Laboratory technique to multiply a DNA sample for study
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00:02:32 - 00:06:30: Critique of Trump's “Big Beautiful Bill” - Analyzes Trump's bill, which increases national debt by $3.3 trillion, includes tax cuts like no taxes on tips, but prioritizes military spending over real cuts. Highlights Ron Paul's call to reduce military-industrial complex expenditure. 00:26:15 - 00:31:52: Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) and Control - Discusses globalist agenda for CBDCs, quoting Augustine Carstens on centralized control and transaction tracking, warning of threats to personal freedom and privacy. 01:02:12 - 01:09:32: AI Manipulation on Social Media - Covers University of Zurich experiment where AI bots on Reddit manipulated users' beliefs through lies and targeted vulnerabilities, raising ethical concerns about AI-driven propaganda. 01:16:52 - 01:17:33: Show Introduction and Music Appreciation - Welcomes listeners back to the David Knight Show, acknowledges a viewer's comment praising David's music for breaks, and mentions a potential relaxed evening stream. 01:18:26 - 01:25:12: Pastor on Angels and Demons - Pastor Alan Jackson discusses his book Angels, Demons and You, emphasizing the reality of spiritual forces, their role in the gospel, and the church's disconnect from these truths due to rationalism and a diluted gospel. 01:25:42 - 01:35:35: Pagan Indoctrination in Schools - Reports on Chicago schools forcing Hindu rituals on students via the David Lynch Foundation, leading to a $2.6M settlement. Highlights broader pagan indoctrination (Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam) in U.S. public schools, rooted in anti-Christian agendas. 01:44:40 - 01:51:48: COVID Death Misinformation - Critiques ABC News' claim of 300+ weekly U.S. COVID deaths, alleging manipulated data (PCR tests, misattributed causes) and fearmongering to push vaccines, despite low uptake and known risks. 01:51:48 - 01:58:44: Vaccine Harms and Misreporting - Discusses adverse effects of COVID vaccines (e.g., renal failure), underreporting in VAERS, and the dangers of live virus vaccines, supported by audience comments from a paramedic and others. Follow the show on Kick and watch live every weekday 9:00am EST – 12:00pm EST https://kick.com/davidknightshow Money should have intrinsic value AND transactional privacy: Go to https://davidknight.gold/ for great deals on physical gold/silver For 10% off Gerald Celente's prescient Trends Journal, go to https://trendsjournal.com/ and enter the code KNIGHT Find out more about the show and where you can watch it at TheDavidKnightShow.comIf you would like to support the show and our family please consider subscribing monthly here: SubscribeStar https://www.subscribestar.com/the-david-knight-showOr you can send a donation throughMail: David Knight POB 994 Kodak, TN 37764Zelle: @DavidKnightShow@protonmail.comCash App at: $davidknightshowBTC to: bc1qkuec29hkuye4xse9unh7nptvu3y9qmv24vanh7Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-david-knight-show--2653468/support.
00:02:32 - 00:06:30: Critique of Trump's “Big Beautiful Bill” - Analyzes Trump's bill, which increases national debt by $3.3 trillion, includes tax cuts like no taxes on tips, but prioritizes military spending over real cuts. Highlights Ron Paul's call to reduce military-industrial complex expenditure. 00:26:15 - 00:31:52: Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) and Control - Discusses globalist agenda for CBDCs, quoting Augustine Carstens on centralized control and transaction tracking, warning of threats to personal freedom and privacy. 01:02:12 - 01:09:32: AI Manipulation on Social Media - Covers University of Zurich experiment where AI bots on Reddit manipulated users' beliefs through lies and targeted vulnerabilities, raising ethical concerns about AI-driven propaganda. 01:16:52 - 01:17:33: Show Introduction and Music Appreciation - Welcomes listeners back to the David Knight Show, acknowledges a viewer's comment praising David's music for breaks, and mentions a potential relaxed evening stream. 01:18:26 - 01:25:12: Pastor on Angels and Demons - Pastor Alan Jackson discusses his book Angels, Demons and You, emphasizing the reality of spiritual forces, their role in the gospel, and the church's disconnect from these truths due to rationalism and a diluted gospel. 01:25:42 - 01:35:35: Pagan Indoctrination in Schools - Reports on Chicago schools forcing Hindu rituals on students via the David Lynch Foundation, leading to a $2.6M settlement. Highlights broader pagan indoctrination (Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam) in U.S. public schools, rooted in anti-Christian agendas. 01:44:40 - 01:51:48: COVID Death Misinformation - Critiques ABC News' claim of 300+ weekly U.S. COVID deaths, alleging manipulated data (PCR tests, misattributed causes) and fearmongering to push vaccines, despite low uptake and known risks. 01:51:48 - 01:58:44: Vaccine Harms and Misreporting - Discusses adverse effects of COVID vaccines (e.g., renal failure), underreporting in VAERS, and the dangers of live virus vaccines, supported by audience comments from a paramedic and others. Follow the show on Kick and watch live every weekday 9:00am EST – 12:00pm EST https://kick.com/davidknightshow Money should have intrinsic value AND transactional privacy: Go to https://davidknight.gold/ for great deals on physical gold/silver For 10% off Gerald Celente's prescient Trends Journal, go to https://trendsjournal.com/ and enter the code KNIGHT Find out more about the show and where you can watch it at TheDavidKnightShow.comIf you would like to support the show and our family please consider subscribing monthly here: SubscribeStar https://www.subscribestar.com/the-david-knight-showOr you can send a donation throughMail: David Knight POB 994 Kodak, TN 37764Zelle: @DavidKnightShow@protonmail.comCash App at: $davidknightshowBTC to: bc1qkuec29hkuye4xse9unh7nptvu3y9qmv24vanh7Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-real-david-knight-show--5282736/support.
Ever thought about why medications work differently for different people? In this episode of Absolute Gene-ius, we explore the exciting field of pharmacogenomics with Wendy Wang, pharmacogenetic laboratory supervisor at Children's Mercy Hospital in Kansas City. Wendy shares how genetics can influence drug metabolism, offering a glimpse into how precision medicine can revolutionize healthcare by tailoring treatments based on an individual's unique genetic makeup.At the heart of Wendy's research is CYP2D6, a cytochrome P450 enzyme responsible for metabolizing around 20% of all prescribed medications. She explains how her lab uses digital PCR to analyze copy number variations (CNV), offering a reliable and precise method to predict drug metabolism. Wendy dives into the complexities of structural variants, the role of digital PCR in enhancing assay efficiency, and why pharmacogenomics is a critical piece of the precision medicine puzzle. Her use of delightful metaphors—like comparing genetic testing to ladling soup—makes complex science both relatable and engaging.In the Career Corner, Wendy opens up about her winding path to molecular biology, which included studying classical antiquity and nearly pursuing a career in history. She emphasizes the importance of resilience in research, embracing failure as a learning opportunity, and encourages budding scientists to reach out to mentors and explore diverse interests. Plus, hear about her most embarrassing lab mishap (hint: it involves a fire alarm) and the proud moment of publishing her first, first-author paper.Visit the Absolute Gene-ius page to learn more about the guests, the hosts, and the Applied Biosystems QuantStudio Absolute Q Digital PCR System.
IVF Clinic Bombing and Pro-Mortalism Ideology (00:02:09 - 00:09:27)Guy Edward Bartkus bombed a Palm Springs IVF clinic, killing himself and injuring five, motivated by pro-mortalism (life causes suffering, death is liberation). His manifesto, hosted on promortalism.com, rails against pro-lifers and life itself, reflecting a nihilistic, anti-human philosophy rooted in online subcultures.Cultural Nihilism and Social Media's Role (00:13:03 - 00:24:28)The bomber's pro-mortalism reflects a broader cultural nihilism, influenced by ideas like Gaia theory (humans as a virus) and amplified by social media platforms. Reddit, TikTok, and Tumblr are criticized as hubs for pseudo-intellectualism, fostering anti-life ideologies among isolated individuals.Bible Engagement as a Positive Trend (00:24:28 - 00:31:02)A LifeWay survey shows 48% of Americans view the Bible as true (up from 36% in 2016), with rising Bible sales and reading. This suggests a growing rejection of secular humanism and a return to spiritual values amid cultural nihilism.Covid as a Scam (Music Man Analogy) (00:41:36 - 00:50:18)A Brownstone Institute article compares the Covid response to The Music Man, where fear (inflated death counts, PCR test misuse) enriched “snake oil salesmen” like Fauci. This mirrors historical fearmongering (9/11, Waco) to erode rights, with elites profiting from compliance.Trump's Tariffs Impact on Small Businesses (01:11:21 - 01:16:20)An NFIB survey shows Trump's unpredictable tariffs are reducing small business optimism (down to 95.8, below the 51-year average), creating market uncertainty akin to Covid-era disruption. Small businesses face tight margins, reduced hiring, and stalled investments, with tech sector impacts highlighted by YouTubers Louis Rossman and Gamers Nexus.DEA Corruption in Drug War (01:27:30 - 01:35:58)An AP article reveals Diego Marin, a Cali cartel figure, evaded capture with DEA complicity, bribing agents while building a $100M money-laundering empire. Compared to Whitey Bulger and Iran-Contra, it's framed as a problem-reaction-solution tactic to expand the police state.Mexican Navy Ship Crash (01:37:07 - 01:39:26)An NBC News report describes a Mexican Navy sailing ship crashing into the Brooklyn Bridge, killing two and injuring 22 due to a mechanical failure. The surreal event stunned New Yorkers, highlighting the unexpected nature of Mexico's sailing navy.CDC Covid Vaccine Recommendations (01:52:26 - 01:56:33)A Wall Street Journal article reports the Trump administration plans to drop routine Covid vaccine recommendations for pregnant women, teenagers, and children, led by HHS Secretary RFK Jr. The host criticizes the CDC's blanket recommendation (everyone 6 months and older) due to no long-term safety data, profit-driven motives, and harmful side effects, arguing the vaccine should be removed entirely.HHS Covid Vaccine Recommendations and Authority (02:05:33 - 02:13:16)Dr. Ruby critiques HHS's plan to stop recommending Covid vaccines for children and pregnant women as a red herring, given its authority over FDA, NIH, CMS, and CDC to demand immediate removal. She warns of deceptive terms like “considering” and questions state chemtrail bans, citing federal exemptions (Title 50, Prep Act) and global air circulation, suspecting controlled opposition.Novavax Approval Critique and Bird Flu (02:21:20 - 02:30:03)The FDA fully approved Novavax's Covid shot, marketed as non-mRNA but using synthetic spike proteins from moth cells, posing risks like myocarditis with no long-term studies. Dr. Ruby warns of off-label use and compares it to Pfizer/Moderna's rollout. She critiques bird flu as a fabricated threat, with chicken culling inflating egg prices and testing economic control, not addressing real disease.Vaccine Shedding and Industry Protections (02:16:43 - 02:51:36)Pfizer's investigator brochure admits Covid vaccine shedding via inhalation and skin contact, raising concerns about unknown contents affecting unvaccinated individuals. Dr. Ruby highlights the vaccine industry's Prep Act immunity, with government payouts in vaccine court, and Pfizer's 50% non-disclosure agreement, allowing undisclosed ingredients, akin to coercive contracts demanding country assets.Follow the show on Kick and watch live every weekday 9:00am EST – 12:00pm EST https://kick.com/davidknightshow Money should have intrinsic value AND transactional privacy: Go to https://davidknight.gold/ for great deals on physical gold/silver For 10% off Gerald Celente's prescient Trends Journal, go to https://trendsjournal.com/ and enter the code KNIGHT Find out more about the show and where you can watch it at TheDavidKnightShow.comIf you would like to support the show and our family please consider subscribing monthly here: SubscribeStar https://www.subscribestar.com/the-david-knight-showOr you can send a donation throughMail: David Knight POB 994 Kodak, TN 37764Zelle: @DavidKnightShow@protonmail.comCash App at: $davidknightshowBTC to: bc1qkuec29hkuye4xse9unh7nptvu3y9qmv24vanh7Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-david-knight-show--2653468/support.
IVF Clinic Bombing and Pro-Mortalism Ideology (00:02:09 - 00:09:27)Guy Edward Bartkus bombed a Palm Springs IVF clinic, killing himself and injuring five, motivated by pro-mortalism (life causes suffering, death is liberation). His manifesto, hosted on promortalism.com, rails against pro-lifers and life itself, reflecting a nihilistic, anti-human philosophy rooted in online subcultures.Cultural Nihilism and Social Media's Role (00:13:03 - 00:24:28)The bomber's pro-mortalism reflects a broader cultural nihilism, influenced by ideas like Gaia theory (humans as a virus) and amplified by social media platforms. Reddit, TikTok, and Tumblr are criticized as hubs for pseudo-intellectualism, fostering anti-life ideologies among isolated individuals.Bible Engagement as a Positive Trend (00:24:28 - 00:31:02)A LifeWay survey shows 48% of Americans view the Bible as true (up from 36% in 2016), with rising Bible sales and reading. This suggests a growing rejection of secular humanism and a return to spiritual values amid cultural nihilism.Covid as a Scam (Music Man Analogy) (00:41:36 - 00:50:18)A Brownstone Institute article compares the Covid response to The Music Man, where fear (inflated death counts, PCR test misuse) enriched “snake oil salesmen” like Fauci. This mirrors historical fearmongering (9/11, Waco) to erode rights, with elites profiting from compliance.Trump's Tariffs Impact on Small Businesses (01:11:21 - 01:16:20)An NFIB survey shows Trump's unpredictable tariffs are reducing small business optimism (down to 95.8, below the 51-year average), creating market uncertainty akin to Covid-era disruption. Small businesses face tight margins, reduced hiring, and stalled investments, with tech sector impacts highlighted by YouTubers Louis Rossman and Gamers Nexus.DEA Corruption in Drug War (01:27:30 - 01:35:58)An AP article reveals Diego Marin, a Cali cartel figure, evaded capture with DEA complicity, bribing agents while building a $100M money-laundering empire. Compared to Whitey Bulger and Iran-Contra, it's framed as a problem-reaction-solution tactic to expand the police state.Mexican Navy Ship Crash (01:37:07 - 01:39:26)An NBC News report describes a Mexican Navy sailing ship crashing into the Brooklyn Bridge, killing two and injuring 22 due to a mechanical failure. The surreal event stunned New Yorkers, highlighting the unexpected nature of Mexico's sailing navy.CDC Covid Vaccine Recommendations (01:52:26 - 01:56:33)A Wall Street Journal article reports the Trump administration plans to drop routine Covid vaccine recommendations for pregnant women, teenagers, and children, led by HHS Secretary RFK Jr. The host criticizes the CDC's blanket recommendation (everyone 6 months and older) due to no long-term safety data, profit-driven motives, and harmful side effects, arguing the vaccine should be removed entirely.HHS Covid Vaccine Recommendations and Authority (02:05:33 - 02:13:16)Dr. Ruby critiques HHS's plan to stop recommending Covid vaccines for children and pregnant women as a red herring, given its authority over FDA, NIH, CMS, and CDC to demand immediate removal. She warns of deceptive terms like “considering” and questions state chemtrail bans, citing federal exemptions (Title 50, Prep Act) and global air circulation, suspecting controlled opposition.Novavax Approval Critique and Bird Flu (02:21:20 - 02:30:03)The FDA fully approved Novavax's Covid shot, marketed as non-mRNA but using synthetic spike proteins from moth cells, posing risks like myocarditis with no long-term studies. Dr. Ruby warns of off-label use and compares it to Pfizer/Moderna's rollout. She critiques bird flu as a fabricated threat, with chicken culling inflating egg prices and testing economic control, not addressing real disease.Vaccine Shedding and Industry Protections (02:16:43 - 02:51:36)Pfizer's investigator brochure admits Covid vaccine shedding via inhalation and skin contact, raising concerns about unknown contents affecting unvaccinated individuals. Dr. Ruby highlights the vaccine industry's Prep Act immunity, with government payouts in vaccine court, and Pfizer's 50% non-disclosure agreement, allowing undisclosed ingredients, akin to coercive contracts demanding country assets.Follow the show on Kick and watch live every weekday 9:00am EST – 12:00pm EST https://kick.com/davidknightshow Money should have intrinsic value AND transactional privacy: Go to https://davidknight.gold/ for great deals on physical gold/silver For 10% off Gerald Celente's prescient Trends Journal, go to https://trendsjournal.com/ and enter the code KNIGHT Find out more about the show and where you can watch it at TheDavidKnightShow.comIf you would like to support the show and our family please consider subscribing monthly here: SubscribeStar https://www.subscribestar.com/the-david-knight-showOr you can send a donation throughMail: David Knight POB 994 Kodak, TN 37764Zelle: @DavidKnightShow@protonmail.comCash App at: $davidknightshowBTC to: bc1qkuec29hkuye4xse9unh7nptvu3y9qmv24vanh7Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-real-david-knight-show--5282736/support.
India Shoots Down F-16 in Escalating Air Conflict In a dramatic escalation, India's air defence systems went full throttle Thursday night, downing a Pakistani F-16, two JF-17s, and a Pakistani AWACS inside Punjab province. The air battle followed Islamabad's coordinated strikes on Indian military locations in Jammu and Punjab. Drones were also intercepted in J&K and Rajasthan, with one striking Jammu Airport. India's S-400 systems thwarted eight incoming missiles across key border areas. The Integrated Defence Staff confirmed no casualties, calling the response “by the book.” The attacks came just days after India's Operation Sindoor targeted terror bases in Pakistan and PoK, placing the region on high alert. Markets Turn Cautious Amid War Clouds While panic didn't grip the markets, investors showed signs of nervousness after reports of Pakistani missile strikes on Indian targets. The Nifty fell 0.6% to 24,273, and India VIX surged 10% to 21.01, reflecting volatility. The put-call ratio (PCR) hit a record 1.89 before settling at 0.86 by day-end, as traders unwound risky bets. Analysts flagged this as heightened caution. Still, long-term bulls like Mirae's Swarup Mohanty and Kotak's Nilesh Shah believe the skirmish won't derail markets for long—and might offer buying opportunities. Adani's Himalayan Power Play with Bhutan Adani Group has inked a strategic MoU with Bhutan's Druk Green Power Corporation to jointly develop 5,000 MW of hydropower. Building on their ongoing 900 MW Wangchhu project, the deal aligns with Bhutan's 2040 clean energy roadmap. Adani will ensure power offtake via India's commercial markets, reinforcing Bhutan's central role in regional energy trade. With Tata Power and NHPC also eyeing Bhutan, the stage is set for a South Asian hydropower boom. Trump Hints at Major UK Trade Deal Donald Trump teased a “major trade deal” announcement at a press conference, likely involving the UK, according to Reuters and Financial Times. The deal could scrap Britain's 2% digital tax and see U.S. tariffs on aluminum, autos, and steel lowered. Talks with India are also on the table but face “a twist.” Trump claimed multiple nations are eager to negotiate. Markets reacted mildly positive, with S&P 500 futures up 0.5%, even as the 145% tariff wall on China remains untouched. Mumbai Flyers, Brace for Higher Airport Fees From May 16, flying out of Mumbai's Adani-run CSMIA will cost more. For the first time, domestic passengers will pay ₹175 on departure and ₹75 on arrival. International travellers face a steeper hike—₹695 and ₹304 for business class, ₹615 and ₹260 for economy, over 200% higher than current rates. AERA justified the hike citing upgraded infrastructure. The fee changes come amid Terminal 1's planned demolition, which is expected to temporarily dip traffic, with a rebound anticipated once Navi Mumbai airport opens.
Com o prazo para a entrega da declaração do imposto de renda se encerrando em 30 de maio, a prefeitura do Recife intensifica a mobilização da campanha “declare seu bairrismo”, que convida os contribuintes a destinarem parte do imposto devido aos fundos municipais da criança e do adolescente (FMCA) e da pessoa idosa (FMI). Para saber mais detalhes de como fazer a doação, Neneo de Carvalho, âncora da Rádio Folha 96,7FM conversou com o secretário de Transformação DigitaL, Ciência e Tecnologia da PCR, Rafael Cunha.
In this episode, we're joined by molecular biologist Dr. Jerneja Tomsic for a thorough, start-to-finish dismantling of PCR, the method that underpins much of modern diagnostic virology.We begin with foundational principles—Koch's postulates, isolation vs. purification, and the philosophical failures of modern science. Dr. Tomsic walks us through the basics of PCR, exposing its misuse in clinical settings and the flawed assumptions baked into its application.From there, we challenge the idea of asymptomatic carriers, the nonsense of virology, and the sleight of hand involved in viral sequencing, primer creation, and metagenomics.This is not just a technical critique—it's a deeper reflection on scientific corruption, narrative manipulation, and the role of fear as the real virus.If you've ever questioned the foundations of modern "infectious disease" science, this episode is essential listening.Keep up with me (socials)https://www.instagram.com/beyond.terrain/https://beyondterrain.com/Our vision at Beyond Terrain is best supported by sharing our work!Joining our private terrain community is also a wonderful way to support what we do here at Beyond Terrain.https://beyondterrain.com/beyond-terrain-community/Learn more from and support our esteemed guest, Dr. Tomsichttps://x.com/zianiniSLO
En este episodio de Código Tumoral, la Dra. Julieta Gómez, oncóloga médica de México, da la bienvenida a la Dra. Carolina Martínez Ciarpaglini, patóloga del Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, España, con amplia experiencia en patología del tracto gastrointestinal y hematolinfoide. A lo largo de la conversación, ambas especialistas reflexionaron sobre la diversidad de biomarcadores utilizados en el cáncer colorrectal metastásico, la implementación de nuevas tecnologías diagnósticas y el papel de la colaboración interdisciplinaria en la medicina de precisión.Durante la charla, se discutieron las principales estrategias diagnósticas en su centro de trabajo, incluyendo el uso universal de inmunohistoquímica para evaluar inestabilidad microsatelital y pruebas por PCR para detectar mutaciones en RAS y BRAF. La Dra. Martínez también abordó el uso selectivo de paneles NGS y la utilidad de la patología digital, destacando su potencial en la automatización y estandarización del análisis de biomarcadores. Finalmente, se conversó sobre los principales retos que enfrentan los patólogos, como la variabilidad entre laboratorios, la necesidad de optimización de muestras pequeñas, y la importancia crítica de una comunicación fluida entre oncólogos y patólogos para implementar de manera efectiva la medicina personalizada.Dentro de su conversación, se plantearon las siguientes preguntas:¿Cuáles son los biomarcadores que recomienda realizar en un paciente con cáncer colorrectal metastásico?¿Cuáles de estos se realizan actualmente en su centro de trabajo?¿Qué papel juega el marcador HER2 en la práctica clínica y en el contexto de ensayos clínicos?¿Cuál es el beneficio de realizar NGS en pacientes con cáncer colorrectal metastásico?¿Cuál es su opinión sobre la patología digital? ¿Cree que tendrá un rol importante en el descubrimiento y evaluación de biomarcadores?¿Cuáles consideras que han sido los mayores retos a los que te has enfrentado como patóloga?¿Qué obstáculos ves actualmente y a futuro en la implementación de nuevas tecnologías en patología oncológica?Fecha de grabación: 15 de abril de 2025. Todos los comentarios emitidos por los participantes son a título personal y no reflejan la opinión de ScienceLink u otros. Se deberá revisar las indicaciones aprobadas en el país para cada uno de los tratamientos y medicamentos comentados. Las opiniones vertidas en este programa son responsabilidad de los participantes o entrevistados, ScienceLink las ha incluido con fines educativos. Este material está dirigido a profesionales de la salud exclusivamente.
Hosťom relácie Dírerov filter bol biochemik Pavol Čekan. Okrem biochémie sa venuje výskumu v oblasti molekulárnej biológie a diagnostiky rakoviny prsníka. Študoval na univerzitách na Islande a Spojených štátoch, kde neskôr aj pracoval v Národnom onkologickom inštitúte. Na Slovensku sa do povedomia verejnosti dostal počas pandémie koronavírusu za vývoj PCR testov, ktoré sa dodnes používajú po celom svete. Za tento vynález získal viaceré významné ocenenia doma i vo svete.
