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In this episode you will learn:The steps to heal from narcissistic abuseTools and tipis to support you on this journey.Previous episodes where I discuss Narcissism are, Episode 12 and episode 41If you would like to join the Rewrite Your Story Membership  check out the link.If you would like to have coaching you can learn more hereEmail to set up a discovery callor DM on instagram Here are some book recommendations to kick off your healing in my FREE guide to transform your journey. Follow us on instagram for Heart's Happiness daily inspiration for your mental health and healing.Join our PRIVATE Facebook group to carry on the conversation and speak to others who want to find their own Heart's Happiness and heal. Subscribe to our videos on you tube.Everyone deserves to find their own Heart's Happiness and this podcast has been created with so much love from my heart to yours. Love Manpreet 

Matthew 4:10John 15:18-211 Peter 5:6-71 Peter 4:12-191 Peter 5:5-8Be Sober Be vigilantMark 14:33-41If you enjoyed the sermon please contact us at bluespringsbaptisttemple@gmail.com or call (816) 229-7777 Let us know.

With the halfway point of Ramadan having reached us we discuss what were all seeking from our lord this blessed month. We discuss the topic of forgiveness through our experiences, overcoming hurt, resentment, pride, so that we may come to Allah SWT with a remorseful and sincere heart. Hadith Mentioned https://sunnah.com/abudawud:4941https://sunnah.com/muslim:2560aQuran Verse Mentionedhttps://quran.com/41If you benefited consider like, sharing, and subscribing.We look forward to hearing from you!https://www.talkyahaqq.com/​Instagram@talkyahaqqTwitter@haqq_ya

THE WEEK OF INVOCAVIT - WEDNESDAYLESSON: MATTHEW 26:36-41If you are the Son of God, command these stones to become loaves of bread. Matthew 4:3After approaching Christ, the devil assails Him by confronting Him with His bodily welfare and casting doubt on God's goodness, saying, “If you are the Son of God, command these stones to become loaves of bread.”It is as though he meant to say: “Rely on God and don't bake; wait until a roasted rooster flies into your mouth. Do you now claim that you still have a God who cares for you? Where now is your heavenly Father, who looks after you? I am telling you; He is leaving you in the lurch. Eat up now and drink in faith and let us see how satisfied you will be, especially if they are stones. What a fine Son of God you are! What a Father He is to you, when He does not even send you a crust of bread, and lets you be so poor and needy. Just keep on believing that you are His Son and He is your Father.”With such thoughts the devil assails all the children of God. Christ certainly experienced all this. He was no stock or stone, although He was pure and without sin and remained so, as we cannot be.SL.XI.536,8AE 76,367PRAYER: For our sakes, O Lord, you suffered yourself to be tempted by our enemy, the devil, and overcame him with the powerful testimony of your Father's holy Word. Enable us, your disciples, to gain a similar victory over the devil whenever we are assailed by him, for your truth's sake. Amen.

January 24th, 2021 Church ServiceMark 9: 38-41If you'd like to get in touch with us, email us at: kerkefree@gmail.comDon't miss an episode by subscribing.

A leper came to him and kneeling down begged him and said, “If you wish, you can make me clean.” Moved with pity, he stretched out his hand, touched the leper, and said to him, “I do will it. Be made clean.” Mark 1:40–41If we come to our divine Lord with faith, kneel down before Him and present our need to Him, then we also will receive the same response given to this leper: “I do will it. Be made clean.” These words should give us hope in the midst of any and every challenge in life.What is it that our Lord wills for you? And what is it that He desires to make clean in your life? This story of the leper coming to Jesus does not mean that our Lord will grant any and every request we bring to Him. Instead, it reveals that He wills to make us clean of that which afflicts us the most. Leprosy in this story should be seen as a symbol of the spiritual ills that afflict your soul. First and foremost, it should be seen as a symbol of the sin in your life that has become habitual and slowly does great damage to your soul.At that time, leprosy not only caused grave physical damage to a person, but it also had the effect of isolating them from the community. They had to live apart from others who did not have the disease; and if they came near others, they had to show they were lepers by certain external signs so that people would not come in contact with them. Thus, leprosy had both personal and communal ramifications.The same is true with many habitual sins. Sin does damage to our souls, but it also affects our relationships. For example, a person who is habitually harsh, judgmental, sarcastic or the like will experience the ill effects of these sins on their relationships.Returning to the statement of Jesus above, consider that sin which not only affects your soul the most but also your relationships. To that sin, Jesus wishes to say to you, “Be made clean.” He wants to strengthen your relationship by cleansing the sin within your soul. And all it takes for Him to do that is for you to turn to Him on your knees and to present your sin to Him. This is especially true within the Sacrament of Reconciliation.Reflect, today, upon your closest relationships in life. And then consider which of your sins most directly hurts those relationships. Whatever comes to mind, you can be certain that Jesus wants to rid you of that spiritual leprosy within your soul.My divine Lord, help me to see that which is within me that most harms my relationships with others. Help me to see that which causes isolation and hurt. Give me the humility to see this and the trust I need to turn to You to confess it and seek Your healing. You and You alone can free me from my sin, so I turn to You in confidence and surrender. With faith, I also await Your healing words, “I do will it. Be made clean.” Jesus, I trust in You. Source of content: catholic-daily-reflections.comCopyright © 2021 My Catholic Life! Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission via RSS feed.

JOIN MY MAILING LIST for special gifts and opportunities during this four part series.For full show notes, including the written blogpost, visit: www.amandastarkingsley.com/speaking-light-into-abortion/41If you are someone who chose abortion and find yourself struggling, hiding, or wishing you could move beyond your experience, you can book a free discover coaching call with me. We’ll talk about how you can start living the life you made your choice for. https://calendly.com/amandastarkingsley/free-consult-session

Transcription:Russ Cox 0:03What we soon found out was that we were posting that on YouTube. Employees were watching it regularly. But what we also found out is it in a vacuum of information, they were forwarding the link to their family members and to other people. And it became a very good community communication as well. To the point we even had media watching it.Gary Bisbee 0:22That was Russell Cox, President and CEO of Norton Healthcare commenting on the benefit of his daily video for Norton caregivers, which quickly went viral in Louisville for their families, the Board of Directors, local media, and the Louisville community. I'm Gary Bisbee, and this is Fireside Chat. Russ is only the fifth CEO in Norton's history. We'll track Russ from his first job as a teacher and explore lessons learned that he uses to this day. All health systems have seen telehealth visits explode as has Norton. Russ provides a unique answer to the question of whether telehealth visits will recede along with COVID and which demographic will benefit from them and why? Let's listen.Russ Cox 1:05You look at folks who have mobility issues, immunosuppressed people that have transportation issues. I think our patients have always had the muscle to do telehealth they've just never had to flex it. And COVID made them flex it and made them actually say I've got this I can do it.Gary Bisbee 1:20Our conversation includes reference to the community dismay at canceling the Louisville institution, the Kentucky Derby, the importance to maintain needed surgeries and treatments in the face of a crisis like COVID, how Norton invested in its employees so that they could focus on Norton's patients, characteristics of a leader in a crisis, and the fundamental learning from COVID. I'm delighted to welcome Russ Cox to the microphone. Well, good afternoon, Russ and welcome.Russ Cox 1:32Thanks very glad to be here.Gary Bisbee 1:55We're always pleased to have you at the microphone. Most of us are generally familiar With Norton Healthcare, but probably not in as much detail as we'd like to be so could you please describe Norton Healthcare for us?Russ Cox 2:08Yeah, sure, Gary. We're in Louisville, Kentucky. We sit in a metropolitan area with a population of about 1.2 million people. We have five hospitals that are geographically located within 13 miles of each other, the furthest to reporter 30 miles. So we operate very much as a system where about two and a half billion dollar system that probably the most meaningful statistic for you to think about where Norton healthcare is in loyal is that we have about a 55% market share, which is really a good thing. It's many things but it's a responsibility when you really think about it.Gary Bisbee 2:42Right, but quite amazing. How would you characterize the culture of Norton Healthcare?Russ Cox 2:49The culture of Norton Healthcare really goes back a long way when you go back to the beginning of Norton Healthcare. We've only ever had five CEOs. I'm the fifth one. So there's been very few CEOs, folks who stay around a long time, and we go back to Wade Mounts who was the first CEO who was the very first president of AHA and really did some great things in the Hall of Fame. And you come right on through to Jim Petersdorf who was very focused on measurable quality. Then come right on through that Steve Williams, the CEO prior to me, we were the very first organization to post every quality score on our website when we did that 12 years ago. So transparency is part of the culture, very community based, our Board of Trustees all sit right here and live in Louisville, Kentucky. So it's a very community-centric, very transparent, very trusted asset in the community.Gary Bisbee 3:40Actually, I was at AHA when Wade was chairman officer so I go way back with Norton and your leaders.Russ Cox 3:47Sadly, we lost Wade this year.Gary Bisbee 3:48Really? Okay.Russ Cox 3:49We lost him the first week of March. He had a great life. He lived 93 years and he was healthcare through and through.Gary Bisbee 3:56We'll get into the COVID outbreak in a little bit, but could you describe your main priorities before the COVID outbreak?Russ Cox 4:03We were in the beginning of a brand new approved strategic plan that really had great focus on extending access even further in our community and had a strong emphasis and platform on telehealth for convenience, for reach, for being able to extend our nearly 2000 on the medical staff 1500 employed position and provider platform that we really felt was a great opportunity. It turned out to be a great thing that we were because we certainly needed it sooner than we thought we would, but we were all about pushing access. We were all about looking for ways that we could personalize and make the convenience much better for the consumer. I think everybody had that focus going into it, but it just really was taking on a bigger role in how we advocate for patients and getting access to specialty services for patients who lived out further in Woodland in Kentucky. So again, it was fortuitous that we had such a focus on the virtual model. And we had already begun construction of that and already begun preparing for that way. So we were able to accelerate very quickly when this COVID-19 issue came about.Gary Bisbee 5:14Absolutely good timing. Let's turn to you for a minute. Russ. It's always fun to get the background of the CEO, the health system, so a lifelong resident of Louisville ever think about going elsewhere?Russ Cox 5:25Oh, sure. I had the opportunity to in my early days. I worked with what was Humana, the hospital company, and then it became an insurance company and then it became Galen. And then it became Columbia HCA and then it became HCA. I had the opportunity to relocate to Nashville, Tennessee with HCA and I actually did live there on a temporary basis for about a year and a half, two years. But I've always considered Nashville a very dynamic city from the standpoint of what the Frist family has done for entrepreneurship and healthcare and how so many interesting things have happened in healthcare in Nashville. So I'd say Nashville would be up on that list.Gary Bisbee 6:02Of course, we all think about Louisville we think about the Kentucky Derby. Seems like you and the Norton executives are all active in Kentucky Derby week. This year didn't happen, probably what the first time in a long time that the Kentucky Derby wasn't held?Tim Pehrson 6:19It absolutely was. And it's just another one of those signs of how different things are because we can't even imagine the first Saturday in May is just absolute tradition in our state and in the country. And for it not to happen this year was just devastating, both mentally and from a financial perspective to our community. So we're certainly hopeful that it can be run in September, we're not sure whether or not we're going to be able to be there to watch it in person. But these are different times and we understand that we all have to adapt and adjust and we certainly