented reality systems in the acute setting. Dr. Stapleton also provides tips on when to remove a middle turbinate and the importance of source control, especially in patients under the age of seven. An adenoidectomy may be necessary if the patient has had multiple colds throughout the winter and the decision is made to take down the lamina to drain an abscess pocket. Finally, the doctors discuss the follow up process for children with chronic sinusitis, which may include office endoscopy and allergy testing, and discuss the rare cases of intracranial abscesses. In addition to being vigilant and proactive in monitoring the potential for repeat infections, imaging to detect any scarring or residual mucosal inflammation that might have resulted from the initial infection is also helpful.

3.13 Moraxella Catarrhalis Microbiology review for the USMLE Step 1 exam Moraxella Catarrhalis is a gram negative diplococcus that is part of normal upper respiratory tract flora Mainly causes three different types of infections: otitis media in children, lower respiratory tract infections in COPD patients, and pneumonia in elderly patients Otitis media is the most common bacterial infectious disease in childhood and the most common reason for which children receive antibiotics. M. catarrhalis causes about 15-20% of otitis media cases. Symptoms of otitis media in children include pulling or tugging at the ears, irritability, headache, disturbed or restless sleep, poor feeding, anorexia, vomiting, or diarrhea. In COPD patients, exacerbations are often due to bacterial and viral infections. M. catarrhalis is a bug to keep in mind and symptoms of a COPD exacerbation caused by this bug are very similar to those caused by other bacteria, including increased sputum production, sputum purulence, and dyspnea. Pneumonia due to M. catarrhalis is a cause of pneumonia in elderly patients, especially in elderly patients with an underlying cardiopulmonary disease like COPD. These infections are usually treated empirically with broad spectrum antibiotics such as 3rd generation cephalosporins and amoxicillin-clavulonic acid.

Wisia Wedzicha discusses findings of a trial of a vaccine for the prevention of COPD exacerbations and provides her insights for future research.Read the full article:Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae–Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine for the prevention of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Marielisa Cabrera Sánchez, second-year medical student at Puerto Rico School of Medicine and AMA Research Challenge finalist, shares about her early enthusiasm for understanding microbes and infectious diseases, as well as how COVID-19 has impacted her research in genomic adaptation.   Poster: Genomic Adaptation of Moraxella catarrhalis During Persistence in the Airways of COPD patients

In this episode I start going over tests and biochemicals for gram negative cocci. First up, the catarrhalis disk, used for the identification of Moraxella catarrhalis.

This episode covers infections caused by moraxella catarrhalis! --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