What happens when scientific curiosity meets life-changing opportunity? Nicole Mumbi shares her remarkable journey and provides a powerful answer to this question.Moving from Nairobi, Kenya to Boston in 2019, Nicole faced the challenge of cultural transition while nurturing her budding interest in science. Though initially experiencing culture shock and language barriers, her determination never wavered. A simple middle school experiment on atmospheric pressure had already planted the seed of scientific fascination that would shape her future path.When Nicole's high school guidance counselor suggested applying to the BioBuilder Apprenticeship Program, she seized the opportunity despite her fears and busy academic schedule. At Ginkgo Bioworks' Learning Lab, Nicole and her team developed "Break the Stigma" – an innovative at-home HIV detection project that engineered bacterial cells with CD4 receptors to detect the virus in blood samples. This first-hand laboratory experience transformed her understanding of science from textbook concepts to real-world applications.The technical skills Nicole gained – from PCR to scientific presentation – became the foundation for her subsequent internship at the prestigious Ragon Institute. Now thriving as a Biochemistry and Molecular Biology student at UMass Amherst, she gives back by tutoring other students in chemistry while contemplating whether her future lies in research, medicine, or a combination of both.Throughout her story, Nicole emphasizes the importance of pushing past imposter syndrome to take chances. "I remember having this imposter syndrome person talking to me saying, 'I don't think you have enough qualifications,'" she shares. "But I was grateful for my mom's encouragement to partake in opportunities without feeling like an outsider."Learn more about BioBuilder's programs for students, educators, and industry professionals here
For years, scientists thought nothing could live above 73℃/163℉. At that temperature, everything boiled to death. But scientists Tom Brock and Hudson Freeze weren't convinced. What began as their simple quest to trawl for life in some of the hottest natural springs on Earth would, decades later, change the trajectory of biological science forever, saving millions of lives—possibly even yours.This seismic, totally unpredictable discovery, was funded by the U.S. government. This week, as the Trump administration slashes scientific research budgets en masse, we tell one story, a parable about the unforeseeable miracles that basic research can yield. After that, a familiar voice raises some essential questions: what are we risking with these cuts? And can we recover?Special thanks to Joanne Padrón Carney, Erin Heath, Valeria Sabate, Gwendolyn Bogard, Meredith Asbury and Megan Cantwell at AAAS. Thank you as well to Gregor Čavlović and Derek Muller and the rest of the Veritasium team.EPISODE CREDITS: Reported by - Latif Nasserwith help from - Maria Paz GutiérrezProduced by - Sarah Qari and Maria Paz GutiérrezOriginal music and sound design and mixing from - Jeremy BloomFact-checking by - Emily Kreigerand Edited by - Alex Neason with help from Sarah QariEPISODE CITATIONS:Videos - Latif also helped make a version of this story with the YouTube channel Veritasium. Articles - Hudson Freeze NYT OPED: Undercutting the Progress of American ScienceBooks -Thomas Brock, A Scientist in Yellowstone National ParkPaul Rabinow's Making PCR: A Story of BiotechnologyPodcasts Episodes:If you haven't heard, listen to our first episode about the Golden Goose awards. Signup for our newsletter!! It includes short essays, recommendations, and details about other ways to interact with the show. Sign up (https://radiolab.org/newsletter)!Radiolab is supported by listeners like you. Support Radiolab by becoming a member of The Lab (https://members.radiolab.org/) today.Follow our show on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook @radiolab, and share your thoughts with us by emailing radiolab@wnyc.org.Leadership support for Radiolab's science programming is provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Science Sandbox, a Simons Foundation Initiative, and the John Templeton Foundation. Foundational support for Radiolab was provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
The scientific method involves observation, questioning, forming hypotheses, testing predictions and altering theories to align with results; it is not the altering of results to align with a hypothesis. There are three acceptable narratives about COVID-19: a wet mart (official), 5G (conspiracy), and laboratory leak (alternative). Whereas the https://www.science.org/content/article/cia-bribed-its-own-covid-19-origin-team-reject-lab-leak-theory-anonymous-whistleblower to reject the lab theory, https://apnews.com/article/covid-cia-trump-china-pandemic-lab-leak-9ab7e84c626fed68ca13c8d2e453dde1 explanation. This announcement was made just days after the former President regained the White House. As of April 2025, the https://www.whitehouse.gov/lab-leak-true-origins-of-covid-19/?fbclid=IwY2xjawJv5wdleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHrhaCm1LYQx2UbG8uGLw5gkhCvB3N4a2gNrAgdarT7Z6C-XKZijSXHb3PctU_aem_hUJWc6XJ_Gfj14AvDa1VSA as “the true origins of COVID-19.” This new official designation means that at one time or another two totally different explanations were given, ultimately with the consequence of censorship and ridicule if a person thought or said anything different. Both explanations still result in justufciaotn for past, and future, measures such as: social distancing, masking, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/04/end-hygiene-theater/618576/ as a form of a theater, vaccines, etc. Prior to the recent shift in narratives, undercover video reportedly proved that Pfizer was indeed conducing gain of function research in a laboratory. But that lab was not a viral facility or a Wuhan institute; instead, it was a computer lab. In fact, https://www.pfizer.com/news/announcements/pfizer-responds-research-claims stating: “With a naturally evolving virus, it is important to routinely assess the activity of an antiviral. Most of this work is conducted using computer simulations…” Such computer simulations were used to predict mass casualties from COVID, too, and are the same ones being employed for Climate Change narratives. But what is COVID-19 or the virus designated SARS-COV-2. It is a list or complex of symptoms that are classified into categories of disease. Examination of COVID's symptoms prove they are nearly identical to the common cold and flu, among others. In fact, the https://hsph.harvard.edu/news/a-sharp-drop-in-flu-cases-during-covid-19-pandemic/. According to Harvard, this was the result of “wearing masks and distancing,” though they did not explain how such measures stopped the flu but not SARS-COV-2. Consider these three sets of symptoms from the CDC website: https://www.cdc.gov/common-cold/about/index.html: runny nose or nasal congestion, cough, sneezing, sore throat, headache, mild body aches, fever.https://www.cdc.gov/flu/signs-symptoms/index.html: runny or stuffy nose, cough, sore throat, headaches, muscle or body aches, fatigue, fever, and vomiting or diarrhea. https://www.cdc.gov/covid/signs-symptoms/index.html: congestion or runny nose, cough, sore throat, headache, muscle or body aches, fatigue, fever or chills, nausea or vomiting, and diarrhea. The only distinct symptoms of COVID were “shortness of breath or difficulty breathing” and “new loss of taste or smell.” The first symptom is already https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm in the United States - chronic lower respiratory disease. Since COVID was first tested CLRD has been bumped to sixth, though many of these respiratory deaths have been listed as COVID. In other words, what would have been diagnosed as CLRD was categorized instead as COVID-19. This is the same reason flu nearly disappeared as reported cases. These breathing problems were, within the COVID diagnosis, themselves sub-categorized as COVID-Pneumonia, and https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24002-covid-pneumonia. The second symptom of losing a senes of taste or smell varied between total loss and partial loss, something that also occurs with the common cold and flu. This distinct and often promoted https://www.healthline.com/health-news/who-is-most-likely-to-lose-their-sense-of-smell-and-taste-from-covid-19, and even so only involved some often minor or unspecified form of loss. Thus we can determine that between 15-37% of COVID cases had “distinct” symptoms arguably different than the overall symptoms that classify cold or flu, which means at liberal estimates over two thirds of COVID cases were nothing more than a case of the cold or flu. When defining what caused these other symptoms, we know recategorized pneumonia was one. But what about other causes that resulted in loss of senses? Other than injuries or inflammation, often caused by what we call allergies, https://www.livestrong.com/article/13731552-food-suddenly-tastes-different/ and https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27178656/, as can neurological disorders. Other than the obvious and physical, there is also the psychological. Anxiety and stress are well known to alter sense perceptions, including https://www.calmclinic.com/anxiety/signs/smell and https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668578/. Consider how much anxiety and stress were cultivated by 24-hour coverage of cases, deaths, symptoms, videos from China, etc., and how wiling the public was to adopt any perceptually legal or even illogical dictate for the purposes of keeping themselves and others “safe.” There is a long history of such mass psychogenic pathogen.Much of this fear was generated by variant names like “KRAKEN,” a mythical monster, as was https://www.unmc.edu/healthsecurity/transmission/2023/09/19/meet-the-man-who-named-covids-new-variants/ who likewise believed this naming heightened the public's perception of a terror they should be feeling. Such fear became so intense that one analysis suggested that COVID activated “archetypes of evil” and thus “added psychological suffering.” The study suggested: “Fear and grief caused by the pandemic have produced a powerful unconscious narrative in the collective psyche that the coronavirus is driven by an https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8441919/. The resulting archetypal dimension of fear causes an extra layer of psychological suffering in individuals.” Such mythical, theological, and even magical terms were not lost in the New England Journal of Medicine which openly declared in 2020 that masks were little more than talismans: “Masks are not only tools, https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2006372...” A spirit or demon possessing a body is an impure form that makes one sick. Items such as crosses or holy water are employed in its exorcism - to exercise/exorcise the demon and make healthy again - along with the name of the unclean. The same is done today in modern vaccine administration. The holy water is replaced by a vaccine vial, the cross is replaced by a syringe and plunger, the demon's name is replaced by the variant or virus name, and the ritual robes are replaced by white lab coats. The pandemic was not about a virus and a distinct set of symptoms. Instead it was about inducing archetypical fear and https://www.weforum.org/stories/2020/10/the-rich-got-richer-during-the-pandemic-and-that-s-a-daunting-sign-for-our-recovery/. It was at best https://www.history.com/articles/mysterious-illnesses-mass-hysteria, in the middle a conspiracy of fraud and psychological terror, and at worst a dark magical ritual to induce trauma. Further evidence of the fraud can be found in reports like this one from the New York Times that discuss the ultra amplification of PCR testing cycles from the low 30s to the mid 40s -“https://absa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/NYT-200829-Your-Coronavirus-Test.pdf” - “In three sets of testing data that include cycle thresholds, compiled by officials in Massachusetts, New York and Nevada, up to 90 percent of people testing positive carried barely any virus…In Massachusetts, from 85 to 90 percent of people who tested positive in July with a cycle threshold of 40 would have been deemed negative if the threshold were 30 cycles.” Even ‘true' positive tests do not indicate symptoms or disease, or the future development of such, which brings us back to the White House website and the statement about the lab leak: “The virus possesses a biological characteristic that is not found in nature.” This may be true, as per whatever is being assumed to exist, or observed under a microscope, or played with in a computer model, yet it does not prove any disease, especially in https://abcnews.go.com/Health/covid-transmission-asymptomatic/story?id=84599810. *The is the FREE archive.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-secret-teachings--5328407/support.
Scientific discovery happens in the lab—but it starts with curiosity and determination. In this episode of Absolute Gene-ius, we welcome Valeria Rangel, a PhD candidate at the University of California Irvine, who shares her research on acute lymphoblastic leukemia and the innovative ways digital PCR is helping uncover genetic patterns linked to cancer in Hispanic populations.Val's work focuses on Philadelphia chromosome-like (Ph-like) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a rare and aggressive form of cancer. She explains how her lab uses digital PCR to detect mutations with high precision, identify risk factors in certain populations, and even validate findings using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Through her research, Val sheds light on the role of SNPs, methylation patterns, and translocations in leukemia progression—demonstrating how digital PCR is transforming the way we approach cancer research.Beyond the science, Val takes us on her personal journey, from struggling to break into research due to financial barriers to finding her passion in oncology. In this episode's Career Corner, she shares valuable advice for aspiring scientists, tips for landing research opportunities, and some of her most hilarious and humbling lab moments (yes, she has broken multiple pipettes).Visit the Absolute Gene-ius pageto learn more about the guests, the hosts, and the Applied Biosystems QuantStudio Absolute Q Digital PCR System.
In this episode of the RWS Clinician's Corner, Margaret Floyd Barry has an enlightening discussion featuring Dr. Betty Murray, a leading expert in women's health and hormone metabolism. Dr. Betty dives deep into the intricate role of the enzyme beta glucuronidase and how it impacts everything from detoxification processes to hormone balance, particularly in women over 40. We also unpack the symbiotic relationship between hormones and the microbiome, and how this understanding can transform clinical practices. In this interview, we discuss: -What beta glucuronidase is and the relationship between hormones and the microbiome -How microbiome changes with age and hormones - and its potential benefits -The approach to testing for beta glucuronidase in conjunction with other tests -The role of diet and supplements in managing microbiome and enzyme levels -The concept of creating a healthier biome environment rather than targeting individual strains The Clinician's Corner is brought to you by Restorative Wellness Solutions. Follow us: https://www.instagram.com/restorativewellnesssolutions/ Connect with Dr. Betty Murray: Websites: https://bettymurray.com; https://livingwelldallas.com; and https://getmenrva.com YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@drbettymurray and https://www.youtube.com/@MenopauseMasteryShow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drbettymurray/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/drbettymurray LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/bettymurray/ Resources from Dr. Betty: Assessing the Microbiome in Clinical Practice Presentation from the Archives: https://youtu.be/nvbAE3oVec0 A Girl's Guide to Estrogen Dominance: https://ed.hormoneshelp.com/ Timestamps: 00:00 From Christian Science to Functional Medicine 10:13 Rethinking Beta Glucuronidase's Role 11:42 Menopause, Microbiome, and Hormones 17:20 Hormones' Impact on IBS Severity 25:02 Hormone Metabolism Insights in Telemedicine 28:42 Researching Age-Specific Functional Medicine 37:37 Clinician's Corner: Gut Healing Training 43:21 Dietary Impact on Microbiome Change 48:44 Postbiotic Innovations in Microbiome Therapy 51:45 Understanding Overgrowth Causes 55:51 Constant Relearning and Pattern Recognition 01:02:44 "The Clinician's Corner: Join Us" Speaker bio: Dr. Betty Murray is a women's health advocate, nutrition expert, PhD researcher, certified functional medicine practitioner, author, and speaker. Betty helps women over 40 harness their hormones to lose weight, optimize sleep, restore energy, and thrive. During her research for her Ph.D., Betty made several key discoveries that lead to hormone & metabolic imbalances that plague women over 40. Restoring balance to these key metabolic and hormone pathways is the basis of her Menopause Mastery Program. Dr. Betty is the founder and CEO of Living Well Dallas Functional Medicine Center and Menrva, a national women's telemedicine company providing bioidentical hormone treatment, nutrition, diet, and lifestyle guidance to feel like perimenopause and menopause never happened. She is the host of the Menopause Mastery Podcast, author, and featured writer for Brainz Magazine. As a professional speaker, she has shared the stage with Lisa Nichols, Dr. Mark Hyman, JJ Virgin, Dr. Steven Gundry, Codie Sanchez, Dr. Shrini Pallay, and many others, and she is a frequently featured nutrition expert on Fox News Broadcasting, CW33, NBC, and CBS. Keywords: Beta glucuronidase, estrogen metabolism, hormone imbalance, detoxification, functional medicine, gut health, microbiome, perimenopause, menopause, probiotics, pathogenic species, PCR technology, breast cancer, constipation dominant IBS, hormone metabolites, dietary changes, biofilms, fermented foods, resistant starches, calcium D-glucarate, postbiotics, metagenomics, neurotransmitters, inflammation, histamine, polyphenol-rich foods, nutraceuticals, chemotherapy toxicity, lipopolysaccharide, Gilberts syndrome Disclaimer: The views expressed in the RWS Clinician's Corner series are those of the individual speakers and interviewees, and do not necessarily reflect the views of Restorative Wellness Solutions, LLC. Restorative Wellness Solutions, LLC does not specifically endorse or approve of any of the information or opinions expressed in the RWS Clinician's Corner series. The information and opinions expressed in the RWS Clinician's Corner series are for educational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice. If you have any medical concerns, please consult with a qualified healthcare professional. Restorative Wellness Solutions, LLC is not liable for any damages or injuries that may result from the use of the information or opinions expressed in the RWS Clinician's Corner series. By viewing or listening to this information, you agree to hold Restorative Wellness Solutions, LLC harmless from any and all claims, demands, and causes of action arising out of or in connection with your participation. Thank you for your understanding.
Broadcast from KSQD, Santa Cruz on 4-10-2025: Dr. Dawn responds to an email about difficult-to-control asthma, recommending quercetin and inhaled cromolyn as mast cell stabilizers, and suggesting Montelukast to address leukotrienes while investigating possible mold exposure as an underlying cause. She discusses groundbreaking research on age-related bone deterioration, explaining how osteocytes undergo structural changes with age, and exploring the concept of cellular senescence including potential treatments like quercetin/dasatinib combination therapy, fisetin, and metformin. A frequent caller with a history of sepsis, osteomyelitis and eye infections describes newly developed high blood pressure, with Dr. Dawn explaining how oxidative stress from infection can damage endothelial cells, reducing nitric oxide production and suggesting L-arginine, beet consumption, and proper blood pressure measurement techniques. Responding to an email about preventing cartilage loss, Dr. Dawn evaluates glucosamine sulfate research, noting key differences between effective and ineffective studies, while emphasizing the importance of achieving healthy body weight as a primary factor in preventing osteoarthritis progression. Dr. Dawn provides guidance to an email question about choosing a primary care physician before retirement, recommending selecting doctors established in their practice for 3-4 years and warning against Medicare Advantage plans that limit provider options. She addresses an email from someone experiencing persistent fatigue following Epstein-Barr virus reactivation, suggesting additional testing to confirm viral load through PCR rather than relying solely on antibody levels, while exploring alternative causes including long COVID, mold exposure, or autoimmune issues.
Episode 188: RSV Management and PreventionDr. Sandhu and future Dr. Mohamed summarize the management of RSV and describe how to prevent it with chemoprophylaxis and vaccines. Dr Arreaza adds some comments about RSV vaccines.Written by Abdolhakim Mohamed, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Ranbir Sandhu, MD, and Hector Arreaza, MD.You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.What is RSV? -The Respiratory syncytial Virus (RSV) is an enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the Orthopneumovirus genus within the Pneumoviridae family. -RSV is a major cause of acute respiratory tract infections, particularly bronchiolitis and pneumonia, in infants and young children, and it also significantly affects older adults and immunocompromised individuals. -RSV infections cause an estimated 58,000–80,000 hospitalizations among children younger than 5 years and 60,000–160,000 hospitalizations among adults older than 65 years each year.-RSV is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets and direct contact with contaminated surfaces. The virus typically causes seasonal epidemics, peaking in the winter months in temperate climates and during the rainy season in tropical regions. -Virtually all children are infected with RSV by the age of two, and reinfections can occur throughout life, often with milder symptoms.-Per the 2014 Clinical Practice Guideline: The Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Bronchiolitis, from the American Academy of Pediatrics, the most common etiology of bronchiolitis is RSV. -About 97% of children are infected with RSV in the first 2 years of life, about 40% will experience lower respiratory tract infection during the initial infection. Other viruses that cause bronchiolitis include human rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, influenza, adenovirus, coronavirus, and parainfluenza viruses.When is RSV season?-Classically, the highest incidence of infection occurs between December and March in North America. Per CDC, there were typical prepandemic RSV season patterns, but the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted RSV seasonality during 2020–2022. -Before we dive into the seasonality patterns, for context, in order to describe RSV seasonality in the US, data was gathered and analyzed from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results reported to the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) during July 2017–February 2023. -Seasonal RSV epidemics were defined as the weeks during which the percentage of PCR test results that were positive for RSV was ≥3%. Per 2017–2020 data, RSV epidemics in the United States typically follow seasonal patterns, that began in October, peaked in December or January, and ended in April. -However, during 2020–21, the typical winter RSV epidemic did not occur. The 2021–22 season began in May, peaked in July, and ended in January. -The 2022–23 season started (June) and peaked (November) later than the 2021–22 season, but earlier than prepandemic seasons. CDC notes that the timing of the 2022–23 season suggests that seasonal patterns are returning toward those observed in prepandemic years, however, warn that clinicians should be aware that off-season RSV circulation might continue.Treatment of RSVSome key points of the 2014 pediatric guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics.-AAP strongly do not recommend beta agonists or steroids for viral associated bronchiolitis because of no significant improved outcomes. “Clinicians should not administer albuterol (or salbutamol) to infants and children with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis (Evidence Quality: B; Recommendation Strength: Strong Recommendation).”-Epinephrine is not recommended for infants and children with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis (Evidence Quality: B; Recommendation Strength: Strong Recommendation).-Nebulized hypertonic saline should not be administered to infants with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis in the emergency department (Evidence Quality: B; Recommendation Strength: Moderate Recommendation), but hypertonic saline may be administered when they are hospitalized (Evidence Quality: B; Recommendation Strength: Weak Recommendation [based on randomized controlled trials with inconsistent findings]).-Chest physiotherapy should not be used in infants and children with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis (Evidence Quality: B; Recommendation Strength: Moderate Recommendation).-Antibiotics should not be administered in bronchiolitis unless there is a concomitant bacterial infection, or a strong suspicion of one (Evidence Quality: B; Recommendation Strength: Strong Recommendation).-Oxygen therapy may not be administered if the oxyhemoglobin saturation exceeds 90% in infants and children with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis (Evidence Quality: D; Recommendation Strength: Weak Recommendation [based on low level evidence and reasoning from first principles]).-Clinicians should administer nasogastric or intravenous fluids for infants with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis who cannot maintain hydration orally (Evidence Quality: X; Recommendation Strength: Strong Recommendation).How do we prevent RSV?Infant Immuno-prophylaxis:A clinical trial in 2022 demonstrated that a single injection of nirsevimab (Beyfortus®), administered before the RSV season, protected healthy late-preterm and term infants from RSV-associated lower respiratory tract that required medical treatment. Nirsevimab is a monoclonal antibody to the RSV fusion protein that has an extended half-life.Additionally, on August 3, 2023, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended nirsevimab for all infants younger than 8 months who are born during or entering their first RSV season and for infants and children between 8-19 months who are at increased risk for severe RSV disease and are entering their second RSV season. On the basis of pre-COVID-19 pandemic patterns, nirsevimab could be administered in most of the continental United States from October through the end of March.Maternal Vaccination: The CDC recommends the administration of the RSVPreF vaccine to pregnant women between 32 0/7 and 36 6/7 weeks of gestation. This vaccination aims to reduce the risk of RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infection in infants during the first 6 months of life.At this time, if a pregnant woman has already received a maternal RSV vaccine during any previous pregnancy, CDC does not recommend another dose of RSV vaccine during subsequent pregnancies.Older individuals: -Each year in the U.S., it is estimated that between 60,000 and 160,000 older adults are hospitalized and between 6,000 and 10,000 die due to RSV infection-ABRYSVO's approval will help offer older adults protection in the RSV season.-On June 26, 2024, ACIP voted to give these recommendations: all adults older than 75 years and adults between 60–74 years who are at increased risk for severe RSV disease should receive a single dose of RSV vaccine (Abrysvo®).Even without trying, every night you go to bed a little wiser. Thanks for listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast. We want to hear from you, send us an email at RioBravoqWeek@clinicasierravista.org, or visit our website riobravofmrp.org/qweek. See you next week! _____________________References:Hamid S, Winn A, Parikh R, et al. Seasonality of Respiratory Syncytial Virus — United States, 2017–2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:355–361. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7214a1Hammitt LL, Dagan R, Yuan Y, Baca Cots M, Bosheva M, Madhi SA, Muller WJ, Zar HJ, Brooks D, Grenham A, Wählby Hamrén U, Mankad VS, Ren P, Takas T, Abram ME, Leach A, Griffin MP, Villafana T; MELODY Study Group. Nirsevimab for Prevention of RSV in Healthy Late-Preterm and Term Infants. N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 3;386(9):837-846. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2110275. PMID: 35235726.Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, Alverson BK, Baley JE, Gadomski AM, Johnson DW, Light MJ, Maraqa NF, Mendonca EA, Phelan KJ, Zorc JJ, Stanko-Lopp D, Brown MA, Nathanson I, Rosenblum E, Sayles S 3rd, Hernandez-Cancio S; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-2742. Erratum in: Pediatrics. 2015 Oct;136(4):782. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-2862. PMID: 25349312.CDC, per their published article Seasonality of Respiratory Syncytial Virus — United States for 2017–2023, in the United StatesWhat U.S. Obstetricians Need to Know About Respiratory Syncytial Virus.Debessai H, Jones JM, Meaney-Delman D, Rasmussen SA. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2024;143(3):e54-e62. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000005492.Maternal Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccination and Receipt of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Antibody (Nirsevimab) by Infants Aged
Genetyka rozwija się w imponującym tempie. Obecnie możliwości to izolowanie DNA z materiału kostnego, a nawet z… kamienia nazębnego; a także analiza genów pod kątem cech fenotypowych: umiemy wyczytać na przykład, że dana osoba prawdopodobnie miała jasną skórę z piegami i zielone oczy, a także czy miała tendencje do łysienia. Dane z badań DNA wykorzystuje się w kryminalistyce, medycynie i wielu innych dziedzinach, ale jest też haczyk: zaawansowane badania wymagają dużych, stabilnych laboratoriów. – Czasy romantycznej genetyki, gdzie mieliśmy dwa pomieszczenia, izolację, PCR, już się po prostu skończyły i nie ma odwrotu – mówi mój dzisiejszy gość, prof. Andrzej Ossowski, kierownik Katedry Medycyny Sądowej Zakładu Genetyki Sądowej na Pomorskim Uniwersytecie Medycznym w Szczecinie. – To jest pędząca lokomotywa.Zespół prof. Ossowskiego opracował przełomową technikę pozyskiwania DNA z materiału kostnego, choć w kościach zachowuje się on wręcz fatalnie. – To jest materiał, który jest zupełnie zniszczony. W próbkach kości mówimy o pikogramach DNA, a w materiale z krwi mamy setki albo nawet tysiące razy więcej materiału – opowiada profesor. Nowe technologie pozwalają odtworzyć cały genom z zachowanego fragmentu szkieletu. Na tej podstawie prof. Ossowski z zespołem założył Polską Bazę Genetyczną Ofiar Totalitaryzmów. Członkowie zespołu izolują DNA ze szczątków osób znalezionych w bezimiennych, często masowych grobach ofiar II wojny światowej lub powojennego terroru komunistycznego. Pozyskane DNA jest porównywane z bazą pobraną od ochotników z rodzin zaginionych ofiar. – Bez krewnych nie uda nam się nikogo zidentyfikować – wskazuje profesor. W tym roku jego zespół zaczyna badania z grobu w ukraińskich Późnikach. W odcinku usłyszycie też, czym będą Regionalne Centra Medycyny Cyfrowej, co potrafi genetyk, który ma dostęp do czyjejś czaszki, dlaczego powinniśmy zainteresować się tworzeniem bezpiecznych biobanków i jakie są wady systemu grantowego na uczelniach. Tak energicznie działającej jednostki naukowej już dawno nie widziałam!Odcinek powstał w Szczecinie, w ramach XIV. podróży Radia Naukowego. Podróże są możliwe dzięki wspierającej nas społeczności Patronek i Patronów. Tutaj możecie do nich dołączyć: https://patronite.pl/radionaukowe
Season 5: Episode 207In this North American Ag Spotlight podcast episode, host Chrissy Wozniak interviews Katie Pasitney from Universal Ostrich, a family-owned ostrich farm in British Columbia, Canada. The farm, which has been raising ostriches for 35 years, is facing a crisis due to a government order to cull over 400 ostriches amid an avian flu outbreak, despite most birds showing resistance and antibodies to the virus.Katie explains that the farm has shifted focus in recent years to groundbreaking antibody research in collaboration with Kyoto Prefectural University in Japan. They inoculate ostriches with antigens to produce robust antibodies in their egg yolks, which could be used to create nutraceuticals like lozenges and nasal sprays to boost human immunity against diseases, including COVID-19 variants. This research has shown promising results, with one ostrich egg containing antibodies equivalent to 100 chicken eggs or the blood of 800 rabbits, offering a humane and efficient alternative.The crisis began in December 2024 when the farm noticed symptoms similar to a 2020 pseudomonas bacteria outbreak, initially linked to migratory mallard ducks. However, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), acting on an anonymous tip, tested two deceased ostriches and confirmed H5N1 avian influenza using PCR tests, rejecting the farm's request to test healthy birds or conduct a broader study. Despite the farm's isolation and the ostriches' apparent herd immunity—evidenced by 76 days without symptomatic deaths post-quarantine—the CFIA ordered the entire flock's destruction, citing trading partner policies influenced by the World Health Organization and the UN.Katie highlights the farm's struggle against what she calls a “stamping out” policy that prioritizes mass culling over preserving natural immunity, potentially benefiting Big Pharma by eliminating alternatives to vaccines. The CFIA has threatened a $250,000 fine or jail time if the farm tests its own animals, and even probed for intellectual property during a 5.5-hour meeting, despite having already signed a kill order on December 30, 2024. The family faces a deadline to kill and bury the ostriches themselves or lose compensation if a third-party contractor intervenes.With a judicial review scheduled for mid-April, the farm is fighting legally to save their ostriches and research, having raised over $60,000 for legal fees but facing $100,000 more in outstanding costs. Katie pleads for public support, emphasizing the global implications for agriculture and natural immunity, and directs listeners to saveourostiches.com for updates and donations.Chrissy underscores the story's urgency, calling for action against government overreach and the preservation of this potentially revolutionary science, urging listeners to share the episode and support the cause. Learn more about this cause at https://bcrising.ca/save-our-ostriches/ and give to the cause at https://www.givesendgo.com/save-our-ostriches or https://www.gofundme.com/f/help-ostrich-farmers-fight-to-save-herd-from-avian-flu?attribution_id=sl%3A80e09934-7413-429b-acfb-2f7015cc19d3&lang=en_CA#ostrich #farming #agricultureDon't just thank a farmer, pray for one toSend us a textAgritechnica in Hannover, Germany is held every other year, this year long-time tech writer & ag journalist Willie Vogt has put together for ag enthusiasts! The Agritechnica tour includes three days at the huge equipment and farm technology event. Learn more - https://agtoursusa.com/agritechnica.htmlSubscribe to North American Ag at https://northamericanag.com
Trump's Liberation Day Tariff ChaosPanic grips the White House as Trump's erratic Liberation Day tariff plans, set for April 2nd, spiral into chaosCar Crisis Unleashed: Trump's Tariffs Jack Prices to the Moon and Trump “couldn't care less”Musk's Mega WinCongress surrenders as Trump seizes tariff reins, spitting on the founders' wisdomDrug Czar Farce: Trump's Pick Shields CIA's Dirty Secrets Silencing Dissent: Dr. Sam Bailey's License Ripped for Defying COVID LiesNew Zealand's Dr. Sam Bailey, MD pays a brutal price—$90,000 fine and license yanked—for daring to question PCR and Trump's shots! And in Canada, a detective is punished for investigating SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome). Don't look at SIDS or autism! Green Heist: GOP Loves Biden's $4 Trillion Green Tax Credits King Trump's Gambit: Constitution Be Damned for a Third Term“I'm not joking” says Trump about a third term Pardon Payoff Scandal: Trump Cashes In on Criminals Like MiltonParadise Found (or bought) by Milton. Trump's pardon for Nikola's fraudster Milton after a cool $2 million campaign gift! Whistleblowers like Kiriakou reported Giuliani selling Trump pardons, while big-tech crooks buy freedom. Satan's Siege: Churches Vandalized, Black Mass in KansasThe Satanists' strategy and why their claims of “religious equality” should be ignored Schools, Satanists, and the First Amendment ClashOklahoma fights to reclaim religious rights in schools, while Satanists push abortion pills and Daily Wire's attempt to gag “Christ is King” becomes an Easter tradition. From Kenya murders to Idaho lawsuits, faith faces a multi-front war Bodyoid Horror: MIT's Trial Balloon to Grow Humans for Parts Unleashes Ethical HellMIT floats a nightmare—grow “bodyoids” in labs for drugs, organs, maybe meat! No pain, no brains, they claim, but the transhumanist abyss yawns wide. Is this science or a soulless descent into Brave New World? Vaccine Reckoning: Mixed Signals Whether Justice Will Prevail Dr. Vernon Coleman drops a bombshell—doctors who pushed COVID shots could be bankrupt by 2030? Yet Tennessee's Supreme Court stabs workers in the back, siding with Blue Cross Blue Shield to fire the unvaccinated Greenland MAGA: “Make America GO AWAY” Trump's Greenland obsession turns icy as Trump's chilling statement — “a good POSSIBILITY that we could do it without military force” is an implied threat of military force And, Panama Port Power Play as China shuts down the deal with antitrust probes “The Who”, Roger Daltry, says he's going blind & deaf — but he still plays a mean pinball and helps with teen cancer charity as he reflects on aging JFK Bombshell: Alleged NBC's Secret Tape Could Expose Oswald's Innocence What's Behind the Drop in Egg Prices? Mug-Shot! Too Much Coffee in Texas Could Get You a DUI (Driving Under Influence)If you would like to support the show and our family please consider subscribing monthly here: SubscribeStar https://www.subscribestar.com/the-david-knight-show Or you can send a donation throughMail: David Knight POB 994 Kodak, TN 37764Zelle: @DavidKnightShow@protonmail.comCash App at: $davidknightshowBTC to: bc1qkuec29hkuye4xse9unh7nptvu3y9qmv24vanh7Money should have intrinsic value AND transactional privacy: Go to DavidKnight.gold for great deals on physical gold/silverFor 10% off Gerald Celente's prescient Trends Journal, go to TrendsJournal.com and enter the code KNIGHTFor 10% off supplements and books, go to RNCstore.com and enter the code KNIGHTBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-david-knight-show--2653468/support.