are going to be supportive of fire brother and at Churchill Downs and hopefully we get through this and things get back to normal.Gary Bisbee 7:00Well, what do you like best about Louisville?Russ Cox 7:02You know, I'd have to say here that one of the things that have always attracted me to Louisville is the strong healthcare DNA and Humana. David Jones and Wendell Cherry started up a hospital company here from scratch that turned into what you still know is Humana but in a different configuration. It's all about insurance and on the payer side and Medicare Advantage, we've had a lot of firsts that happened in this community in healthcare. If you go back to hand transplants and you know, a competitor hospital if you go to the first pediatric heart transplant that was done at Norton Children's Hospital. And there's been a whole lot of things that have happened in our community that have really made that DNA strong and such a vibrant part of the community. And I think that's always been an attraction. I'll tell you the other thing that you have to appreciate about Louisville is that it's not a parochial community at all. We've had people we've had physicians relocate here, we've had all kinds of people relocate here. The one thing they say is you can be as involved in the city as you want to be. It's a very welcoming, very open, very willing to let you be involved in anything you want. It doesn't matter what your last name is here. It really just matters what your passion is. And it's been a great thing for this community. I think it's it's helped us get through this particular time as well.Gary Bisbee 8:14Now, I know from past discussions that you were a teacher earlier in your career, was that your first job after college?Russ Cox 8:22Actually, it was, I was certain that I wanted to be an attorney. I had been accepted to three law schools. My father had paid a $500 deposit for me to attend one. I clerked the summer of my senior year in college and came home and said, "Oh my god, I can't do this." This is not like what lawyers look like on TV at all. And it was a good experience that I never will forget. My father told me that I said, I'll pay you back to $500. And he said, don't worry about that. $500 to find out what you don't want to do is a good investment. I graduated from undergraduate and taught school for two years and taught Middle School of all things. So I often say that if you can be prepared five days a week for middle school students, you can do anything in healthcare, because it's a different kind of challenge. But I did that while I went to graduate school and was able to then find myself working in the early 80s. For Humana in its early days as well, in the Human Resources function there. So I jumped into healthcare in 1982, after having been a teacher for two years and had a good background and obviously Training and Education and Human Resources area, and the rest was kind of history. It was such a growing company back then. And the opportunities for somebody to come in and really develop and really grow were great because it was growing so fast. They needed people and Mr. Jones and Mr. Cherry were not afraid to throw you in the deep end and help you learn how to swim. That's exactly what they did with me and it's been good for me, I still say that I call upon those teaching skills on a daily basis, Gary,Gary Bisbee 9:55Well, the other skill may be what you learned at Humana. Can you share with us? What lessons did you learn there that you've carried on to Norton?Russ Cox 10:05There's so many things to transfer both ways, the investor/own side of it. And let's just put this at the top of it. Both places put the patient at the very center of every decision that they make. And I never saw a decision made at Humana that was in any way detrimental to a patient. As a matter of fact, it was always about the patient. So there's a lot of similarities that are there. I think the differences that you have to think because you have a responsibility to shareholders. We have a responsibility to bondholders, but we can be a little bit longer-term thinking the not for profit side. And I think that's an advantage. You can be more strategic from the long perspective. I think that when you're investor-owned, you have to think about what am I doing that will increase value over the next 90 days. Now, that's not to say that everything's that way. But you get a report card every 90 days, and that's a pretty serious report card. So I learned to think in terms of how can we improve a situation and get it done quickly? How can we expedite? I think I also learned a whole lot about measurability because in the investor/owned side, it was very important that you be quantitative, that you get the right data to make decisions with. And I think that's played over into the not for profit side, currently. But I think it took a little bit longer to get to that place. So there's a lot of things that have transferability. But at the end of the day, we're all very similar in how we approach patient care.Gary Bisbee 11:30Let's turn to the COVID-19 crisis. What was the surge or the profile of the surge in Louisville?Russ Cox 11:40Well, it's been an interesting time for us. Obviously, we anticipated a larger surge than what we actually experienced. And hopefully, if we're going to want to say that we took enough very appropriate action quickly and made certain that certain things happen. We had a very, very strong, newly released Governor Andy Bashir, who really took a great leadership position in the state and made sure that while the decisions weren't always popular to shut things down earlier to stop things from happening, that it was the right thing to do. So we were able to preempt a whole lot of what that surge could have been, we were all prepared for it. What we've really seen is more of a less than expected surge that we would hardly call a surge and it's flattened into what we now are calling a steady plateau. We're seeing about the same numbers come in and go out on a daily basis. So our new abnorma...l is I'm calling because I don't think anything will be normal again... but our new abnormal is that we're probably likely going to have in our system 40 to 50 COVID positive patients on the inpatient side, every day for a while. We were fortunate that we didn't see a whole lot of event utilization. We were prepared for that. But we always had plenty events, most of our obviously more serious patients on the inpatient side, we're in the ICU. So we monitor those days very carefully. But it's been a pretty steady sort of run over the past two to three weeks. And hopefully as things begin to open up, we'll be able to see that steadiness continues. We hope that it doesn't create a spike. But we're prepared for that. If it does, and hopefully by continuing to do the things that we're doing, we'll continue to see that gradual decline.Gary Bisbee 13:20Building on that we've seen that there's a lack of information and probably disinformation going around how have you communicated with the community, Russ?Russ Cox 13:31Well, we've taken a multi-pronged approach to how we communicate. We knew in early March that this was going to be different and we were going to have to do some things very differently. So one of the things we did is I started recording a video once a day, about 10 to 12 minutes where I was 100% transparent with employees gave them exactly the numbers of people that were coming in. How many of them were positive, how many of them were impatient, where they were, how many employees we tested, how many employees were positive. We gave how many people were Were out on medical furlough, how many people have returned from furlough, then we would use what was left of the 10 to 12 minutes to talk about significant shifts in policy that we needed to make whether it be a restricting visitation, whether it be utilization of PPE. I took the last two or three minutes and we set up an email where people could send in questions and we just tried to run through questions that people had sent in as quickly as we could. What we soon found out was that we were posting that on YouTube. Employees were watching it regularly. But what we also found out is it in a vacuum of information, they were forwarding the link to their family members to other people, and it became a very good community communication as well. To the point we even had media watching it. And again, 10 to 12 minutes is about all you can do. The players don't have time, but what we found was that people were watching it at home, letting their spouse watch it at home. And so it was a very effective sort of communication. We send it to all of our physicians, all 16,300 employees got link to that on a daily basis. This afternoon I'll film number 72 in a row of doing that. And it's been one of those good things that we've been able to do because people will watch that video, people tend to get an email and only glaze through it and not get some of the details. So we've really tried to extrapolate what is it that people really need to know to do their job the next day. So that's been very effective. The other thing we've done is we've worked very effectively with local and state governments to make sure that they had our information that we were helping them in any way that they needed possible to get messages out. When you have 55% market share, you have an opportunity to leverage that. We're an epic, EMR. We've got my chart, we were able to leverage my chart to really improve telehealth. We went from probably 250 telehealth visits in February to the month of April, we had 18,000 telehealth visits. So we were able to use that to communicate with patients as well. We did zoom media availabilities once a week where we would just again, be very transparent. Take any questions that the press had. I just felt like that our history of transparency and a responsibility that we have to make sure that we're providing as much information as we can for the public really required us to take an hour out of a week or whatever, and just sit down with the media and say, here's what we're saying, here's what we think, what can we answer for you? We leverage social media as much as it could be possibly leverage during this time, as I'm sure everyone did. But my goal for our organization was to be accused of over-communicating. I think that's one of the things you learn for being a teacher sometimes is that sometimes you've got to be repetitive, repetitive, repetitive, as they say for students to learn and sometimes for the public to understand we have to just continue to they use that message I'd really like to have $1 for every time I said, make sure you wash your hands, make sure you social distance, make sure you cough it to your elbow. Make sure you don't go to your eyes and nose with your fingers. I mean, I could give these speeches over and over again, but we just made it our goal to over-communicate. I also should add that we included our Board of Trustees in those videos. And that was probably one of the smarter things that we did because it sure made board meetings a lot easier. They would watch that video every day and be able to keep up with what we were doing and how we're doing it. So we got a board meeting and we didn't have to recreate everything that had happened over the past month. It's an effective tool.Gary Bisbee 17:26Well, it's 72 videos, you're going to be quite a personality around Louisville. If you need an agent Russ just let me know I'm available.Russ Cox 17:36I didn't say the news was always good. I was delivering. We did learn from that too, Gary. That if you are palms up with your employees and tell him exactly how it is and it's pretty hard for me to stand in front of that camera last month and say, folks, the month of April, we're going to lose $80 million. But it was very much a rallying cry for everybody to say hey, at least I know what it is. And at least I feel like we have a plan to figure this out. And we did our best to make sure that every day, and it got us through some PPE issues to hearing, because we had PPE problems just like everybody else did. I mean, I literally would go on the video every day and say, here's how many of these we have, here's what our burn rate is, we're going to need to reuse these and we're going to need to use ultraviolet rays to sanitize these masks, and you're going to need to use them the next day and I bring in somebody from our infectious control to actually talk about this will work and you need to trust it. So it has so many uses that I would do it all over again, I think that was the one strategy that really did make a big difference for us.Gary Bisbee 18:41If we could dig into telemedicine, you made the point that your virtual strategy was a priority pre-COVID, and that played well into what came post-COVID. How do you see televisits growing from here?Russ Cox 18:59I think they'll grow. There's going to be circumstances where the face to face visit with a provider is always going to be the best possible way to do it. But there's going to be a real need for telehealth and increase telehealth going forward because we have so many people who fit into this higher risk category. And until we have a reliable vaccination, we're going to have people who shouldn't be out and about. So leveraging this and the good news is one of those categories of at-risk are elderly people. The good news is that elderly people have been introduced to technology to communicate with their grandchildren and their children. So telehealth now feels very natural to a whole lot of people who in the past, wouldn't it use telehealth? So, you look at folks who have mobility issues, immunosuppressed people that have transportation issues. I think our patients have always had the muscle to do