Podcasts about telegrams

Last time we spoke about the beginning of the first battle of Changsha. From Chongqing, Chiang debated defensive strategies for Hunan, ultimately adopting Plan B after Xue Yue's pleas, focusing on successive resistance north of Changsha to thwart Japanese advances. Japanese forces, under Okamura Yasuji, launched assaults in Jiangxi and Hunan. In Jiangxi, the 106th and 101st Divisions attacked Huibu and Gao'an, where Chinese troops under Luo Zhuoying and Song Kentang fiercely resisted. Gao'an fell briefly but was recaptured by the 32nd Army and the elite 74th Army, with heavy casualties on both sides, as recounted by soldier Liu Qihuai. In Hunan, Japanese units crossed the Xin Qiang River and landed at Yingtian, facing brutal opposition. At Bijia Mountain, Qin Yizhi's 195th Division held for four days; Battalion Commander Shi Enhua's reinforced unit perished entirely, their fragmented remains mourned by locals. Along the Miluo River, Chen Pei's 37th Army fortified positions, repelling waves of Japanese attacks, including suicide squads disguised as civilians. Recruit Yang Peyao's unit endured bombardments, inflicting significant enemy losses before withdrawing at dusk.   #197 The First Battle of Changsha Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. Major Luo Wenlang, battalion commander of the 3rd Battalion, 55th Regiment, 19th Division of the 28th Army, harbored a peculiar quirk: he couldn't sleep soundly without unwrapping his leg bindings, a small ritual that anchored him in the chaos of war. Since the war's eruption, such luxuries were rare, and unwrapping his bindings every night became an impossibility, leaving him to endure restless slumbers. Tonight, however, sleep eluded him entirely; he tossed and turned on his makeshift bed, his mind a whirlwind of unrest. Two days after the northern Hunan battle ignited like a powder keg, the 55th Regiment received urgent orders from Division Commander Tang Boyin to race to Wukou in Pingjiang County. Their path wound through Luo Wenlang's hometown of Fulinpu, a twist of fate that stirred conflicting emotions. Entering the village under the cover of night, the entire battalion encamped in the commander's modest family village, with battalion headquarters naturally established in his ancestral home.   Luo yearned to step across that familiar threshold but dreaded it, for his parents remained oblivious to a devastating truth. They slaughtered chickens and prepared meat, hosting the battalion staff with drinks and hospitality, after all, this was their son's unit gracing their home. Luo orchestrated door planks and straw for bedding, posted sentries, and deftly evaded his parents until they retired. Before dawn broke, he mustered the troops, ensured they were fed, and led them onward, slipping away like a shadow. By noon on the 22nd, they reached Wukou, only to receive fresh directives: rush to Yingtian to bolster the 95th Division against the enemy's audacious landings. The 3rd Battalion spearheaded the division's reinforcements, marching relentlessly through day and night, arriving at Dongtang, over 30 kilometers southeast of Yingtian—on the 23rd, hearts sinking upon learning Yingtian had already fallen into enemy clutches.   Luo Wenlang sought out the retreating 95th Division Commander Luo Qi to beg for a mission, his resolve unyielding. Luo Qi, anticipating his arrival, relayed Commander Guan Linzheng's ironclad instructions: The 19th Division's reinforcements would assume Dongtang's defenses. With the main force still en route, Luo Qi tasked Luo's battalion with relieving a segment held by a replacement regiment. He handed over a map, sketching a line with a pencil, a simple stroke that thrust Luo Wenlang and his men onto the front lines of fate. An operations staff was dispatched to guide them to the position and oversee the handover.   As the troops advanced, they encountered scattered soldiers fleeing like startled rabbits; seizing a platoon leader revealed they were indeed from the replacement regiment. Mere minutes from division HQ, the enemy was already closing in, a predator's breath hot on their necks. Luo Wenlang and Deputy Battalion Commander Wu Yacui split the battalion, launching a counterattack on Dongtang from dual routes. Fortune favored them; the Japanese held only an exhausted company, crumbling under a single, ferocious charge. They swiftly deployed two companies to the positions, reserving one as a bulwark. By dusk, the full 55th Regiment arrived, accompanied by the rest of the 19th Division's reinforcements, allowing the battered 95th Division, ravaged at Yingtian, to withdraw for desperate reorganization. The regimental commander positioned Luo's 3rd Battalion on the regiment's vulnerable left wing. In the blink of an eye, it was the 27th, aligning with the 15th of the eighth lunar month. Amid the relentless great battle, few noted the calendar, and the skies hung heavy with clouds. Luo Wenlang twisted on his straw bed, his thoughts a snarled knot of anxiety and memory.   At 11 p.m., gunfire shattered the night; a barrage of machine gun bullets riddled the battalion HQ house, raining thatch and dust upon Luo like fallout from a storm. Catastrophe had struck! Luo surged toward the positions with the bugler—his battalion signal chief—and the reserve force, ascending the hilltop in a frenzy. Halfway up, he spotted 8th Company's Lieutenant Platoon Leader Rong Fayu leading over 20 soldiers in retreat. Bellowing "Why unauthorized retreat?" while brandishing his pistol, he compelled Rong to rally and turn back. The Japanese had launched a nocturnal assault; 8th Company Commander Yi Zuitao lay slain by a fatal shot, over a dozen comrades felled in brutal close combat, the survivors scattered like leaves in the wind; the high ground now belonged to the enemy.   Upon learning of Dongtang's loss, the regimental commander personally led the regimental reserve, his face etched with urgency. Under flickering lantern light, poring over the map with Luo, Division Commander Tang Boyin telephoned, his voice a whipcrack of command: Recapture it before dawn, or both would face the merciless hand of military justice. After seizing the high ground, the enemy hesitated to press further; Luo surmised the darkness concealed paths, and their numbers were not overwhelming. Forgoing the regimental reserve, he led 7th Company's 4 squads and remnants of the routed 8th Company in a stealthy ascent. Near the position, a ravine concealed over 20 8th Company soldiers, rallied by Sergeant Squad Leader Tan Tianrong, who had lurked in wait for reinforcements, dreading exposure at dawn under the enemy's gaze.   