Trump's Liberation Day Tariff ChaosPanic grips the White House as Trump's erratic Liberation Day tariff plans, set for April 2nd, spiral into chaosCar Crisis Unleashed: Trump's Tariffs Jack Prices to the Moon and Trump “couldn't care less”Musk's Mega WinCongress surrenders as Trump seizes tariff reins, spitting on the founders' wisdomDrug Czar Farce: Trump's Pick Shields CIA's Dirty Secrets Silencing Dissent: Dr. Sam Bailey's License Ripped for Defying COVID LiesNew Zealand's Dr. Sam Bailey, MD pays a brutal price—$90,000 fine and license yanked—for daring to question PCR and Trump's shots! And in Canada, a detective is punished for investigating SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome). Don't look at SIDS or autism! Green Heist: GOP Loves Biden's $4 Trillion Green Tax Credits King Trump's Gambit: Constitution Be Damned for a Third Term“I'm not joking” says Trump about a third term Pardon Payoff Scandal: Trump Cashes In on Criminals Like MiltonParadise Found (or bought) by Milton. Trump's pardon for Nikola's fraudster Milton after a cool $2 million campaign gift! Whistleblowers like Kiriakou reported Giuliani selling Trump pardons, while big-tech crooks buy freedom. Satan's Siege: Churches Vandalized, Black Mass in KansasThe Satanists' strategy and why their claims of “religious equality” should be ignored Schools, Satanists, and the First Amendment ClashOklahoma fights to reclaim religious rights in schools, while Satanists push abortion pills and Daily Wire's attempt to gag “Christ is King” becomes an Easter tradition. From Kenya murders to Idaho lawsuits, faith faces a multi-front war Bodyoid Horror: MIT's Trial Balloon to Grow Humans for Parts Unleashes Ethical HellMIT floats a nightmare—grow “bodyoids” in labs for drugs, organs, maybe meat! No pain, no brains, they claim, but the transhumanist abyss yawns wide. Is this science or a soulless descent into Brave New World? Vaccine Reckoning: Mixed Signals Whether Justice Will Prevail Dr. Vernon Coleman drops a bombshell—doctors who pushed COVID shots could be bankrupt by 2030? Yet Tennessee's Supreme Court stabs workers in the back, siding with Blue Cross Blue Shield to fire the unvaccinated Greenland MAGA: “Make America GO AWAY” Trump's Greenland obsession turns icy as Trump's chilling statement — “a good POSSIBILITY that we could do it without military force” is an implied threat of military force And, Panama Port Power Play as China shuts down the deal with antitrust probes “The Who”, Roger Daltry, says he's going blind & deaf — but he still plays a mean pinball and helps with teen cancer charity as he reflects on aging JFK Bombshell: Alleged NBC's Secret Tape Could Expose Oswald's Innocence What's Behind the Drop in Egg Prices? Mug-Shot! Too Much Coffee in Texas Could Get You a DUI (Driving Under Influence)If you would like to support the show and our family please consider subscribing monthly here: SubscribeStar https://www.subscribestar.com/the-david-knight-show Or you can send a donation throughMail: David Knight POB 994 Kodak, TN 37764Zelle: @DavidKnightShow@protonmail.comCash App at: $davidknightshowBTC to: bc1qkuec29hkuye4xse9unh7nptvu3y9qmv24vanh7Money should have intrinsic value AND transactional privacy: Go to DavidKnight.gold for great deals on physical gold/silverFor 10% off Gerald Celente's prescient Trends Journal, go to TrendsJournal.com and enter the code KNIGHTFor 10% off supplements and books, go to RNCstore.com and enter the code KNIGHTBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-real-david-knight-show--5282736/support.
Matters Microbial #84: Detecting Pathogens — and Worse — in Wastewater March 27, 2025 Today, Dr. Rachel Poretsky, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences at the University of Illinois Chicago joins the #QualityQuorum to discuss how examining wastewater (and related water) can give insights into the presence of pathogen antimicrobial resistance genes and even microbial ecology. Host: Mark O. Martin Guest: Rachel Poretsky Subscribe: Apple Podcasts, Spotify Become a patron of Matters Microbial! Links for this episode A link to demonstrate the wonders of the Marine Biological Laboratories' Microbial Diversity course, which I know for a fact is life changing. Recommended by David Ranada, an article about water bottles and microbes. An essay about the Chicago River and cholera, which led to the necessity of effective waste water treatment. An overview of the complexities of waste water treatment. Here is a video on that topic. An essay by Carl Zimmer about the microbial ecology of lakes…and human beings. How “recreational water quality” is determined. An article describing the microbiota associated with human biological waste with an amusing name (scroll down). How qPCR can be used to determine the prevalence of specific microbes. A recent article from Dr. Poretsky's research group, investigating how antimicrobial resistance genes can move through a hospital waste water system. A link to the Bacterial-Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center, for which Dr. Poretsky is a Principle Investigator. The Illinois state wastewater surveillance dashboard. Fascinating! A Discovery Channel documentary on virus hunting and surveillance that includes Dr. Poretsky. Dr. Poretsky's faculty webpage. Dr. Poretsky's webpage for her research group. Intro music is by Reber Clark Send your questions and comments to mattersmicrobial@gmail.com
We have a great Round Up / Lowdown on Canadian specific topics.... You American's might wanna tune in tho! Mass Integration on the rise in Que, Elbows up over Pokemon cards in a Coscto parking lot... guess where. Yep. Brampton PP signalling with letter re Hola Muhola! Meanwhile Danielle Smith starts out with long list for Carneyage to undo for Alberta. Canada - The most European Non European country signals to the EU, meanwhile the EU wants to use their private capital to finance the war machine. You can't make this stuff up. What about Alberta and the national CPP. And did the tariffs on China effect our 600 million dollar investment on China EV's from the CPP? We go over the ICAIE report from late 2023 - The Growing Harms of Cross-Border Illicit Trade Vectors and Threat Convergence to Canada's National Security. If this doesn't get you thinking about our relationship with USA..... The depopulation exemption on ostriches is still in play although it might end and all due to PCR testing. Legit Climate change hysteria from MLA's in BC! And buckle up Canada - GFANZ is in play and USA is talking about it, in a Judicial Report. A sincere heads up from American oil rigs for Alberta to get their shit together quick Value for Value. You Canadian News deconstruction with zero ads. Please donate! Thanks for watching and listening. https://eh-list.ca/ Support the show directly: https://grimericacbd.com/ CBD and THC Tinctures and Gummies! https://grimerica.ca/support-2/ http://Grimerica.ca/shrooms and Micro Dosing The Eh-List YouTube Channel: https://youtube.com/@theeh-list?si=d_ThkEYAK6UG_hGX Our Adultbrain Audiobook Podcast and Website: www.adultbrain.ca Our Audiobook Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@adultbrainaudiobookpublishing/videos Support and extra content http://www.grimericaoutlawed.ca/support. Substack and Subscribe. https://grimericaoutlawed.substack.com/ or to our Locals https://grimericaoutlawed.locals.com/ or Rokfin www.Rokfin.com/Grimerica Patreon https://www.patreon.com/grimericaoutlawed Darren's book www.acanadianshame.ca Check out our next trip/conference/meetup - Contact at the Cabin www.contactatthecabin.com www.grimerica.ca/Shrooms and Micro-Dosing Other affiliated shows: www.grimerica.ca The OG Grimerica Show www.Rokfin.com/Grimerica Our channel on free speech Rokfin Join the chat / hangout with a bunch of fellow Grimericans Https://t.me.grimerica https://www.guilded.gg/chat/b7af7266-771d-427f-978c-872a7962a6c2?messageId=c1e1c7cd-c6e9-4eaf-abc9-e6ec0be89ff3 Leave a review on iTunes and/or Stitcher: https://itunes.apple.com/ca/podcast/grimerica-outlawed http://www.stitcher.com/podcast/grimerica-outlawed Sign up for our newsletter http://www.grimerica.ca/news SPAM Graham = and send him your synchronicities, feedback, strange experiences and psychedelic trip reports!! graham@grimerica.com InstaGRAM https://www.instagram.com/the_grimerica_show_podcast/ Purchase swag, with partial proceeds donated to the show www.grimerica.ca/swag Send us a postcard or letter http://www.grimerica.ca/contact/ ART - Napolean Duheme's site http://www.lostbreadcomic.com/ MUSIC Tru Northperception, Felix's Site sirfelix.bandcamp.com Links to the stuff we chatted about: https://www.ourgreaterdestiny.ca/p/icaie-report-colossal-scale-of-international?utm_source=post-email-title&publication_id=832740&post_id=159156905&utm_campaign=email-post-title&isFreemail=true&r=24pqe&triedRedirect=true&utm_medium=email https://lawyerlisa.substack.com/p/eu-plan-to-use-europeans-private?utm_source=post-email-title&publication_id=1287362&post_id=159342647&utm_campaign=email-post-title&isFreemail=true&r=24pqe&triedRedirect=true&utm_medium=email https://x.com/ryangerritsen/status/1901634358730973274 https://x.com/Ab51_Project/status/1901750010079060063 https://x.com/AnnRolle_/status/1901017931057623156 https://x.com/chrisdacey/status/1901595877942174100 https://x.com/FoodProfessor/status/1901436700670234704 https://x.com/cbcwatcher/status/1901353901141508126 https://x.com/Bob31685906/status/1901307197092737056 Darren's links: https://www.theepochtimes.com/opinion/quebec-is-replacing-multiculturalism-with-integration-english-canada-should-do-the-same-5823509?utm_source=OP_article_paid&src_src=OP_article_paid&utm_campaign=opinion-2025-03-19-ca&src_cmp=opinion-2025-03-19-ca&utm_medium=email&est=KsP4djGXC2jVUacDJOoMv7sk9QQWwcwin4XOeq3RN%2Ba7ash1%2FVgsX%2BR0P1ZhNwR6 https://x.com/sarbrajskahlon/status/1900594893065703658/photo/1 https://x.com/abdaniellesmith/status/1900672150530650457?s=43 https://x.com/cnm5000/status/1901295018201223573/photo/1 https://bcrising.ca/save-our-ostriches/ https://x.com/tablesalt13/status/1901317991783973313?s=43 https://x.com/thevivafrei/status/1902115262582632766/video/1
Peter Murray, MD, FAOA, from the Mayo Clinic shares his groundbreaking insights on hand surgery and leadership. Discover how this unique specialty, sitting at the crossroads of general, plastic, and orthopaedic surgery, is not only evolving but also leading advancements in areas like wound management and peripheral nerve reconstruction. Dr. Murray sheds light on the exciting integration of genetic and regenerative medicine within hand surgery, emphasizing the growing demand for skilled surgeons in this dynamic field.Explore the cutting-edge developments in orthopaedic fracture treatment, where traditional methods meet innovative techniques. Learn about the transformative role of PCR testing in diagnosing atypical infections and the evolution of treatments for distal radial fractures. From the effectiveness of Volar plates to the promising use of spanning wrist plates for older patients, our discussion highlights a pivotal shift towards less invasive, more adaptable solutions that hold the promise of better patient outcomes.Finally, we turn our attention to the future of hand therapy and the evolving landscape of hand surgery education. The essential role of certified hand therapists is emphasized, along with emerging therapies like desensitization and mirror therapy. We also contemplate the training of future hand surgeons, where the balance between competency-based education and traditional residency models comes into play. Ending on a note of gratitude, we celebrate the camaraderie among orthopaedic professionals, acknowledging the AOA's support and relishing in 11 years of meaningful exchanges.
In this episode of Absolute Gene-ius, Dr. C. Dustin Rubinstein takes us inside the world of advanced genome editing, where cutting-edge tools like CRISPR and digital PCR are helping shape the future of biomedical research.As the Director of the Advanced Genome Editing Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dr. Rubinstein shares how his lab develops genetically engineered pig models to study diseases like neurofibromatosis and cancer, providing researchers with more clinically relevant models than traditional small animals. He explains how digital PCR plays a crucial role in confirming genome edits with absolute precision, eliminating the ambiguity that often comes with qPCR and sequencing alone. The discussion dives into the advantages of dPCR for copy number variation analysis and gene editing confirmation, emphasizing the importance of multiple complementary technologies in modern molecular biology.Beyond the science, Dr. Rubinstein reflects on his career path, the value of mentors, and the unpredictable nature of scientific discovery. He also joins in on some lighthearted lab humor and shares his most embarrassing (and proudest) moments in research. Tune in for an insightful and entertaining look at the intersection of gene editing, career evolution, and the future of molecular biology.Visit the Absolute Gene-ius pageto learn more about the guests, the hosts, and the Applied Biosystems QuantStudio Absolute Q Digital PCR System.
#1 Tired of the masks, lockdowns, and untested vaccines? Two fearless New Zealand physicians, Dr. Mark Bailey and Dr. Samantha Bailey, drsambailey.com, unleash their explosive book, The Final Pandemic: An Antidote to Medical Tyranny! They're ripping the veil off the so-called "settled science" of virology, exposing a century of lies about viruses and contagion that never held up to real scrutiny. From the Spanish Flu's failed transmission experiments to the common cold's laughable "virus hunts," they reveal how fear—not germs—has been the real contagion all along. Backed by 444 rock-solid references, this isn't conspiracy—it's science reclaiming its purpose#2 Christine Massey blows the lid off the global virus scam! Armed with Freedom of Information requests sent to 225 institutions across 40 countries, she relentlessly demanded one simple thing: proof that the SARS-CoV-2 virus—or any virus—was ever isolated from a sick person. The result? A deafening silence—no evidence, no particles, nothing but a house of cards built on CGI cartoons and fraudulent PCR tests! From the CDC to the FDA, health agencies worldwide confessed: they've got no proof, and virology's "science" is a sham. Discover how Christine's five-year crusade exposes the pandemic as a trillion-dollar lie, shattering the myth of contagion and empowering you to question everything. substack.com/@christinemasseyfois1 #3 Catherine Austin Fitts, solari.com, former HUD Assistant Secretary and financial whistleblower, unveils the chilling truth behind the DOGE operation! Far from a simple budget trim, she reveals a shadowy scheme—led by an "Elon Musk" operation, not just a man—to gut the civil service, shift billions to corporate cronies, and erect an AI-powered control grid that could enslave us all. With $38 billion already funneled to Musk's empire, vanishing trillions, and a Bitcoin Ponzi plot eyeing America's land, Fitts warns of a coup disguised as reform. And what of RFK Jr.'s jaw-dropping embrace of MMR that's left allies reeling and skeptics roaring? Once a champion of truth with Children's Health Defense, he's now under fire, squeezed by unseen forces in a brutal game of political chess and the plot to rebuild trust in a corrupt system. Is RFK a hero or a pawn in this high-stakes conspiracy?If you would like to support the show and our family please consider subscribing monthly here: SubscribeStar https://www.subscribestar.com/the-david-knight-show Or you can send a donation throughMail: David Knight POB 994 Kodak, TN 37764Zelle: @DavidKnightShow@protonmail.comCash App at: $davidknightshowBTC to: bc1qkuec29hkuye4xse9unh7nptvu3y9qmv24vanh7Money should have intrinsic value AND transactional privacy: Go to DavidKnight.gold for great deals on physical gold/silverFor 10% off Gerald Celente's prescient Trends Journal, go to TrendsJournal.com and enter the code KNIGHTFor 10% off supplements and books, go to RNCstore.com and enter the code KNIGHTBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-david-knight-show--2653468/support.
#1 Tired of the masks, lockdowns, and untested vaccines? Two fearless New Zealand physicians, Dr. Mark Bailey and Dr. Samantha Bailey, drsambailey.com, unleash their explosive book, The Final Pandemic: An Antidote to Medical Tyranny! They're ripping the veil off the so-called "settled science" of virology, exposing a century of lies about viruses and contagion that never held up to real scrutiny. From the Spanish Flu's failed transmission experiments to the common cold's laughable "virus hunts," they reveal how fear—not germs—has been the real contagion all along. Backed by 444 rock-solid references, this isn't conspiracy—it's science reclaiming its purpose#2 Christine Massey blows the lid off the global virus scam! Armed with Freedom of Information requests sent to 225 institutions across 40 countries, she relentlessly demanded one simple thing: proof that the SARS-CoV-2 virus—or any virus—was ever isolated from a sick person. The result? A deafening silence—no evidence, no particles, nothing but a house of cards built on CGI cartoons and fraudulent PCR tests! From the CDC to the FDA, health agencies worldwide confessed: they've got no proof, and virology's "science" is a sham. Discover how Christine's five-year crusade exposes the pandemic as a trillion-dollar lie, shattering the myth of contagion and empowering you to question everything. substack.com/@christinemasseyfois1 #3 Catherine Austin Fitts, solari.com, former HUD Assistant Secretary and financial whistleblower, unveils the chilling truth behind the DOGE operation! Far from a simple budget trim, she reveals a shadowy scheme—led by an "Elon Musk" operation, not just a man—to gut the civil service, shift billions to corporate cronies, and erect an AI-powered control grid that could enslave us all. With $38 billion already funneled to Musk's empire, vanishing trillions, and a Bitcoin Ponzi plot eyeing America's land, Fitts warns of a coup disguised as reform. And what of RFK Jr.'s jaw-dropping embrace of MMR that's left allies reeling and skeptics roaring? Once a champion of truth with Children's Health Defense, he's now under fire, squeezed by unseen forces in a brutal game of political chess and the plot to rebuild trust in a corrupt system. Is RFK a hero or a pawn in this high-stakes conspiracy?If you would like to support the show and our family please consider subscribing monthly here: SubscribeStar https://www.subscribestar.com/the-david-knight-show Or you can send a donation throughMail: David Knight POB 994 Kodak, TN 37764Zelle: @DavidKnightShow@protonmail.comCash App at: $davidknightshowBTC to: bc1qkuec29hkuye4xse9unh7nptvu3y9qmv24vanh7Money should have intrinsic value AND transactional privacy: Go to DavidKnight.gold for great deals on physical gold/silverFor 10% off Gerald Celente's prescient Trends Journal, go to TrendsJournal.com and enter the code KNIGHTFor 10% off supplements and books, go to RNCstore.com and enter the code KNIGHTBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-real-david-knight-show--5282736/support.
This episode Lovely Lady JoJo aka Mrs. Agbonyitor aka DJ Boss Player's wife guest cohosted the first half of the show. Regular cohost Mori aka Sugar Plug finished out the second half. They talked about the state of the country, Trump talk, Elon talk, people losing jobs, Bill Clinton, China, Twitter, Women's History Month, the top challenges facing women today, and more!
This episode special guest host and friend of the show Godiva joined the broadcast with DJ Boss Player! They talked about Drake dissing Joe Budden in the song "Gimme a Hug." They talked about Serena dancing at the superbowl, celebrity net worth, Drake and Kendrick's tour numbers, learning how to budget and save, expensive eggs, growing your own food, GMOs, genetically altered food, corporations destroying food, food in Ghana, Bill Gates testing genetically altered food in Ghana, sugar addiction and more!
Howdy folks of the interwebs! Your host Double J is back with another edition of OpGCD Live!Today, Double J is discuss'n a comparative analysis of the OJ Simpson murder case and the Idaho 4 murder case. Both cases have some striking parallels - from the forced fictional timeline in which to incriminate the wrongfully accused, to the violations of standard protocols, to the dubious nature of the forensic evidence!In fact, both cases revolve around the seemingly improper use of the PCR test made famous during COVID era testing, to wrongfully incriminate the suspects. And both cases involve murders but no known murder weapon used in either case!Lastly, some of the same characters from the OJ Simpson trial are even providing commentary on news programs covering the Idaho 4 murders! Anyhow, folks of the interwebs, thank you again for joining me today to get a lil GCD! Enjoy today's podcast discussion on OJ Simpson did NOT do it! An Idaho 4 case comparison!Enjoy the show! Links for JJ -https://linktr.ee/operationgcd
In this powerful episode of The One Dream Podcast, Dr. Nick and Leah Wilson sit down with legendary regenerative farmer Joel Salatin of Polyface Farm to unpack the truth behind the rising egg prices, the so-called bird flu epidemic, and what's really happening in our food supply chain. Joel shares what most people don't know about the mass culling of chickens, the fraudulent testing protocols, and how government and industry policies are undermining both farmers and consumers. Together, we explore what individuals and families can do to opt out of a broken system and take back control of their food and health. In this episode, we discuss: The real reasons behind skyrocketing egg prices and the bird flu narrative Why 160+ million healthy chickens have been unnecessarily killed — and who profits from it How the PCR tests used to identify bird flu are fundamentally flawed The untold story of gain-of-function research driving more virulent bird flu strains The mRNA vaccine push for animals and what it means for your food Why knowing your farmer and your food is essential for protecting health and freedom Practical ways families can take action, from backyard chickens to sourcing real food Resources mentioned in this episode: Polyface Farms on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/polyfacefarm?igsh=bThmNXBkYWljcXpv The Lunatic Farmer Blog (One of Leah's favorites): https://www.thelunaticfarmer.com Stand For Health Freedom — Bird Flu Resource: Message "bird flu" to @standforhealthfreedom on Instagram to get a direct link to everything you need to know about bird flu If this conversation gave you a fresh perspective, share it with a friend who's questioning the system and wants to live a healthier, freer life. And don't forget to subscribe to The One Dream Podcast so you never miss an episode. Follow The One Dream Podcast on Instagram.
Thank you to our supporters!Sleep injuries, rock-climbing injuries, sumo injuries and the Chuck Norris total gym.Covid retrospective, the most insane things people did, peak insanity, narrative inconsistencies and changing definitions.The body as a cosmos of itself.PCR tests, how they (don't) work, trickery, playing with numbers.Cult-like behavior and scapegoating.Sympathizing with the elites.Talking about Trump and Elon.UFO encounters as a substitute for war, alien species and what is really going on?Soul Radio episode 3.LinksFollow MyFitnessFeelings on TwitterSoul Radio MusicSub Zero Sci Fi AmbianceBright Blue Sky, TWRPHyperdrive BoogieThe Last Guardian of ItharMexican Space FunkStar Trek Low FiTropical LofiBurger King 1974It's Summer 1987, you're driving in MiamiOur Revels Now are Ended by Akira The DonDragon Ball LofiStardust Ambiance1986 Crystal Light National Aerobic ChampionshipsInternational Business Systems, TWRP & Jazz EmuKey West, Deep Chills & Karsten BeltSometimes, We Have to Let Go90'S Lofi CityFor the rest of the links visit our websiteMore Linkswww.MAPSOC.orgFollow Sumo on TwitterAlternate Current RadioSupport the Show!Subscribe to the Podcast on GumroadSubscribe to the Podcast on PatreonBuy Us a Tibetan Herbal TeaSumo's SubstacksHoly is He Who WrestlesModern Pulp
The history of science is punctuated by moments of technological innovation that produce a paradigm shift and a subsequent flurry of discovery. A recent technological innovation that generated diverse discoveries, ranging from a profound shift in our understanding of the origin of humanity to a seismic change in the criminal justice system, is the polymerase chain reaction, or PCR. With us to discuss the history of PCR is one of its innovators, Henry Erlich. As Director of the Human Genetics Department at Cetus Corporation and later as Director of Human Genetics and Vice President of Exploratory Research at Roche Molecular Systems, Henry led developments in diagnostic applications for infectious and autoimmune diseases, forensic genetics, and organ transplantation. His laboratory performed the first forensic DNA case in the United States in 1986 and the first DNA-based post-conviction exoneration. Henry has published over 450 journal articles and three books, which include PCR Technology: Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification, Silent Witness: Forensic DNA Analysis in Criminal Investigations and Humanitarian Disasters, and Genetic Reconstruction of the Past: DNA Analysis in Forensics and Human Evolution. Henry has received numerous awards, including the Association for Molecular Pathology Award for Excellence (2000) and the Profiles in DNA Courage Award (National Institute of Justice, 2005).