telehealth, they've just never had to flex it. And COVID made them flex it and made them actually say, hey, I've got this I can do it. So we're pretty excited. We last week announced a concept that I'm very excited about and really it just came from understanding more about telehealth. We're building the first permanent drive through testing diagnostic site that I think we've ever seen. We certainly have none of them in this region. And I don't know if there's any in the country, but we saw how telehealth works so well. And we realized, hey, if we could almost if you could think of a Jiffy Lube concept, but for healthcare, we're gonna have three bays where people could pull up, they can have lab work done. They can have diagnostics done. They can have tests, they can have vaccinations, and we learned a lot that if you can do it in your car, you can have a telehealth visit, get the orders, go get your lab work and your car and not have to leave your car and not have to come into medical office buildings or labs and interact with people. And we can put two people in Pampers for the whole day and save PPE. So we're moving up telehealth to the next iteration of testing diagnostics for an express drive-thru and walk-up perspective that we think will help drive even more telehealth. So I think we have to look at how do we get ahead of the curve on this because the circumstances that we're in may change, but the memory of the patient is not going to change for a long time. And if we have spikes, we're going to need this capacity. If we have another virus of some kind, which is altogether possible, we're going to need this skill set. We're going to need these kinds of opportunities with telehealth and travel through testing to make people feel very comfortable with continuing to use. So yeah, I'm very bullish on telehealth and drive-thru and walk-up permanent testing sites. Be interesting to see how it works.Gary Bisbee 21:35Yeah, for sure. Well, that's a terrific initiative and on Norton's part, one quick question there. Do you think insurance companies will continue to reimburse for televisits the way they have during the crisis?Russ Cox 21:48We certainly advocated for this during the time we've worked with all of our political leaders that we know we've worked with our payers. It will be a shame if they don't because we're able to make a difference in so many people's lives that otherwise won't come in. And I've tried to convince some payers along the way that we will probably lost some people that will never get to come to again. And that's going to be to their benefit. So hopefully, they'll see the wisdom in continuing to invest in good reimbursement levels for telehealth, but I'm going to be honest with even if they don't, the consumer is not going to let us discontinue this service. I really think that it's a whole different world that we're living in as it relates to patient and patient advocacy around how they want to receive health care.Gary Bisbee 22:33Let's turn to a story that's not quite as attractive and that is surgeries, particularly elective surgeries, you make the point that we might be a captive of our own terminology. Why don't you dig into that a bit? If you could, Russ?Russ Cox 22:46We've always known the importance of surgical procedures, diagnostic procedures, and the like on hospitals. I don't think in my careers, and I've been in it since '82, that it's ever been hammered home more than it was when we were forced to discontinue those kinds of services because it's a severing of the cord, if you will, with the patient in many ways to not be able to do those things. Not to mention what it does to your revenue stream. But I really do feel like we're a victim of our own nomenclature at times because the word elective, so often go to the mind of a consumer or the mind of the general public that all we did was cosmetic procedures. And that's so wrong. All we did really was delay procedures that needed to be done. And they got categorized as elective and pretty soon everyone's arguing over what elective is, and I think that was a learning for us all in this that we need to really examine how we define surgeries that need to be done. And all we did was delay which many times put the patient in a compromised position. What is elective about a person needing spine surgery with horrific back pain? What's the elective about a knee replacement? If the person has a blood infection in that joint, there is nothing elective about that. But we found ourselves arguing about what's elective and what is just really has to be done. It certainly was an eye-opener for us. As I mentioned earlier, we lost $80 million in the month of April. And a whole lot of that goes to the fact that we couldn't do surgeries, we couldn't do procedures. We never laid anybody off. We never reduced anybody's pay, we made the conscious decision that we were going to invest in our employees and that we were going to ask them to focus on patients and focus on staying ready when the patients came back, and we were going to fight through it together. So it all added up to not a good financial result. But the culture of our organization is better for the fact that we stood by our employees and I think physicians have noticed that I think that as they make decisions as to where they want to practice in the future, they're going to remember to take care of their employees. So we're glad to see that we're able to return to 100% of elective surgery starting tomorrow. We were at 50% for the past two weeks. We saw a very strong willingness for patients and physicians to come back. We were worried. I think one of the lessons I learned here is that you can't just tell patients, trust us, it's safe. They expect us to say that. They think oh, of course, you're gonna say it safe. But what we have to do is tell them how it's different. And so our communication strategy has been to communicate with patients how it's different. You're going to get your temperature taken before you come in the door, you're going to be asked to put a mask on, you're going to be asked to only have one visitor with you, when you're here. We clean all of our areas with UV ray machines, we're not going to have waiting areas with chairs that are not six feet apart. So we've worked very hard on building trust back by not just saying trust us, but by saying here's what's different. We're encouraged our fear at times that what I'm seeing right now and feeling good about is just a backlog of necessary surgery that is enthusiastic, we come back so I think we'll know a whole lot more over the next four to six weeks is to the general public's willingness to read Return to those procedures. We've done a lot of research, I think that everybody knows that they're more comfortable returning to ASC than they are to hospitals that have procedures. So we've done everything we can to communicate what we're doing and how we're doing it and to get people to places where they're going to be comfortable with a procedure with the surgery being done.Gary Bisbee 26:19Following up on the economic story, how do you see 2020 ending up? And how do you see '21 ending up given there's so many variables here that it's just impossible to figure out?Russ Cox 26:32It really is. I have to say that I'm very pessimistic for the rest of 2020. Simply because I think that it could have everything from spikes to another surge to still some reticence on the part of patients to come back as quickly as we would hope. I think it's going to be a difficult slog for us. Well, let me say that the Cares Act has made a difference for us. For us getting $43 million is significant. It doesn't make up for the revenue we lost. But it helps. And it's certainly something that we didn't count on or expect. So I think that's been a good thing for hospitals and healthcare organizations to at least have that assist going forward. We don't know how much more that's coming if he's coming. But that would always certainly be welcomed and help. I like to think that payers are going to understand that they've done very well during this time. And that hopefully, they'll see their way fit to help us through this time as we go forward. So might be crazily optimistic on that. But I think these are different times. I think that it's in everyone's best interest to be some shared help along the way. So I'm more optimistic that if we're able to do the things that we're doing and sustain the behaviors and activities that we're in right now that 2021 can be a year that we maybe not return to the levels where we have been in the past, but that we begin to calibrate more towards what we're used to.Gary Bisbee 27:54We've touched on this several times before today, but let me ask that question directly if I can, what are the characteristics of a leader in a crisis? What should they be?Russ Cox 28:06I'm going to go back to what I said earlier, I think it's number one, two, and three, a good communicator, and a communicator that's willing to share everything that they know. And everything that I say, I think is important for people to know. And be willing to do it in a way that is very palms up, very transparent. And that creates a sense of stability and calm. I think the mistake that a lot of leaders make during this time is to get so buried in the details of execution on operations around things that they forget that just communicating that we're going to be fine. We are going to get through this and that we do have a plan and that we're going to tell you about that every day and be willing to say to people, it's going to change because the situation is gonna change and just watch us every day. Listen every day and if you have concerns, we set up a hotline one 800 number for if you have concerns about PPE call this and it will get it resolved to date. If you're not feeling good call employee helpline. It's one central line here. But I think communication I just go back to, it sounds so easy to say all communication is so important. What I found during this time is you cannot communicate too much. And you need to be out there regularly. They need to be able to see your face and not just read an email, they need to be able to see the emotion that you feel. They need to understand that you're very much into this and that you're very much about making certain that they're safe, that they have the tools they need to do their job, and that they can take care of patients. I've become a big believer in that anything in everything that you can do. To communicate is very important and I haven't it hasn't been lost on me that you're not just communicating with your employees. you're communicating with their families in the morning information they're able to share with their families, the more secure their families feel about that person coming to work and putting themselves in harm's way every day.Gary Bisbee 30:09Well said, Russ, this has been a terrific interview, we appreciate your time, I'd like to ask one final question. That is this idea of new normal, you make the point that we're not going to see normal again. But what comes to your mind in changes in the delivery system as a result of COVID that you would like to see?Russ Cox 30:29Flexibility. I think there's going to be a list of terms that we hate going forward and I'm going to put in an abundance of caution on that list. I hate that term. I feel like I've used it so many times and it's become so trite but new normal is another one that I hate, but I think the new normal if you will, is flexibility. We've got to meet patients where they are. Some are going to want those telehealth opportunities, some are going to want to come to the office. Some are going to want to delay care. How do we stay in touch with them? Some are going to want to do it virtually, we established a virtual hospital during this time, it's been a great success. We were able to discharge people into this virtual hospital where they had a virtual visit every day from their provider, and we were able to monitor their vitals remotely. So we're just going to have to meet people where they are and have a flexible approach to saying, How do you best interact with us, and what makes you most comfortable, what makes you feel the best about it? What makes you feel the safest? So my new normal and the thing that I preach here every day is meeting that patient where they are and having a flexible enough model that we can accommodate whatever it is that they choose, and however it is they choose to interface with us,Gary Bisbee 31:41Russ, thanks so much for your time today. Norton is lucky to have you and we've enjoyed very much having you on the show.Russ Cox 31:48Appreciate being here. Appreciate the great work of the Academy and look forward to us all being able to get back together again someday.Gary Bisbee 31:55This episode of Fireside Chat is produced by Strafire. Please subscribe to Fireside Chat on Apple Podcasts or wherever you're listening right now. Be sure to rate and review Fireside Chat so we can continue to explore key issues with innovative and dynamic healthcare leaders. In addition to subscribing and rating, we have found that podcasts are known through word of mouth. We appreciate your spreading the word to friends or those who might be interested. Fireside Chat is brought to you from our nation's capital in Washington DC, where we explore the intersection of healthcare politics, financing, and delivery. For additional perspectives on health policy and leadership. Read my weekly blog Bisbee's Brief. For questions and suggestions about Fireside Chat, contact me through our website, firesidechatpodcast.com, or gary@hmacademy.com. Thanks for listening.

Luke 23:32-41If you enjoyed the sermon please contact us at bluespringsbaptisttemple@gmail.com or call (816) 229-7777 Let us know.