Spotting the battalion commander personally spearheading the counterattack, Tan Tianrong's face lit with fierce joy; his men, armed with grenades, surged as the vanguard. Intimate with the terrain even in blindness, they hurled explosives into bunkers, trenches, and works. The commander orchestrated the charge; the Japanese force of 40-50 men crumbled, over half slain or maimed, the remnants fleeing northward to their village stronghold. It was past 4 a.m.; the moon pierced the clouds, bathing the earth in a silvery glow. With positions reclaimed, the night revealed its secret: tonight was Mid-Autumn. Moonlight unraveled the tangled threads of his past; Luo draped his clothes over his shoulders, sat beneath the luminous orb, and wept in solitary anguish.   Before the war, devastating news had arrived: his brother Luo Yinong had been killed in Jiangxi. Luo had three brothers; the eldest shouldered half the family's burdens, their bond unbreakable. The brother had enlisted first in the 50th Army, climbing to battalion commander through sheer valor. He and his younger brother had followed suit, inspired by that call to arms.   Wartime conscription demanded only one per family, but battling the devils was a duty for the nation and its people. His brother had risen to deputy regimental commander before his end. The 50th Army notified him first. Engulfed in battle, there had been no time to console his grieving parents or tend to the funeral; it weighed on his heart like an unyielding stone. His sister-in-law, diligent and unassuming, cared for a young boy and carried another child; the long, arduous days ahead loomed like an endless shadow. The night dew brought a biting chill, the moon an icy sentinel; Luo shivered uncontrollably, his tears mingling with the frost.   The sky hung heavy with overcast gloom, yet the moon lurked beyond the clouds, casting a faint, ethereal light that warded off utter darkness. Along the road, a unit's elongated black shadow snaked southward in hurried silence, a serpent of weary resolve pressing through the night. Qin Yizhi reined in his horse, pausing to gaze back: the queue stretched onward, silent and impeccably orderly, belying the exhaustion of a force scarred by days of ferocious combat, their spirits unbroken amid the shadows. After the Japanese seized the 195th Division's defiant outpost at Bijia Mountain, they surged across the Xin Qiang River in a merciless onslaught. The river, shallow enough to wade knee-deep, offered no true impediment; the real barrier was forged from the defenders' scorching blood, a crimson testament to their unyielding stand. The 195th Division clashed in a maelstrom of cruelty; positions were heaped with corpses time and again, the Xin Qiang's waters churning blood-red in relentless cycles of carnage. From the night of the 23rd to the dawn of the 25th, respite was a forgotten dream; Okamura Yasuji, in a gesture of grim respect, inscribed Qin's name in elegant calligraphy and hung it within his command tent, a haunting trophy of the foe's tenacity.   Following their triumphant landing at Yingtian, the Japanese entangled the Ninth War Zone's left-wing defenders in a protracted snare, their advances grinding slowly like a predator toying with prey, menacing the flanks of the frontal troops with insidious intent. On the evening of the 27th, Xue Yue issued the fateful order for the 15th Army Group to withdraw to the precarious ground between the Miluo River and Shangshan City, ushering this blood-soaked force into an all-night march toward the next defensive crucible. Late into the night, a brief halt was called. Soldiers slumped to the ground, adjusting leg wraps and gear with mechanical precision; logistics teams darted through the ranks, distributing rations like lifelines; cooks, having forged ahead, arrived with steaming pots of rice soup, infusing the air with a rare warmth. Though no clamor broke the hush, a quiet camaraderie enveloped the queue, a fleeting balm against the war's chill.   The division staff claimed a flat expanse beside a farmhouse yard for their respite. Qin settled onto a stone roller used for grinding grain, nibbling at his meager ration and sipping the hot soup that steamed in the cool air. Suddenly, moonlight pierced the clouds, cascading down in silvery streams; the familiar contours of the farmhouse stirred a flood of warmth in his heart, evoking memories of home.   Chongqing, Huangshan Villa. Every window was shrouded in double layers of thick curtains, sealing out any sliver of betraying light, as if the very walls conspired to guard secrets from the encroaching night. Tonight's ethereal protagonist rose languidly from the eastern valley, its orange-red moonlight casting an aura of drowsy reluctance, as though it had not fully shaken off the slumber of the day. The feeble glow dappled the building's roof, balcony, and the surrounding hillsides, intersections, and thickets, where armed shadows lurked, capturing every rustle in the oppressive silence. Only upon close inspection could one discern the faint specks of moonlight glinting off steel helmets. Yet, beyond those fortified walls, another realm pulsed with life, a vibrant contrast to the shadowed vigilance outside. The front hall, living room, and dining room blazed with brilliant light. Vibrant flowers, dominated by chrysanthemums in full, defiant bloom, infused the air with color and fragrance; a phonograph murmured a cheerful Guangdong melody, weaving an atmosphere thick with festive joy, a deliberate illusion amid the storm of war.   Chiang Kai-shek, clad in a flowing black silk gown, strode ahead with poised grace, escorting his guests into the dining room alongside the elegantly attired Soong May-ling, their conversation laced with laughter and warmth. At the table, Soong May-ling's smile was a beacon of diplomacy, as she artfully arranged the seating to suit hierarchies and alliances, while servers in crisp white uniforms moved with nimble precision. This was Chiang Kai-shek's intimate Mid-Autumn family banquet; beyond a handful of pivotal military and political figures, the gathering brimmed with relatives. Guests and kin alike noted Chiang's buoyant spirits tonight; his smiles were wide and genuine, his discourse light and expansive, delving into casual topics with uncharacteristic ease.   