In this episode of Product & Packaging Powerhouse, host Megan Young Gamble along with guests Brandon Frank, CEO of Pacific Packaging Components, discusses the intersections of packaging, technology, and sustainability. Brandon shares insights on the challenges and changes within the packaging industry, emphasizing the importance of collaboration across the packaging value chain. The conversation covers topics such as recycling complexities, regulatory challenges, and the role of new packaging technologies. Brandon also shares personal anecdotes from his journey in the family packaging business and highlights the importance of sustainable practices both professionally and personally. Listeners are encouraged to take actionable steps, such as separating glass for recycling, to contribute to environmental sustainability.Affiliate & Other Links: [Megan Young Gamble Links][AFFILIATE] Ready to crank out your content in as little as 5 minutes? Use Castmagic, AI powered tool to take your content creation from overwhelmed to overjoyed by saving hours of developing content. Save 20 hours by Signing up today! https://get.castmagic.io/Megan [FREEBIE] Learn about “day in the life” of a Packaging Project Manager → Get our “Starter Packaging PM Freebie” [link] https://glc.ck.page/thestarterpackagingprojectmanager Subscribe & Access our Video Vault YouTube Channel [ link] https://bit.ly/GLConYouTubeJoin our Email List [link] https://glc.ck.page/55128ae04b Follow and Connect with Megan on LinkedIn [link] https://linkedin.com/in/megangambleLearn about GLC, Packaging & Project execution firm for CPG brands http://www.getlevelconsulting.comWork with Me @ GLC, Schedule Discovery Call https://calendly.com/getlevelconsulting/15-minute-insight-sessionGot a topic you'd love us to cover? Share your ideas here [link] https://bit.ly/ppptopicform[Powerhouse Guest Brandon's LINKS]LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/brandon-frank-ppc/Email Address: brandon@ppcpackaging.comCompany Website: www.ppcpackaging.comPackology Podcast: www.packology.ioBicycle Company: www.chaparralcycles.comQuotes and HooksProbably the best way to support, like, the recyclability or the recycling of items is to buy items that have are coming from recycled goods because that creates kind of this pull mechanism.The packaging world is kind of filled with potholes and speed bumps and downed trees just because the winds are horrible out here in California.Your packaging has to be more than recyclable, it has to actually get recycled.The biggest issue with recycling? Most of what we think is recyclable never actually gets recycled.A small change in packaging—like using 50% PCR—can have a massive environmental impact.Mono-material pumps could be the biggest game-changer in packaging recyclability.If we're going to fix recycling, we need collaboration across the entire value chain.
Trump's tariff chaos backfires hilariously—his own USMCA treaty, a NAFTA glow-up he once hyped, trips up his team, leaving Canada and Mexico untouchableThe FDA's sham “black box” warnings shield Big Pharma's as he kills and cripplesWikipedia's Larry Sanger flips the script, trading hardcore skepticism for unshakable faith in a brain-busting journey rivaling C.S. Lewis.A “measles death” hoax unravels—hospitals dodge blame for a girl's RSV demise, pushing dodgy tests and MMR agendasDOGE crashes as courts prove they can squash his cuts with a single gavel. Will Trump challenge judicial supremacy?2:30 Trump Tariffs Sabotaged by His Own Trade TreatyNo one in the Trump administration read the USMCA (NAFTA rebranded) treaty Trump was so proud of in his first administration. So the tariff pendulum swings back and forth. How much of goods from Canada & Mexico are off limits? Will anything change in 30 days? 24:11 Black Box Cover-Up: People Dead or Disabled as FDA & Pharma Shifts Blame to Physicians & Pharmacists A pharmaceutical scandal that's destroying lives—like Whistler's and 27-year-old Elisa's—with the dangerous drug Levofloxacin (aka Levaquin). Prescribed for pneumonia, it left Elisa trembling, crippled by nerve pain and joint agony, mirroring Whistler's nightmare. The FDA's "black box" warnings are a sick joke—buried, ignored, and never shared by doctors or pharmacists who shrug, "It's rare!” This is how Big Pharma poisons with impunity while the FDA—Free to Do Anything—rubber-stamps their crimes. 44:34 LIVE comments from audience 55:59 Wikipedia Mastermind Shocks the World: From Atheist Skeptic to Christian Convert Larry Sanger, co-founder Wikipedia, has a stunning embrace of Christianity! This isn't just another celebrity conversion—it's a PhD philosopher's epic showdown with faith, tearing through decades of skepticism like a intellectual bulldozer. Raised with unanswered questions Sanger dove into the Bible, not to believe, but to dissect it. What he found? Answers that rocked his Ayn Rand-loving, agnostic world! Compared to C.S. Lewis and cold-case detective J. Warner Wallace, his journey from doubt to truth is a wild ride of reason, fueled by marriage, fatherhood, and a relentless quest for meaning. Uncover the shocking twist that's got everyone talking—faith isn't blind, it's bulletproof 1:05:28 “Measles Death” Looks Like Hospital Murder & Misattribution Forget the headlines screaming “unvaccinated doom”—this little girl, battling RSV pneumonia, was allegedly denied breathing treatments while her desperate parents begged for help. No measles rash, just a dodgy PCR test, and now a second “death” pops up with the same shady story. This sinister agenda to peddle MMR shots and bully RFK Jr. into submission worked like a charm. They're even cooking up a “Gulf of Measles” scare for Spring Break, ignoring that college kids would be. It's not about health—it's a power grab1:30:19 Check Your Chicks for mRNA, and Check MAHA for Bird Flu Fearmongering If you're going to get spring chicks for your backyard make sure they're not vaccinated as Tractor Supply boasts! And make sure you're not supporting the “MAHA influencers” like McCullough who've shamelessly pivoted from truth-teller to fear-peddling shill, now pushing pandemic for profit1:45:21 Trump's DOGE Dream Crumbles: Courts Claw Back Billions as Judicial Supremacy Reigns!Pop the champagne? Not so fast! Unless Trump fights judicial supremacy none of the celebrated DOGE cuts will stick. Only one of 677 district judges can halt the parade whether it's probationary employees fired or USAID foreign aid cancelled. 2:03:10 Blackrock Bought Into Panama Canal Company About a Month After Trump's ElectionHmmm… 2:05:17 Trump's Wild Card Chaos: Gerald Celente Exposes the Billionaire Freak Show and Power GrabGerald Celente, trend-forecasting legend TrendsJournal.com, rips the mask off the Trump administration's unpredictable madness! From tariff whiplash to a billionaire-packed cabinet, the elites are cashing in while the world teeters on the edge of war and economic collapse. Trump steers Blackrock into the Panama Canal and China is overbuilt domestically and in other countries with the Belt & Road Initiative —trending toward a gold boomIf you would like to support the show and our family please consider subscribing monthly here: SubscribeStar https://www.subscribestar.com/the-david-knight-show Or you can send a donation throughMail: David Knight POB 994 Kodak, TN 37764Zelle: @DavidKnightShow@protonmail.comCash App at: $davidknightshowBTC to: bc1qkuec29hkuye4xse9unh7nptvu3y9qmv24vanh7Money should have intrinsic value AND transactional privacy: Go to DavidKnight.gold for great deals on physical gold/silverFor 10% off Gerald Celente's prescient Trends Journal, go to TrendsJournal.com and enter the code KNIGHTFor 10% off supplements and books, go to RNCstore.com and enter the code KNIGHTBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-david-knight-show--2653468/support.
Trump's tariff chaos backfires hilariously—his own USMCA treaty, a NAFTA glow-up he once hyped, trips up his team, leaving Canada and Mexico untouchableThe FDA's sham “black box” warnings shield Big Pharma's as he kills and cripplesWikipedia's Larry Sanger flips the script, trading hardcore skepticism for unshakable faith in a brain-busting journey rivaling C.S. Lewis.A “measles death” hoax unravels—hospitals dodge blame for a girl's RSV demise, pushing dodgy tests and MMR agendasDOGE crashes as courts prove they can squash his cuts with a single gavel. Will Trump challenge judicial supremacy?2:30 Trump Tariffs Sabotaged by His Own Trade TreatyNo one in the Trump administration read the USMCA (NAFTA rebranded) treaty Trump was so proud of in his first administration. So the tariff pendulum swings back and forth. How much of goods from Canada & Mexico are off limits? Will anything change in 30 days? 24:11 Black Box Cover-Up: People Dead or Disabled as FDA & Pharma Shifts Blame to Physicians & Pharmacists A pharmaceutical scandal that's destroying lives—like Whistler's and 27-year-old Elisa's—with the dangerous drug Levofloxacin (aka Levaquin). Prescribed for pneumonia, it left Elisa trembling, crippled by nerve pain and joint agony, mirroring Whistler's nightmare. The FDA's "black box" warnings are a sick joke—buried, ignored, and never shared by doctors or pharmacists who shrug, "It's rare!” This is how Big Pharma poisons with impunity while the FDA—Free to Do Anything—rubber-stamps their crimes. 44:34 LIVE comments from audience 55:59 Wikipedia Mastermind Shocks the World: From Atheist Skeptic to Christian Convert Larry Sanger, co-founder Wikipedia, has a stunning embrace of Christianity! This isn't just another celebrity conversion—it's a PhD philosopher's epic showdown with faith, tearing through decades of skepticism like a intellectual bulldozer. Raised with unanswered questions Sanger dove into the Bible, not to believe, but to dissect it. What he found? Answers that rocked his Ayn Rand-loving, agnostic world! Compared to C.S. Lewis and cold-case detective J. Warner Wallace, his journey from doubt to truth is a wild ride of reason, fueled by marriage, fatherhood, and a relentless quest for meaning. Uncover the shocking twist that's got everyone talking—faith isn't blind, it's bulletproof 1:05:28 “Measles Death” Looks Like Hospital Murder & Misattribution Forget the headlines screaming “unvaccinated doom”—this little girl, battling RSV pneumonia, was allegedly denied breathing treatments while her desperate parents begged for help. No measles rash, just a dodgy PCR test, and now a second “death” pops up with the same shady story. This sinister agenda to peddle MMR shots and bully RFK Jr. into submission worked like a charm. They're even cooking up a “Gulf of Measles” scare for Spring Break, ignoring that college kids would be. It's not about health—it's a power grab1:30:19 Check Your Chicks for mRNA, and Check MAHA for Bird Flu Fearmongering If you're going to get spring chicks for your backyard make sure they're not vaccinated as Tractor Supply boasts! And make sure you're not supporting the “MAHA influencers” like McCullough who've shamelessly pivoted from truth-teller to fear-peddling shill, now pushing pandemic for profit1:45:21 Trump's DOGE Dream Crumbles: Courts Claw Back Billions as Judicial Supremacy Reigns!Pop the champagne? Not so fast! Unless Trump fights judicial supremacy none of the celebrated DOGE cuts will stick. Only one of 677 district judges can halt the parade whether it's probationary employees fired or USAID foreign aid cancelled. 2:03:10 Blackrock Bought Into Panama Canal Company About a Month After Trump's ElectionHmmm… 2:05:17 Trump's Wild Card Chaos: Gerald Celente Exposes the Billionaire Freak Show and Power GrabGerald Celente, trend-forecasting legend TrendsJournal.com, rips the mask off the Trump administration's unpredictable madness! From tariff whiplash to a billionaire-packed cabinet, the elites are cashing in while the world teeters on the edge of war and economic collapse. Trump steers Blackrock into the Panama Canal and China is overbuilt domestically and in other countries with the Belt & Road Initiative —trending toward a gold boomIf you would like to support the show and our family please consider subscribing monthly here: SubscribeStar https://www.subscribestar.com/the-david-knight-show Or you can send a donation throughMail: David Knight POB 994 Kodak, TN 37764Zelle: @DavidKnightShow@protonmail.comCash App at: $davidknightshowBTC to: bc1qkuec29hkuye4xse9unh7nptvu3y9qmv24vanh7Money should have intrinsic value AND transactional privacy: Go to DavidKnight.gold for great deals on physical gold/silverFor 10% off Gerald Celente's prescient Trends Journal, go to TrendsJournal.com and enter the code KNIGHTFor 10% off supplements and books, go to RNCstore.com and enter the code KNIGHTBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-real-david-knight-show--5282736/support.
Send us a textOn this 60th episode of the VCA Voice Podcast, Dr. Kerl welcomes Dr. Anne Kimmerlein and Dr. Christian Leutenegger to discuss their pivotal study on the occurrence of COVID-19 antibodies in pets. Listen in as they share their journeys in veterinary medicine, the challenges faced in conducting a nationwide study, and their significant findings that reveal the infection rates of Covid-19 in dogs and cats. This conversation emphasizes the importance of One Health, the interconnectedness of human and animal health, and the need for collaboration in veterinary research. You can read more in depth about their work in this article mentioned in the podcast. Dr. Anne Kimmerlein received her DVM degree from the University of Minnesota. She holds a Masters of Preventive Veterinary Medicine from UC Davis and is a Diplomat of the American College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine. Dr. Kimmerlein began her veterinary career as an animal shelter veterinarian and remains passionate about increasing access to veterinary care and reducing pet overpopulation. She lives in Sacramento, CA where she volunteers as a Court Appointed Special Advocate for a foster youth and enjoys cycling, baking, and caring for her extensive orchid collection.Dr. Christian M. Leutenegger graduated from the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland in 1992. He completed a doctoral thesis developing recombinant vaccines for FIV. After a postdoctoral course in medical science, he completed a PhD testing the first DNA vaccines in veterinary medicine. He developed a strong interest in molecular immunology and virology andstarted to develop early protocols for DNA quantification using real-time PCR. In 1999, he founded the Real-time PCR Research and Diagnostics Core Facility at the School of Veterinary Medicine at UC Davis and expanded services until 2006. After 13 years at IDEXX Laboratories introducing standardized molecular diagnostics in the veterinary industry, he joined Antech Diagnostics toexpand the molecular testing portfolio. He has an extensive network of collaborators and published over 250 peer-reviewed papers and book chapters.Visit our website: vcavoice.comAll episodes produced by dādy creative
Dr. John Sweetenham and Dr. James Foran discuss the evolving treatment landscape in acute myeloid leukemia, including new targeted therapies, advances in immunotherapy, and the current role for allogeneic transplantation. TRANSCRIPT Dr. John Sweetenham: Hello, I'm Dr. John Sweetenham, the host of the ASCO Daily News Podcast. There has been steady progress in the therapies for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in recent years, largely based on an increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms which underlie the disease. On today's episode, we'll be discussing the evolving treatment landscape in AML. We'll explore risk group stratification, new targeted therapies, advances in immunotherapy for AML, and also a little about the current role for allogenic transplantation in this disease. I'm delighted to welcome Dr. James Foran to this discussion. Dr. Foran is a professor of medicine and chair of the Myeloid Malignancies and Blood and Marrow Transplant Disease Group at the Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center. He's based in Jacksonville, Florida. Our full disclosures are available in the transcript of this episode. James, it's great to have you join us on the podcast today, and thanks so much for being here. Dr. James Foran: I'm delighted and thank you for the invitation. Thank you very much. Dr. John Sweetenham: Sure, James, let's get right into it. So, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying AML has resulted not only in new methods for risk stratification in this disease, which have added refinement to cytogenetics, but also has resulted in the development of many new targeted agents. Understanding that this is a complex area of investigation, and our time is somewhat limited, can you give us a high-level update on the current state of the art in terms of how risk factors are being used for treatment selection now? Dr. James Foran: Absolutely. I think in the past, you know, we had things broken down pretty simply into make a diagnosis based on morphology, do cytogenetics, break patients into the groups of those who were more likely to benefit from therapy – so-called favorable risk – those where the intensive therapies were less likely to work – so-called poor adverse risk, and then this large intermediate group that really had variable outcomes, some better, some worse. And for a long time, the progress was in just identifying new subtle cytogenetic risk groups. And then, late 1990s, we began to understand that FLT3 mutations or NRAS mutations may be more adverse than others that came along. In the first part of this millennium, in the, you know, 2000-2010 range, a lot of work was being done to understand better or worse risk factors with single genes. The ability to do multiplex PCR, and then more recently NGS platforms, have allowed us to really look at many genes and identify many mutations in patients. At the beginning that was used just to sort of refine – who did a little better, who did a little worse with intensive therapy – helped us decide who may benefit more from an allogeneic transplanter for whom that would not be necessary. But the good news is that really, we're now starting to target those mutations. One of the first molecularly targeted treatments in leukemia was FLT3 mutations, where we knew they were adverse. Then along came targeted treatments. I was involved in some of those early studies looking at sunitinib, sorafenib, more recently midostaurin, now quizartinib, FDA approved, and gilteritinib in the relapse refractory setting. So we're moving into a state where we're not just refining prognosis, we're identifying targets. You know, it's been slow progress, but definite incremental progress in terms of outcomes by looking for FLT3 mutations, then looking for IDH mutations, and more recently, mutations involving NPM1 or rearrangement of what we used to call the MLL gene, now the lysine methyltransferase 2A or KMT2A rearrangement, where we now have targets. And it's not just for refinement of prognosis, but now we're identifying therapeutic targets for patients and ways to even look for measurable residual disease which is impacting our care. Dr. John Sweetenham: That's great, James. And I'm going to expand on that theme just a little bit and perhaps ask you to elaborate a little bit more on how the introduction of these new therapies have specifically impacted frontline therapy. And a couple of ancillary questions maybe to go along with that: First of all, is ‘7+3' a standard therapy for anybody in 2025? And maybe secondly, you know, could you comment also maybe briefly on older patients with AML and how you think maybe the treatment landscape is changing for them compared with, say, 5 or 10 years ago? Dr. James Foran: I'll start with the therapy and then work my way back. So we've had ‘7+3' cytarabine daunorubicin or cytarabine anthracycline since 1976, and we're still using it as the backbone of our intensive therapy. There is still an important role for it, particularly in younger or fitter patients, and particularly for those with intermediate or favorable risk genetic groups or cytogenetic risk groups just because we achieve high rates of remission. Our 30-day induction mortality rates are lower now than they were 10 and 20 years ago. Our supportive care is better. And we still have a busy inpatient hospital service here at Mayo Florida and my colleagues in Rochester and Arizona as well giving intensive therapy. So that remains the backbone of curative therapy for younger adults. We are trying to be a little more discriminating about who we administer that to. We are trying to add targeted agents. We know from, now, two different randomized trials that the addition of a FLT3 inhibitor, either midostaurin or more recently quizartinib, has a survival advantage in patients with a FLT3 mutation, or for quizartinib, a FLT3/ITD mutation. And so yes, ‘7+3' remains important. Off protocol for somebody who just comes in with acute leukemia in a 40-year-old or 30-year-old or even early 60s and fit, we would still be considering ‘7+3' therapy and then waiting for an expedited gene mutation panel and an expedited cytogenetics panel to come back to help us discriminate is that a patient for whom we should be giving a FLT3 inhibitor? I think there's a little more nuance about when we do a day 14 bone marrow, do they really matter as much anymore? I still do them. Some of my colleagues find them less important. But we're still giving intensive therapy. We're still giving high-dose ARA-C consolidation for younger patients who achieve complete remission. In older adults, it's a different story. You know, it was only in the early part of the 2000s – 2004, 2007 range – where we really got buy-in from randomized studies that low-dose therapy was better than no therapy. There was a lot of nihilism before then about therapy for older adults, especially over age 75. We know that low-dose ARA-C is better than nothing. It looked like azacitidine was better than ARA-C or at least equivalent or slightly better. But with the advent of venetoclax it was a game changer. I ran a national randomized study of intensive therapy in AML. It was the last national randomized study of intensive therapy in older patients right before venetoclax got approved. And we were very excited about our results, and we thought we had some really interesting clinical results. And suddenly that's a little bit obsolete in patients over 70 and particularly over age 75 because of the high remission rates with azacytidine venetoclax or hypomethylating agents, so-called HMAs and venetoclax and the survival advantage. Now, it's not a home run for everybody. We quote 60% to 70% remission rates, but it's a little different based on your cytogenetics and your mutation profile. You have to continue on therapy so it's continuous treatment. It's not with curative intent, although there are some people with long-term remission in it. And the median survival went from 10 months to 15 months. So home run? No, but definitely improved remissions, meaningful for patients off transfusions and better survival. So right now it's hard to find an older adult who you wouldn't give azacitidine and venetoclax or something similar, decitabine, for instance, and venetoclax, unless somebody really was moribund or had very poor performance status or some reason not to. And so ‘7+3' is still relevant in younger adults. We're trying to get better results with ‘7+3' by adding targeted agents and azacitine and venetoclax in older adults. I think the area of controversy, I guess there are two of them, is what to do in that overlap age between 60 and 75. Should people in that age still get intensive therapy, which we've used for years – the VIALE-A trial of aza-venetoclax was age 75 plus – or with cardiac comorbidities? And I think if you're 68 or 72, many of us are starting to bias towards aza-venetoclax as generally being better tolerated, generally being more outpatient, generally being slow and steady way to get a remission. And it doesn't stop you from going to transplant for somebody who might still be a candidate. The other area of controversy is somebody under 60 who has adverse cytogenetics where we don't do very well with ‘7+3,' we still give it and we might do just as well with decitabine venetoclax. A lot of us feel that there's equipoise in the 60 to 75 group where we really can ask a question of a randomized study. Retrospective studies might suggest that intensive therapy is a little better, but there are now a couple of randomized studies happening saying, “Can we replace ‘7+3' in that intermediate age with aza-venetoclax?” And for younger adults similarly, we're looking to see how we apply that technology. Those are the areas where we're really trying to investigate what's optimal for patients and that's going to require randomized trials. Dr. John Sweetenham: Oh, that's great, thank you. And I'll just extend that question a little bit more, particularly with respect to the new targeted therapies. How much are they impacting the treatment of these patients in the relapse and refractory setting now? Dr. James Foran: Oh, they're definitely impacting it. When I trained and probably when you trained, AML was still a medical emergency. But that was the thing that you admitted to the hospital immediately, you started therapy immediately. The rule was always that's the one thing that brings the fellow and the consultant in at night to see that new patient on a Friday or Saturday. Now, we'll still admit a patient for monitoring, but we try not to start therapy for the first three or five or seven days if they're stable, until we get those genetics and those genomics back, because it helps us discriminate what therapy to pursue. And certainly, with FLT3 mutations, especially FLT3/ITD mutations, we're adding FLT3 inhibitors and we're seeing a survival advantage. Now, on the surface, that survival advantage is in the range of 7% or 10%. But if you then pursue an allogeneic transplant in first remission, you're taking disease where we used to see 30%, 40% long-term survival, maybe less, and you're pushing that to 60%, 70% in some studies. And so we're now taking a disease that– I don't want to get off topic and talk about Ph+ ALL. But that's a disease where we're actually a little excited. We have a target now, and it used to be something really adverse and now we can do a lot for it and a lot about it. The other mutations, it's a little more subtle. Now, who knew until 2010 that a mutation in a sugar metabolism gene, in isocitrate dehydrogenase, or IDH was going to be so important, or even that it existed. We know that IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are still a minority of AML, certainly less than 10% to 15%, maybe overall. But we're able to target those with specific IDH1 and IDH2 inhibitors. We get single-agent responses. There are now two approved IDH1 inhibitors on the market. We don't yet have the randomized data that adding those to intensive therapy is better, but we're getting a very strong hint that it might be better in older adults who have an IDH mutation, maybe adding those is helpful and maybe adding those to low-intensity therapy is helpful. Those studies are ongoing, and we're also trying with low-intensity treatments to add these agents and get higher remission rates, deeper remissions, longer remissions. I think a lot of work has to be done to delineate the safety of that and the long-term efficacy. But we're getting hints it's better, so I think it is impacting. The other area it's impacting is when you pick up adverse mutations and those have crept into our classification systems like an ASXL1 mutation or RUNX1 mutation for instance, or some of the secondary AML mutations like BCOR and others, where that's helping us discriminate intermediate-risk patients who we think aren't going to do as well and really helping us select a group who's more likely to get benefit from allogeneic transplant or for whom at least our cure rates without allo transplant are low. And so I think it's impacting a lot. Dr. John Sweetenham: Great. And I'm going to pick up now, if I may, on a couple of things that you've just mentioned and continue the theme of the relapsed and refractory setting. We've started to see some reports which have looked at the role of immune strategies for patients with AML, in particular CAR T or NK cells. Can you comment a little on this and let us know whether you think either these two strategies or other immune strategies are likely to have a significant role in AML in the future? Dr. James Foran: They are, but I think we're still a step behind finding the right target or the right way to do it. If you think of allogeneic transplantation as the definitive immune therapy, and we know for adverse AML we can improve survival rates and cure rates with an allotransplant, then we know inherently that immune therapy matters. And so how do we do what they've done in large cell lymphoma or in CD19 targeting for B cell malignancies? How do we bring that to acute myeloid leukemia? There have been a number of efforts. There have been at least 50 trials looking at different targets. CD33, CD123, CD7, others, CLL-1. So, there have been a number of different trials looking at how to bind a CAR T or a CAR T construct that can be active. And we have hints of efficacy. There was kind of a provocative paper in the New England Journal of Medicine a year ago in April of last year from a Chinese group that looked at a CD7-based CAR T and it was 10 patients, but they used CD7 positive acute leukemia, AML or ALL and had a CD7-targeted CAR T and they actually incorporated that with a haploidentical transplant and they had really high remission rates. People tolerated it quite well. It was provocative. It hasn't yet been reproduced on a larger scale, but the strong hints that the strategy is going to work. Now, CD33 is a little tricky to have a CAR T when CD33 is expressed on normal hematopoietic cells. CD123 likewise. That's been something where there's, I think, still promise, but we've struggled to find the trials that make that work. Right now, there's a lot of interest in leveraging NK cells and looking, for a couple of reasons, but NK cells are attractive and NK cell markers might be attractive targets. NK cells might have similar degrees of immune efficacy. It's speculative, but they are likely to have less cytokine release syndrome and less neurotoxicity than you see with CAR T. And so it's kind of attractive to leverage that. We have had some ongoing trials looking at it with bispecifics and there certainly are trials looking at it with CAR NK-based strategies. One of the antigens that people looked at is the NK group 2D. NK group 2D or NKG2D is overexpressed in AML and its ligands overexpressed. And so that's a particular potential target. So, John, it's happening and we're looking for the hints of efficacy that could then drive a pivotal trial to get something approved. One of the other areas is not restricting yourself just to a single antigen. For instance, there is a compound that's looking at a multi-tumor-associated antigen-specific T-cell therapy, looking at multiple antigens