This free iTunes segment is just one tiny snippet of the fully-loaded 3-hour monthly Peds RAP show. Earn CME on your commute while getting the latest practice-changing peds information: journal article breakdowns, evidence-based topic reviews, critical guideline updates, conversations with experts, and so much more. Sign up for the full show at hippoed.com/PEDSRAPPOD. Pediatric ID specialist Michael Neely, MD, and Michael Cosimini, MD discuss how cephalosporins work and which bugs they do and do not kill. Pearls: In general, cephalosporins do not cover anaerobes, enterococcus, listeria and MRSA. Oral cephalosporins are generally not first line in pediatrics.  Some exceptions include the treatment of UTIs and some skin and soft tissue infections; group A strep and sinopulmonary infections in penicillin allergic patients are other common indications. 1st generation cephalosporins do have gram positive coverage, but do not work well against strep pneumo, MRSA, enterococcus. They do cover some enteric gram negative bacteria, the “PECK” organisms.   What are cephalosporin antibiotics and how do they compare to penicillins?  Chemically, both penicillins and cephalosporins are beta-lactam antibiotics, with the beta-lactam portion responsible for bacterial killing.  The chemical portions off the beta-lactam ring make the antibiotics different. Beta-lactam antibiotics work by binding to the penicillin-binding protein on the bacterial cell wall.  These proteins have structural functions that maintain the integrity of the bacterial cell wall and therefore, when these antibiotics bind, the penicillin-binding protein is disrupted, the cell wall falls apart and the bacterial dies.       How do you keep a straight spectrum of activity for antibiotics?  To help with this, think of bacteria into big categories: gram-positive, gram-negative and “other”. Gram-positive bacteria include: Staph aureus (MSSA, MRSA), Streptococcus (Group A Strep, Group B Strep, Strep pyogenes, Strep viridans), Enterococcus, Pneumococcus, Listeria Gram-negative bacteria are a much bigger group and can be divided into: Respiratory gram-negatives include Moraxella, Haemophilus, Meningococcus Enteric gram-negatives include the “PECK” bacteria: Proteus, E.coli, Klebsiella What bacteria do cephalosporins not cover?  In general, cephalosporins do not cover anaerobic bacteria, enterococcus, listeria and MRSA.  There are a few exceptions to this rule. Cefoxitin (a second generation cephalosporin), for example, does have anaerobic coverage.  It is commonly used in the treatment of PID as it covers enteric anaerobes and Neisseria gonorrhea. There is a 5th generation cephalosporin that does cover MRSA (discussed later). Are cephalosporins well absorbed?  Generally speaking, cephalosporins in oral formulations are not as well absorbed as penicillins and are more difficult to get where they need to go outside the urinary tract. Also, generally speaking, no beta-lactam really gets into the spinal fluid in very high concentrations; all of them do have better penetration when there is inflammation.  Practically, remember that the penetration into the CSF between ampicillin and ceftriaxone is negligible. What bacteria do first generation cephalosporins cover?  Although the classic teaching is that cephalosporins are good for gram-positive coverage (staph and strep), this is not a hard and fast rule.  As stated, enterococcus is not covered by any cephalosporin and MRSA is not covered by most cephalosporins.  First generation cephalosporins are also good for coverage of the “PECK” enteric gram negative bacteria, but not good for coverage of other gram negative bacteria.  These organisms tend to cause UTIs and therefore, first generation cephalosporins (for example, cephalexin) are frequently used for UTI treatment. Of course, resistance can occur.    Even though strep pneumo is a gram-positive organism, when it comes to first generation cephalosporins, it acts like a gram-negative organism and therefore, first generation cephalosporins do not work well against strep pneumo.   What about bacteria that develop resistance?  A patient with an E. Coli UTI, for example, may have a microbiology laboratory report stating that the E. Coli is resistant to a first generation cephalosporin but the patient is still getting better.  This may have to do with the type of infection the patient had; for example, a healthy patient with a simple cystitis may have been able to stay well hydrated and the normal immune system was able to clear the E. Coli. This question can also be answered in the context of breakpoints, that is when the bacteria become susceptible or resistant to the antibiotic depending on the site of infection.  Some labs will actually label a bacteria resistant or susceptible depending on whether the infection is in the urine, spinal fluid or blood. Therefore, if a lab that reports site-specific breakpoints suggests that an E. Coli is resistant to a first generation cephalosporin in the urine, the lab has already taken into account the higher concentration of drug in the urine.  Similarly, a pneumococcal isolate that may be resistant to ceftriaxone in the CNS may be susceptible to ceftriaxone as a pneumonia because there are much higher concentrations of ceftriaxone in the lungs than in the spinal fluid. When should a skin or soft tissue infection be treated with a first-generation cephalosporin?  When should MRSA be suspected? This can be a tricky question as an outpatient, but there are some clues to gauge whether or not the infection may be caused by MRSA.   One, it is helpful to know the community prevalence of MRSA.  In some communities, community acquired staph aureus infections are up to 80-90% MRSA.  In these communities, MRSA coverage should of course be given. If the prevalence is much lower, using a first generation cephalosporin, such as cephalexin may be reasonable.   Other clues can be more specific to the patient the their families.  Is the patient or family known to be colonized with MRSA? Have they had an MRSA infection in the past? If MRSA coverage is needed, either trimethoprim-sulfa or clindamycin generally is a good approach.  A randomized controlled trial published in the NEJM showed no difference in outcomes when treating a known MRSA infection. Miller LG et al.  Clindamycin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for uncomplicated skin infections.  N Engl J Med. 2015 Mar 19;372(12): 1093-103. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25785967 In general, the quality of the infection does not help point to MRSA or not.  There is some suggestion that if there is a soft-tissue abscess this is more likely staph aureus and if there is just pure erythema, tenderness and warmth without abscess, this is more likely to be Group A strep.   Remember, no matter what antibiotic is started for cellulitis (or any infection, for that matter), follow up is essential.  If you are on the right antibiotics, cellulitis should be improving within 24 hours.