In September 1939, China's War of Resistance Against Japan had entered its grueling third year. After the initial cataclysm of turmoil and disarray, the government and military had clawed their way to stability, adapting to this unprecedented historical crucible, with operations finally aligning into a semblance of order. According to figures proclaimed by Minister of Military Affairs He Yingqin to Chinese and foreign reporters on the 13th of this month, Japanese invaders had seized 521 counties across 12 provinces, a vast swath of conquest. Yet, the Japanese imperialists had exacted this toll at a staggering cost. Just prior, on August 30, the Hirannuma Cabinet, installed a mere eight months earlier, had collapsed in mass resignation. Hirannuma Kiichiro's predecessor, Konoe Fumimaro, had similarly bowed out amid governmental failures, chiefly the unmet ambitions in the Sino-Japanese War that he had boldly promised to parliament, exacerbating domestic political and economic woes. Days ago, when Wang Pengsheng briefed Chiang on Japan's turbulent politics, he quipped: "Konoe said three months to destroy China; three months didn't work, nor three years, who knows about 30 or 300. Hirannuma had no solutions, down in eight months. Does Abe have good ideas? How long can he be prime minister?" Indeed, Abe Nobuyuki, Hirannuma's successor, would endure a mere four and a half months before resigning in ignominy. Tonight's feast showcased Chiang's favored cuisines: delicate Jiangsu-Zhejiang dishes mingled with robust Sichuan flavors. Chiang abstained from alcohol, raising his cup in mere symbolic toasts to his guests. During the meal, as if by unspoken accord, no one broached the raging domestic battles or the volatile international landscape; conversations meandered through trivialities, skirting anything heavy or discordant, a fragile bubble of normalcy.   On September 3, Britain and France had declared war on Germany, shattering the global order in a seismic shift. Foreign newspapers already bandied the term "Second World War," a phrase that evoked freshness, exhilaration, and sheer terror in equal measure. China's diplomacy surged with newfound vigor. In April, Ambassador to the US Wang Zhengting had negotiated a $20 million loan with American banks on China's behalf. In May, Stalin responded to Chiang's overtures, agreeing to exchange arms for Chinese tea, wool, raw hides, and more. A month later, the first consignment of light and heavy weapons—including artillery and heavy machine guns—arrived via clandestine routes through Xinjiang and Mongolia, bolstering the central army's frontlines. In August, Hu Shih, Wellington Koo, and Chien Tai represented the Nationalist Government at the 19th League of Nations Assembly, laying bare the Japanese imperialists' atrocities in China before the world and rallying global forces for peace to support China's defiant stand. Soon after, British and American civic groups ignited "China Week" campaigns, pressing their governments to aid the beleaguered nation. Waves of foreign volunteers streamed in from distant shores: doctors, journalists, ordnance engineers, even retired soldiers clamoring to join the fray on the frontlines.   "If we could pull America into this war..." Through Soong May-ling's subtle, persuasive influence, Chiang allowed himself to daydream of that prosperous, dynamic young powerhouse across the vast ocean. Thus, on this Mid-Autumn night, his talk turned to America, to his correspondence with President Roosevelt regarding the "tung oil loan." That saga had unfolded the previous October; T.V. Soong had jetted to America, securing a loan with China's tung oil, a commodity scarce in the US, as collateral. China had boldly requested $400 million; America countered with $25 million, a classic tale of "ask high, settle low." Yet, the funds were secured. One success paved the way for many. Soong May-ling had once confided to Chiang: "In mobilizing US aid for China's resistance, I'll make a difference." When Chiang responded with a smile, "Thank you, Madam," he could scarcely foresee how his beautiful wife's extraordinary prowess in fulfilling this solemn vow would astonish him, etching eternal glory for Chinese women worldwide and elevating Soong May-ling to the zenith of her life's achievements.   The most direct echo of the First Battle of Changsha's thunderous saga resides in the Ninth War Zone's meticulous report on the northern Hunan and southern Hubei operations, submitted to the Chongqing Military Committee and Chiang Kai-shek himself, a faded relic now entombed amid the vast ocean of Nationalist Government military and political archives in Nanjing's Second Historical Archives of China. This document, a painstaking compilation of combat dispatches from divisions, armies, and army groups, stands as a testament to valor and sacrifice. Tragically, time's relentless march and human folly have ravaged this priceless artifact, leaving only shards and whispers to conjure the heart-wrenching inferno of that bloody clash.   "October 24, Year 28. Urgent. To Chongqing. Chairman Chiang. Secret. Submitted by Commander Xue on orders." The rice paper has yellowed to a deep, somber hue, brittle and parched; a careless touch could reduce it to dust. Some pages lie fractured, their remnants affixed to white paper, forever unable to reclaim their original wholeness. Leafing through page by page unleashes a pungent miasma, a scorched, acrid, decayed blend that assaults the senses. Traces of fire and water mar the original rice paper sheets, with countless fragments glued haphazardly to white backings, their sequences lost to eternity.   "...The Xin Qiang River spanning from Lujiao to Leishi Mountain, defending a front of over 110 li..." "Enemy 13th and 33rd Divisions, parts of the Hata Detachment, naval units, and artillery, cavalry, engineers totaling..." "...Began attacking us first with artillery... fortifications completely destroyed, then infantry charged; relying on our officers and men all resolved to coexist with the homeland..." "...And launched balloons to direct artillery... our army braved the cannons... repelled them, corpses filling the river, turning the water red..." "Division casualties also reached over a thousand... failed to inflict greater strikes and annihilate... deep inner guilt, besides vigorously training troops awaiting orders to kill the enemy..." "...Attack casualties heavy, then concentrated large forces... artillery fire so dense like continuous firecrackers for hours... released poison gas, Wang Street garrison all heroically sacrificed, then breached... Zhao Gongwu kowtows, October 15"   Zhao Gongwu commanded the 2nd Division under Zhang Yaoming's 52nd Army. This unit first held the line along the Xin Qiang River, then fell back to northeast of Fengjiang Bridge to staunch the enemy tide once more; after October 6, it hammered southward-marching Japanese from the west in the Yanglin Street and Dajing Street regions. Through these crucibles, the division bled over half its strength. A fragment of an envelope clings to a sheet of white paper, its words faintly visible: "Changsha 126-3 Zhang Yaoming," "Hunan Jinjing Air Mail," "Combat Process by..." and the like. The stamp remains remarkably intact—a philatelic gem now. Measuring 1.5 cm square, it features Sun Yat-sen's portrait at its center, inscribed "Republic of China Post" below, with "5" in the upper right, "fen" to the left, and "5" in each lower corner. I sat at the long table in the spacious, brightly lit reading room, staring vacantly, my thoughts grinding to a halt. These remnants are all that endure for posterity, of that monumental battle, of the scorching blood and vanished lives of countless unnamed Chinese soldiers. With hands that once gripped a rifle, I gently caressed those pages from a bygone era; they were cold, devoid of any lingering breath.   As the full moon of the 15th of the eighth month dissolved into the golden-red blaze of sunrise, Qin Yizhi's 195th Division had already plunged into the rugged mountains and dense forests encircling Fulinpu. Per directives from 15th Army Group Commander Guan Linzheng, the 195th was to forge a new defensive bastion centered on Fulinpu, 40 to 70 kilometers from Changsha. Their mandate: stall the Japanese southward juggernaut, granting precious time for allied forces to muster and fortify around the city. Despite the grueling all-night march, morale soared undimmed. The advance chief of staff doled out positions to each regiment, and the troops dove into fortification labors with fervent zeal. The 195th Division's unyielding stand along the Xin Qiang River had already etched preliminary glory upon this unit in its baptism of fire. "Fame in one battle" echoed as a battle cry throughout the division, where collective honor intertwined with personal valor. Honor and triumph formed the bedrock for soldiers and armies alike. Yet, another fire fueled their resolve.   On September 23, amid the Japanese forcing the Xin Qiang River, Guan Linzheng's voice crackled over the phone to Qin Yizhi: "Facing you is the 6th Division." The 6th Division, a name that ignited fury in Chinese troops and civilians, forever linked to the demonic specter of Tani Hisao. Moments later, the whisper spread like wildfire through every trench: "The Japanese army that perpetrated the Nanjing Massacre is right in front." Agitation rippled through the ranks; some donned fresh uniforms and shoes from their packs, casting aside the worn; others flouted discipline to bid farewells to hometown comrades: "Today we fight to the death here; see you in the next life." "Tell my mother I died fighting the Nanjing Massacre enemies."   Some company commanders commanded their mess sergeants to expend all funds on hearty feasts. All Japanese were foes, but the 6th Division embodied a blood debt, an unforgivable vendetta; the Chinese nation does not lightly forget its tormentors. In the Xin Qiang River maelstrom, the 195th Division battled with heroic ferocity. Some soldiers, in their final breaths, murmured: "Die then; it's worth it." Others lamented slaying too few devils, gritting teeth, eyes refusing to close in eternal regret. Now under Inaba Shiro's command, the 6th Division splintered southward after breaching the Xin Qiang; roughly a thousand hounded the 195th to Fulinpu. On the morning of September 29, the Japanese blundered into the 195th's meticulously laid ambush. Qin Yizhi, pulse racing with excitement and tension, fumbled the binoculars from his guard's hand. His command sliced the air: "Begin." War history chronicles: "The 6th Division advanced south from the Miluo River along the Xinshi-Liqiao road and Xinshi-Fulinpu routes. The over a thousand reaching Fulinpu were ambushed by the Nationalist 195th Division, suffering heavy losses." As Japanese artillery and aircraft unleashed hell upon the 195th's positions, Qin orchestrated a swift southward withdrawal to the environs of Shangshan City. Again, without pause, they erected fortifications and set deadly traps.   On the morning of September 30, the pursuers from Fulinpu closed in on Shangshan, their numbers swollen to over 1,500. Qin Yizhi clenched his jaw, his demeanor icy calm, allowing the Japanese to creep into the kill zone before barking: "Hit them hard!" Combat raged from dawn to dusk, obliterating over 700 foes. Qin ascended a hill, surveying through binoculars, then erupted: "Bad! The enemy is retreating." Upon receiving Qin's telegram, Guan Linzheng scrutinized the map, momentarily stunned, then replied: "Enemy shows no retreat signs yet; proceed per original plan. Your unit to block at Shangshan City line until October 2." Xianning, Okamura Yasuji's 11th Army HQ.   Combat maps bristled with markings, staff officers darting amid ringing phones and clattering telegrams. The colossal red arrow in northern Hunan had fractured into tributaries, surging over 100 km southward from the outset; one tendril pierced to Yong'an City, a mere 30 km from Changsha. Vast swaths of northern Hunan lay conquered, yet Okamura sensed the tide turning, it was time to retreat. The Chinese employed their time-honored gradual resistance, battling while retreating with cunning grace. Some units fell back directly, others amassed on flanks—what portent did that hold? In Okamura's shrewd mind loomed an equally shrewd Xue Yue; he envisioned his adversary methodically weaving a snare.   Post-Yingtian landing, the 15th Army Group's timely evasion had unraveled his "Xiang-Gan Operation Plan" like fragile thread. If encircling and annihilating the Chinese main force proved unattainable, what purpose in pressing onward? Telegrams from 3rd Division's Fujita Susumu, 6th's Inaba Shiro, and 13th's Tanaka Seiichi piled on his desk, pleading to assault Changsha—for headlines and Imperial accolades, perhaps, but blind to their exposed supply lines vulnerable to enemy thrusts? Ground logistics teetered on collapse; the air force resorted to airdrops for isolated regiments. Venturing further south would stretch lines to breaking; a severed artery spelled doom for the vanguard. When would these commanders mature into true stewards of the Imperial Army? Okamura fretted and pitied them in equal measure.   