in AML that could be overexpressed. And there were some hints of activity and efficacy and actually a new trial looking at a so-called multi-tumor associated antigen-specific T cell therapy. So without getting into specific conflicts of interest or trials, I do think that's an exciting area and an evolving area, but still an investigational area. I'll stop there and say that we're excited about it. A lot of work's going there, but I'm not quite sure which direction the field's going to pivot to there. I think that's going to take us some time to sort out. Dr. John Sweetenham: Yeah, absolutely. But as you say, exciting area and I guess continue to watch this space for now. So you've mentioned allogeneic stem cell transplants two or three times during this discussion. Recognizing that we don't have an imatinib for AML, which has kind of pushed transplant a long way further back in the treatment algorithm, can you comment a little on, you know, whether you think the role of stem cell transplantation is changing in AML or whether it remains pretty much as it was maybe 10 years ago? Dr. James Foran: By the way, I love that you use imatinib as an introduction because that was 6 TKIs ago, and it tells you the evolution in CML and you know, now we're looking at myristoyl pocket as a target, and so on. That's a great way to sort of show you the evolution of the field. Allogeneic transplant, it remains a core treatment for AML, and I think we're getting much smarter and much better about learning how to use it. And I'm just going to introduce the topic of measurable residual disease to tell you about that. So I am a little bit of a believer. Part of my job is I support our allogeneic transplant program, although my focus is acute myeloid leukemia, and I've trained in transplant and done it for years and did a transplant fellowship and all that. I'm much more interested in finding people who don't need a transplant than people who do. So I'm sort of looking for where can we move away from it. But it still has a core role. I'll sidestep and tell you there was an MDS trial that looked at intermediate or high-risk MDS and the role of allogeneic transplant that shows that you about double your survival. It was a BMT CTN trial published several years ago that showed you about double your three-year survival if you can find a donor within three months and get to a transplant within six months. And so it just tells you the value of allotransplant and myeloid malignancy in general. In AML we continue to use it for adverse risk disease – TP53 is its own category, I can talk about that separately – but adverse risk AML otherwise, or for patients who don't achieve a really good remission. And I still teach our fellows that an allotransplant decreases your risk of relapse by about 50%. That's still true, but you have to have a group of patients who are at high enough risk of relapse to merit the non-relapse mortality and the chronic graft versus host disease that comes with it. Now, our outcomes with transplant are better because we're better at preventing graft versus host disease with the newer strategies such as post-transplant cyclophosphamide. There are now new FDA-approved drugs for acute and chronic graft versus host disease, ruxolitinib, belumosudil, axatilimab now. So we have better ways of treating it, but we still want to be discriminating about who should get it. And it's not just a single-minded one-size-fits-all. We learned from the MORPHO study that was published in the JCO last year that if you have FLIT3-positive AML, FLIT3/IDT-positive AML, where we would have said from retrospective studies that your post-transplant survival is 60% give or take, as opposed to 15% or 20% without it, that we can discriminate who should or shouldn't get a transplant. Now that trial was a little bit nuanced because it did not meet its primary endpoint, but it had an embedded randomization based upon MRD status and they used a very sensitive test of measurable residual disease. They used a commercial assay by Invivoscribe that could look at the presence of a FLT3/ITD in the level of 10 to the minus 5th or 10 to the minus 6th. And if you were MRD-negative and you went through a transplant, you didn't seem to get an advantage versus not. That was of maintenance with gilteritinib, I'll just sort of put that on there. But it's telling us more about who should get a transplant and who shouldn't and who should get maintenance after transplant and who shouldn't. A really compelling study a year ago from I don't know what to call the British group now, we used to call them the MRC and then the NCRI. I'm not quite sure what to call their studies at the moment. But Dr. Jad Othman did a retrospective study a year ago that looked at patients who had NPM1 mutation, the most common mutation AML, and looked to see if you were MRD positive or MRD negative, what the impact of a transplant was. And if you're MRD negative there was not an advantage of a transplant, whereas if you're MRD positive there was. And when they stratified that by having a FLT3 mutation that cracked. If you had a FLT3 mutation at diagnosis but your NPM1 was negative in remission, it was hard to show an advantage of a transplant. So I think we're getting much more discriminating about who should or should not get a transplant by MRD testing for NPM1 and that includes the patients who have a concomitant FLT3 mutation. And we're really trying to learn more and more. Do we really need to be doing transplants in those who are MRD-negative? If you have adverse risk genetics and you're MRD-negative, I'll really need good data to tell me not to do a transplant, but I suspect bit by bit, we'll get that data. And we're looking to see if that's really the case there, too. So measurable residual disease testing is helping us discriminate, but there is still a core role of allogeneic transplant. And to reassure you, compared to, I think your allotransplant days were some time ago if I'm right. Dr. John Sweetenham: Yes. Dr. James Foran: Yeah. Well, compared to when you were doing transplants, they're better now and better for patients now. And we get people through graft versus host disease better, and we prevent it better. Dr. John Sweetenham: That's a great answer, James. Thanks for that. It really does help to put it in context, and I think it also leads us on very nicely into what's going to be my final question for you today and perhaps the trickiest, in a way. I think that everything you've told us today really emphasizes the fact that the complexity of AML treatment has increased, primarily because of an improved understanding of the molecular landscape of the disease. And it's a complicated area now. So do you have any thoughts on what type of clinical environment patients with AML should be evaluated and treated in in 2025? Dr. James Foran: Yeah, I want to give you a kind of a cautious answer to that because, you know, I'm a leukemia doctor. I work at a leukemia center and it's what we focus on. And we really pride ourselves on our outcomes and our diagnostics and our clinical trials and so on. I am very aware that the very best oncologists in America work in private practice and work in community practice or in networks, not necessarily at an academic site. And I also know they have a much harder job than I have. They have to know lung cancer, which is molecularly as complicated now as leukemia, and they have to know about breast cancer and things that I don't even know how to spell anymore. So it's not a question of competence or knowledge. It's a question of infrastructure. I'll also put a little caveat saying that I have been taught by Rich Stone at Dana-Farber, where I did a fellowship a long time ago, and believe Rich is right, that I see different patients than the community oncologists see with AML, they're seeing different people. But with that caveat, I think the first thing is you really want to make sure you've got access to excellence, specialized hematopathology, that you can get expedited cytogenetics and NGS testing results back. There was a new drug, approved just a few months ago, actually, for relapsed AML with a KMT2A rearrangement, revumenib. We didn't talk about the menin inhibitors. I'll mention them in just a second. That's a huge area of expansion and growth for us. But they're not found on NGS platforms. And normal cytogenetics might miss a KMT2A-rearrangement. And we're actually going back to FISH panels, believe it or not, on AML, to try to identify who has a KMT2A-rearrangement. And so you really want to make sure you can access the diagnostic platforms for that. I think the National Referral Labs do an excellent job. Not always a really fast job, but an excellent job. At my institution, I get NGS results back within three days or four days. We just have an expedited platform. Not everybody has that. So that's the key, is you have to be able to make the diagnosis, trust the pathologist, get expedited results. And then it's the question of trying to access the targeted medications because a lot of them are not carried in hospital on formulary or take time to go through an insurance approval process. So that's its own little headache, getting venetoclax, getting gilteritinib, getting an IDH1 inhibitor in first line, if that's what you're going for. And so I think that requires some infrastructure. We have case managers and nurses who really expedite that and help us with it, but that's a lot of work. The other piece of the puzzle is that we're still with AML in the first month and maybe even the second month. We make everybody worse before we make them better. And you have to have really good blood bank support. I can give an outpatient platelet transfusion or red cell transfusion seven days a week. We're just built for that. That's harder to do if you're in a community hospital and you have to be collaborating with a local blood bank. And that's not always dead easy for somebody in practice. So with those caveats, I do find that my colleagues in community practice do a really good job making the diagnosis, starting people on therapy, asking for help. I think the real thing is to be able to have a regional leukemia center that you can collaborate with, connect with, text, call to make sure that you're finding the right patients who need the next level of diagnostics, clinical trial, transplant consults, to really get the best results. There was some data at ASH a couple of years ago that looked at – the American Society of Hematology and ASCOs had similar reports – that looked at how do we do in academic centers versus community practice for keeping people on therapy. And on average, people were more likely to get six cycles of therapy instead of three cycles of therapy with azacitidine venetoclax at an academic center. Now, maybe it's different patients and maybe they had different cytogenetics and so on, but I think you have to be patient, I think you have to collaborate. But you can treat those patients in the community as long as you've got the infrastructure in place. And we've learned with virtual medicine, with Zoom and other platforms that we can deliver virtual care more effectively with the pandemic and beyond. So I think we're trying to offer virtual consults or virtual support for patients so they can stay in their home, stay in their community, stay with their oncologists, but still get access to excellent diagnostics and supportive care and transplant consults, and so on. I hope that's a reasonable answer to that question. It's a bit of a nuanced answer, which is, I think there's an important role of a leukemia center, and I think there's a really fundamental role of keeping somebody in the community they live in, and how we collaborate is the key to that. And we've spent a lot of time and effort working with the oncologists in our community to try to accomplish that. John, I want to say two other things. I didn't mention in the molecular platforms that NPM1 mutations, we can now target those on clinical trials with menin inhibitors. We know that NPM1 signals through the Hoxa9/Meis1 pathway. We know that similar pathways are important in KMT2A rearrangements. We know that there are some other rare leukemias like those with NUP98 rearrangement. We can target those with menin inhibitors. The first menin inhibitor, revuminib, was approved by the FDA for KMT2A. We have others going to the FDA later this year for NPM1. There are now pivotal trials and advanced expanded phase 1/2 studies that are showing 30% response rates. And we're looking to see can we add those into the first-line therapy. So, we're finding more targets. I'll say one last thing about molecular medicine. I know I'm a little off topic here, but I always told patients that getting AML was kind of like being struck by lightning. It's not something you did. Now, obviously, there are risk factors for AML, smoking or obesity or certain farm environments, or radioactive exposures and so on. But bit by bit, we're starting to learn about who's predisposed to AML genetically. We've identified really just in the last five or eight years that DDX41 mutations can be germline half the time. And you always think germline mutations are going to cause AML in a younger patient, but the median age is 60 to 70 just like other AMLs. They actually might do pretty well once they get AML. We've reported that in several papers. And so we're trying to understand who that has a RUNX1 mutation needs germline testing, who with a DDX41 needs germline testing. And we're trying to actually come up with a cleaner pathway for germline testing in patients to really understand predisposition, to help with donor selection, to help with family counseling. So I think those are other areas where a leukemia center can contribute for somebody in who's community practice to understand genomic or genetic complexity in these patients. And we're starting to develop the databases that support that. Dr. John Sweetenham: Yeah, great. Thanks, James. I loved your answer about the clinical environment too. And I know from a patient-centric perspective that I know that patients would certainly appreciate the fact that we're in a situation now where the folks taking care of them will make every effort to keep them close to home if they possibly can. I want to thank you, James, for an incredible review of a very complex subject and I think you did a great job. I think we all will have learned a lot. And thanks again for being willing to share your insights with us today on the ASCO Daily News Podcast. Dr. James Foran: John, it's my pleasure. And as you know, I'll do anything for a latte, so no problem at all. Dr. John Sweetenham: Okay. I owe you one, so thank you for that. And thank you to our listeners for your time today. You'll find links to the studies we've discussed today in the transcript of this episode. And finally, if you value the insights that you hear on the ASCO Daily News Podcast, please take a moment to rate, review and subscribe wherever you get your podcasts. Disclaimer: The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions. Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience and conclusions. Guest statements on the podcast do not express the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement. Find out more about today's speakers: Dr. John Sweetenham Dr. James Foran Follow ASCO on social media: @ASCO on Twitter ASCO on Bluesky ASCO on Facebook ASCO on LinkedIn Disclosures: Dr. John Sweetenham: No relationships to disclose Dr. James Foran: Stock and Other Ownership Interests: Aurinia Pharmaceuticals Consulting or Advisory Role: Peerview, CTI BioPharma Corp, Remix Therapeutics, Cardinal Health, Medscape, Syndax, Autolus Therapeutics Research Funding (Inst.): Chordia Therapeutics, Abbvie, Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Kura Oncology, Sellas Life Sciences, Novartis, Roivant, Celgene/Bristol-Myers Squibb, Astellas Pharma, SERVIER Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Peerview
In this limited series of the ProductLed Podcast, Wes Bush shares the contents of his new book—The Product-Led Playbook. Over the next three months, we're releasing one chapter at a time, providing you with practical, no-nonsense guidance on how to build a multi-million-dollar product-led business with a lean team. In today's episode, Wes explores the critical decision-making process of what to give away versus what to monetize in a product-led business. He emphasizes that the most successful models are intentional and strategic. Using real-world examples like Tettra, Wes illustrates how a freemium model can unlock long-term user value and how offering limited free features can lead to higher retention and conversions. He dives into the different types of free models—such as freemium, opt-in, and usage-based trials—and provides actionable tips on finding the best fit for your business. He introduces the DEEP framework (Desirable, Effective, Efficient, Polished) to help businesses design a powerful free model that delivers tangible value upfront without overwhelming users. Key Highlights: 1:14: What makes an intentional free model2:12: Case study: Tettra's switch to freemium3:17: Key benefits of the DEEP framework6:40: How to build user trust with value11:20: Practical steps to define your beginner level22:05: The PCR test for finding solutions32:06: Understanding opt-in and opt-out models You can buy The Product-Led Playbook here. Subscribe to ProductLed Newsletter here.
Dr. Gary Null provides a commentary on "Universal Healthcare" Universal Healthcare is the Solution to a Broken Medical System Gary Null, PhD Progressive Radio Network, March 3, 2025 For over 50 years, there has been no concerted or successful effort to bring down medical costs in the American healthcare system. Nor are the federal health agencies making disease prevention a priority. Regardless whether the political left or right sponsors proposals for reform, such measures are repeatedly defeated by both parties in Congress. As a result, the nation's healthcare system remains one of the most expensive and least efficient in the developed world. For the past 30 years, medical bills contributing to personal debt regularly rank among the top three causes of personal bankruptcy. This is a reality that reflects not only the financial strain on ordinary Americans but the systemic failure of the healthcare system itself. The urgent question is: If President Trump and his administration are truly seeking to reduce the nation's $36 trillion deficit, why is there no serious effort to reform the most bloated and corrupt sector of the economy? A key obstacle is the widespread misinformation campaign that falsely claims universal health care would cost an additional $2 trillion annually and further balloon the national debt. However, a more honest assessment reveals the opposite. If the US adopted a universal single-payer system, the nation could actually save up to $20 trillion over the next 10 years rather than add to the deficit. Even with the most ambitious efforts by people like Elon Musk to rein in federal spending or optimize government efficiency, the estimated savings would only amount to $500 billion. This is only a fraction of what could be achieved through comprehensive healthcare reform alone. Healthcare is the largest single expenditure of the federal budget. A careful examination of where the $5 trillion spent annually on healthcare actually goes reveals massive systemic fraud and inefficiency. Aside from emergency medicine, which accounts for only 10-12 percent of total healthcare expenditures, the bulk of this spending does not deliver better health outcomes nor reduce trends in physical and mental illness. Applying Ockham's Razor, the principle that the simplest solution is often the best, the obvious conclusion is that America's astronomical healthcare costs are the direct result of price gouging on an unimaginable scale. For example, in most small businesses, profit margins range between 1.6 and 2.5 percent, such as in grocery retail. Yet the pharmaceutical industrial complex routinely operates on markup rates as high as 150,000 percent for many prescription drugs. The chart below highlights the astronomical gap between the retail price of some top-selling patented pharmaceutical medications and their generic equivalents. Drug Condition Patent Price (per unit) Generic Price Estimated Manufacture Cost Markup Source Insulin (Humalog) Diabetes $300 $30 $3 10,000% Rand (2021) EpiPen Allergic reactions $600 $30 $10 6,000% BMJ (2022) Daraprim Toxoplasmosis $750/pill $2 $0.50 150,000% JAMA (2019) Harvoni Hepatitis C $94,500 (12 weeks) $30,000 $200 47,000% WHO Report (2018) Lipitor Cholesterol $150 $10 $0.50 29,900% Health Affairs (2020) Xarelto Blood Thinner $450 $25 $1.50 30,000% NEJM (2020) Abilify Schizophrenia $800 (30 tablets) $15 $2 39,900% AJMC (2019) Revlimid Cancer $16,000/mo $450 $150 10,500% Kaiser Health News (2021) Humira Arthritis $2,984/dose $400 $50 5,868% Rand (2021) Sovaldi Hepatitis C $1,000/pill $10 $2 49,900% JAMA (2021) Xolair Asthma $2,400/dose $300 $50 4,800% NEJM (2020) Gleevec Leukemia $10,000/mo $350 $200 4,900% Harvard Public Health Review (2020) OxyContin Pain Relief $600 (30 tablets) $15 $0.50 119,900% BMJ (2022) Remdesivir Covid-19 $3,120 (5 doses) N/A $10 31,100% The Lancet (2020) The corruption extends far beyond price gouging. Many pharmaceutical companies convince federal health agencies to fund their basic research and drug development with taxpayer dollars. Yet when these companies bring successful products to market, the profits are kept entirely by the corporations or shared with the agencies or groups of government scientists. On the other hand, the public, who funded the research, receives no financial return. This amounts to a systemic betrayal of the public trust on a scale of hundreds of billions of dollars annually. Another significant contributor to rising healthcare costs is the widespread practice of defensive medicine that is driven by the constant threat of litigation. Over the past 40 years, defensive medicine has become a cottage industry. Physicians order excessive diagnostic tests and unnecessary treatments simply to protect themselves from lawsuits. Study after study has shown that these over-performed procedures not only inflate costs but lead to iatrogenesis or medical injury and death caused by the medical system and practices itself. The solution is simple: adopting no-fault healthcare coverage for everyone where patients receive care without needing to sue and thereby freeing doctors from the burden of excessive malpractice insurance. A single-payer universal healthcare system could fundamentally transform the entire industry by capping profits at every level — from drug manufacturers to hospitals to medical equipment suppliers. The Department of Health and Human Services would have the authority to set profit margins for medical procedures. This would ensure that healthcare is determined by outcomes, not profits. Additionally, the growing influence of private equity firms and vulture capitalists buying up hospitals and medical clinics across America must be reined in. These equity firms prioritize profit extraction over improving the quality of care. They often slash staff, raise prices, and dictate medical procedures based on what will yield the highest returns. Another vital reform would be to provide free medical education for doctors and nurses in exchange for five years of service under the universal system. Medical professionals would earn a realistic salary cap to prevent them from being lured into equity partnerships or charging exorbitant rates. The biggest single expense in the current system, however, is the private health insurance industry, which consumes 33 percent of the $5 trillion healthcare budget. Health insurance CEOs consistently rank among the highest-paid executives in the country. Their companies, who are nothing more than bean counters, decide what procedures and drugs will be covered, partially covered, or denied altogether. This entire industry is designed to place profits above patients' lives. If the US dismantled its existing insurance-based system and replaced it with a fully reformed national healthcare model, the country could save $2.7 trillion annually while simultaneously improving health outcomes. Over the course of 10 years, those savings would amount to $27 trillion. This could wipe out nearly the entire national debt in a short time. This solution has been available for decades but has been systematically blocked by corporate lobbying and bipartisan corruption in Washington. The path forward is clear but only if American citizens demand a system where healthcare is valued as a public service and not a commodity. The national healthcare crisis is not just a fiscal issue. It is a crucial moral failure of the highest order. With the right reforms, the nation could simultaneously restore its financial health and deliver the kind of healthcare system its citizens have long deserved. American Healthcare: Corrupt, Broken and Lethal Richard Gale and Gary Null Progressive Radio Network, March 3, 2025 For a nation that prides itself on being the world's wealthiest, most innovative and technologically advanced, the US' healthcare system is nothing less than a disaster and disgrace. Not only are Americans the least healthy among the most developed nations, but the US' health system ranks dead last among high-income countries. Despite rising costs and our unshakeable faith in American medical exceptionalism, average life expectancy in the US has remained lower than other OECD nations for many years and continues to decline. The United Nations recognizes healthcare as a human right. In 2018, former UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon denounced the American healthcare system as "politically and morally wrong." During the pandemic it is estimated that two to three years was lost on average life expectancy. On the other hand, before the Covid-19 pandemic, countries with universal healthcare coverage found their average life expectancy stable or slowly increasing. The fundamental problem in the U.S. is that politics have been far too beholden to the pharmaceutical, HMO and private insurance industries. Neither party has made any concerted effort to reign in the corruption of corporate campaign funding and do what is sensible, financially feasible and morally correct to improve Americans' quality of health and well-being. The fact that our healthcare system is horribly broken is proof that moneyed interests have become so powerful to keep single-payer debate out of the media spotlight and censored. Poll after poll shows that the American public favors the expansion of public health coverage. Other incremental proposals, including Medicare and Medicaid buy-in plans, are also widely preferred to the Affordable Care Act or Obamacare mess we are currently stuck with. It is not difficult to understand how the dismal state of American medicine is the result of a system that has been sold out to the free-market and the bottom line interests of drug makers and an inflated private insurance industry. How advanced and ethically sound can a healthcare system be if tens of millions of people have no access to medical care because it is financially out of their reach? The figures speak for themselves. The U.S. is burdened with a $41 trillion Medicare liability. The number of uninsured has declined during the past several years but still lingers around 25 million. An additional 30-35 million are underinsured. There are currently 65 million Medicare enrollees and 89 million Medicaid recipients. This is an extremely unhealthy snapshot of the country's ability to provide affordable healthcare and it is certainly unsustainable. The system is a public economic failure, benefiting no one except the large and increasingly consolidated insurance and pharmaceutical firms at the top that supervise the racket. Our political parties have wrestled with single-payer or universal healthcare for decades. Obama ran his first 2008 presidential campaign on a single-payer platform. Since 1985, his campaign health adviser, the late Dr. Quentin Young from the University of Illinois Medical School, was one of the nation's leading voices calling for universal health coverage. During a private conversation with Dr. Young shortly before his passing in 2016, he conveyed his sense of betrayal at the hands of the Obama administration. Dr. Young was in his 80s when he joined the Obama campaign team to help lead the young Senator to victory on a promise that America would finally catch up with other nations. The doctor sounded defeated. He shared how he was manipulated, and that Obama held no sincere intention to make universal healthcare a part of his administration's agenda. During the closed-door negotiations, which spawned the weak and compromised Affordable Care Act, Dr. Young was neither consulted nor invited to participate. In fact, he told us that he never heard from Obama again after his White House victory. Past efforts to even raise the issue have been viciously attacked. A huge army of private interests is determined to keep the public enslaved to private insurers and high medical costs. The failure of our healthcare is in no small measure due to it being a fully for-profit operation. Last year, private health insurance accounted for 65 percent of coverage. Consider that there are over 900 private insurance companies in the US. National Health Expenditures (NHE) grew to $4.5 trillion in 2022, which was 17.3 percent of GDP. Older corporate rank-and-file Democrats and Republicans argue that a single-payer or socialized medical program is unaffordable. However, not only is single-payer affordable, it will end bankruptcies due to unpayable medical debt. In addition, universal healthcare, structured on a preventative model, will reduce disease rates at the outset. Corporate Democrats argue that Obama's Affordable Care Act (ACA) was a positive step inching the country towards complete public coverage. However, aside from providing coverage to the poorest of Americans, Obamacare turned into another financial anchor around the necks of millions more. According to the health policy research group KFF, the average annual health insurance premium for single coverage is $8,400 and almost $24,000 for a family. In addition, patient out-of-pocket costs continue to increase, a 6.6% increase to $471 billion in 2022. Rather than healthcare spending falling, it has exploded, and the Trump and Biden administrations made matters worse. Clearly, a universal healthcare program will require flipping the script on the entire private insurance industry, which employed over half a million people last year. Obviously, the most volatile debate concerning a national universal healthcare system concerns cost. Although there is already a socialized healthcare system in place -- every federal legislator, bureaucrat, government employee and veteran benefits from it -- fiscal Republican conservatives and groups such as the Koch Brothers network are single-mindedly dedicated to preventing the expansion of Medicare and Medicaid. A Koch-funded Mercatus analysis made the