In this episode of Beneath the Subsurface we turn back time with Daniel Orange, our ONE Partner for multibeam technology and seafloor mapping - and incredible storyteller - and Duncan Bate, our Director of Project Development in the Gulf of Mexico and Geosciences. Dan takes Duncan and Erica on an expansive journey through time to meet a special variety of archea that dwell in the impossible oases surrounding sea bottom vents. We also explore the relatively recent discoveries in geoscience leading to seafloor mapping and how seep hunting offshore can enrich the exploration process today. TABLE OF CONTENTS00:00 - Intro03:35 - What is a seep?09:06 - The impossible oasis11:45 - Chemotrophic life24:15 - Finding seeps26:51 - The invention of multibeam technology30:11 - Seep hunting with multibeam32:48 - Seismic vs. multibeam34:43 - Acquiring multibeam surveys44:32 - The importance of navigation46:20 - Water column anomalies49:12 - Seeps sampling and exploration56:23 - Multibeam targets59:12 - Multibeam strategy1:03:11 - Reservoir content1:06:44 - A piece of the puzzle1:10:21 - ConclusionEXPLORE MORE FROM THE EPISODELearn more about TGS in the Gulf of MexicoOtos MultibeamEPISODE TRANSCRIPTErica Conedera:00:00:12Hello and welcome to Beneath the Subsurface a podcast that explores the intersection of Geoscience and technology. From the Software Development Department here at TGS. I'm your host, Erica Conedera. For our fourth episode, we'll welcome a very special guest speaker who offers a uniquely broad perspective on the topic of sea floor mapping. We'll learn about the technology of multibeam surveys, why underwater oil seeps are the basis of life as we know it and how the answer to the age old question of which came first, the chicken or the egg is the Sun. I'm here today with Duncan Bate, our director of projects for the US and Gulf of Mexico. Do you want to go ahead and introduce yourself Duncan?Duncan Bate:00:00:56Sure, yeah, thanks. I basically look after the development of all new projects for TGS in the, in the Gulf of Mexico. I'm here today because a few years ago we worked on a multi beam seep hunting project in the Gulf of Mexico. So I can share some of my experiences and - having worked on that project.Erica:00:01:15Awesome. And then we have our special guest star, Dan Orange. He is a geologist and geophysicist with Oro Negro exploration. Hi Dan.Dan Orange:00:01:24Good morning.Erica:00:01:25Would you like to introduce yourself briefly for us?Dan:00:01:28Sure. Let's see, I grew up in New England, Texas, so I went to junior high school, just a few miles from where we're recording this. But I did go to MIT where I got my bachelor's and master's degree in geology, then went out to UC Santa Cruz to do my PhD and my PhD had field work both onshore and offshore and involved seeps. So we'll come back to that. And also theoretical work as well. I had a short gig at Stanford and taught at Cal State Monterey Bay and spent five years at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Again, pursuing seeps. I left MBARI and started working with the oil patch in 1997 and it was early days in the oil industry pushing off the shelf and heading toward deep water and seeps were both a bug and a feature. So we started applying seep science to the oil industry and have been doing that for oh, now 21-22 years.Dan:00:02:32The entire time that I was at Embargin, and working with the oil patch. And in fact, ongoing, I do research for the US Navy through the Office of Naval Research. It started out involving seeps and canyon formation and it's evolved into multibeam seafloor mapping and acoustics. And that continues. So in the oil patch I was with AOA geophysics, we formed a company AGO to commercialize controlled source EM sold that to Schlumberger. And then we formed an oil company, Black Gold Energy, that would use seeps as a way to, go into oil exploration. And we sold that to NYKO, since leaving Black Gold with Oro Negro. We've been teaming with TGS since 2014 so now going on five years mapping the sea floor, I think we just passed one and a quarter million square kilometers, mapping with TGS as we mapped the sea floor and sample seeps, pretty much around the world for exploration.Erica:00:03:35Awesome. So let's begin our discussion today with what is a seep, if you can elucidate that for us.Dan:00:03:41So a seep is just what it sounds like. It's, it's a place on the earth's surface where something leaks out from beneath. And in our case it's oil and gas. Now seeps have been around since the dawn of humanity. The seeps are referenced in the Bible and in multiple locations seeps were used by the ancient Phoenicians to do repairs on ships they use as medicines and such. And in oil exploration seeps have been used to figure out where to look for oil since the beginning of the oil age. In fact that, you know, there seeps in, in Pennsylvania near Titusville where colonel Drake drilled his first well, where Exxon, had a group of, of people that they call the rover boys that went around the world after World War II looking for places on the Earth's surface that had big structures and oil seeps.Dan:00:04:39Because when you have a seep at the sea floor with or on the Earth's surface with oil and gas, you know that you had organic matter that's been cooked the right amount and it's formed hydrocarbons and it's migrating and all those things are important to findings, you know, economic quantities of oil and gas. So seeps have been used on land since the beginning of oil and gas exploration. But it wasn't until the 1990s that seeps began to affect how we explore offshore. So that's seeps go back to since the dawn of humanity, they were used in oil exploration from the earliest days, the 1870's and 80's onward. But they've been used offshore now since the mid 1990s. So that's, that's kind of, that seeps in context.Duncan:00:05:31But it's actually the, I, the way I like to think about it, it's the bit missing from the, "What is Geology 101" that every, everyone in the oil and gas industry has to know. They always show a source rock and a migration to a trap and a seal. But that actually misses part of the story. Almost every basin in the world has leakage from that trap, either, either directly from the source rock or from the trap. It either fills to the spill point or it just misses the trap. Those hydrocarbons typically make their way to the surface at some point-Dan:00:06:04at some point and somewhere. The trick is finding them.Duncan:00:06:08Yeah, that's the seep. And thus what we're interested in finding.Erica:00:06:12As Jed Clampett from the Beverly hillbillies discovered.Erica:00:06:15Exactly.Dan:00:06:15I was going to include that!Erica:00:06:19Yes.Dan:00:06:19Jed was out hunting for some food and up from the ground came a bubbling crude. That's it.Erica:00:06:27Oil that is.Dan:00:06:29Black gold.Erica:00:06:29Texas tea.Dan:00:06:30That's right. So that's that seep science. So today what we're going to do is we're going to talk about seep communities offshore because what I hope to be able to, you know, kind of convince you of is if oil and gas leak out of the sea floor, a seep community can form. Okay. Then we're going to talk about this thing called multibeam, which is a technique for mapping the sea floor because where you get a seep community, it affects the acoustic properties of the sea floor. And if we change the acoustic properties of sea floor or the shape of the sea floor with this mapping tool, we can identify a potential seep community and then we can go sample that.Dan:00:07:14And if we can sample it, we can analyze the geochemistry and the geochemistry will tell us whether or not we had oil or gas or both. And we can use it in all sorts of other ways. But that's where we're going to go to today. So that's kind of, that's kind of a map of our discussion today. Okay. So as Duncan said, most of the world, he Duncan talked about how in- if we have, an oil basin or gas basin with charge, there's going to be some leakage somewhere. And so the trick is to find that, okay. And so, we could, we could look at any basin in the world and we can look at where wells have been drilled and we can, we can look at where seeps leak out of the surface naturally. And there's a correlation, like for example, LA is a prolific hydrocarbon basin. Okay. And it has Labrea tar pits, one of the most charismatic seeps on earth cause you got saber tooth tigers bubbling outDuncan:00:08:18It's literally a tourist attraction.Dan:00:08:20Right there on Wilshire Boulevard. Okay. And it's a hundred meters long by 50 meters wide. So a hundred yards long, 50 yards wide. And it, that is an oil seep on, on the earth surface in LA okay.Duncan:00:08:32Now, it's important to mention that they're not all as big as that.Dan:00:08:34No, no. Sometimes they're smaller. It could just literally be a patch of oil staining in the sand.Erica:00:08:41Really, that's little.Duncan:00:08:41Oh yeah. I mean, or just an area where there's a cliff face with something draining out of it or it, you know, it could be really, really small, which is easy to find onshore. You know, you send the rover boys out there like you mentioned, and you know, geologists working on the ground, they're going to find these things eventually. But the challenge, which we've been working on with, with the guys from One for the last few years, and now is finding these things offshore.Dan:00:09:06So let's, let's turn the clock back to 1977. Alvin, a submarine, a submersible with three people in it went down on a Mid-ocean Ridge near the Galapagos Islands. And what they found, they were geologists going down to map where the oceanic crust is created. But what they found was this crazy community, this incredible, oasis of life with tube worms and these giant columns with what looked like black smoke spewing into the, into the ocean. And so what they found are what we now call black smokers or hot vents, and what was so shocking is the bottom of the ocean is it's a desert. There's no light, there's very little oxygen, there's not a lot of primary food energy. So what was this incredible, oasis of life doing thousands of meters down on, near the Galapagos Island? Well, it turns out that the base of the food chain for those hot vents are sulfide rich fluids, which come spewing out of the earth and they fuel a chemically based, community that thrives there and is an oasis as there because there's so much energy concentrated in those hot sulfide rich fluids that it can support these chemically based life forms.Dan:00:10:34So that's 1977 in 1985 in the same summer, chemically based life forms, but based on ambient temperature, water, not hot water were found in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coast of Oregon that same summer, 1985 in the Gulf of Mexico, the base of the food chain, what was fueling this chemical energy was hydrocarbons, oil and gas, and off the coast of Oregon, what was fueling it was hydrogen sulfide. So this is 1985, the year I graduated college. And so I started graduate school in 1986 and part of my research was working with the group that was trying to figure out the plumbing that was bringing these chemically rich fluids up to the earth's surface that were feeding this brand new community of life. You know, what we now call cold seeps. So, we, you know, depending on what you had for breakfast today, you know, eggs or pancakes or had your coffee, all the energy that we've got coursing through our veins right now is based upon photosynthesis.Dan:00:11:45We're either eating plants that got their energy from sunlight or we're eating eggs that came from chickens that eat the plants that can, where the came from, sunlight. Everything in our world up here is based upon photosynthesis. So, but the seep communities, the hot vents and the black smokers and the cold seeps, the base of the food pyramid is chemical energy. So they're called chemosynthetic communities or chemoautotrophic because the bacteria get their trophic energy, the energy that they need to live from chemicals. And so the bacteria utilize the chemicals and organisms have evolved to host these bacteria inside their bodies. And the bacteria metabolize the chemical energy to produce the enzymes that these larger organisms need to live. So these larger organisms can include clams, tube worms, the actual bacteria themselves. But, so the kind of how does this work is- let's get, because if we understand how seeps work and we know that seeps can be based upon oil and gas seepage, then you'll understand why we're using these seeps to go out and impact, oil and gas exploration.Dan:00:13:09So the- at the bottom of the ocean, we have a little bit of oxygen, but as we go down into the sediments, below the surface, we, we consume all that oxygen and we get to what's called the redox boundary to where we go from sulfate above it to hydrogen sulfide below it. And so below this redox boundary, we can have methane, we can have oil, but above that redox boundary, the methane will oxidize and the oil will be biodegraded and eaten by critters and whatnot. Now, living at that boundary, are bacteria who metabolize these compounds, and that's where they