At 4 p.m. on September 30, Okamura decreed a halt to advances at Shangshan and Yong'an. He commenced orchestrating the retreat. Changsha, Yuelu Mountain, Ninth War Zone Command Forward HQ. October 1. Xue Yue stood before the map, Guan's latest telegram clutched in hand. Qin's second missive insisted on Japanese withdrawal, corroborated by 15th Army Group scouts from Yingtian: This morning (October 1), Japanese transports unloaded artillery stowed the previous night, hauling it back to Yueyang; intercepted wires revealed a regiment aborting its southward push, standing idle. Guan assessed the mosaic and commanded counteroffensives: intercept if feasible, pursue relentlessly, deny the Japanese escape; he relayed retreat indicators to Xue. Xue paced the chamber, head bowed in contemplation. Chief of Staff Wu Yizhi, Staff Director Zhao Zili, and their cadre tracked his every step with expectant eyes, awaiting the verdict. Xue's thoughts whirled through military stratagems and beyond.   Pre-war, Xue had segmented the war zone's forces into tripartite blocs: Northern Hunan under Guan Linzheng's 15th, Yang Sen's 27th, and Shang Zhen's 20th Army Groups as "A Cluster"; Northern Jiangxi Nanchang with Yunnan Army Lu Han's 1st Army Group and the 74th Army as "B Cluster"; the Wuning, Xiushui, Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi border guarded by Sichuan Army Wang Lingji's 30th Army Corps, Fan Songpu's Border Advance Army, and 8th Army; augmented by 3 armies' 7 divisions in general reserve. Before the storm broke, Xue pored over maps, tracing every mountain, river, road, and bridge, envisioning burial grounds for the invaders.   Now, beneath Changsha, 200,000 troops formed a tightening net. The "decisive battle in Changsha suburbs" blueprint had been wired to Chongqing. Chiang and the nation yearned for a resounding triumph as the resistance pivoted into a new epoch?! A masterful drama, honed over half a month's toil, neared its crescendo; yet that cunning fox appeared to sniff the trap's metallic tang, freezing in place. "Commander, phone from Minister Chen." "Brother Boling, good news." Chen Cheng's voice brimmed with levity, "Your formal appointment published. What? Ninth War Zone Commander! First to congratulate; document tomorrow." Shedding the "acting" prefix was inevitable; Chiang had intimated as much long ago. But for a man and general, true worth lay not in titles, but in forging indelible feats. Splendor was judged not by underlings, colleagues, or superiors, but by peers in the craft of war.   Unmoved by the promotion, Xue exhaled a profound sigh. Though the 15th's intelligence couldn't confirm a wholesale retreat, preparations for dual contingencies were imperative. Victories came hard; a splendid battle, harder still. He summoned Wu Yizhi and Zhao Zili to devise countermeasures for the enemy's potential flight. October 2, Sichuan Army Yang Sen's 27th Army Group, Yang Gancai's 134th Division special service company, under Company Commander Wan Mingyu, slogged through the profound mountains and forests on the northern Mufu Mountains' flanks. The 134th's covert mandate: infiltrate enemy rear via treacherous terrain, sabotage supply arteries in the Chongyang-Xianning sector, and deliver a dagger to the Japanese spine when opportunity struck, bolstering frontal defenses.   Past 3 p.m., a crystalline mountain stream materialized. Wan decreed a respite. Over 100 soldiers, drained from a half-day's ascent, collapsed like puppets with severed strings. Most propped their torsos with rifles in one hand, fanning hats to ward off the relentless forest mosquitoes with the other. Regaining breath, they devoured rations washed down with stream water. Some unfurled towels and ventured downstream, letting the cool flow rinse away layers of sweat. Then, a muted engine drone encroached from the heavens. Wan peered through the foliage: a low-flying plane vectored southward, its wings emblazoned with the Rising Sun.   A transport; Wan recognized the temporary Japanese airfield near Xianning. With lines overextended, airdrops sustained isolated units. Wan was prying open a can with his bayonet, the tip etching a cross on the lid before levering along the edge; paired with a rice ball, it promised a savory repast. His orderly proffered a cup of fresh stream water; 2nd Platoon Leader Hu Yaozong perched nearby on a rock, smirking, poised to pilfer from the opened tin. Wan warded off this Sichuan Pixian compatriot. The plane droned overhead then.   Both glanced skyward; the platoon quipped: "Open quick, damn, I'll repay two cans later." Commander: "Want cans? Sky has; shoot plane down, enough for two lifetimes, bloat your mother-in-law first." The can hailed from a prior supply raid. Platoon: "You want me to shoot the plane?" Commander: "Bastard! You shooting or not?" The platoon snatched the light machine gun from a tree fork, jamming the butt against his belly, one hand on the grip, aiming crudely: "Come down, you turtle son!" The other hand squeezed the trigger. Wan assumed jest, resuming his task. "Da-da-da..." Wan jolted; the half-opened can tumbled to his feet, spilling Japanese fish onto Chinese soil. Recoil floored the platoon; he hurled the gun like a branding iron, face ashen. Inspecting the trigger, he snarled: "Whose damn fault, why no safety?!" The gunner dashed over; tall and even-tempered: "Safety was on; how'd it fire without pulling?" Wan's initial panic: "Damn! Position exposed."   The company spearheaded the division's reinforced regiment to raze a recent Japanese depot, guarded by a mere company—but exposure doomed the regiment deep in hostile territory. The assault had been plotted for days; pre-departure, Yang Gancai had toasted them. Wan had sworn a blood oath: No return to Sichuan without success. Hu had jested then: "No Sichuan return means wanting Hunan girl as concubine." Banter was fine in peace, but in war's grip, this was no trifling errand. Wan unleashed a torrent of curses, rising to survey the environs. The main force lagged 15 km behind; advance or abort post-blunder? Enemy rear was a labyrinth; this isolated band teetered on a razor's edge. As if to compel a choice, the radio operator approached; Wan itched to lash out. In his fury and indecision, a miracle unfolded.   