outrageous claim that a single-payer system would increase federal health spending by $32 trillion in ten years. However, analyses and reviews by the Congressional Budget Office in the early 1990s concluded that such a system would only increase spending at the start; enormous savings would quickly offset it as the years pass. In one analysis, "the savings in administrative costs [10 percent of health spending] would be more than enough to offset the expense of universal coverage." Defenders of those advocating for funding a National Health Program argue this can primarily be accomplished by raising taxes to levels comparable to other developed nations. This was a platform Senator Bernie Sanders and some of the younger progressive Democrats in the House campaigned on. The strategy was to tax the highest multimillion-dollar earners 60-70 percent. Despite the outrage of its critics, including old rank-and-file multi-millionaire Democrats like Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer, this is still far less than in the past. During the Korean War, the top tax rate was 91 percent; it declined to 70 percent in the late 1960s. Throughout most of the 1970s, those in the lowest income bracket were taxed at 14 percent. We are not advocating for this strategy because it ignores where the funding is going, and the corruption in the system that is contributing to exorbitant waste. But Democratic supporters of the ACA who oppose a universal healthcare plan ignore the additional taxes Obama levied to pay for the program. These included surtaxes on investment income, Medicare taxes from those earning over $200,000, taxes on tanning services, an excise tax on medical equipment, and a 40 percent tax on health coverage for costs over the designated cap that applied to flexible savings and health savings accounts. The entire ACA was reckless, sloppy and unnecessarily complicated from the start. The fact that Obamacare further strengthened the distinctions between two parallel systems -- federal and private -- with entirely different economic structures created a labyrinth of red tape, rules, and wasteful bureaucracy. Since the ACA went into effect, over 150 new boards, agencies and programs have had to be established to monitor its 2,700 pages of gibberish. A federal single-payer system would easily eliminate this bureaucracy and waste. A medical New Deal to establish universal healthcare coverage is a decisive step in the correct direction. But we must look at the crisis holistically and in a systematic way. Simply shuffling private insurance into a federal Medicare-for-all or buy-in program, funded by taxing the wealthiest of citizens, would only temporarily reduce costs. It will neither curtail nor slash escalating disease rates e. Any effective healthcare reform must also tackle the underlying reasons for Americans' poor state of health. We cannot shy away from examining the social illnesses infecting our entire free-market capitalist culture and its addiction to deregulation. A viable healthcare model would have to structurally transform how the medical economy operates. Finally, a successful medical New Deal must honestly evaluate the best and most reliable scientific evidence in order to effectively redirect public health spending. For example, Dr. Ezekiel Emanuel, a former Obama healthcare adviser, observed that AIDS-HIV measures consume the most public health spending, even though the disease "ranked 75th on the list of diseases by personal health expenditures." On the other hand, according to the American Medical Association, a large percentage of the nation's $3.4 trillion healthcare spending goes towards treating preventable diseases, notably diabetes, common forms of heart disease, and back and neck pain conditions. In 2016, these three conditions were the most costly and accounted for approximately $277 billion in spending. Last year, the CDC announced the autism rate is now 1 in 36 children compared to 1 in 44 two years ago. A retracted study by Mark Blaxill, an autism activist at the Holland Center and a friend of the authors, estimates that ASD costs will reach $589 billion annually by 2030. There are no signs that this alarming trend will reverse and decline; and yet, our entire federal health system has failed to conscientiously investigate the underlying causes of this epidemic. All explanations that might interfere with the pharmaceutical industry's unchecked growth, such as over-vaccination, are ignored and viciously discredited without any sound scientific evidence. Therefore, a proper medical New Deal will require a systemic overhaul and reform of our federal health agencies, especially the HHS, CDC and FDA. Only the Robert Kennedy Jr presidential campaign is even addressing the crisis and has an inexpensive and comprehensive plan to deal with it. For any medical revolution to succeed in advancing universal healthcare, the plan must prioritize spending in a manner that serves public health and not private interests. It will also require reshuffling private corporate interests and their lobbyists to the sidelines, away from any strategic planning, in order to break up the private interests' control over federal agencies and its revolving door policies. Aside from those who benefit from this medical corruption, the overwhelming majority of Americans would agree with this criticism. However, there is a complete lack of national trust that our legislators, including the so-called progressives, would be willing to undertake such actions. In addition, America's healthcare system ignores the single most critical initiative to reduce costs - that is, preventative efforts and programs instead of deregulation and closing loopholes designed to protect the drug and insurance industries' bottom line. Prevention can begin with banning toxic chemicals that are proven health hazards associated with current disease epidemics, and it can begin by removing a 1,000-plus toxins already banned in Europe. This should be a no-brainer for any legislator who cares for public health. For example, Stacy Malkan, co-founder of the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, notes that "the policy approach in the US and Europe is dramatically different" when it comes to chemical allowances in cosmetic products. Whereas the EU has banned 1,328 toxic substances from the cosmetic industry alone, the US has banned only 11. The US continues to allow carcinogenic formaldehyde, petroleum, forever chemicals, many parabens (an estrogen mimicker and endocrine hormone destroyer), the highly allergenic p-phenylenediamine or PBD, triclosan, which has been associated with the rise in antibiotic resistant bacteria, avobenzone, and many others to be used in cosmetics, sunscreens, shampoo and hair dyes. Next, the food Americans consume can be reevaluated for its health benefits. There should be no hesitation to tax the unhealthiest foods, such as commercial junk food, sodas and candy relying on high fructose corn syrup, products that contain ingredients proven to be toxic, and meat products laden with dangerous chemicals including growth hormones and antibiotics. The scientific evidence that the average American diet is contributing to rising disease trends is indisputable. We could also implement additional taxes on the public advertising of these demonstrably unhealthy products. All such tax revenue would accrue to a national universal health program to offset medical expenditures associated with the very illnesses linked to these products. Although such tax measures would help pay for a new medical New Deal, it may be combined with programs to educate the public about healthy nutrition if it is to produce a reduction in the most common preventable diseases. In fact, comprehensive nutrition courses in medical schools should be mandatory because the average physician receives no education in this crucial subject. In addition, preventative health education should be mandatory throughout public school systems. Private insurers force hospitals, clinics and private physicians into financial corners, and this is contributing to prodigious waste in money and resources. Annually, healthcare spending towards medical liability insurance costs tens of billions of dollars. In particular, this economic burden has taxed small clinics and physicians. It is well past the time that physician liability insurance is replaced with no-fault options. Today's doctors are spending an inordinate amount of money to protect themselves. Legions of liability and trial lawyers seek big paydays for themselves stemming from physician error. This has created a culture of fear among doctors and hospitals, resulting in the overly cautious practice of defensive medicine, driving up costs and insurance premiums just to avoid lawsuits. Doctors are forced to order unnecessary tests and prescribe more medications and medical procedures just to cover their backsides. No-fault insurance is a common-sense plan that enables physicians to pursue their profession in a manner that will reduce iatrogenic injuries and costs. Individual cases requiring additional medical intervention and loss of income would still be compensated. This would generate huge savings. No other nation suffers from the scourge of excessive drug price gouging like the US. After many years of haggling to lower prices and increase access to generic drugs, only a minute amount of progress has been made in recent years. A 60 Minutes feature about the Affordable Care Act reported an "orgy of lobbying and backroom deals in which just about everyone with a stake in the $3-trillion-a-year health industry came out ahead—except the taxpayers.” For example, Life Extension magazine reported that an antiviral cream (acyclovir), which had lost its patent protection, "was being sold to pharmacies for 7,500% over the active ingredient cost. The active ingredient (acyclovir) costs only 8 pennies, yet pharmacies are paying a generic maker $600 for this drug and selling it to consumers for around $700." Other examples include the antibiotic Doxycycline. The price per pill averages 7 cents to $3.36 but has a 5,300 percent markup when it reaches the consumer. The antidepressant Clomipramine is marked up 3,780 percent, and the anti-hypertensive drug Captopril's mark-up is 2,850 percent. And these are generic drugs! Medication costs need to be dramatically cut to allow drug manufacturers a reasonable but not obscene profit margin. By capping profits approximately 100 percent above all costs, we would save our system hundreds of billions of dollars. Such a measure would also extirpate the growing corporate misdemeanors of pricing fraud, which forces patients to pay out-of-pocket in order to make up for the costs insurers are unwilling to pay. Finally, we can acknowledge that our healthcare is fundamentally a despotic rationing system based upon high insurance costs vis-a-vis a toss of the dice to determine where a person sits on the economic ladder. For the past three decades it has contributed to inequality. The present insurance-based economic metrics cast millions of Americans out of coverage because private insurance costs are beyond their means. Uwe Reinhardt, a Princeton University political economist, has called our system "brutal" because it "rations [people] out of the system." He defined rationing as "withholding something from someone that is beneficial." Discriminatory healthcare rationing now affects upwards to 60 million people who have been either priced out of the system or under insured. They make too much to qualify for Medicare under Obamacare, yet earn far too little to afford private insurance costs and premiums. In the final analysis, the entire system is discriminatory and predatory. However, we must be realistic. Almost every member of Congress has benefited from Big Pharma and private insurance lobbyists. The only way to begin to bring our healthcare program up to the level of a truly developed nation is to remove the drug industry's rampant and unnecessary profiteering from the equation. How did Fauci memory-hole a cure for AIDS and get away with it? By Helen Buyniski Over 700,000 Americans have died of AIDS since 1981, with the disease claiming some 42.3 million victims worldwide. While an HIV diagnosis is no longer considered a certain death sentence, the disease looms large in the public imagination and in public health funding, with contemporary treatments running into thousands of dollars per patient annually. But was there a cure for AIDS all this time - an affordable and safe treatment that was ruthlessly suppressed and attacked by the US public health bureaucracy and its agents? Could this have saved millions of lives and billions of dollars spent on AZT, ddI and failed HIV vaccine trials? What could possibly justify the decision to disappear a safe and effective approach down the memory hole? The inventor of the cure, Gary Null, already had several decades of experience creating healing protocols for physicians to help patients not responding well to conventional treatments by the time AIDS was officially defined in 1981. Null, a registered dietitian and board-certified nutritionist with a PhD in human nutrition and public health science, was a senior research fellow and Director of Anti-Aging Medicine at the Institute of Applied Biology for 36 years and has published over 950 papers, conducting groundbreaking experiments in reversing biological aging as confirmed with DNA methylation testing. Additionally, Null is a multi-award-winning documentary filmmaker, bestselling author, and investigative journalist whose work exposing crimes against humanity over the last 50 years has highlighted abuses by Big Pharma, the military-industrial complex, the financial industry, and the permanent government stay-behind networks that have come to be known as the Deep State. Null was contacted in 1974 by Dr. Stephen Caiazza, a physician working with a subculture of gay men in New York living the so-called “fast track” lifestyle, an extreme manifestation of the gay liberation movement that began with the Stonewall riots. Defined by rampant sexual promiscuity and copious use of illegal and prescription drugs, including heavy antibiotic use for a cornucopia of sexually-transmitted diseases, the fast-track never included more than about two percent of gay men, though these dominated many of the bathhouses and clubs that defined gay nightlife in the era. These patients had become seriously ill as a result of their indulgence, generally arriving at the clinic with multiple STDs including cytomegalovirus and several types of herpes and hepatitis, along with candida overgrowth, nutritional deficiencies, gut issues, and recurring pneumonia. Every week for the next 10 years, Null would counsel two or three of these men - a total of 800 patients - on how to detoxify their bodies and de-stress their lives, tracking their progress with Caiazza and the other providers at weekly feedback meetings that he credits with allowing the team to quickly evaluate which treatments were most effective. He observed that it only took about two years on the “fast track” for a healthy young person to begin seeing muscle loss and the recurrent, lingering opportunistic infections that would later come to be associated with AIDS - while those willing to commit to a healthier lifestyle could regain their health in about a year. It was with this background that Null established the Tri-State Healing Center in Manhattan in 1980, staffing the facility with what would eventually run to 22 certified health professionals to offer safe, natural, and effective low- and no-cost treatments to thousands of patients with HIV and AIDS-defining conditions. Null and his staff used variations of the protocols he had perfected with Caiazza's patients, a multifactorial patient-tailored approach that included high-dose vitamin C drips, intravenous ozone therapy, juicing and nutritional improvements and supplementation, aspects of homeopathy and naturopathy with some Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ayurvedic practices. Additional services offered on-site included acupuncture and holistic dentistry, while peer support groups were also held at the facility so that patients could find community and a positive environment, healing their minds and spirits while they healed their bodies. “Instead of trying to kill the virus with antiretroviral pharmaceuticals designed to stop viral replication before it kills patients, we focused on what benefits could be gained by building up the patients' natural immunity and restoring biochemical integrity so the body could fight for itself,” Null wrote in a 2014 article describing the philosophy behind the Center's approach, which was wholly at odds with the pharmaceutical model.1 Patients were comprehensively tested every week, with any “recovery” defined solely by the labs, which documented AIDS patient after patient - 1,200 of them - returning to good health and reversing their debilitating conditions. Null claims to have never lost an AIDS patient in the Center's care, even as the death toll for the disease - and its pharmaceutical standard of care AZT - reached an all-time high in the early 1990s. Eight patients who had opted for a more intensive course of treatment - visiting the Center six days a week rather than one - actually sero-deconverted, with repeated subsequent testing showing no trace of HIV in their bodies. As an experienced clinical researcher himself, Null recognized that any claims made by the Center would be massively scrutinized, challenging as they did the prevailing scientific consensus that AIDS was an incurable, terminal illness. He freely gave his protocols to any medical practitioner who asked, understanding that his own work could be considered scientifically valid only if others could replicate it under the same conditions. After weeks of daily observational visits to the Center, Dr. Robert Cathcart took the protocols back to San Francisco, where he excitedly reported that patients were no longer dying in his care. Null's own colleague at the Institute of Applied Biology, senior research fellow Elana Avram, set up IV drip rooms at the Institute and used his intensive protocols to sero-deconvert 10 patients over a two-year period. While the experiment had been conducted in secret, as the Institute had been funded by Big Pharma since its inception half a century earlier, Avram had hoped she would be able to publish a journal article to further publicize Null's protocols and potentially help AIDS patients, who were still dying at incredibly high rates thanks to Burroughs Wellcome's noxious but profitable AZT. But as she would later explain in a 2019 letter to Null, their groundbreaking research never made it into print - despite meticulous documentation of their successes - because the Institute's director and board feared their pharmaceutical benefactors would withdraw the funding on which they depended, given that Null's protocols did not involve any patentable or otherwise profitable drugs. When Avram approached them about publication, the board vetoed the idea, arguing that it would “draw negative attention because [the work] was contrary to standard drug treatments.” With no real point in continuing experiments along those lines without institutional support and no hope of obtaining funding from elsewhere, the department she had created specifically for these experiments shut down after a two-year followup with her test subjects - all of whom remained alive and healthy - was completed.2 While the Center was receiving regular visits by this time from medical professionals and, increasingly, black celebrities like Stokely Carmichael and Isaac Hayes, who would occasionally perform for the patients, the news was spreading by word of mouth alone - not a single media outlet had dared to document the clinic that was curing AIDS patients for free. Instead, they gave airtime to Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, who had for years been spreading baseless, hysteria-fueling claims about HIV and AIDS to any news outlet that would put him on. His claim that children could contract the virus from “ordinary household conduct” with an infected relative proved so outrageous he had to walk it back,3 and he never really stopped insisting the deadly plague associated with gays and drug users was about to explode like a nuclear bomb among the law-abiding heterosexual population. Fauci by this time controlled all government science funding through NIAID, and his zero-tolerance approach to dissent on the HIV/AIDS front had already seen prominent scientists like virologist Peter Duesberg stripped of the resources they needed for their work because they had dared to question his commandment: There is no cause of AIDS but HIV, and AZT is its treatment. Even the AIDS activist groups, which by then had been coopted by Big Pharma and essentially reduced to astroturfing for the toxic failed chemotherapy drug AZT backed by the institutional might of Fauci's NIAID,4 didn't seem to want to hear that there was a cure. Unconcerned with the irrationality of denouncing the man touting his free AIDS cure as an “AIDS denier,” they warned journalists that platforming Null or anyone else rejecting the mainstream medical line would be met with organized demands for their firing. Determined to breach the institutional iron curtain and get his message to the masses, Null and his team staged a press conference in New York, inviting scientists and doctors from around the world to share their research on alternative approaches to HIV and AIDS in 1993. To emphasize the sound scientific basis of the Center's protocols and encourage guests to adopt them into their own practices, Null printed out thousands of abstracts in support of each nutrient and treatment being used. However, despite over 7,000 invitations sent three times to major media, government figures, scientists, and activists, almost none of the intended audience members showed up. Over 100 AIDS patients and their doctors, whose charts exhaustively documented their improvements using natural and nontoxic modalities over the preceding 12 months, gave filmed testimonials, declaring that the feared disease was no longer a death sentence, but the conference had effectively been silenced. Bill Tatum, publisher of the Amsterdam News, suggested Null and his patients would find a more welcoming audience in his home neighborhood of Harlem - specifically, its iconic Apollo Theatre. For three nights, the theater was packed to capacity. Hit especially hard by the epidemic and distrustful of a medical system that had only recently stopped being openly racist (the Tuskegee syphilis experiment only ended in 1972), black Americans, at least, did not seem to care what Anthony Fauci would do if he found out they were investigating alternatives to AZT and death. PBS journalist Tony Brown, having obtained a copy of the video of patient testimonials from the failed press conference, was among a handful of black journalists who began visiting the Center to investigate the legitimacy of Null's claims. Satisfied they had something significant to offer his audience, Brown invited eight patients - along with Null himself - onto his program over the course of several episodes to discuss the work. It was the first time these protocols had received any attention in the media, despite Null having released nearly two dozen articles and multiple documentaries on the subject by that time. A typical patient on one program, Al, a recovered IV drug user who was diagnosed with AIDS at age 32, described how he “panicked,” saw a doctor and started taking AZT despite his misgivings - only to be forced to discontinue the drug after just a few weeks due to his condition deteriorating rapidly. Researching alternatives brought him to Null, and after six months of “detoxing [his] lifestyle,” he observed his initial symptoms - swollen lymph nodes and weight loss - begin to reverse, culminating with sero-deconversion. On Bill McCreary's Channel 5 program, a married couple diagnosed with HIV described how they watched their T-cell counts increase as they cut out sugar, caffeine, smoking, and drinking and began eating a healthy diet. They also saw the virus leave their bodies. For HIV-positive viewers surrounded by fear and negativity, watching healthy-looking, cheerful “AIDS patients” detail their recovery while Null backed up their claims with charts must have been balm for the soul. But the TV programs were also a form of outreach to the medical community, with patients' charts always on hand to convince skeptics the cure was scientifically valid. Null brought patients' charts to every program, urging them to keep an open mind: “Other physicians and public health officials should know that there's good science in the alternative perspective. It may not be a therapy that they're familiar with, because they're just not trained in it, but if the results are positive, and you can document them…” He challenged doubters to send in charts from their own sero-deconverted patients on AZT, and volunteered to debate proponents of the orthodox treatment paradigm - though the NIH and WHO both refused to participate in such a debate on Tony Brown's Journal, following Fauci's directive prohibiting engagement with forbidden ideas. Aside from those few TV programs and Null's own films, suppression of Null's AIDS cure beyond word of mouth was total. The 2021 documentary The Cost of Denial, produced by the Society for Independent Journalists, tells the story of the Tri-State Healing Center and the medical paradigm that sought to destroy it, lamenting the loss of the lives that might have been saved in a more enlightened society. Nurse practitioner Luanne Pennesi, who treated many of the AIDS patients at the Center, speculated in the film that the refusal by the scientific establishment and AIDS activists to accept their successes was financially motivated. “It was as if they didn't want this information to get out. Understand that our healthcare system as we know it is a corporation, it's a corporate model, and it's about generating revenue. My concern was that maybe they couldn't generate enough revenue from these natural approaches.”5 Funding was certainly the main disciplinary tool Fauci's NIAID used to keep the scientific community in line. Despite the massive community interest in the work being done at the Center, no foundation or institution would defy Fauci and risk getting itself blacklisted, leaving Null to continue funding the operation out of his pocket with the profits from book sales. After 15 years, he left the Center in 1995, convinced the mainstream model had so thoroughly been institutionalized that there was no chance of overthrowing it. He has continued to counsel patients and advocate for a reappraisal of the HIV=AIDS hypothesis and its pharmaceutical treatments, highlighting the deeply flawed science underpinning the model of the disease espoused by the scientific establishment in 39 articles, six documentaries and a 700-page textbook on AIDS, but the Center's achievements have been effectively memory-holed by Fauci's multi-billion-dollar propaganda apparatus. FRUIT OF THE POISONOUS TREE To understand just how much of a threat Null's work was to the HIV/AIDS establishment, it is instructive to revisit the 1984 paper, published by Dr. Robert Gallo of the National Cancer Institute, that established HIV as the sole cause of AIDS. The CDC's official recognition of AIDS in 1981 had done little to quell the mounting public panic over the mysterious illness afflicting gay men in the US, as the agency had effectively admitted it had no idea what was causing them to sicken and die. As years passed with no progress determining the causative agent of the plague, activist groups like Gay Men's Health Crisis disrupted public events and threatened further mass civil disobedience as they excoriated the NIH for its sluggish allocation of government science funding to uncovering the cause of the “gay cancer.”6 When Gallo published his paper declaring that the retrovirus we now know as HIV was the sole “probable” cause of AIDS, its simple, single-factor hypothesis was the answer to the scientific establishment's prayers. This was particularly true for Fauci, as the NIAID chief was able to claim the hot new disease as his agency's own domain in what has been described as a “dramatic confrontation” with his rival Sam Broder at the National Cancer Institute. After all, Fauci pointed out, Gallo's findings - presented by Health and Human Services Secretary Margaret Heckler as if they were gospel truth before any other scientists had had a chance to inspect them, never mind conduct a full peer review - clearly classified AIDS as an infectious disease, and not a cancer like the Kaposi's sarcoma which was at the time its most visible manifestation. Money and media attention began pouring in, even as funding for the investigation of other potential causes of AIDS dried up. Having already patented a diagnostic test for “his” retrovirus before introducing it to the world, Gallo was poised for a financial windfall, while Fauci was busily leveraging the discovery into full bureaucratic empire of the US scientific apparatus. While it would serve as the sole basis for all US government-backed AIDS research to follow - quickly turning Gallo into the most-cited scientist in the world during the 1980s,7 Gallo's “discovery” of HIV was deeply problematic. The sample that yielded the momentous discovery actually belonged to Prof. Luc Montagnier of the French Institut Pasteur, a fact Gallo finally admitted in 1991, four years after a lawsuit from the French government challenged his patent on the HIV antibody test, forcing the US government to negotiate a hasty profit-sharing agreement between Gallo's and Montagnier's labs. That lawsuit triggered a cascade of official investigations into scientific misconduct by Gallo, and evidence submitted during one of these probes, unearthed in 2008 by journalist Janine Roberts, revealed a much deeper problem with the seminal “discovery.” While Gallo's co-author, Mikulas Popovic, had concluded after numerous experiments with the French samples that the virus they contained was not the cause of AIDS, Gallo had drastically altered the paper's conclusion, scribbling his notes in the margins, and submitted it for publication to the journal Science without informing his co-author. After Roberts shared her discovery with contacts in the scientific community, 37 scientific experts wrote to the journal demanding that Gallo's career-defining HIV paper be retracted from Science for lacking scientific integrity.8 Their call, backed by an endorsement from the 2,600-member scientific organization Rethinking AIDS, was ignored by the publication and by the rest of mainstream science despite - or perhaps because of - its profound implications. That 2008 letter, addressed to Science editor-in-chief Bruce Alberts and copied to American Association for the Advancement of Science CEO Alan Leshner, is worth reproducing here in its entirety, as it utterly dismantles Gallo's hypothesis - and with them the entire HIV is the sole cause of AIDS dogma upon which the contemporary medical model of the disease rests: On May 4, 1984 your journal published four papers by a group led by Dr. Robert Gallo. We are writing to express our serious concerns with regard to the integrity and veracity of the lead paper among these four of which Dr. Mikulas Popovic is the lead author.