get the energy they need to live. These bac- Okay, now kind of turned the clock even farther back before the earth had an oxygen atmosphere, the only way that organisms got energy to live was from chemicals. Okay? So before we had algae and we created this oxygen atmosphere that we breathe billions of years ago, the organisms that lived on earth were chemosynthetic.Dan:00:14:13So these bacteria survive today and they live everywhere where we cross this redox boundary. Okay? So there they're actually archaea, which are some of the most primitive forms of bacteria, and I'm not a biologist, so I can't tell you how many billions of years ago they formed, but they're ancient and they're living down there.Erica:00:14:33So they haven't changed since then. They're basically the same?Dan:00:14:36Nope.Erica:00:14:36Wow.Dan:00:14:36They figured out a way to get energy to survive. It works.Erica:00:14:40Why change it?Dan:00:14:41If you're an Archea, right? So they're living down there at that redox boundary. Now, if we have seepage-seepage, is the flow of liquids. You actually lift that redox boundary. And if you have enough seepage, you can lift that boundary right to the sediment water interface. If you step in a pond and you smell that, sulfide, that rotten egg smell, your foot has gone through the redox boundary.Dan:00:15:08Okay? And you've disturbed some archaea down there and they'll get nudged aside. They'll go find someplace else. Okay? So with seepage, we lift the redox boundary to the sediment water interface and, and the bacteria are there and they're ready to utilize the reduced fluids as their source of energy. And so you can see them, we have pictures. You can do an internet search and say, you know, bacteria chemosynthetic bacteria and images and look at and look at photos of them. They it, they look like, okay, when you put the Guacamole in the back of the fridge and you forget it for three weeks and you open it up, that's what they look like. It's that fuzzy. It's this fuzzy mat of bacteria. And those are the bacteria. They're out there. They're metabolizing these fluids. Okay. Now in the process of metabolizing these fluids, they produce the bacteria, produce enzymes like ATP.Dan:00:16:01And I wish my partner John Decker, was here because he would correct me. I think it's adinase triphosphate and it's an enzyme that your body produces and sends out to basically transmit chemical energy. Okay. Now at some point in geologic time, and I'll, I'll actually put a number on this in a second. The larger fauna like clams and tube worms, evolve to take advantage of the fact that the bacteria are producing energy. And so they then evolve to use the bacteria within themselves to create the energy that they need to live. Okay? So, what happens is these seep fauna produce larva, the larva go into, you know, kind of a dormant stage and they're flowing around the ocean. And if they sense a seep, okay. They settle down and they start to grow and as, and then they, they, they, the bacteria become part of them.Dan:00:16:56They're the, the clams. You open a clam in the bacteria live in the gills. Okay. And so they'd grow and, and so these clams and tube worms start to grow and they form a community. Okay. So that a clam, what a clam does these clams, they stick their foot into the, into the sediment and they absorb the reduced fluids into their circulation system. They bring that, that circulating fluid to their gills where the bacteria then metabolize these reduced fluids and send the enzymes out to the tissues of the clam so it can grow. So this clam does not filter feed like every other clam on the planet. The tube worms that host these bacteria in them don't filter feed. So the base of the food chain is chemosynthetic. But the megafauna themselves, don't get their energy directly from methane or hydrogen sulfide. They get their energy from the bacteria, which in the bacteria, you know, the bacteria happy, they'll live anywhere.Dan:00:17:59But sitting here in a clam, they get the reduced fluids they need to live and they grow. Now it's what's cool for us as, as seep hunters is different species have evolved to kind of reflect different types of fluids. So if you know a little bit about seep biology, when you pick up like a batheum Modiolus mussel, you go, Huh? There could be oil here. Okay. Because that particular mussel is found in association with, with oil seeps. Okay. So that we won't go too far down that path, but there are different organisms. The important thing is that these communities, form again an oasis of life, a high concentration of life where we have a seep. Now, the oldest seep community that I'm aware of is Devonian. So that's between 420 and 360 million years. It's found in the high atlas mountains of Morocco.Dan:00:18:58And that seep community, a fossil seep community includes the same types of clams in tube worms that we find today. Okay. But they're also found with authigenic carbonate. Okay. Which is like limestone. And so, and that limestone in cases, this fossil seep community and has preserved it for hundreds of millions of years. So where does limestone come from? So remember we've got methane, CH4 in our, in some of our seep fluids. Well, if that's oxidized by bacteria, cause they're going to get energy from the methane they produced bicarbonate, which is HCO3 as a negative charge on it. And that bicarbonate, if it sees calcium, they like each other. And so they'll form calcium carbonate, limestone. And since sea water is everywhere saturated with calcium, if we have a natural gas seep, the bacteria will oxidize in natural gas and the bicarbonate will grab the calcium to form this cement.Dan:00:20:04Now deep enough in the ocean, it actually is acidic enough that that cement will start to dissolve. So we just have this, we have a factory of of bacteria. It might be dissolving some places, but most of the places we look, the carbonate doesn't dissolve. So we've got clams, tube worms, we've got the limestone authigenic carbonate, and if the pressure and temperature are in the right field, that methane can also form this really cool substance called gas hydrate and gas hydrate is a clathrate the, it's a combination of water and methane where the water forms an ice-like cage and the methane sits in that cage. And so you can light this on fire in your hand and the gas will burn. Nice yellow flame will go up from your hand and the cage will melt. The ice melts. So you get cold water on your hand with flames going up. It, it's cool stuff.Erica:00:21:03Did you bring one of these to show us today?Dan:00:21:06The pressure and temperature in this room are not, methane's not an equilibrium. You need hot, you need high pressure, moderately high pressure and you need very low temperatures. So, if we had-Duncan:00:21:20Neither are common in Houston, (Laughter)Dan:00:21:22No, and we wouldn't be terribly comfortable if that was what it was like here in this room. But the, the important thing for us now as we think about seep science and, and seep hunting is that this, this limestone cement, the authigenic carbonate, the gas hydrate, the shells of a clam, okay. Are All harder. Okay? Harder, I will knock on the table. They're harder than mud. So the sea floor, most of the most of the world's ocean is gray-green mud and ooze from all sorts of sediment and diatoms and plankton raining down onto the ocean floor. So most of the world's oceans is kind of just muddy sandy some places, but sediment, it's where you get these seep communities that now we've, we've formed a spot that some that's harder and rougher than the area around it. And that's our target when we, deploy technologies to go out and, and look at seeps.Dan:00:22:26So, so hot smokers, hot vents were discovered in 1977. Cold seeps were discovered in 1985 and were found to be associated, in the Gulf of Mexico with oil and gas seepage. That's 1985. Those were discovered with human beings in a sub in submersibles. Later, we deployed robotic submersibles to go look at seeps, ROV's and even later we developed tools to go sample seeps without needing to have eyes on the bottom and we'll come and talk and we'll come back and talk about that later.Dan:00:22:57But for kind of recap, a seep is a place where something is leaking out of the earth surface. When we talk about seeps, we're talking about offshore seepage of oil and gas that supports this profusion of chemically-based life forms as well as these precipitants, the authigenic carbonate limestone and gas hydrate. And the important thing is they change the acoustic properties of the sea floor.Duncan:00:23:28Yeah. Then the key thing is that you've gone from having, seeps onshore, which are relatively easy to walk up to and see, but hard to find, to seeps offshore, which are impossible to walk up to or very difficult. You need a submersible to do it. But because of this, chemosynthetic communities that build up around it and our knowledge of that and now gives us something to look for geophysically. So we can apply some geophysics, which we'll get on to talk about next in terms of the multibeam, to actually hunt for these things in a very cost effective way and a very fast manner. So we can cover, as Dan said, right at the start, hundreds of thousands of square kilometers, even over a million now, in a cost effective, timely manner and identify these seeps from the sea surface.Dan:00:24:15Now fishermen, know where seeps are because all of this limestone provides places for fish to leave their larva where they might live, they call them refugia. It's a, it's a place where, you know, lots of little fish and where you have lots of little fish, you have lots of big fish. And since we're also increasing this primary productivity, you get, you get profusions of fish around seep communities. So we've found authigenic carbonate in the front yards of fishermen in areas where that we've gone to study seeps. And if you chip a little bit off it, you can go and analyze it in the lab or if you can get somebody who fishes for a living to tell you their spots. And that involves convincing them that you're not going to steal their spots and you're not gonna tell everybody where their spots are. But if you go into a frontier area, if you can get somebody who fishes for a living to talk to you, you might have some ideas of where to go look for them.Dan:00:25:14So it kind of, one other point that I wanted to make here about seeps is, remember I talked about how seep organism creates kind of a larva, which is dormant and it's kind of flowing through the world's ocean, looking for a seep community, doing some back of the envelope calculations. If, if a larva can survive for about a month. Okay. And you have a one knot current that larva can move about 1300 kilometers in a month, which is about the length of the island of Java. And it might be about the length of the state of California. So if you think now, so if you think about that, then all you need is a seep community somewhere to be sending out larva. Most of which of course never gonna survive. And then if we get a seep somewhere else, the odds are that there's going to be a larva bouncing along the sea floor that is going to see that and start growing.Dan:00:26:08So for us as explorationists as the, the important thing is if there's a seep, there's a pretty good chance that, that a seep community will start to form, if the seepage lasts long enough, it will form a community depending, you know, might be large, might be medium size, but it changes the acoustic properties of the sea floor. Okay, so that, remember we're going to talk about seeps what they, what, what's a seep and that is how it's related to hydrocarbon seepage out of the or natural gas oil, you know, reduced fluids. What we were going to talk about, and now we're going to talk about how offshore we use this technology called multibeam to go and find them. Okay.Dan:00:26:51So back in, back in the Cold War, the air force came up with a tool to map the former Soviet Union called synthetic aperture radar. And when the navy saw the air forces maps, they said, we want a map of the sea floor. And at the time, you know, if you remember your World War II movies, the submarine sends out a Ping, somebody listening on, their, on their headphones and and the ping comes back and the amount of time that it took for the ping to go out and the ping come back is how deep the water is. If you know the speed of sound in water. But that's, that's just one point directly beneath you, that's not good enough to get a detailed map of the sea floor. So, driven by these cold war needs, the navy contracted a company called general instruments to develop a tool to map the sea floor and they develop what's called SASS, the sonar array sounding system, which we now call multibeam.Dan:00:27:49In the 1960s, it was unveiled to the world during a set of, submersible dives to the mid Ocean Ridge, I believe in 1975 as part of the famous project. And the geoscientist looked at that map and it was a contour map of the mid ocean region. They said, holy smokes, what's that? Where'd that come from? And the navy said, well, we kind of developed a new technology and it was first