The transport's engines hacked like a consumptive invalid, then a witness spied the plane banking left, plummeting, its nose inexorably toward a colossal rock 3-4 km distant. It rebounded twice on the stone, nose and left wing crumpling; the fuselage, fragile as parchment, tumbled gently, skewing onto the slope amid splintered trees. Wan gaped, then bellowed: "Assemble!" The men snapped from reverie, charging downhill in a frenzied cascade. One hour later, 134th Deputy Commander and Reinforced Regiment Commander Liu decoded Wan's vanguard transmission via radio. Another hour passed before Liu received Yang Gancai's directive: Abort Mountain Leopard operation; return with documents expeditiously. One day hence, October 3, Okamura Yasuji's original retreat order from October 2 dawn, addressed to northern Hunan's 6th, 33rd Divisions, Nara and Uemura Detachments, plus its Chinese translation, landed on Xue Yue's desk.   Fifteen days later, at the Changsha Victory Celebration, unit accolades were proclaimed; for "shooting down enemy plane, obtaining vital enemy documents," meritorious honors went to 134th Commander Yang Gancai and Deputy Liu. Each received 1000 yuan and one 3rd Class Baoding Medal. Okamura's October 2 order original: Chinese forces retreated to Miluo and Xiushui Rivers banks assembling; to avoid disadvantage, this army should quickly withdraw to original positions, restore combat strength.   Withdrawal plan as follows: … Xue's October 3 order original:   "Northern Hunan frontal units with current posture immediately pursue facing enemy fiercely, must capture in Chongyang-Yueyang south area. ... Pursuit units may detach part to monitor and sweep enemy collection troops; main force execute overtaking pursuit... Already deep behind enemy advance units vigorously destroy enemy transport lines, cut escape routes."   From October 3, Chinese forces unleashed ferocious counteroffensives against the Japanese on three fronts: northern Hunan, southern Hubei, and the Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi border; the invaders receded like a vanishing tide, never to reclaim their ground. The 25th and 195th Divisions hounded the 6th Division and Nara Detachment from Fulinpu back to the Miluo River, then to the Xin Qiang River. On October 8, the Japanese fled across the Xin Qiang; the 195th's 566th Brigade surged in pursuit, launching a nocturnal raid on Xitang-Jianshan. Gains were modest, but the enemy, entrenched in their den, resisted with feral tenacity. Qin commanded the brigade's withdrawal southward; northern Hunan operations concluded.   In southern Hubei, the 79th Army chased remnants of the 33rd Division from Sanyan Bridge to Pingjiang, across Nanjiang Bridge, hounding them back to their Tongcheng lair. On the Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi border, 30th Army Group Commander Wang Lingji orchestrated a pincer against Japanese at Xiushui. The foes retreated to Sandu, mounting a stubborn defense. Chinese assaults faltered for three days; on the fourth night's blitz, victory crowned their efforts, expelling the invaders to their original Wuning stronghold. With both armies reclaiming pre-war lines, the First Battle of Changsha drew to its resounding close.   Over days, Xue Yue received a deluge of congratulatory telegrams and letters from the Nationalist Government, Military Committee, National Assembly, myriad civic groups, party officials, and social luminaries. As hoped, among them was Chiang Kai-shek's effusive missive, brimming with joy. For Xue Yue, this one sufficed. Chiang Kai-shek's telegram to Xue Yue:   "In this northern Hunan campaign, over half the enemy was annihilated. The triumphant news has invigorated the nation, all due to effective command and soldiers' valor; I commend without reservation. Thoroughly investigate and report meritorious personnel from this battle; also report the dead and wounded for awards and relief. With this initial victory foundation laid, our officers and men's responsibilities grow heavier; urge your subordinates to extra vigilance, redoubled effort, avoiding arrogance or complacency, to amass great achievements, my deepest hopes."   As if countering Chongqing's high-powered broadcasts, Japanese radios in Wuhan, Nanjing, Beiping, and Manchukuo blared at full volume: "In this Xiang-Gan operation, valiant Imperial forces penetrated over 100 km into northern Hunan, sweeping anti-peace elements, routing Chinese central main forces, inflicting over 40,000 enemy casualties, a pivotal triumph advancing the holy war. Having achieved objectives, Imperial troops have victoriously withdrawn..."   In the aftermath of the First Battle of Changsha, the Japanese high command spun a tale of calculated restraint, insisting their assault was merely a spoiling raid, a calculated jab never intended to seize and hold the city indefinitely. With brazen confidence, they downplayed their toll, claiming a mere 850 souls lost to death and 2,700 wounded in the fray, while boastfully asserting they had slain 44,000 Chinese defenders and taken 4,000 captive, painting a picture of overwhelming triumph amid the smoke and ruin. Yet, foreign military observers, peering through the fog of propaganda with detached scrutiny, painted a starkly different canvas. They gauged Chinese losses at a far more tempered 20,000 killed and wounded, a heavy but bearable scar on the nation's resolve, while estimating Japanese casualties soared to around 30,000, a grievous hemorrhage that belied the invaders' claims of minimal sacrifice. Military historian Michael Clodfelter, sifting through the annals of conflict, ventured an even grimmer tally: a staggering 50,000 Japanese casualties endured in the relentless clash, a testament to the ferocity of Chinese resistance and the high price of imperial ambition. In the battle's locale, neither side claimed clear victory, but globally for the resistance, it favored China. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The First Battle of Changsha unfolded in September 1939 during China's War of Resistance Against Japan. Japanese forces under Okamura Yasuji advanced into Hunan and Jiangxi, crossing rivers and capturing key positions like Yingtian amid fierce Chinese defenses led by Xue Yue. 