[1] The other three are also of concern because they rely upon the conclusions of the lead paper .[2][3][4] In the early 1990s, several highly critical reports on the research underlying these papers were produced as a result of governmental inquiries working under the supervision of scientists nominated by the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine. The Office of Research Integrity of the US Department of Health and Human Services concluded that the lead paper was “fraught with false and erroneous statements,” and that the “ORI believes that the careless and unacceptable keeping of research records...reflects irresponsible laboratory management that has permanently impaired the ability to retrace the important steps taken.”[5] Further, a Congressional Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations led by US Representative John D. Dingell of Michigan produced a staff report on the papers which contains scathing criticisms of their integrity.[6] Despite the publically available record of challenges to their veracity, these papers have remained uncorrected and continue to be part of the scientific record. What prompts our communication today is the recent revelation of an astonishing number of previously unreported deletions and unjustified alterations made by Gallo to the lead paper. There are several documents originating from Gallo's laboratory that, while available for some time, have only recently been fully analyzed. These include a draft of the lead paper typewritten by Popovic which contains handwritten changes made to it by Gallo.[7] This draft was the key evidence used in the above described inquiries to establish that Gallo had concealed his laboratory's use of a cell culture sample (known as LAV) which it received from the Institut Pasteur. These earlier inquiries verified that the typed manuscript draft was produced by Popovic who had carried out the recorded experiment while his laboratory chief, Gallo, was in Europe and that, upon his return, Gallo changed the document by hand a few days before it was submitted to Science on March 30, 1984. According to the ORI investigation, “Dr. Gallo systematically rewrote the manuscript for what would become a renowned LTCB [Gallo's laboratory at the National Cancer Institute] paper.”[5] This document provided the important evidence that established the basis for awarding Dr. Luc Montagnier and Dr. Francoise Barré-Sinoussi the 2008 Nobel Prize in Medicine for the discovery of the AIDS virus by proving it was their samples of LAV that Popovic used in his key experiment. The draft reveals that Popovic had forthrightly admitted using the French samples of LAV renamed as Gallo's virus, HTLV-III, and that Gallo had deleted this admission, concealing their use of LAV. However, it has not been previously reported that on page three of this same document Gallo had also deleted Popovic's unambiguous statement that, "Despite intensive research efforts, the causative agent of AIDS has not yet been identified,” replacing it in the published paper with a statement that said practically the opposite, namely, “That a retrovirus of the HTLV family might be an etiologic agent of AIDS was suggested by the findings.” It is clear that the rest of Popovic's typed paper is entirely consistent with his statement that the cause of AIDS had not been found, despite his use of the French LAV. Popovic's final conclusion was that the culture he produced “provides the possibility” for detailed studies. He claimed to have achieved nothing more. At no point in his paper did Popovic attempt to prove that any virus caused AIDS, and it is evident that Gallo concealed these key elements in Popovic's experimental findings. It is astonishing now to discover these unreported changes to such a seminal document. We can only assume that Gallo's alterations of Popovic's conclusions were not highlighted by earlier inquiries because the focus at the time was on establishing that the sample used by Gallo's lab came from Montagnier and was not independently collected by Gallo. In fact, the only attention paid to the deletions made by Gallo pertains to his effort to hide the identity of the sample. The questions of whether Gallo and Popovic's research proved that LAV or any other virus was the cause of AIDS were clearly not considered. Related to these questions are other long overlooked documents that merit your attention. One of these is a letter from Dr. Matthew A. Gonda, then Head of the Electron Microscopy Laboratory at the National Cancer Institute, which is addressed to Popovic, copied to Gallo and dated just four days prior to Gallo's submission to Science.[8] In this letter, Gonda remarks on samples he had been sent for imaging because “Dr Gallo wanted these micrographs for publication because they contain HTLV.” He states, “I do not believe any of the particles photographed are of HTLV-I, II or III.” According to Gonda, one sample contained cellular debris, while another had no particles near the size of a retrovirus. Despite Gonda's clearly worded statement, Science published on May 4, 1984 papers attributed to Gallo et al with micrographs attributed to Gonda and described unequivocally as HTLV-III. In another letter by Gallo, dated one day before he submitted his papers to Science, Gallo states, “It's extremely rare to find fresh cells [from AIDS patients] expressing the virus... cell culture seems to be necessary to induce virus,” a statement which raises the possibility he was working with a laboratory artifact. [9] Included here are copies of these documents and links to the same. The very serious flaws they reveal in the preparation of the lead paper published in your journal in 1984 prompts our request that this paper be withdrawn. It appears that key experimental findings have been concealed. We further request that the three associated papers published on the same date also be withdrawn as they depend on the accuracy of this paper. For the scientific record to be reliable, it is vital that papers shown to be flawed, or falsified be retracted. Because a very public record now exists showing that the Gallo papers drew unjustified conclusions, their withdrawal from Science is all the more important to maintain integrity. Future researchers must also understand they cannot rely on the 1984 Gallo papers for statements about HIV and AIDS, and all authors of papers that previously relied on this set of four papers should have the opportunity to consider whether their own conclusions are weakened by these revelations. Gallo's handwritten revision, submitted without his colleague's knowledge despite multiple experiments that failed to support the new conclusion, was the sole foundation for the HIV=AIDS hypothesis. Had Science published the manuscript the way Popovic had typed it, there would be no AIDS “pandemic” - merely small clusters of people with AIDS. Without a viral hypothesis backing the development of expensive and deadly pharmaceuticals, would Fauci have allowed these patients to learn about the cure that existed all along? Faced with a potential rebellion, Fauci marshaled the full resources under his control to squelch the publication of the investigations into Gallo and restrict any discussion of competing hypotheses in the scientific and mainstream press, which had been running virus-scare stories full-time since 1984. The effect was total, according to biochemist Dr. Kary Mullis, inventor of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure. In a 2009 interview, Mullis recalled his own shock when he attempted to unearth the experimental basis for the HIV=AIDS hypothesis. Despite his extensive inquiry into the literature, “there wasn't a scientific reference…[that] said ‘here's how come we know that HIV is the probable cause of AIDS.' There was nothing out there like that.”9 This yawning void at the core of HIV/AIDS “science" turned him into a strident critic of AIDS dogma - and those views made him persona non grata where the scientific press was concerned, suddenly unable to publish a single paper despite having won the Nobel Prize for his invention of the PCR test just weeks before. 10 DISSENT BECOMES “DENIAL” While many of those who dissent from the orthodox HIV=AIDS view believe HIV plays a role in the development of AIDS, they point to lifestyle and other co-factors as being equally if not more important. Individuals who test positive for HIV can live for decades in perfect health - so long as they don't take AZT or the other toxic antivirals fast-tracked by Fauci's NIAID - but those who developed full-blown AIDS generally engaged in highly risky behaviors like extreme promiscuity and prodigious drug abuse, contracting STDs they took large quantities of antibiotics to treat, further running down their immune systems. While AIDS was largely portrayed as a “gay disease,” it was only the “fast track” gays, hooking up with dozens of partners nightly in sex marathons fueled by “poppers” (nitrate inhalants notorious for their own devastating effects on the immune system), who became sick. Kaposi's sarcoma, one of the original AIDS-defining conditions, was widespread among poppers-using gay men, but never appeared among IV drug users or hemophiliacs, the other two main risk groups during the early years of the epidemic. Even Robert Gallo himself, at a 1994 conference on poppers held by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, would admit that the previously-rare form of skin cancer surging among gay men was not primarily caused by HIV - and that it was immune stimulation, rather than suppression, that was likely responsible.11 Similarly, IV drug users are often riddled with opportunistic infections as their habit depresses the immune system and their focus on maintaining their addiction means that healthier habits - like good nutrition and even basic hygiene - fall by the wayside. Supporting the call for revising the HIV=AIDS hypothesis to include co-factors is the fact that the mass heterosexual outbreaks long predicted by Fauci and his ilk in seemingly every country on Earth have failed to materialize, except - supposedly - in Africa, where the diagnostic standard for AIDS differs dramatically from those of the West. Given the prohibitively high cost of HIV testing for poor African nations, the WHO in 1985 crafted a diagnostic loophole that became known as the “Bangui definition,” allowing medical professionals to diagnose AIDS in the absence of a test using just clinical symptoms: high fever, persistent cough, at least 30 days of diarrhea, and the loss of 10% of one's body weight within two months. Often suffering from malnutrition and without access to clean drinking water, many of the inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa fit the bill, especially when the WHO added tuberculosis to the list of AIDS-defining illnesses in 1993 - a move which may be responsible for as many as one half of African “AIDS” cases, according to journalist Christine Johnson. The WHO's former Chief of Global HIV Surveillance, James Chin, acknowledged their manipulation of statistics, but stressed that it was the entire AIDS industry - not just his organization - perpetrating the fraud. “There's the saying that, if you knew what sausages are made of, most people would hesitate to sort of eat them, because they wouldn't like what's in it. And if you knew how HIV/AIDS numbers are cooked, or made up, you would use them with extreme caution,” Chin told an interviewer in 2009.12 With infected numbers stubbornly remaining constant in the US despite Fauci's fearmongering projections of the looming heterosexually-transmitted plague, the CDC in 1993 broadened its definition of AIDS to include asymptomatic (that is, healthy) HIV-positive people with low T-cell counts - an absurd criteria given that an individual's T-cell count can fluctuate by hundreds within a single day. As a result, the number of “AIDS cases” in the US immediately doubled. Supervised by Fauci, the NIAID had been quietly piling on diseases into the “AIDS-related” category for years, bloating the list from just two conditions - pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma - to 30 so fast it raised eyebrows among some of science's leading lights. Deeming the entire process “bizarre” and unprecedented, Kary Mullis wondered aloud why no one had called the AIDS establishment out: “There's something wrong here. And it's got to be financial.”13 Indeed, an early CDC public relations campaign was exposed by the Wall Street Journal in 1987 as having deliberately mischaracterized AIDS as a threat to the entire population so as to garner increased public and private funding for what was very much a niche issue, with the risk to average heterosexuals from a single act of sex “smaller than the risk of ever getting hit by lightning.” Ironically, the ads, which sought to humanize AIDS patients in an era when few Americans knew anyone with the disease and more than half the adult population thought infected people should be forced to carry cards warning of their status, could be seen as a reaction to the fear tactics deployed by Fauci early on.14 It's hard to tell where fraud ends and incompetence begins with Gallo's HIV antibody test. Much like Covid-19 would become a “pandemic of testing,” with murder victims and motorcycle crashes lumped into “Covid deaths” thanks to over-sensitized PCR tests that yielded as many as 90% false positives,15 HIV testing is fraught with false positives - and unlike with Covid-19, most people who hear they are HIV-positive still believe they are receiving a death sentence. Due to the difficulty of isolating HIV itself from human samples, the most common diagnostic tests, ELISA and the Western Blot, are designed to detect not the virus but antibodies to it, upending the traditional medical understanding that the presence of antibodies indicates only exposure - and often that the body has actually vanquished the pathogen. Patients are known to test positive for HIV antibodies in the absence of the virus due to at least 70 other conditions, including hepatitis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, syphilis, recent vaccination or even pregnancy. (https://www.chcfl.org/diseases-that-can-cause-a-false-positive-hiv-test/) Positive results are often followed up with a PCR “viral load” test, even though the inventor of the PCR technique Kary Mullis famously condemned its misuse as a tool for diagnosing infection. Packaging inserts for all three tests warn the user that they cannot be reliably used to diagnose HIV.16 The ELISA HIV antibody test explicitly states: “At present there is no recognized standard for establishing the presence and absence of HIV antibody in human blood.”17 That the public remains largely unaware of these and other massive holes in the supposedly airtight HIV=AIDS=DEATH paradigm is a testament to Fauci's multi-layered control of the press. Like the writers of the Great Barrington Declaration and other Covid-19 dissidents, scientists who question HIV/AIDS dogma have been brutally punished for their heresy, no matter how prestigious their prior standing in the field and no matter how much evidence they have for their own claims. In 1987, the year the FDA's approval of AZT made AIDS the most profitable epidemic yet (a dubious designation Covid-19 has since surpassed), Fauci made it clearer than ever that scientific inquiry and debate - the basis of the scientific method - would no longer be welcome in the American public health sector, eliminating retrovirologist Peter Duesberg, then one of the most prominent opponents of the HIV=AIDS hypothesis, from the scientific conversation with a professional disemboweling that would make a cartel hitman blush. Duesberg had just eviscerated Gallo's 1984 HIV paper with an article of his own in the journal Cancer Research, pointing out that retroviruses had never before been found to cause a single disease in humans - let alone 30 AIDS-defining diseases. Rather than allow Gallo or any of the other scientists in his camp to respond to the challenge, Fauci waged a scorched-earth campaign against Duesberg, who had until then been one of the most highly regarded researchers in his field. Every research grant he requested was denied; every media appearance was canceled or preempted. The University of California at Berkeley, unable to fully fire him due to tenure, took away his lab, his graduate students, and the rest of his funding. The few colleagues who dared speak up for him in public were also attacked, while enemies and opportunists were encouraged to slander Duesberg at the conferences he was barred from attending and in the journals that would no longer publish his replies. When Duesberg was summoned to the White House later that year by then-President Ronald Reagan to debate Fauci on the origins of AIDS, Fauci convinced the president to cancel, allegedly pulling rank on the Commander-in-Chief with an accusation that the “White House was interfering in scientific matters that belonged to the NIH and the Office of Science and Technology Assessment.” After seven years of this treatment, Duesberg was contacted by NIH official Stephen O'Brien and offered an escape from professional purgatory. He could have “everything back,” he was told, and shown a manuscript of a scientific paper - apparently commissioned by the editor of the journal Nature - “HIV Causes AIDS: Koch's Postulates Fulfilled” with his own name listed alongside O'Brien's as an author.18 His refusal to take the bribe effectively guaranteed the epithet “AIDS denier” will appear on his tombstone. The character assassination of Duesberg became a template that would be deployed to great effectiveness wherever Fauci encountered dissent - never debate, only demonize, deplatform and destroy. Even Luc Montagnier, the real discoverer of HIV, soon found himself on the wrong side of the Fauci machine. With his 1990 declaration that “the HIV virus [by itself] is harmless and passive, a benign virus,” Montagnier began distancing himself from Gallo's fraud, effectively placing a target on his own back. In a 1995 interview, he elaborated: “four factors that have come together to account for the sudden epidemic [of AIDS]: HIV presence, immune hyper-activation, increased sexually transmitted disease incidence, sexual behavior changes and other behavioral changes” such as drug use, poor nutrition and stress - all of which he said had to occur “essentially simultaneously” for HIV to be transmitted, creating the modern epidemic. Like the professionals at the Tri-State Healing Center, Montagnier advocated for the use of antioxidants like vitamin C and N-acetyl cysteine, naming oxidative stress as a critical factor in the progression from HIV to AIDS.19 When Montagnier died in 2022, Fauci's media mouthpieces sneered that the scientist (who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2008 for his discovery of HIV, despite his flagging faith in that discovery's significance) “started espousing views devoid of a scientific basis” in the late 2000s, leading him to be “shunned by the scientific community.”20 In a particularly egregious jab, the Washington Post's obit sings the praises of Robert Gallo, implying it was the American scientist who really should have won the Nobel for HIV, while dismissing as “
I Just got off a 30 minute interview with the Detroit News about the pandemic.I made sure to mention that, in my humble opinion, they're nothing more than the propaganda arm of the radical left.I always record these interviews to ensure they can't twist my words—transparency matters.Not surprising that they were unaware of many things Governor Whitmer said and did during the pandemic.Welp, it's on record now:“Google a haircut.”“Implore one another to wear the mask—if not, do it forcefully.”Sneaking down to see her sick dad on a private jet while we weren't allowed to travel.Violating her own orders by going out to eat with 16 friends.CDC changed the definition of what a vaccine does from “provides immunity to provides protection.”PCR test is hot garbage.And the list goes on…Fit, Healthy & Happy Podcast Welcome to the Fit, Healthy and Happy Podcast hosted by Josh and Kyle from Colossus...Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify
Culvitvate Elevate's Matt Roeske, a health educator, blows our minds in this one by taking down much of the conventional wisdom around DNA and PCR testing, and even challenges some of the red pill stances we've perhaps taken for granted, including the parasite model of illness, and the efficacy of Ivermectin. Grab your copy of the 2nd issue of the Chaos Twins now and join the Army Of Chaos: https://bit.ly/415fDfY Check out Sam "DoomScrollin with Sam Tripoli and Midnight Mike" Every Tuesday At 2:30pm pst on Youtube, X Twitter, Rumble and Rokfin! Join the WolfPack at Wise Wolf Gold and Silver and start hedging your financial position by investing in precious metals now! Go to samtripoli.gold and use the promo code "TinFoil" and we thank Tony for supporting our show. CopyMyCrypto.com: The ‘Copy my Crypto' membership site shows you the coins that the youtuber ‘James McMahon' personally holds - and allows you to copy him. So if you'd like to join the 1300 members who copy James, then stop what you're doing and head over to: CopyMyCrypto.com/TFH You'll not only find proof of everything I've said - but my listeners get full access for just $1 Want to see Sam Tripoli live? Get tickets at SamTripoli.com: The World- Sam Tripoli's new special "Why is Everybody Gettin Quiet?" that drops Oct 15th on Rumble.com and SamTripoli.com! Phoenix, Az: The House Of Comedy Arizona Feb 27th- March 1st https://aztickets.houseofcomedy.net/event/sam-tripoli-9938398e Louisville: Tin Foil Hat Comedy Club Live At the Louisville Comedy Club March 6th https://www.louisvillecomedy.com/shows/295587 Fort Wayne, IN: Tin Foil Hat Comedy Live At the Summit Comedy Club March 7th https://www.summitcitycomedy.com/shows/295586 Detroit: Headlining The Comedy Bar on March 28th - 29th https://www.eventbrite.com/cc/mar-28-29-sam-tripoli-3993563 Tacoma, WA: Tin Foil Hat Comedy Live At the Summit Comedy Club April 10th https://www.tacomacomedyclub.com/shows/295584 Tacoma, WA: Sam Tripoli Headlines The Tacoma Comedy Club (6th & Proctor) April 11th-12th https://www.tacomacomedyclub.com/events/106120 Please Check Out William Ramsey's internet: Website: https://www.williamramseyinvestigates.com Twitter: https://www.williamramseyinvestigates.com Podcast: William Ramsey Investigates- https://bit.ly/4gZfAGw Please check out SamTripoli.com for all things Sam Tripoli. 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If you want to support our mission to bring you this cutting-edge information, please consider subscribing for a gift of any amount: https://beyondlabels.supportingcast.fm/Is bird flu the next big health crisis—or just a rerun of the COVID playbook?In this deep-dive episode, we uncover the truth about bird flu, exploring its origins, funding, and the vaccination programs that are quietly rolling out—including the shocking fact that some cows in America are being injected with experimental bird flu vaccines while remaining in the food supply. We also break down the role of PCR testing, discuss science-backed alternative treatments, and ask the critical question: Who benefits from the bird flu narrative? If you want the facts beyond the headlines, this episode is a must-listen.Watch This Episode HereResources & ReferencesFollow on XFollow on InstagramFind Joel Here: www.polyfacefarms.comFind Sina Here: www.drsinamccullough.comIf you have a question you want answered or an idea for the show, we'd love to hear from you! Please email your questions and/or ideas to: contactbeyondlabels@gmail.comIf you have billing, subscription, or technical issues please contact help@supportingcast.fmIf you are interested in being a guest on Beyond Labels, please fill out this form: https://form.jotform.com/24035452401203DISCLAIMER
What's really behind the price and scarcity of eggs? Today, I'm going to interview Clayton Baker, M.D. to discuss the recent bird flu outbreak. Egg prices are not random, and the outbreak is not an accident! DATA:https://brownstone.org/articles/bird-...Please join me in welcoming Dr. Clayton Baker! Dr. Baker points out the similarities between the current bird flu outbreak and the COVID-19 outbreak of 2020. The media creates fear, followed by a pandemic, to gain control. This eventually leads to civil rights violations, including lockdowns and work bans.Next, people are coerced into taking profitable yet toxic vaccines as a countermeasure against the outbreak. We are witnessing this once again with the current bird flu outbreak.There are two labs in the US: the Southeast Poultry Research Lab, funded by the USDA, and the University of Wisconsin Veterinary School, which conducts gain-of-function research on viruses. This involves manipulating a naturally occurring virus to make it more deadly and able to jump from species to species. Farmers are encouraged to perform PCR tests on their flocks, which are known for false positives. If any of their birds test positive for bird flu, they are paid to slaughter their entire flock. The increase in egg prices is not due to bird deaths from bird flu but rather the mass slaughter of birds. Over 1.25 billion taxpayer dollars have been used to fund this mass slaughter. Ultimately, the goal is to mass vaccinate chickens in the food supply against bird flu.Gain-of-function research is dangerous and must stop! We can also help combat this problem by purchasing eggs from smaller farmers at farmer's markets.
Alexandra from Just the Inserts joins us for a great chat about her activism and website and helping people with informed consent. We talk about her engagement shooting up, SIDS, synthetic Vit K, the Box Warnings, Hep B shot, RFK, Government and Military, real life examples of injury during pregnancy, mRNA, and the power of the Mama Bears. In the second half we get into the story of Ben Franklin, Darren rants about the jab schedule, PCR testing, Crowd Health, other drugs, examples on her website, free market health, and American health care, and much more. https://x.com/justtheinserts https://www.justtheinserts.com/press/#2025 https://www.instagram.com/justtheinserts/ To gain access to the second half of show and our Plus feed for audio and podcast please clink the link http://www.grimericaoutlawed.ca/support. For second half of video (when applicable and audio) go to our Substack and Subscribe. https://grimericaoutlawed.substack.com/ or to our Locals https://grimericaoutlawed.locals.com/ or Rokfin www.Rokfin.com/Grimerica Patreon https://www.patreon.com/grimericaoutlawed Support the show directly: https://grimericacbd.com/ CBD / THC Tinctures and Gummies https://grimerica.ca/support-2/ Outlawed Canadians YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@OutlawedCanadians Our Adultbrain Audiobook Podcast and Website: www.adultbrain.ca Our Audiobook Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@adultbrainaudiobookpublishing/videos Darren's book www.acanadianshame.ca Check out our next trip/conference/meetup - Contact at the Cabin www.contactatthecabin.com Other affiliated shows: www.grimerica.ca The OG Grimerica Show www.Rokfin.com/Grimerica Our channel on free speech Rokfin Join the chat / hangout with a bunch of fellow Grimericans Https://t.me.grimerica https://www.guilded.gg/chat/b7af7266-771d-427f-978c-872a7962a6c2?messageId=c1e1c7cd-c6e9-4eaf-abc9-e6ec0be89ff3 Leave a review on iTunes and/or Stitcher: https://itunes.apple.com/ca/podcast/grimerica-outlawed http://www.stitcher.com/podcast/grimerica-outlawed Sign up for our newsletter http://www.grimerica.ca/news SPAM Graham = and send him your synchronicities, feedback, strange experiences and psychedelic trip reports!! graham@grimerica.com InstaGRAM https://www.instagram.com/the_grimerica_show_podcast/ Purchase swag, with partial proceeds donated to the show www.grimerica.ca/swag Send us a postcard or letter http://www.grimerica.ca/contact/ ART - Napolean Duheme's site http://www.lostbreadcomic.com/ MUSIC Tru Northperception, Felix's Site sirfelix.bandcamp.com
In this powerful episode of the Tick Boot Camp Podcast, we sit down with Brad Pitzele, founder of One Thousand Roads, to discuss his personal battle with Lyme disease and how Exercise with Oxygen Therapy (EWOT) played a critical role in his recovery. After struggling with mysterious symptoms, misdiagnoses, and ineffective treatments, Brad was finally diagnosed with Lyme disease and co-infections at age 40. Determined to reclaim his health, he used his engineering background to build his own affordable, high-quality EWOT system—a therapy that ultimately helped him eliminate brain fog, reduce inflammation, regain energy, and return to a full life. Today, he's on a mission to make EWOT accessible to others suffering from chronic illnesses. Brad Pitzele's Lyme Disease Journey Before Lyme: An active, athletic lifestyle while working his way up the corporate ladder. First symptoms (age 34): Fatigue, brain fog, joint pain, and a misdiagnosis of psoriatic arthritis. Health decline: Severe Bartonella foot pain, Raynaud syndrome, roving joint pain, skin rashes, and chronic inflammation. Lyme diagnosis (age 40): After years of misdiagnoses, he tested positive via DNA Connexions (urine PCR). Failed treatments: Conventional autoimmune and arthritis medications worsened his symptoms, eventually leading to malignant melanoma. Discovering EWOT: Frustrated with expensive, inaccessible treatments like hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), Brad built his own home-based EWOT system—and experienced a life-changing recovery. Healing and recovery: After years of brain fog, exhaustion, and pain, Brad is now 95-99% back to his pre-Lyme self and has more energy than before getting sick. Key Takeaways How Lyme and co-infections hijack the immune system and lower oxygen levels The science behind EWOT and its role in reducing inflammation and detoxifying the body Why oxygen therapy is more effective than simply "killing bacteria" How Brad turned his recovery into a mission to help others with chronic illnesses Advice for those currently battling Lyme and looking for alternative healing solutions Why You Should Listen: This episode is a must-listen for anyone battling Lyme disease, Bartonella, Babesia, or other tick-borne infections. Brad's inspiring recovery story offers practical insights into EWOT, inflammation reduction, immune health, and regaining energy. Whether you're currently sick, in recovery, or looking to protect your family from tick-borne illnesses, you'll find actionable strategies in this conversation. Subscribe & Review Tick Boot Camp Podcast: If you enjoyed this episode, please subscribe and leave a 5-star review to help more people find this life-changing information. Your support helps us continue to bring expert guests and powerful recovery stories to the Lyme community!