commercialized in 1977 the same year hot smokers were discovered on the world's oceans. And it has been continuously developed since then. And in about the 1990s, it got resolute enough for, for us to take this, this kind of seeps, seep hunting science and take it offshore. So until then, 1980s, we were deploying submersibles. We were going down and looking at them. We had very crude maps. We had some side scan shows, a little bit about, the acoustic properties of the sea floor.Dan:00:28:46But it wasn't until the mid 1990s that we realized that with these tools, these sea floor mapping tools that had acoustic, analyzing techniques that we could identify areas that were harder and rougher and had a different shape, that allowed us to start, instead of just driving around and, and, we're finding one by, by luck or chance actually saying, Huh, there's a, there's an interesting acoustic signature over there. Let's go take a look at it. And deploying submersibles and ROVs and realizing that yes, we had tools that could, be used to, to map the sea floor and identify seeps and driven by their own interests. The Navy, the US navy was very interested in these and, was, was a early, early funder of seep science and they've continued with it as well as academic institutions around the world that got very interested in seep communities.Dan:00:29:45And in fact, NASA, NASA is really interested in seep communities because they're chemically based life forms in what are basically extreme environments. And so if NASA wants to figure out what life is going to look like on a different planet, or a different moon on it, or surrounding a different planet that doesn't have an oxygen atmosphere, here's a, a laboratory on earth that, that they can use. So NASA has been funding seep science as well.Dan:00:30:11So multibeam what is it and how does it apply to, to, to hunting seeps. So multibeam, which is this technology that was developed by and funded by the navy in the 1960s and commercialized in the 70s uses two acoustic arrays of transducers. one array is mounted parallel to the length of a ship. And when you fire off all those transducers, it sends out a ping. And the longer the array is, the narrower that beam is. That's how antennas work. So that that long array sends out a ping, which is narrow along track and a shape, kind of like a saucer. So if you can imagine two dinner plates put together, that's what this, ping of energy looks like. And that's what we call the transmit beam. So then if you listen to the sea floor with an array that's perpendicular to the transmitter ray, we are now listening to an area that's, that's narrow across track. Okay. And it's long elongate a long track. So we've got this narrow transmit beam in one direction that's, that's now perpendicular to the ship. And we've got a narrow receive beam that's parallel to the ship and where those two intersect is what we call a beam. And so with, with lots of different, transducers mounted, perpendicular to the ship, we can listen from all the way out to the port about 65 degrees down below the ship and all the way over to starboard, again, about 65 degrees. And we have lots of beams.Dan:00:31:51So right now the system that we're using, on our project has 455 beams across track. So every time we send out a ping, we ensonify the sea floor on, on these 455 beams. And as we go along, we send out another ping and another ping. And we're basically, we're painting the sea floor. It's, it's like mowing the lawn with a big lawn mower or using a Zamboni to drive around an ice rink. You can just think of it as as a ship goes along. We are ensonifying and listening to a wide patch of sea floor and we typically map, about a five kilometer, about a three mile, a wide swath, and we send out a ping every six or 10 seconds. Depends how, you know, depends on the water depth. And so we're able to map 1000 or 2000 square kilometers a day with this technique. This multibeam technique.Duncan:00:32:48Since a lot of our podcast listeners might be familiar with seismic is that's probably the biggest percentage of the, the geophysical industry. This is not too different. It's an acoustic based technique. I guess the main difference is are we live working in a different, frequency bandwidth. And also that we have both the receiver and the transmitter both mounted on the same boat. So we're not dealing with a streamer out the back of a boat. we have transmitter and receiver are both whole mounted. But after that it's all pretty similar to seismic. We go backwards and forwards, either in 2D lines or in a, in a 3D grid and we build up a picture. Now because of the frequencies we're working with, we don't penetrate very deep into the sea floor. but as, as we mentioned, we're interested in seeing those seep communities on the sea floor. So that's why we this, this is the perfect technology for, for that application.Erica:00:33:40Oh, can you talk a little bit about the post-processing that's involved with multibeam?Dan:00:33:44Well, let me- Erica, Great question. Let me, come back to that later cause I want to pay, I want to pick up on what Duncan talked about in and add one very important wrinkle. So first of all, absolutely correct, the frequencies are different. In seismic, we're down in the hertz to tens of Hertz and in Multibeam we're in the tens of kilohertz and in very shallow water, maybe even over higher than a hundred kilohertz. In seismic, we have air guns that send that radiate out energy. And we, we designed the arrays so that we get most of the energy in the direction that we're looking with multi beam. We have a narrow, remember it's one degree wide in here. If you got kids, see if anybody still has a protractor anymore, grab a protractor and look at how wide one degree is. It's very narrow.Duncan:00:34:39There's probably an iPhone app for that. (Laughter) see what one used to look like.Dan:00:34:43But with, with seismic, the air guns sends out energy and we listened to the reflected energy out on the streamer back behind the ship or on a node somewhere else. It's reflected energy. With multibeam, the energy goes out and it interacts with the sea floor and the shallow subsurface. Most of it gets reflected away and we don't, we don't, hear that it, but some of it actually comes back in the same direction that the sound went out and we call that backscatter. So backscatter energy comes back to you and it's that backscatter that, can increase when we have hard and rough material either on the sea floor or buried below the sea floor. So the way that we process it is since we know the time of length, the time of path on how long it took to get out, hit the sea floor and come back, or you can correct for path lengths, energy radiates outward and spherical patterns. So we correct for spherical spreading. we know the angle that it hit the sea floor, so we correct for angle of ensonification. And then the next and most important things are where was the ship, when the pulse went out? And where is the ship when the pulse comes back, including what's the orientation of the ship? So we need to know the location, the position of the ship in X, Y, and Z to centimeters. And we need to know the orientation of the ship to tenths of a degree or better on both the transmit and the receive. But the key thing is, if we know that path length in the spherical spreading and we correct for all of that and we get a response that's much greater than we expected, we get higher backscatter energy and it's, it's those clams and tube worms authigenic carbonate gas hydrate that can increase the hardness and the roughness of the sea floor that kicked back the backscatter energy.Dan:00:36:46Okay. Now what happens if the oil and gas, or the reduced fluids if they shut off? Well, I'm sorry to say for the clams and the tube worms that they will eventually die. The bacteria will still live at that redox boundary as it settles back below the sediment. And then when we pile some sediment on top of that dead seep community, it's still there. The shells are there, the carbonate's still there. So with the, with multibeam that the frequencies, we use 12 and 30 kilohertz penetrate between two, three 10 meters or so into the sediment. So if you shut off the seepage and bury that seep community, they're still there. And if we can sample that below that redox boundary at that location, chances are we're going to get a oil or gas in, in our sample. And in fact, we encounter live seep communities very, very, very, very rarely, you know, kind of one in a thousand.Dan:00:37:50But, we, we encounter seep fauna down in our sample cores, which we'll talk about later, much more frequently. And, and we, we find hydrocarbons, we are very successful at finding hydrocarbons. And the key thing is we're using seep science to go look in, in basins or extend outward from basins in areas where there may be no known oil or gas production. And that's why the seeps are useful. So multibeam unlike a seismic, we got to collect the data, then we got it and you to do all sorts of processing and it takes a while to, to crank the computers and whatnot. Multibeam we can, we can look at it as it comes in and we can see the backscatter strength. We can see what the swath that it's mapping every ping, every six seconds. And it takes about, it takes less than a day to process a days worth of multibeam.Dan:00:38:47So when our ships are out there working every morning, when we get the daily report from the ship, we see another thousand or 2000 square kilometers of data that were mapped just the previous day. So it's for, those who can't wait, it's really satisfying. But for those of us who are trying to accelerate projects, it's great because when the data come off the ship, they're already processed. We can start picking targets and we can be out there, you know, in weeks sampling. So that's so multibeam it's, it's bathymetry, it's backscatter, but we're also imaging the water column. So if there's, a gas plume, coming out of the sea floor, naturally we can see that gas plume and, so that we can see the water column. We can see the sea floor or the bathymetry, and the backscatter. Erica, you asked, you know, about the processing and I talked about how we have to know the position and the orientation, of the ship, that means that we have to survey in using a laser theodolight.Dan:00:39:54We have to survey in every component of the system on the ship to, you know, fractions of a millimeter. And we drive the surveyors nuts because we are, we are more demanding than the, the BMW plant in South Carolina. And they point that out to us every time. Yes, we're more demanding. But if they have a problem with, with a robot in the BMW plant, they can go out and survey it again, once we put this ship in the water, I can't go survey the array that's now welded to the bottom of the ship. It's there. And so that's why we make them do three replicate surveys and do loop ties and convince us that we've got incredibly accurate and precise system. So that's when we survey the ship. We use, well we go back and we go and we check their math and we make sure all the numbers are entered into the system correctly.Dan:00:40:46We, measure the water column every day so that we have the best velocity data that we use to correct the, that position. We measure the salinity in the water column because it affects how energy is absorbed. It's called the absorption coefficient. We measure the acoustic properties of the ship. So we understand maybe we need to turn off the starboard side pump in order to get better multibeam data. And we evaluate every component of the ship. Something. Sometimes they'll have, you know, the, the waste unit was, was mounted onto the, onto the deck of the ship and nobody thought about putting a rubber bushing between that unit and the hall to isolate the sound. And it just so happens it's at 12 kilohertz. So it swamps your acoustic energy or degrades our data quality because it's all about data quality so that we can find these small, interesting high backscatter targets. We polish the hull. We send divers down every eight weeks or 12 weeks or 16 weeks because you get biofouling you get, you get these barnacles growing in a barnacle in between your acoustic array in the sea floor is going to affect the data. So we send divers down to go scrape the hull and scraped the prop.Duncan:00:42:05So it's probably worth mentioning that this is the same type of multibeam or multibeam data is the same data that is used in other parts of the oil and gas industry as well. So I mean, any pipeline that's ever been laid in the last few decades has had a multibeam survey before it. Any bit of marine infrastructure that an oil and gas company wants to put in the Gulf of Mexico. Certainly you have to have a multibeam survey ahead of time. what's different here is that we're, we're trying to cover big areas and we're trying to get a very specific resolution. So maybe it's worth talking a bit about that. Dan what we're actually trying to achieve in terms of the resolution to actually find seeps.Dan:00:42:42You got it. So we, we can, we can control the resolution because we can control how wide a swath we