The telegram was one of the first ways people could send messages quickly over long distances. Before the telegraph, messages could take weeks to travel by horse or ship. With the invention of the telegraph in the 1800s, short messages could be sent using electrical signals through wires. These signals were turned into dots and dashes called Morse code. Telegrams were used for important news, emergencies, and celebrations. The invention of the telegram helped connect the world and led to faster communication systems we use today.

Foundations of Amateur Radio Recently I spent some quality time digging into the origins of a word in common use. In doing so, I contacted the Postal Museum in the United Kingdom and received a lovely reply that included a photo of a document in their archive. The document, a Post Office Circular from Friday, December 30, 1904, number 1641, introduces a new service offered by the Post Office. Let me read to you what it says, and I quote: "Telegrams to and from Ships by Wireless Telegraphy. "(To be noted at Telegraph Offices only.) "With the present Circular is enclosed a list showing the wireless telegraph stations in the United Kingdom worked on the Marconi Company's system, and the hours up to which telegrams can be received at those stations for transmission by wireless telegraphy to certain ships fitted with Marconi apparatus. By another notice in this Circular, Postmasters and others concerned are requested to enter the names of the stations in the Code Book with the necessary particulars. Ships will be issued for insertion in the Post Office Guide. "On and from the 1st January, 1905, Telegrams may be accepted from the public on the following conditions:- "Subject to the Inland Regulations with regard to counting, the charge, which must be prepaid in the usual way by means of stamps, will be at the rate of 6 1/2d. [six-and-a-half pence] a word, with a minimum of 6s. 6d. [six-and-a-half shillings] per telegram. "The name of the wireless station will in each case pass as one word in the address. "The word 'Radio,' which is not charged for, should be telegraphed in the Service Instructions." When I read that, it made the hair stand up on the back of my neck. The introduction of a Wireless Telegram service, under the service heading of "Radio", with a photo of the actual document that introduced it into the world. I also learned that there's a dozen pennies in a shilling and over the years before decimalisation in 1971, the composition of coins changed, which made converting this into today's money interesting. As an aside, the Royal Society has a wonderful article: "The science of money: Isaac Newton's mastering of the Mint" Back to radio, this is 1904 bleeding edge technology and it's priced accordingly. The starting price for a radio telegram on new years day 1905: six bob and six; or three florin and sixpence; or a crown, a bob and a tanner; is worth just over 34 Great British Pounds today, that's just on 45 US Dollars, or nearly 69 Australian Dollars. That's the minimum price. The price per word, sixpence and halfpenny [sixpence hayp-ny] is just over 2 Great British Pounds today, nearly 4 US Dollars or almost 6 Australian Dollars. Compare that to the price of SMS, which started at about 21 cents here in Australia, today it's about 3 cents per message of 160 characters. This seems like a lucrative business to be in, but I digress, again. From my current, and ongoing research, it appears that until this point, the early 1900's, the word "radio" was always accompanied by another word, for example in this context, "radio telegraphy", another combination of the day is "radio active", as well as "radio tellurium", which today we know as polonium. Moving on, the response I received from the Postal Museum included other gems, including a reference to the "1904 Wireless Telegraphy Act", from the 15th of August, 1904, where I found something fascinating, from Section 2 paragraph 1: "Where the applicant for a licence proves to the satisfaction of the Postmaster-General that the sole object of obtaining the license is to enable him to conduct experiments in wireless telegraphy, a license for that purpose shall be granted, subject to such special terms, conditions and restrictions as the Postmaster-General may think proper, but shall not be subject to any rent or royalty." I think that's the birth of amateur radio licensing in the United Kingdom, right there. As an aside, because I cannot help myself, the definition for the expression "wireless telegraphy", is pretty interesting too, reminding me of a quote, variations going back to at least 1866, incorrectly attributed to Einstein that goes something like this: You see, wire telegraph is a kind of very, very long cat. You pull his tail in New York and his head is meowing in Los Angeles. Do you understand this? And radio operates exactly the same way: you send signals here, and they receive them there. The only difference is that there is no cat. Seems that the drafters of the "1904 Wireless Telegraphy Act" had the same thing in mind when they wrote: "The expression 'wireless telegraphy' means any system of communication by telegraph as defined in the Telegraph Acts, 1863 to 1904, without the aid of any wire connecting the points from and at which the messages or other communications are sent and received" Now, as I said, I'm still working on this, because the word "radio" as a concept had to have been conceived before the Post Office Circular was written, printed and published. It might transpire that this was the brainchild of a single individual, or it might be that this was a term whose time had arrived, or this might not be the first occurrence of the word "radio" as a concept. Today we think nothing of it when we use it to turn on the radio, listen to, or talk on the radio, radio for help, break radio silence, and plenty of other uses of this now ubiquitous word. Thanks again to the Postal Museum for finding and photographing the Post Office Circular for the 30th of December 1904, which at this stage appears to be the first occurrence of the word "radio" on its own, and for referring me to the 1904 Wireless Telegraphy act which appears to be the birth of "amateur radio" in the United Kingdom. You can find both documents on my project site at vk6flab.com. I should also mention the brave individuals who took the time to share with me how to refer to Old British Money, any mistakes are all mine. I'm Onno VK6FLAB