Today we explore two Gram-negative bacteria. Campylobacter jejuni and Moraxella catarrhalis. For more information please visit: theBradleylab.wordpress.com and follow us on Twitter or Instagram @TheBradleyLab --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/bradleysmicroboardreview/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/bradleysmicroboardreview/support

A look at this common and controversial topic. Hosts: Brian Gilberti, MD Audrey Bree Tse, MD https://media.blubrry.com/coreem/content.blubrry.com/coreem/Acute_Otitis_Media.mp3 Download Leave a Comment Tags: Pediatrics Show Notes Background: The most common infection seen in pediatrics and the most common reason these kids receive antibiotics The release of the PCV (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine), or Prevnar vaccine, has made a big difference since its release in 2000 (Marom 2014) This, along with more stringent criteria for what we are calling AOM, has led to a significant decrease in the number of cases seen since then 29% reduction in AOM caused by all pneumococcal serotypes among children who received PCV7 before 24 months of age The peak incidence is between 6 and 18 months of age Risk factors: winter season, genetic predisposition, day care, low socioeconomic status, males, reduced duration of or no breast feeding, and exposure to tobacco smoke. The predominant organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), and Moraxella catarrhalis. Prevalence rates of infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae are declining due to widespread use of the Prevnar vaccine while the proportion of Moraxella and NTHi infection increases with NTHi now the most common causative bacterium Strep pneumo is associated with more severe illness, like worse fevers, otalgia and also increased incidence of complications like mastoiditis. Diagnosis The diagnosis of acute otitis media is a clinical one without a gold standard in the ED (tympanocentesis) Ear pain (+LR 3.0-7.3), or in the preverbal child,

A look at this common and controversial topic. Hosts: Brian Gilberti, MD Audrey Bree Tse, MD https://media.blubrry.com/coreem/content.blubrry.com/coreem/Acute_Otitis_Media.mp3 Download Leave a Comment Tags: Pediatrics Show Notes Background: The most common infection seen in pediatrics and the most common reason these kids receive antibiotics The release of the PCV (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine), or Prevnar vaccine, has made a big difference since its release in 2000 (Marom 2014) This, along with more stringent criteria for what we are calling AOM, has led to a significant decrease in the number of cases seen since then 29% reduction in AOM caused by all pneumococcal serotypes among children who received PCV7 before 24 months of age The peak incidence is between 6 and 18 months of age Risk factors: winter season, genetic predisposition, day care, low socioeconomic status, males, reduced duration of or no breast feeding, and exposure to tobacco smoke. The predominant organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), and Moraxella catarrhalis. Prevalence rates of infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae are declining due to widespread use of the Prevnar vaccine while the proportion of Moraxella and NTHi infection increases with NTHi now the most common causative bacterium Strep pneumo is associated with more severe illness, like worse fevers, otalgia and also increased incidence of complications like mastoiditis. Diagnosis The diagnosis of acute otitis media is a clinical one without a gold standard in the ED (tympanocentesis) Ear pain (+LR 3.0-7.3), or in the preverbal child,