go and how fast we go. So, if you're really interested in, if you want to do a site survey and you want to get incredibly detailed data of a three kilometer by three kilometer square, you could deploy an autonomous underwater vehicle or an ROV and get very, very, very resolute, like smaller than half a meter of bin size. for what we do, where our goal is exploration, the trade off is between, do I want more resolute data or do I want more data and it that that is a tradeoff and it's something that we struggle with. And we think that the sweet spot is mapping that five kilometers swath and three miles wide, swath at about oh eight to 10 knots. So let's say about 16 kilometers an hour.Dan:00:43:40That gets us a thousand to 2000 square kilometers a day. And by acquiring data in that manner, we get a 15 meter bathymetric bin independent of water depth and our backscatter since we subsample that bathymetric bin for the backscatter, we can get a five meter backscatter pixel. So now if I have four, if I have four adjacent pixels, you know, shaped like a square, that's a 10 meter by 10 meter spot on the sea floor, it's slightly larger than this room. We could, you could see that now you might need a couple of more to be larger than that. So to have a target actually stand out, and that's about how accurate our sampling is with the core barrel. So, the long answer to your question is about a 15 meter bathymetric bin and a five meter backscatter pixel is what we're currently doing for our exploration work.Dan:00:44:32Now we pay attention to what's going on in the navigation and the positioning world because it affects our data quality. So the higher the quality of, of our navigation, the higher the quality of our data on the sea floor. So about a decade ago, the world's airlines asked if they could fly their airplanes closer together and the FAA responded and said, not unless you improve GPS and so sponsored by the world's airlines. They set up ground stations all in, in the, in the most heavily traveled parts of the world that improve the GPS signal by having an independent orbital corrections. What that means is for us working off shore, we take advantage of it. It's called wide area augmentation. And, using this system, which is now it's a, it's add on for a GPS receiver, we're able to get six centimeter accuracy of a ship that's out there in the ocean that surveying.Dan:00:45:27So that's six centimeters. What's that? About two and a half inches. And for those of us who grew up with low ran and very, you know, where you were lucky if you knew where you were to within, you know, a quarter of a mile. it's, it's just astonishing to me that this box can produce data of that quality, but that flows through to the quality of the data that we get on our surveys, which flows through to our ability to find targets. So I think, I told you about sub sampling, the bathymetry for backscatter and I've told, I told you about the water column and we've talked about the resolution. I think we've, we've pretty much hit what multibeam is. It's, it's a real time near real time acquisition, high frequency narrow beam. We image the sea floor and the shallow subsurface. Okay and we use that to find anomalous backscatter targets.Duncan:00:46:20Well, let's talk about the water column a little bit more done because I know we've published some pictures and images from our surveys. Showing the water column anomalies. The backscatter data, in the water column itself can actually help us find seeps. The right mixture of oil and gas coming out of this, an active seep and migrating up through the water column can actually be picked up on these multibeam data also. So that's, a real direct hit that you've got to see and that it's actually still producing oil today,Dan:00:46:53Right, so when, when gas and oil leak out of the sea floor, the gas bubble begins to expand as it comes up, just like a would in a, in a carbonated beverage because there's less pressure. So that gap, that bubble is expanding. If there's oil present, the oil coats the outside of the bubble and actually protects it from dissolving into the water column. And so the presence of gas with a little bit of oil leaking out of the sea floor creates these bubbles that, are big enough to see with these 12 and 30 kilohertz systems. And so when we see a plume coming out of the sea floor, that's natural, a seepage of gas, possibly with a little bit of oil and it provides a great target for us to go and hit. Now those seeps are flowing into the water column and the water column has currents and the currents aren't the same from one day to the next and one week to the next.Dan:00:47:47So if we image a seep a couple of different times, one day it will be flowing in one direction and the next time we see it flowing in a different direction. The area in common between the two is pointing us toward the origin point on the sea floor. And that's what we're going to target. And if you, if you hunt around, look for NOAA studies of, of the US Gulf of Mexico, over Mississippi Canyon near where the deep water horizon, went down because there are, the, NOAA has published, images of the gas seeps in that area where there are natural oil and gas seeps leaking, leaking other, the sea floor. And these natural seeps occur all over the world. Okay? And they're bringing oil and gas into the water column. But remember, nature has basically provided, the cleanup tool, which is the bacteria. So where oil and gas settle onto the sea floor, there are bacteria that will consume it. You don't want a lot of it in one place, cause then then you've got, you know, a real environmental disaster. But natural oil and gas seepage goes hand in hand with natural seep consuming organisms that metabolize these fluids. So a multi beam seeps backscatter okay. That I think we've, we've talked about what the target looks like. Let's talk about how we go in and sample it.Duncan:00:49:12Yeah, no, I think that's the real key thing. Particularly here in the Gulf of Mexico. I mean we talked at the start about how I'm using seeps can tell you whether a basin has hydrocarbons in it or not. Clearly we're decades past the point of knowing whether there's oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico. So even in the deep water gulf of Mexico, especially here in the US side, we know that there's oil and gas, so that information is long gone. We don't, we don't need an update on that anymore. What we need to know is information about the type of oil, the age of the oil, the deep positional environment that the oil is deposited in. And if we can actually get a sample from these seeps, then that's the sort of information that modern geochemistry can start to pull out for us.Dan:00:49:57we've sat in the same meetings where the, the potential client companies have said, why are you, why are you gonna map the deepest part of the Gulf of Mexico? There's no oil out there. And lo and behold, we found anomalous backscatter targets on a diapirs, which are areas, mounds out in the deepest parts of the Gulf of Mexico. And lo and behold, if you, if you look at the data, know that that statement was incorrect. There is oil and gas out there in other parts of the world. We've had companies say, oh, this part's all oil and this part's gas. Well, how do you know that? Well, because we've drilled for oil out here and we don't think there's any oil. Once you get out there and you don't know, you don't know what you don't know until you go map it and sample it and then you come back, you put the data on their desk and they go, huh, hey, we were wrong man. I guess there's oil out there. And, and in other parts of the world where you know, we've done all our exploration close to land or in shallow water, we go out into the deepest part and nobody's ever drilled a well out there. So, you use the seep science to go to basically fill that in.Dan:00:51:09So in order to make money exploring for oil, you had to have organic matter. Originally it had to be, it had to be buried and cooked. Okay. So you needed temperature and pressure. You need time takes time to do that, then it needs to migrate. Okay. With the exception of unconventionals, we're not gonna talk about unconventional today with the exception of unconventionals, the hydrocarbons have to migrate, so they're concentrated so that you can go drill them and recover them. And they need to be in a reservoir.Dan:00:51:41And it has to be sealed. And so when we find a seep and all of that goes into what we talk about in oil exploration as the risk equation, like what's the probability of success? If you don't know whether you have a migration, you have maximum uncertainty and that flows through into your, into your risk. Well, if we find a seep, remember we've proven that there was organic matter. We've proven that it was buried and cooked for the right amount of time to create oil and gas and that it's migrated. We can't tell you anything about reservoir or seal or timing, but we can, we can materially impact the risk equation by finding a seep. Okay. So right before you drill a well, wouldn't you like to know whether or not there's oil or gas in the neighborhood? Cause a well can be a can be $100 million risk.Dan:00:52:34Okay. Usually you wouldn't, wouldn't you like to know? So remember when we started looking at seeps, 1977 for the hot vents 85 for the cold vents, we used human beings in a submersible. Later we shifted to using robotic submersibles where a human being sit on a ship in a control room, operate the ROV with joysticks, and you watch the videos come through. Well, those are great, but they're really expensive and you can't look at much sea floor on any given day because you're limited to how fast you can move across the sea floor and how much you can look at. So if we surveyed 2000 square kilometers in a day, we want to be able to evaluate that in less than 20 years. We want to be able to evaluate that in, you know, in a similar length of time, a day or two. So what we've done is we've shifted toward using what we, what's called a piston core, which, which is a six meter long, 20 foot long tube with about a thousand kilos on a 2,000 pounds.Dan:00:53:37And we lower it through the sea floor, operating it with a winch from a ship. And by putting a navigation beacon on that core, we can track it through the water column in real time. And if we have this high backscatter target on the sea floor, we can lower it to the water column. Once we're about fit and we're within 50 meters, 150 feet of the sea floor, we can see whether we're on target and then we let it go. When the pist- when the, it has a trigger weight on it, you can look this up, how to, how do piston cores work, that the core, lets go and it free falls that last little bit and it penetrates the sea floor. You haul it back to the surface. Now if it had gas hydrate in it, if it has oil in it, if it has gas in it, you can see it right away. when you pull the clear liner out of the core, and there it is, you know, whether or not you've got success, for most cores, there's no visual evidence of hydrocarbons that we sample that core tube, three different samples. One of them, we take a sample into what we call a gas can and seal that. And then we put a couple of hockey puck size chunks of sediment into Ziploc bags and everything goes into the freezer. And you ship that back, from the next port call. And about a month later you get a spreadsheet in your email, that says, oh, guess what you found methane, ethane, propane, butane, and Pentane. And look at this, you've got enough fluorescents that this is a guaranteed oil hit. So, again, you think about the time we map a couple thousand square kilometers a day.Dan:00:55:18We mapped for a month, we'll look the data for a month. We go out and core for a couple of weeks and a month later the Geochemistry starts flowing in. So real quick, multibeam as we've, as we've discussed as a way to get a detailed map of the sea floor, both the shape of it and the hardest roughness, acoustic properties. So any company laying a fiber optic cable across the world's oceans is acquiring multibeam data. Any, municipality that's worried about how deep their ports are and whether there's enough space for the ships to come in, is acquiring multibeam data. The corps of engineers who pays companies to dredge sand in the Mississippi River has to have a before and after multibeam a map, when MH370 went down and needed to be hunted for before they deployed the real high resolution tools. They needed a map of the sea floor and that was a part of the ocean that has never been mapped in detail before.Dan:00:56:23So most of the world's oceans have net have never been mapped in the detail that we're mapping them. We're using the tool to go hunt seeps. But there are all sorts of other uses of, of that multi beam technology. So, what are we looking for when we, when we, when we're looking for seeps, you know, what have, where have people found oil and gas leaking out of the sea floor? What does it look like? Or what are the targets? Well, if the gas burps out of the sea floor, it creates a pockmark. And those are targets, in many parts of the world, the