Tiny microbes have a big impact on wine quality. Aria Hahn, CEO and co-founder of Koonkie, Inc., discusses the exciting work her bioinformatics organization is doing in the field of metagenomics. Hahn explains the differences between genetics, genomics, and metagenomics. She shares insights from a project studying yeast populations in British Columbia's Okanagan region, revealing the diversity and distinct clades found on wine grapes. The conversation also covers the broader applications of bioinformatics in agriculture, including regenerative farming, soil health, and potential bioprotectants against wine spoilage. Hahn underscores the impact of microbiome management on wine terroir and the potential of bioinformatics in understanding and improving winemaking processes. Resources: 201: Balance Hot Climate, High Sugar Wine with Green Grape Juice aka Verjus 243: Microbial Communities in the Grapevine 251: Vine SAP Analysis to Optimize Nutrition Aria Hahn – Google Scholar Aria Hahn – LinkedIn Koonkie Make Better Wines with Bioinformatics The Microcosmos - Discover the World of Genomics Apple App Whole genome sequencing of Canadian Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from spontaneous wine fermentations reveals a new Pacific West Coast Wine clade Vineyard Team Programs: Juan Nevarez Memorial Scholarship - Donate SIP Certified – Show your care for the people and planet Sustainable Ag Expo – The premiere winegrowing event of the year Vineyard Team – Become a Member Get More Subscribe wherever you listen so you never miss an episode on the latest science and research with the Sustainable Winegrowing Podcast. Since 1994, Vineyard Team has been your resource for workshops and field demonstrations, research, and events dedicated to the stewardship of our natural resources. Learn more at www.vineyardteam.org. Transcript [00:00:00] Beth Vukmanic: Tiny microbes have a big impact on wine quality. [00:00:09] Welcome to Sustainable Wine Growing with Vineyard Team, where we bring you the latest in science and research for the wine industry. I am Beth Vukmanic, Executive Director. [00:00:19] In today's podcast, Craig McMillan, Critical Resource Manager at Niner Wine Estates, with longtime SIP certified vineyard and the first ever SIP certified winery, speaks with Aria Hahn, CEO and co founder of Koonkie Inc. [00:00:35] She discusses the exciting work her bioinformatics organization is doing in the field of metagenomics. Hahn explains the differences between genetics, genomics, and metagenomics. [00:00:47] She shares insights from a project studying yeast populations in one of British Columbia's wine growing regions, revealing the diversity and distinct clades found on wine grapes. [00:00:58] The conversation also covers the broader applications. bioinformatics in agriculture, including regenerative farming, soil health, and potential bioprotectants against wine spoilage. [00:01:09] Hahn underscores the impact of microbiome management on wine terroir and the potential for bioinformatics in understanding and improving the winemaking process. [00:01:19] We know your customers are looking for sustainable wines. In a recent review of 30 studies, Customers reported a higher preference for eco label and social responsibility labels compared with nutrition labels. Achieving SIP certified gives you third party verification that your vineyard winery or wine has adopted and implemented stringent sustainable standards. Apply today at SIP certified. org. [00:01:46] Now let's listen [00:01:50] Craig Macmillan: Our guest today is Aria Hahn. She is the CEO and co founder of Koonkie, Inc., a bioinformatics organization, business, doing all kinds of exciting stuff. Thanks for being on the podcast, Aria. [00:02:02] Aria Hahn: Yeah, so excited to be here. Thanks for [00:02:04] Craig Macmillan: We're going to get into the thick of it But we were attracted to some work that you folks and your colleagues have done with bioinformatics and yeast, wild yeast. But I wanted to drop back. A little bit first to kind of give some context. All of this kind of comes under the umbrella of metagenomics, correct? [00:02:21] Aria Hahn: Yeah, absolutely. [00:02:22] Craig Macmillan: and what is metagenomics? [00:02:24] Aria Hahn: I'm going to take further step back and talk about genomics um, maybe the distinction between genomics and genetics. [00:02:32] So genetics is something I think most people kind of understand. They have this intuitive sense of it. um, that make up ourselves and all living creatures. But it actually turns out that in most organisms, and not bacteria, and we'll get there in a Most of your DNA is not in genes. It's in between genes. And so genomics is the study of genes and all of the things that are in between genes. So that's kind of the distinction between genetics and genomics. And then metagenomics is when we do that at the community level. [00:03:02] so you could do metagenomics of humans, but metagenomics refers to populations of bacteria, uh, microbes, archaea, viruses, things that you cannot see and I'll say interact with directly. [00:03:17] Craig Macmillan: And then bioinformatics is a subset or is a technique, is that correct? [00:03:23] Aria Hahn: Yeah, it's a technique, you know, it used to be even 10, 15 years ago that everyone kind of did their own bioinformatics. And so really what that means is when we sequence DNA or read that DNA, so it's only four letters, ATCs and Gs, we extract the DNA the sample is, could be the surface of grapes, uh, a human, anything. [00:03:42] Um, Then we put it on a sequencer. There's a bunch of different sequencing technologies right now. Um, But you end up with these like very gross files that aren't openable on regular computers and they're literally just ATCs and Gs. And so bioinformatics is the cross section of high performance computing and biology. And so we develop algorithms and processes and pipelines to really take those gross huge files of ATCs and Gs and make them human readable. make them interesting, figure out, you know, what are the genes that are there? Who is there? What are they doing? And who's doing what? [00:04:19] Craig Macmillan: Okay, and I think that's the important part here is you would take a sample from the environment. We'll talk about this one more in a second, but there are particular sequences that may be associated with a certain type of microbe or even a particular genus or particular species of microbe that can be detected. [00:04:39] Aria Hahn: Yes, absolutely. [00:04:40] So a genome is all of the DNA that makes up that organism. So you and I have distinct genomes, but of course, our genomes are going to be pretty similar to each other compared to a human genome, to a fish, to a plant, to a [00:04:55] Craig Macmillan: why the focus on microbes? [00:04:57] Aria Hahn: Yeah, that's a great question. It depends how philosophical You want to get You know, people are generally [00:05:02] familiar with the concept of like the Higgs boson particle. It's like the God particle that makes up everything and that's great and the physicists are gonna come for me. But when we think about our planet Earth, I always say like If there is a god particle on this planet that is alive and that we interact with, like, it's a microbe. [00:05:21] This is their planet. They were here long before us and they will surely be here long after us. So we think about microbes in terms of they are the destroyers of higher level populations. They keep us healthy. They make us I'm going to say it's a great example, but it wasn't a great thing. [00:05:40] So caveat that. But COVID was a great example about how this is not our planet where we had an of a virus in one location in a very particular place in the world. And all of a sudden it was across the planet. We are vectors for them. [00:05:58] You know, looking at those maps and showing the spread and how quickly it happened, I like to use that often in visual presentations to say, if you don't believe me, like, look at this. It's spread through us. [00:06:10] Craig Macmillan: Right. And I think also this gets to some other things we might talk about later on, but there are communities of microbes that are associated with certain macroorganisms. [00:06:23] Aria Hahn: uh, so are, they're everywhere, they're on your um, there's lots of research in the cosmetic industry that's looking at that. There was this crazy CEO years ago where he was I'm gonna slather this microbial laden cream on my skin and then I'm never gonna shower again and I'm not gonna smell. Not necessarily like my cup of tea, I love a good hot shower. But, you know, it can be there. The soil is the microbial diverse environment on the planet. , But your gut, like you, you as a human being, can't actually digest your food without those microbes. You can't get those vitamins and nutrients that you need without that community in your stomach. [00:07:03] Plants work the same We say charismatic macrofauna, eagles, whales, things that are very Um, They, they don't to, you the seaweed and the weeds and the grass and kind of everything in between. it's All supported by the microbiome, by these microbial communities. [00:07:20] Craig Macmillan: so let's talk about one microbiome in particular, and that would be populations of yeast that we find on wine grapes. [00:07:29] Aria Hahn: Yeah, yeah. So we've looked at yeast and bacteria and they're both cool. [00:07:34] Craig Macmillan: That is super cool. And so this one particular project where you looked at yeast on wine grapes in British Columbia Tell us a little bit about that project [00:07:41] Aria Hahn: there's, So I live in I'm, I'm right in the thick of, you know, BC wine country, which is a fantastic place to live, we were fortunate enough to work with the Wine Research Institute out of the University of British Columbia, Vivian Mease Day's group. them and They do very, very cool work, but they were trying to look at the yeast populations in wineries across the Okanagan region. [00:08:02] We know that the history of lots of commercial. Yeasts are actually from oak trees in Europe. So that's very cool. And what we wanted to see is how are the yeasts that are being used to produce wine in the Okanagan region distinct and similar to commercial yeasts and yeasts that have been characterized from across and so We did just that and we were actually able to sequence a whole bunch of yeast. And so, again, that's like reading the genome effectively there. so we found four distinct clades, um, in the Okanagan region. And a clade is they're related groups, and so it's not like you and you're a twin where you might have an identical, uh, genome to a twin. [00:08:50] It's more like you and your cousins and second cousins and second cousins twice removed and, you're, you're kind of vaguely related to each other. You kind of cluster over here, but you're not necessarily super We've kind of found four clades that the 75 yeast strains that we studied in that particular piece of work Really related to, then we looked at like what is different in their genomes. [00:09:12] So they're all the same species. That's the first thing to, to think about here. So just like you and I are the same species, they're all the same species, but just like you and I, we have different areas of, of specialties. Some people podcasters. Some people are, artists and scientists and, um, kind of everything in between. [00:09:33] And we need everybody. So, we're all the same species, but we have different specialties. And the yeasts work very similarly to that. [00:09:40] Craig Macmillan: all right, so this is interesting to me so You go out and you you said when you looked at 75 species of yeast or different types of yeast Those are ones that you, you found. It wasn't like you went in and said, I want to test for each of these 75. You got information, you got data in and said, Oh, look, here's 75 different types of [00:10:01] organism. Yes, that's a, that's a great Um, so, we And we uh, the ferment or the, the yeast skins and we extract the DNA and then we get rid of the great DNA, which could probably also be really cool, but we didn't look at it in this case. And kind of threw that into the and then said, okay, we're just going to focus on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Latin term for a very common yeast strain, um, used in wine. And we said, we're going to look for it. [00:10:30] Aria Hahn: Then we found actually hundreds and . And then, um, and I didn't do this work, I don't do a lot of lab work myself, so, uh, this part is kind of the edge of my knowledge. But there is some ways to kind of do microsatellite clustering. And so you look, and you look for tiny differences in the genome, and you say, okay, maybe we found 500, but we actually want to look at ones that are distinct from one another. So we don't want to randomly pick 75, we want to pick 75. strains of this yeast that are different from one another. [00:11:01] And so you could use some lab techniques to make that happen. And then you take those hundreds and we say, these are the 75 that we know are different. We're going to dive deep into those 75 so that we can kind of get this breadth of genetic diversity from the region. [00:11:18] Craig Macmillan: And that was something I was thinking about. You mentioned you took samples from either fermenting wine or recently fermented wine or from skin material. How exactly is this collected so that you know that you're getting just [00:11:30] what you want? [00:11:31] Aria Hahn: Yeah. Painfully is the answer. So like when you do soil sampling, it's actually really And we tell people all the time sampling for yeast or microbes is not that complicated. I say every single time we talk to a client, I'm like, look, wash your hands with ethanol, you know, hand sanitizer, essentially between rinse your tools. And mainly you can't mess this up as long as you don't spit in the bag or bleed in the And I say this every time, and I will say one out of every few hundred samples is full of blood. Hands down like you always think we always the that and then hands down. We're like, this is full of And I think it's just like a matter of working in the field like people nick themselves They don't really realize that but really that kind of thing is really easy [00:12:15] When it comes to sampling a ferment that can also be fairly easy. [00:12:19] You have a lot of it You can kind and put it in a jar, but I will Um, Jay Marknack, who's done a lot of this work and developed a lot of these methods, he actually developed this method that is painstaking. Um, But you have like, he's got this method where he takes the grapes really carefully without touching them off of the and then washes just like very carefully with these like rinse solutions to really just get the microbes and yeast that are on that surface without touching it, without touching other surfaces. It's really just what was there in the field. And rinse all of that off. And you can imagine that's not that fun of a Um, And, and, and so, and it wasn't like he did it on his first try either. So he's now developed that we're copying and using, thank goodness. Uh, But it can be like that kind of painful where it's like washing individual grapes, collecting that rinse water, and then filtering that rinse water, like onto a physical filter, then extracting the DNA from that filter. [00:13:18] It's not fast. [00:13:19] Craig Macmillan: Nope, that's what I wanted to know. I've collected a lot of soil samples in my life for looking at soil microbiome. And you know, technique is everything. You know, contamination will mess you up pretty badly. [00:13:29] Aria Hahn: We had this one study I felt so bad, but they had collected these samples. They sent us the samples and we get the data back and it's, they're soil, they should be teeming with life, right? [00:13:38] And there's like one species basically in this thing, like there's a handful, but like one is dominating. So we go to them and we're like, what is going on here? And they're like, well, I don't see how that could have happened. , we've been storing these in a dark closet for a year. And we're like, that's why. You are studying bottle effects right here. And they're like, oh, we thought it'd be fine because it was dark and cool. And we're like, yeah, but it's not open to the air, and it doesn't have the plants and animals and bugs. You grew one guy. [00:14:07] Craig Macmillan: Yeah. We've been talking about bacteria, or the yeast. Are there other types of organisms, microorganisms, that you can use this technique with? [00:14:14] Aria Hahn: Totally. So you can use this technique on basically anything that's alive. So you could target viruses, uh, not something we've done on wineries, but could absolutely do it. You can target, , archaea, which are very similar to bacteria in that there are a single cell. But they are similar to eukaryotes. [00:14:32] So things that are bigger, um, like us, like mammals, like fish, Uh, but they are kind of small and invisible, , to the naked eye like bacteria. So those, we can, we can do that all the way up to, any animal that we can see, feel, touch, , and kind of anything in between. So it's a really powerful technique. As long as it has DNA, we can make this work. [00:14:53] Craig Macmillan: So you found these 75 types? of yeast organisms, but they fell into groups, they fell into clades. And I thought that was one of the most interesting things about this. Can you tell us a little bit about the natural history of behind these clades and kind of what that means? [00:15:09] Aria Hahn: We found these 75 different strains and they did group into four clades. So four kind of groups of more or less related organisms. So you can think of them as like clustering based on similarity. [00:15:22] The first one was one that is well known and well studied. So that's wine and European. And so those strains are more similar to these that we see in wines out of Europe and commercial strains. [00:15:35] And then the second clade we saw was the trans pacific oak. So a lot of wine yeast are very closely related to yeast that are found on oak trees. And so actually think that, , the original, , European wine yeast strains from, you know, the 1800s are from Mediterranean oak trees. And so it's not uncommon that we see these strains related to oak. [00:15:59] So that was the trans pacific oak. Then we see another group or clade that we called beer one mixed origin. And so we saw similarities to known previously studied yeast strains that are related to beer, sake, so other kind of fermented drinks. also kind of expected. [00:16:18] And then what was really exciting is that we found a new clade that we've designated the Pacific West Coast wine clade. it's always neat when you get to discover something new, of course. And so it has high nucleotide diversity. And so what that means is that even within this clade we do see a lot of genetic diversity kind of in there. [00:16:38] And what we do know is that that whole clade shares a lot of characteristics with wild North American oak strains, but, and this is kind of where like it all kind of comes full circle, but we also see that it has gene flow from the wine European and Ecuadorian clades. It can mean a couple of things. So it could mean that There is just so much selective pressure when you're, when you're trying to make good wine that these genes that are found in European wine strains, commercial wine strains, they're present in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in general, but then when we try to make good wine, we select for strains that have these, genes, , that we know produce good wine, because they produce good wine everywhere. [00:17:27] And so it could just be this process of natural selection. It also could be that most wineries , are not purists. It's not that. never in their history have other wine strains visited their their vineyards. They might have tried a commercial strain. They have wine from others, you know, people track things in, animals track things in. And so it could just be that there is this gene flow, quite literally from, from Europe, from these wine strains that just kind of comes into our population here in the Pacific West Coast. [00:18:00] And so there's kind of these, these two ways that we could have got these things, We do have some evidence to suggest that they were actually transferred in. [00:18:07] So it's called horizontal gene transfer. And my go to example on how horizontal gene transfer works is always , The Matrix, like the movie with Keanu Reeves. But what I've also learned is that if you talk to people that are like younger than me, they don't know that movie anymore, so this only lands with like a certain age of [00:18:23] Craig Macmillan: Right, I know, I know, [00:18:24] Aria Hahn: You know The Matrix where they like plug in and then they have all these new skills? [00:18:28] Bacteria can kind of do that, where you can just take genes from, , a relative, has to be like kind of closely related, and we take them and then we just put it into their genome, and in many cases, not all, but many, they're able to just kind of start making use of those genes right away. [00:18:43] And so that's horizontal gene transfer, which is pretty cool, because for us, the second that sperm hits the egg, that's it. That's all your genes. You're not getting more. You're not losing more. Like you're, you're set. But bacteria are more fluid. [00:18:57] So there is this cool thing called the wine circle, and it's a cluster of five genes that are associated with making commercial wine. [00:19:05] And we do think because we see this wine circle and these particular five genes in so many wine strains, and because of their location and a whole bunch of other kind of genomic characteristics of them, Um, we think that they are horizontally transferred. And so we do see this wine circle of these five genes in the majority of this new clade of British Columbia strains. [00:19:33] Craig Macmillan: So just talking about moving things around the world, you said like people have things on their bodies and whatnot. I, I was fascinated by the Ecuadorian group. And is that literally like it was growing on plants in Ecuador, kind of native to that area that is found its way up the West coast of North America. [00:19:53] Aria Hahn: that's really what we thought happened. I know it is amazing, right? Like does the amount and transfer and you know how you go through the airport and they're like, you and It's like the end of the world. It's like I get it because we don't want to like do that on purpose, but also the ecuadorian yeast like it's coming up here [00:20:12] Craig Macmillan: right, right. Exactly. [00:20:14] So what I think is of interest to winemakers, and also has potential beyond that that I'll ask you about winemakers are looking for increased complexity in their wines, and they're also looking for a sense of place. And I'm really happy to hear more and more people talking about terroir, not just in terms of rocks, but in terms of the whole picture. [00:20:33] The soil microbiome, the practices that are done, as well as light and climate and all those kinds of things. What are some of the things about what you found that indicate or that suggest a uniqueness to that Okanagan area that may make it stand out as different than other locations? How does this translate into sense of place? [00:20:54] Aria Hahn: That's a fantastic question. I'm going to give two answers first on the east side. We see that many of that nucleate. don't have all five of those wine circle genes. And so we see a lot of British Columbian strains have that, but there's this whole clade of these natural yeast used in wine that don't have all five of those. [00:21:17] So then you just have different genes to work with. And since you have different genes to work with, it's not just those genes, but it's all of the genes, and it's the rate that those specific strains are able to break things down. [00:21:28] You do get this added complexity when you're not using a standard commercial yeast. You just have this bigger variety of genes to choose from, and That's going to make the flavors more specific, and different. [00:21:44] It also introduces a certain, the disadvantage of using these is that, you know, they are gonna vary year to year, month to month. Uh, Potentially, and, and so you might get really, really amazing results one year and not the next year, and understanding why, why that might be is a whole exercise in and of itself, probably doable, but it's really exciting to think that these yeasts that are there naturally , they just have that genetic diversity and they want to live in these diverse communities, and so you are going to get that difference and terroir. [00:22:16] The other piece that was really exciting and was a different piece of work, but very similar groups and very similar, , samples, was looking at the microbiome, so the bacteria on the grapes. And we kind of found two things, and so there is some literature that shows if you look at a single farm, a single vineyard, and you look at different red varietals of grapes, you see actually a fairly similar microbiome signature on all of the different varietals. [00:22:46] Okay, but if we look at three distinct vineyards that are all within , one kilometer radius of one another. So they're very close. They have the same rock, to your point. They have the same weather. They have the same climate chaos happening, [00:23:01] but they're managed differently. We actually see very, very distinct signatures on all three that persists year after year. So we looked at two years, , this was again, Jay Martinek's work, , and we see that each one of those, even though it's the same varietal of grape, it is more similar to itself, year over year, than among the three farms. and and that's very interesting because what that suggests is Exactly what you're saying. [00:23:29] It's not the rock. It's not the climate that's driving the microbiome there. It's actually the practices of that vineyard that are changing that. And to me, that's so powerful, because what that means is that there's so much of that craft and art in the management of the vineyard that's then going to go and affect the terroir. , I know that's not the yeast answer, but that's the bacteria answer, and it's like, the power's in your hands. [00:23:54] Craig Macmillan: I'm on the Central Coast of California, and we've had some very hot vintages in this last , 2024 season. We had, and it was 2022 as well, we had these really hot stretches of over 100 Fahrenheit. Not very friendly to yeast in general. [00:24:09] Probably friendly to some, but not to others. And I had conversations with winemakers along the lines of like, could you even do a natural fermentation this year, a native fermentation? Are they there anymore? Or have they been selected against due to the heat? And I now have a total reset of the microbiome, the microflora in my world. this is the kind of thing that bioinformatics would be able to determine. [00:24:34] Aria Hahn: yeah, for sure. So we love that. We love when we get the baseline. We're like, show us your year that you were like, this is my typical year. This is my regular year. We'll live for that because as soon as you have the baseline, then we can go and answer those questions. So we can say, okay, great. We know what your baseline is when you typical year. [00:24:52] Now you have this heat wave that comes in. , Let's go and look. Let's go see who's survived. And I know I anthropomorphize all of these things a ton, but it really is, like, who's there, right? , is it the same bug, but very decreased? Are we getting different E strains coming in? are we seeing less overall diversity? [00:25:13] Do we see the same diversity, but Their population is a quarter of the size, and how does that affect the dynamics? Like, what do we see? And bioinformatics can absolutely absolutely answer these questions. And that can be really powerful. [00:25:26] Craig Macmillan: In my research I didn't pick up on this Can bioinformatics put a quantity on things? Can you quantify the relative size of these different populations? [00:25:34] Aria Hahn: We can, yes. So, you have to use some kind of special techniques. There's a couple of main ways we do them. One is called qPCR, so quantitative PCR. And so we literally take the DNA and we can count the copies of it in a very quantitative way. That's straightforward, pretty inexpensive. [00:25:52] Another way we can do it is a little bit more sophisticated, , but you don't have to know what you're looking for. So with quantitative PCR, we have to know, like, we want to go count saccharomyces cerevisiae. But if we don't know all of the microbes that are there, all of these that are there, then we can't go and target it with qPCR. So then what we have to do is use a spiken. the concept is pretty simple. You put a known quantity of a piece of DNA that we would not expect to appear in nature. And then when we sequence it, we know how many we got back. So if we know we put in a hundred copies of it and we get 200 copies back, now we have a pretty good idea of like, everything there was, sequenced twice or if we get 50 copies back, we're like, okay, well, however many we have, we're going to double that and we have a good idea and we do do this in like a little bit more sophisticated way where we put in like a whole bunch at different quantities so we can double check our math and make sure that it's all good. [00:26:49] But that's the concept is with a spike in so you can do it quantitatively. [00:26:53] Craig Macmillan: Talking about all the things that are out there, there's a lot of interest right now in bioprotectants for fermentation, where you introduce non fermentative yeast, and they kind of take up the ecological niche against foliage organisms, and then you can add a Cerevisiae strain to do that, to do your fermentation. [00:27:10] Would you be able to pick up those other genus, of yeast in a bioinformatic way and gives us a sense of what else is out there. [00:27:18] Aria Hahn: Yeah, for sure. So we sequence the whole community and then we kind of in a. Like a puzzle. I'm going to put together the individual genomes of everyone who's there. And so we can look at not just the targets, but the unknowns as well. And so often, especially in soils, what we get is sometimes up to 80 percent of the genomes that we're able to recover from that sample are totally novel. [00:27:43] So they're new to science. It's really exciting. and we hate it. We love it and we hate it. So, we love it because it's really fun. You, you discover these new species of bacteria, of yeast, or these new strains, and, and you get to name them. You don't have to name them after yourself anymore, you have to name them about the place that they're there. Which is a totally logical thing. But, would have been fun. , [00:28:06] So we get to name these things, it's really exciting. [00:28:09] But it also means it's so much work. Because now you have this genome that's so new. And so now you're trying to figure out. What are all the genes? Do we know the genes it has, but just not quite the way that they're arranged? Do we not know what many of these genes do? And if we don't know what these genes do, like what kind of uncertainty and questions does that bring up? And so it can be really exciting, that discovery phase, and also quite overwhelming, honestly. [00:28:36] Craig Macmillan: what other applications might there be for bioinformatics in wineries or in vineyards? [00:28:41] Aria Hahn: Yeah, that's fantastic. So definitely monitoring. You know, regenerative farming is a really big thing right now. how can we introduce additional species, cover crops, , you know, planting additional or different plants in between. Like, what can we do to really increase the soil health, sequester carbon, the biodiversity of the soil, of the land, and how does that affect it? So we can monitor all those things with environmental DNA or eDNA. [00:29:09] One thing that we've been thinking about a lot is this concept of smoke taint, which I think has kind of affected the whole west coast of North America. [00:29:18] Are there microbial treatments that can kind of mitigate smoke taint, , can we feed bacteria, the bacteria that we know [00:29:29] can kind of break down those volatile phenols that cause the smoke taint. Get them to kind of break that down first before we make the wine. Like we're kind of looking at applications like that. [00:29:40] Obviously those are, I would say further out in terms of technological development biodiversity, which we can absolutely go and do today. , but there's interest in that smoke taint. Application, and we're really interested in that. [00:29:52] Then there's also kind of everything in between. So can we the harvest? Can we increase the quality of the grape? Can we help with years that are dry? Can we help with years that are wet or cold or hot? as we, kind of committed to a certain number of effects of climate change, we have to start thinking creatively. [00:30:14] I was on this call with an unrelated company. They wanted to do similar things but in the mining space, in the reclamation space. And I don't know how it happened, but I was on this call with this man. It was his last day before it was dark where he was. He's in Quebec. He's three hours ahead. [00:30:29] , You know, it was winter. So it's very, the mood was very, like, dark and somber, and this was his final call of his final day of work. And he was so hopeful about microbes, and he spent his career working with them. And just before he signed off the call, he says, I hope microbes save us all. [00:30:50] And then he kills the call. And, and, for, the next few years, I titled every single talk I did, Microbes may save us all because I just, the weight of that conversation was so big and I know that's not what we're talking about here in terms of [00:31:08] smoke taint, but I do think, you know, to bring us full circle to this like omnipresent godlike presence of microbes that there's something to that idea in that I think that they have this potential to save us from ourselves. If we can learn more, [00:31:25] Craig Macmillan: I think what we're talking about is bioremediation and the potential there. And bioremediation would work by identifying an organism that's going to play a certain role and then actually introducing it into the environment. For instance, like introducing it to wine that may have smoke taint, for instance. [00:31:40] Aria Hahn: , so there's a three main approaches to that. [00:31:42] So the first is exactly what we're talking about. You introduce a micro that we know and you, and you put it in there. The main challenge of that is this, this word we call engraftment. We actually steal that word from organ transplants. So, when you put in a new heart, not that I know anything about heart transplants, but when you put in a new heart, you have to engraft it. [00:32:01] And so people need to be on immunosuppressants, is my understanding, to make that heart transplant like stick in their body, have their body accept it. Kind of the same challenge when you introduce a microbe into an open, wild environment where you need that new species to engraft in that community. If you can't do that, you just have to keep adding it. [00:32:21] You have to keep adding it, keep adding it, it's time consuming, it's expensive, all of these things. So engraffing is still a challenge in that field. But that is one way. [00:32:29] The second way is to bioengineer. And so the concept here is that you take species or strains that are naturally occurring, so they do well in that environment, and you change something in their genetics and then reintroduce that. It does get around the concept of, [00:32:50] of engraftment in theory. The major issue with it is, there's not a lot of people or companies that feel ready, I think, to take a biologically engineered synthetic genome and introduce it into the environment en masse. We just don't understand the risks of it, or, or not, we don't know, but I think that's the point, is that we don't know, and so people are a little bit like, Maybe we're not quite there yet. [00:33:19] And then the third way is to say, I'm going to look at who's already there. And I'm going to understand what they like to eat and what their competitors like to eat and I'm going to try to starve their competitors [00:33:31] and really feed the ones who have the capacity to degrade those volatile phenols. I'm going to like try to get their population to do super well and thrive. and and try to kind of starve out and make the populations that can't do the job that I want lesser and less prevalent in the community. [00:33:51] And that approach I think is kind of one of my favorites where we understand and then we put some selective pressures. So this could be adding more nitrogen, adding different carbon sources. [00:34:01] It could be watering less to create a more aerobic environment. It could be you know, kind of drowning them to create an anaerobic environment. It's kind of those bigger controls that we have working with the microbes that are already there. [00:34:17] Craig Macmillan: Yeah, in the same way that we're not afraid to play with plant communities in agricultural systems, with cover cropping or intercropping or anything like that, same kind of idea, where maybe I plant something that I think will out compete a weed. [00:34:28] Same kind of idea. And we're pretty comfortable with that. [00:34:32] And also things will have a way of finding their stasis, finding their, their It's just getting it kind of pushed in the right direction. I think that he's super, super cool. [00:34:44] A lot of interest and work in the soil microbiome in terms of soil health. We mentioned regenerative agriculture. I have put my toe in that, in, in my professional world extremely difficult, extremely confusing, lots of holes you know, and, and trying to find markers or metrics has been. challenging for instance, I was trying to figure out how healthy some soils were. It, healthy in quotes, and I wanted to do analysis of respiration. And this very good soil ecologist said, well, that tells you how many folks are in the room, but it doesn't tell you what they're doing or who they are. [00:35:21] And I was like, that's a really good Point I could have a lot of respiration from organisms. I don't want and I wouldn't know what was who and who was what? What world can bioinformatics play in that [00:35:33] Aria Hahn: , that's a great question. So I would say it's the opposite in general, without the spike ins and kind of specific things, what? we can tell pretty inexpensively, 50 to 100 a sample, is basically who's in the room and in what relative abundance. So it is come down a lot in price. It doesn't tell us a lot about their genetic capability. [00:35:55] So if we know them because they've been previously studied, then we can say like, oh, yeah, these guys are known to do X, Y, and Z. [00:36:02] If we don't know them, for that kind of price point in those methods, we're kind of just like, yeah, we know their names. But that's it. [00:36:08] Then we can do kind of a deeper dive, , to a different type of sequencing called whole genome sequencing. And you get the whole genome. And so there we can actually say not only who they are, but what they're doing. Or what they have the ability to do. And so that's where the limit of DNA is, is that it can tell us the potential. They can potentially do this, but it doesn't actually tell us if they're choosing to do that, so to speak. [00:36:33] There are other techniques that are very related. Metatranscriptomics, it's looking at the RNA, and you could do metabolomics. So you can actually look at the metabolites that they're producing, and then it tells you what they actually did. But we often can start at that base layer of DNA. and build up. So those questions we can answer. [00:36:51] And I think you're right about there are a lot of holes and it's confusing and it's complex. And we say this to clients all the time, like, if you know way to solve a problem, do that. Biology is messy. [00:37:03] But if you don't, like let's look at biology and let's enjoy the mess , there's a lot of beauty in that mess. And that's one of the things we've actually loved about interacting with wineries they are incredibly scientifically minded folks. They're data driven, the amount of innovation and technology they're using. never fails to impress, but you also get that love of the art and the craft from them. We love that. We see art and science as like in a circular spectrum. And so we love when, our clients in the, in the wine start talking to us about kind of their secret sauce and the things that they've tried and how, and they always get a little bit nervous. [00:37:49] And they would, if they always kind of start, they were like, you know what else I do? And we're like, tell us. And then they tell us something and they're like, we just know from experience. Experience that this works that this changes the ferment, but we don't have any evidence for that And and I think they're worried we're gonna judge them but we're like no that is like their science is all way of knowing but [00:38:09] my friend says art is science and love and and I love that idea that is something that's been really really fun about working with wineries and vineyards is they kind of get that they're like, yeah, this is the love piece here [00:38:22] Craig Macmillan: That's cool I think there's beauty in the mess. I might adopt that if you don't mind I mean, I may use that for some of my own stuff. I think that's great What is one thing you would tell growers or wineries, , [00:38:35] Aria Hahn: their choices are directly impacting the microbiome, so that's the bacteria and the yeast And that that is going to affect the terroir, the complexity, the quality of the wine, and it is knowable. [00:38:50] Craig Macmillan: there we go. And we also know that some of the things that we do may affect that and that is part of what makes us special. Where can people find out more about you? [00:38:58] Aria Hahn: We have a website, it is koonke. com, K O O N K I E dot com. can also look me up, Aria Hahn, , and on Google Scholar, the internet, I feel like I'm very findable. [00:39:10] Craig Macmillan: Yeah, you are very findable and we will have a lot of links and other things on the show page. So please check that out. Really fascinating stuff going even beyond this. I want to thank you for being on the podcast. [00:39:21] This has been a great conversation. [00:39:22] Aria Hahn: Yeah, thanks for having me. Super fun. [00:39:25] Craig Macmillan: So our guest today was Aria Hahn. She is CEO and co founder of Koonkie, a bioinformatics company, and is doing some really fascinating stuff, not only around yeast, but lots of other topics. [00:39:35] And I just got lost down the rabbit hole when I took a look at that website, all the different things you folks have been involved in, and it was really fun. [00:39:48] Beth Vukmanic: Thank you for listening. [00:39:49] Today's podcast was brought to you by Sunridge. For over 45 years, Sunridge nurseries has supplied premium quality grapevines. to grape growers worldwide. A pioneer in the industry with a focus on clean quality vines and personalized dedication to their partnered growers has led them to be the largest, most well respected grapevine nursery in the United States. Sunridge Nurseries continues to lead the industry having undergone several expansions to their modern state of the art facilities and is the first and only grapevine nursery to have implemented the most advanced greenhouse Horticulture water treatment technology in North America. [00:40:26] Make sure you check out the show notes for links to Aria, an article titled, make better wines with bioinformatics plus sustainable wine growing podcast episodes, 201 balance hot climate, high sugar wine with green grape juice, 243 microbial communities in the grapevine. And 251 vine sap analysis to optimize nutrition. [00:40:50] If you liked the show, do us a big favor by sharing it with a friend, subscribing and leaving us a review. You can find all of the podcasts at vineyardteam.org/podcast, and you can reach us at podcast at vineyardteam. org until next time, this is sustainable wine growing with the vineyard team. Nearly perfect transcription by Descript
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