We all know the names, penicillin, Z-pack, Amoxicillin, and Bactrim and we have been taking them for as long as we have been breathing, but do we really know what antibiotics are, how they work, and what they do to our bodies? Antibiotics, in a nutshell, kill bacteria, the bad ones and the good ones and if you have a viral infection no amount of antibiotic treatment will be any help and ultimately can be detrimental to your overall health. In this episode, Dr. Swain teaches Stacy all about antibiotics, how he prescribes the right one for a diagnosis, and why prescribing a patient an antibiotic (or not) is one of the hardest things he has to do every day. Plus, Dr. Swain explains common, and severe antibiotic side effects, allergies, resistance, and why there is not a one size fits all approach to prescribing these life-saving drugs. Big Questions? What is an antibiotic, and how do they work? How many types of antibiotics are available? What is an antibiotic allergy and what are typical reactions? What are the common and severe side effects for antibiotics Why it’s beneficial not to take an antibiotic on an empty stomach? How does a doctor know which specific antibiotic to prescribe What are the three most common type of bacteria? Are doctors prescribing too many antibiotics and why is this dangerous? What is antibiotic resistance?   Need an Appointment or Sinus Consultation? Call Dr. Swain’s nursing staff at 251-470-8823 or schedule an appointment here. Quotables & Tweetables? I would name the show to antibiotic or not to antibiotic because that is the question that doctor's face all day long. - Dr. Swain If I'm going to err, I'm going to err on giving this person an antibiotic because I don't want my patients to get sicker. - Dr. Swain Viral illnesses will not respond to antibiotic treatment. - Dr. Swain An antibiotic is a chemical that we use to kill bacteria. We use some antibiotics, they have different properties, obviously for killing different types of bacteria for different kinds of infections and some antibiotics actually have anti-inflammatory properties. - Dr. Swain Sometimes we use antibiotics because they have a specific biochemical pathway that we use to decrease inflammation. - Dr. Swain The easiest way to think about antibiotics is in terms of different categories. There are penicillin-based antibiotics. Then there are cephalosporin antibiotics, there are lots of those. And then there are fluoroquinolone antibiotics, and there are lots of those. And so we have antibiotics that are classified into what they do, and then in terms of those families. - Dr. Swain The Food and Drug Administration is really vigilant about making sure that there's not an antibiotic that has side effects that need to be monitored or observed and they just need to make sure the drug is safe. - Dr. Swain Sometimes people can get severe reactions where they even have their skin started peeling off or have trouble breathing or have the swelling of their throat or their mouth or their tongue. And so those are obviously the more severe reactions, but it can vary. - Dr. Swain One of the common side effects of just taking antibiotics is to have your stomach upset sometimes, or you get a little bit of nauseated. That's just a side effect of taking the medication. - Dr. Swain We tell people don't take an antibiotic on an empty stomach. You always want to take it with food to kind of buffer the GI side effects with it. - Dr. Swain Basically, this chemical that you're taking goes and attacks the bacteria, and it does so in different ways. It can kill the bacteria. There are bacteriocidal antibiotics, where it kills the bacteria, and there are bacteriostatic antibiotics that kind of prevent the bacteria from growing. Depending on the situation, you would use a different kind of drug. - Dr. Swain The three most common types of bacteria for those is usually strep pneumonia, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenza. - Dr. Swain Sometimes when people are really sick, you're not going to wait four or five days until you get a lab report back before you initiate antibiotic treatment. - Dr. Swain If you have a viral illness like mononucleosis, you can use all the antibiotics and the world, it's not going to affect the mononucleosis. It's a viral illness, The hard part about all this is usually when you have a sinus infection, it doesn't start with bacteria just jumping in your sinus. It starts with a cold, it starts with a viral illness, and then you get swelling and mucosal thickening and stasis of the secretions, and the little sinus cavity in there closes off, and then you start getting the yellow discharge, and the pain in your teeth and you know, the purulent drainage and that's when you know you've got a sinus infection and that's when you need an antibiotic. - Dr. Swain It's hard sometimes to look at somebody and go, okay. I know you feel terrible, but this is a cold. This is a viral illness. Take some Motrin and Tylenol and oh, by the way in a week, your either going to get over this or you're not, and then we're going to start antibiotics then. - Dr. Swain A patient doesn’t want to get worse, and they think they want an antibiotic now. That's reasonable thinking, but sometimes that is not necessarily the best thing to do in terms of trying to use antibiotics appropriately and ultimately keep that person safe. You don't want to be on so many antibiotics that they don't work when you need them. - Dr. Swain Generally, you do not want to start any antibiotics if you don't need them. - Dr. Swain Communicating your medical and illness history is one of the most effective ways of getting the right diagnosis and proper treatments. - Dr. Swain There are some situations where you would start an antibiotic early, but for the majority of people, if you've got a run of the mill upper respiratory tract infection we try to get those people to use the over the counter medicines initially for the first 24, 48, 72 hours and see what's going on with them. - Dr. Swain Every patient situation is different, and there's nothing like examining someone and getting their history. There's is not a one size fits all approach for antibiotic treatment. - Dr. Swain When suffering from a cold and you start to feel the pain in your teeth, and they're starting to feel swollen, that's when they need to give your doctor a call and get an appointment. - Dr. Swain   Need an Appointment or Sinus Consultation? Call Dr. Swain’s nursing staff at 251-470-8823 or schedule an appointment here. Subscribe to The Swain Sinus Show Never miss a new episode of our show. Please subscribe to our show on iTunes, Overcast, Stitcher, and any other place you find your favorite podcasts.