Apennines of Italy, Azerbaijan, there are what we call mud volcanoes, where over pressured mud from deep down in the earth is kind of spewing out gently, slowly and continuously at the earth's surface. And lo and behold, it's bringing up oil and gas along with it. So mud volcanoes are known, oil and gas seeps onshore. Of course we're going to use them, offshore. Any place where we have a fault, you can create fracture permeability that might let oil and gas up. Faults can also seal, but a fault would be a good target, an anticline, a big fold that has a, can have seeps coming out of the crest of, it's similar to the seeps that were discovered early in late 18 hundreds. And in, in the USA, we can have areas where we have oil and gas leaking out of the sea floor, but it's not enough to change the shape of the sea floor. So we get high backscatter but no relief. Those, those are targets. So when we go out and we sample potential seep targets, we don't focus on only one type of target because that might only tell you one thing.Dan:00:58:04So we spread our, our targets around on different target types and we'll spread our targets around an area. Even if we, if we have more targets in one area than another area, we will spread our targets all the way around. Because the one thing that we've learned in decades of seep hunting is we're not as smart as we think we are. Nature always throws a curve ball. And you should, you should not think that you knew, know everything before you go into an area to analyze it because you might, you probably will find something that's, that startles you. And you know, as someone who's been looking at seeps since 1986, I continue to find things that we've never seen before. like our recent projects in the Gulf of Mexico, we found two target types that we've never seen before. The nearest analog on earth, on the surface is called a Pingo, which is when ice forms these really weird mountains up in the Arctic. And the one thing I can guarantee you that's not on the bottom of the world's ocean is an ice mound similar to what's forming the Arctic. But, but it had that shape. So we went and analyzed it and lo and behold, it told us something about the hydrocarbon system.Dan:00:59:12So those are all different types of target types so that the core comes back, we send it to the lab, we get first the very, what call the screening geochemistry, which is a light gases, methane through Pentane. We look at how fluorescent it is, cause that'll tell you whether or not you, you have a chance of of having a big oil hit. And we also look at what's called the chromatogram, which is a gas chromatography. And that tells us between about C15 and C36 C being the carbon length. So the, all your alkanes. And by looking at a Chromatogram, a trained professional will look that and say, oh, that's biodegraded oil. Or, oh, that's really fresh oil cause really fresh oil. All the, alkane peaks get smaller as they get bigger. So it has a very, very distinctive shape. Or they can look at it and they can tell you, you can, you can figure out the depositional environment. You can figure out whether the organic matter came from a lake, lacustrine, or maybe it's marine algal. We can say something about the age of it because flowering plants didn't evolve on earth till about the end of the age of dinosaurs. So at the end of the cretaceous, we got flowering plants. And so flowering plants create a molecule called oleanane. And so if there's no oleanane in the oil, that oil is older than cretaceous. So now we're telling something about a depositional environment.Dan:01:00:39We're saying something about the age, we can say the, the geochemist can say something about the maturity of the oil by looking at the geochemistry data. So all of this information, is now expanding what we know about what's in the subsurface and everything we know about seepage is that it is episodic in time. And it is distributed on earth's surface, not in kind of a random scattered, fashion. You get seepage above above a mud mud volcano, but for the surrounding hundred square kilometers around this mud volcano, we don't find any seep targets. Okay. So, our philosophy is that in order to find, in order to analyze the seats, we have to go find where we've got the highest probability of seepage and leakage. And that's where we target. So if you went out and just dropped a random grid over an area, you have a very, very low chance of hitting a concentrated site of seepage. And so, our hit rate, our success rate is, is high because we're using these biological and chemical indicators of seepage to help us guide where we sample. We have very precisely located sampling instruments this core with this acoustic beacon on it. And so we have, we have a very, very high success rates. And when we get hydrocarbons, we get enough hydrocarbons that we can do all of this advanced geochemistry on it.Duncan:01:02:13That's a good point Dan, even with- even without just doing a random grid of coring, piston coring has been done in the the US Gulf of Mexico for a long time now. And using seismic information, to target it. So like you say, looking for the faults and the anticlines and those type of features and very shallow anomalies on the seismic data. Even even guiding it with that information, typically a, a 5% hit rate might be expected. So you take two or 300 cores you know, you're going to get maybe 5%-10% hit rate, where you can actually look at the oils, and the geochemistry from the samples that you get. Using the multibeam, we were more like a 50 to 60% hit rate. And that's even with like Dan said, we're targeting some features where we know we're not going to find oil. so we could probably do even better than that if we, if we really focused in on finding oil. But obviously we're trying to assemble all the different types of seeps.Dan:01:03:11One of the things that we're asked and that we've heard from managers since we started working in the oil industry is what is this sea floor seep tell me about what's in my reservoir. And there's only, there have been very few, what we, what we call the holy grail studies published where a company has published the geochemistry at the reservoir level and the geochemistry on a seep that they can tie to that reservoir in the Gulf of Mexico. We collected dozens of seeps that can be tied to the same basin where there is known production. So in that Gulf of Mexico Dataset, a company that purchased that data and who had access to the reservoir oils could finally have a sufficient number of correlations that they could answer that question. What is the sea floor seep? Tell me about the reservoir. Because once you're comfortable in the Gulf of Mexico, that that seep is really telling you what's down in your reservoir.Dan:01:04:08Now you go into other parts of the world where you don't know what's in the reservoir before you drill and you find a good, a fresh seep with fresh oil right at the sea floor. Now you're confident that when you go down into the reservoir that you're going to find something, something similar. So let me talk a little bit about other things that you can do with these cores. And I'll start by kind of looking at these mud volcanoes. So this mud volcano, it had over pressured mud at depth. It came up to the surface of the earth and as it came up, it grabbed wall rock on its way up. So by analyzing a mud volcano, if we then go look at, say the microfossils, in all the class in a mud volcano, we can tell you about the age of the rocks that mud volcano came through without ever drilling a well.Dan:01:04:54So you can look at, at the, at the vitrinite reflectance, you can look at the maturity of the, of these wall rocks that are brought to you on the surface. You can look at heavy minerals. And when we go out and we do field geology, you know, you remember you're a geologist has a rock pick they and they go, the geologist goes up to the cliff and, and she or he chips a rock out and they take it back to lab and take a look at it. And that's how they tell something about what's in the outcrop. Well, it's hard to do field geology on the bottom of the ocean using a multibeam map and - acoustically guided core. We can now go and do field work on the, on the ocean floor and expand our knowledge of what's going on in a field area.Duncan:01:05:42So maybe it's worth talking a bit Dan about how we're jointly using these technologies or this group of technologies, at TGS, to put together projects. So the, I think generally the approach has been to look at, basin wide study areas. So we're not just carving off little blocks and doing, one of these, one of these projects over, over a particular block. We'll take on the whole Gulf of Mexico. So we, we broke it up into two. We looked at the Mexico side and the US side. But in total, I think it was nearly a million square kilometers that we covered and, about 1500 cores that I think we took, so we were putting these packages together in different basins all over the world, whether they're in mature basins like the Gulf of Mexico or frontier areas like places we're working in West Africa at the moment. But I think we're, we're looking to put more and more of these projects together. I think the technology applies to lots of different parts of the world. Both this side of the Atlantic and the eastern side of the Atlantic as well.Dan:01:06:44So since 2014, five years, we've mapped, we as in One and TGS have mapped, I believe over 1,250,000 square kilometers. We've acquired over 2000 cores. Oh. We also measure heat flow. We can use - is how the earth is shedding heat. And it's concentrated in some areas in, and you want to know heat flow if you're looking for oil, cause you got to know how much your organic matter has been cooked. So we've, we've collected thousands of cores, at dramatic success rates and we've used them. We've used these projects in areas of known hydrocarbon production, like the shallow water Gulf of Mexico, but we've, we've extended out into areas of completely unknown hydrocarbon production, the deep water Gulf of Mexico, the east coast of Mexico over in the Caribbean. We're looking at northwest Africa, Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and the area, that's a jointly operated AGC. And we're looking at other frontier areas where we can apply this to this technology in concert with traditional tools, multichannel, seismic, gravity and magnetics to help, our clients get a better feel for the hydrocarbon prospectivity. You've got to have the seismic cause you've got to see what the subsurface looks like. But the, the multibeam which leads to seep targets, which leads ultimately to the geochemistry is what then affects the risk going forward into a basin.Duncan:01:08:20That's a good point, Dan. We don't see this as a technology that replaces seismic or gravity or magnetics or anything else, but it's another piece in the puzzle. And it's a very complimentary piece as well.Dan:01:08:31It is. And any areas you could argue that probably the best places to go look are where, your colleagues and other companies have said, oh, there's no oil there. Well, how do you know? Well, we don't think there's oil because we don't think there was a organic matter or we don't think that it was cooked enough. Well, you don't know until you go there and you find, so if you found one seep in that field area that had live oil and gas in it, you would know that that premise was incorrect. And now you have a competitive edge, you have knowledge that others don't and that can, that can affect your exploration, strategy in your portfolio. we haven't talked about cost. Multi beam is arguably one of the least expensive tools per square kilometer in the geophysical toolkit. Just because we don't need chase boats. We're not towing the streamer, we're going 10 knots. We're covering a couple of thousand square kilometers a day. So it's, it's, it's a tool that's useful in frontier exploration. It is complimentary to seismic, and it's a tool that, that you can use to guide where you want to spend money and how much money if you, if we survey a huge area and let's say half of it has no evidence of oil and gas and half of it has excellent hydrocarbon seeps, both oil and gas. I would argue that as a company you might want to spend less money on the first and more money on the second. You migh

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Christians are to be different than the world in dealing with people who are hard to live with. We are not into revenge but rather into forgiveness and overlooking wrongs. Matthew 5:38 – 48 will be the main text. 38“You have heard that the law of Moses says, ‘If an eye is injured, injure the eye of the person who did it. If a tooth gets knocked out, knock out the tooth of the person who did it.’ 39But I say, don’t resist an evil person! If you are slapped on the right cheek, turn the other, too. 40If you are ordered to court and your shirt is taken from you, give your coat, too. 41If a soldier demands that you carry his gear for a mile, carry it two miles. 42Give to those who ask, and don’t turn away from those who want to borrow.Support the show (https://centralnow.com/give/)