Nach wie vor spielen die von enteropathogene Yersinien hervorgerufenen Erkrankungen eine wichtige Rolle im Bereich der gesamten klinischen Medizin. Neben akuten Erkrankungen (Yersiniosen), die vor allem bei Kleinkindern, alten und abwehrgeschwächten Patienten vorkommen, sind es auch die verschiedenen immunologischen Folgeerkrankungen, wie Arthritiden oder das Reitersyndrom, die im besonderen Yersinia enterocolitica in den Fokus des wissenschaftlichen Interesses rücken und eine molekularbiologische Analyse der Infektionsmechanismen nötig machen. Eine besondere Bedeutung kommt dem hochkonservierte Virulenzplasmid pYV zu, das für ein TypIII- Proteinsekretionssystem und für das Yersinien Adhäsin YadA (Autotransporter, TypV-Sekretionssystem) kodiert. YadA ist der Prototyp einer Gruppe von Autotransportern, deren struktureller Aufbau sich von allen anderen bisher bekannten Autotransporterklassen unterscheidet, vor allem im Bereich des Membranankers, des Teils also, der für den Einbau des Proteins in die Membran, den Transport der funktionellen Domäne durch die Membran, die Oligomerisierung und die Stabilität des Gesamtproteins verantwortlich ist. Auf Grund dieser aus molekularbiologischer Sicht zentralen Rolle, die der Membrananker für das Funktionieren des Adhäsins und Autotransports von YadA spielt, war es das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit mehr über die Topologie und strukturellen Eigenschaften sowie des Oligomerisierungs- und Transportmechanismus dieser C-terminalen Domäne von YadA in Erfahrung zu bringen. Der Membrananker selbst besteht aus vier C-terminalem ß-Faltblättern (Anker-Bereich) sowie dem N-terminalem linker-Bereich, der Verbindung zur funktionellen Passagierdomäne herstellt. In den linker-Bereich von N-terminal verkürzten YadA-Mutanten wurden FLAG-Sondensequenzen einkloniert, die mit speziell an diese FLAG-markierten Bereiche bindenden monoklonalen Antikörper nachgewiesen werden können und so eine Aussage über extrazelluläre oder intrazelluläre lokalisierte Domänen möglich machen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Versuche legen nahe, dass nahezu der gesamte linker-Bereich innerhalb der Membran, also der vom Ankerbereich gebildeten transmembranösen Pore, befindet. Weiterhin wurde versucht, mittels Cystein-Scanning-Mutagenese die FLAG-Experimente zu bestätigen, was nicht gelang, weil die eingefügten Cysteinreste in YadA nicht spezifisch mit Biotinmalleimid reagierten. In einem weiteren Versuch wurde der gesamte YadAMembrananker gegen Membrananker anderer Mitglieder der Oca-Familie (UspA1 von Moraxella catarrhalis, EibA von Escherichia coli, Hia von Haemophilus influenza)ausgetauscht. Es stellte sich heraus, dass alle so hergestellten YadA-Hybridproteine exprimiert und an der Bakterienoberfläche exponiert werden. Jedoch zeigten sich Unterschiede bei der Funktionalität der Hybridadhäsine, vor allem in der Serumresistenz, der Autoagglutination und der Oligomerenstabilität. Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen bestätigen das bestehende Modell des YadAMembranankers als Autotransporter und unterstützen die Einteilung von YadA, EibA, UspA1 und Hia in eine einheitliche Klasse von Autotransportern, die als Oca-Familie bezeichnet wird. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass die N-terminale YadAPassagierdomäne von unterschiedlichen Autotransporterdomänen über die äußere Bakterienmembran transloziert wird.

Third-generation cephalosporins in oral formulations have become an increasingly important first-line choice against common bacterial infections. Cefixime is one such agent, which possesses excellent efficacy against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Clinical success rates are similar to cefaclor, clarithromycin, and other cephalosporins. Importantly, cefixime also possesses excellent activity against beta-lactamase-producing strains. The pharmacodynamic features of the drug include a half-life of 3-4 h and a C-max of 4.4 mu g/ml, well above the MIC90 for susceptible pathogens, permitting once-daily dosing. In this brief overview, the bacteriological and clinical efficacy of cefixime is discussed, as well as its indications.