DING DONG! Crash headfirst into the world of singing telegrams: bizarre, moving, and absolutely unforgettable. You’ll meet Joy Brooker, whose TikTok serenades bring millions to tears and laughter; Jay Bragg, who blends hospice care and honky-tonk into acoustic telegrams; and Paul Mordoff, a children’s entertainer who joins us on a bench by a lake in a tutu-clad gorilla costume. At the end, Chion puts it all into practice with her boldest assignment yet: surprising Connecticut Public’s very own president and CEO, Mark Contreras, with a song (while wearing an inflatable axolotl costume). Suggested episodes: Meet Prince & Elvis tribute artists who are finding fame, fans, and their own voice Inside the Mascot: The Phillie Phanatic, a Yard Goat, and a mascot maker GUESTS: Joy Brooker: singing telegram performer from Missouri, known for her creative characters and wide social media following Jay Bragg: Nashville-based singer-songwriter, who offers acoustic singing telegrams with vintage charm Paul Mordoff: party entertainer and singing telegram performer based in Monroe, CT, who has been in this business since 1996 Mark Contreras: President & CEO of Connecticut PublicSupport the show: https://www.wnpr.org/donateSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Hello to you Michelle, listening in lovely Victoria by the sea, BC, CanadaLand!Coming to you from Whidbey Island, Washington this is Stories From Women Who Walk with 60 Seconds (and a bit more for a story) for Story Prompt Friday and your host, Diane Wyzga.I am a story doula. I believe that stories are alive! They can follow you home, sit at your table, sleep in your bed. I also believe that stories seek us out so that right story comes to us just when we need it.Letters also tell stories. But what if the letters got lost? What happens to the stories they contain? Is there a home for lost letters and their stories? Indeed there is! Japan's Missing Post Office.   Until the 1990s, Awashima Island in Japan's Seto Inland Sea had a flourishing port where sailors stopped to send and receive letters and telegrams. When the port closed the letters kept on coming to the now dead post office. In 2013 the artist Kubota Saya transformed the dead post office into Japan's Missing Post Office, a place where locals and visitors can come, read letters, and send letters to those departed souls who are beyond receiving the letter but not the thought.Japan's Missing Post Office receives 10 to 20 letters without addressees daily from those seeking closure, comfort, or simply a means to express emotions that have no other outlet. The stories in the letters are there to be read, cherished, and shared. There might be one waiting for you.Meanwhile, even if you are not able to visit the Missing Post Office yourself, you can send a letter to join the others. The address and links to articles about Japan's Missing Post Office are in the Episode Notes.Story Prompt: To whom would you like to express yourself in a letter and what would you say? Write that story and tell it out loud!  How to submit a letter to the Missing Post Office and Address:1317-2 AwashimaTakuma-choMitoyo, KagawaThe Missing Post Office: Letters Without Addressees  Japan's Missing Post Office: Where Lost Letters Find a Home        You're always welcome: "Come for the stories - Stay for the magic!" Speaking of magic, I hope you'll subscribe, share a 5-star rating and nice review on your social media or podcast channel of choice, bring your friends and rellies, and join us! You will have wonderful company as we continue to walk our lives together. Be sure to stop by my Quarter Moon Story Arts website, check out the Services, arrange a no-sales Discovery Call, and stay current with me as "Wyzga on Words" on Substack.ALL content and image © 2019 to Present Quarter Moon Story Arts. All rights reserved.  If you found this podcast episode helpful, please consider sharing and attributing it to Diane Wyzga of Stories From Women Who Walk podcast with a link back to the original source.Stories From Women Who Walk Production TeamPodcaster: Diane F Wyzga & Quarter Moon Story ArtsMusic: Mer's Waltz from Crossing the Waters by Steve Schuch & Night Heron Music

Come see us live in London June 22nd at the Big Fat Festival: https://bigbellycomedy.club/event/lions-led-by-donkeys-podcast-live-big-fat-festival-southbank/ Support the show on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lionsledbydonkeys Part 2/4 Sources: Ronald Grigor Suny. They Can Live in the Desert and Nowhere Else. Peter Bakalian. Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response Taner Akçam. Killing Orders: Talat Pasha's Telegrams and the Armenian Genocide Taner Akçam. The Spirit of the Laws: The Plunder of Wealth in the Armenian Genocide Taner Akçam. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility Taner Akçam. The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire Vakahn Dadrian. German Responsibility in the Armenian Genocide: A Review of the Historical Evidence of German Complicity. Khatchig Mouradian. Genocide and Humanitarian Resistance in Ottoman Syria, 1915-1916 Simon Payaslian. The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present.

Support the show on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lionsledbydonkeys Live show tickets: https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/lions-led-by-donkeys-podcast-live-in-london-11th-april-2025-tickets-1266997737339?aff=oddtdtcreator Live stream tickets: https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/livestream-lions-led-by-donkeys-podcast-live-in-london-11th-april-2025-tickets-1266999251869?aff=oddtdtcreator This is the story of the Metz Yegern, The Great Evil Crime, or, what it would later become known as, the Armenian Genocide. Sources: Ronald Grigor Suny. They Can Live in the Desert and Nowhere Else. Peter Bakalian. Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response Taner Akçam. Killing Orders: Talat Pasha's Telegrams and the Armenian Genocide Taner Akçam. The Spirit of the Laws: The Plunder of Wealth in the Armenian Genocide Taner Akçam. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility Taner Akçam. The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire Vakahn Dadrian. German Responsibility in the Armenian Genocide: A Review of the Historical Evidence of German Complicity. Khatchig Mouradian. Genocide and Humanitarian Resistance in Ottoman Syria, 1915-1916 Simon Payaslian. The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present.

Laura is travelling to Germany this week to look at a 1906 murder case involving love, betrayal, family tensions… and a couple of very mysterious telegrams!Murder They Wrote with Laura Whitmore and Iain Stirling is available weekly on BBC Sounds. Subscribe now so you never miss an episode. Email us at lauraandiain@bbc.co.uk.Details of help and support with suicide and feelings of despair are available at bbc.co.uk/actionline.

Han poserer helst i bar overkrop foran sandbanker i ørkenen. Telegrams mystiske ejer, der promoverer sig som en actionman, en frihedselsker og ikke bare liberal, men ultraliberal. I sådan en grad at han nu er blevet anholdt i Frankrig, fordi han nægter at samarbejde med myndigheder eller moderere noget af alt det forfærdelige indhold, der ligger frit tilgængeligt på hans platform. Men han hyldes også som en helt, fordi selvsamme modstand mod autoriteter og regeringer, gør, at Telegrams millioner af brugere kan skrive sikkert til hinanden og arrangere protester, uden at drabelige regimer kan bryde ind. Journalist på Zetland Frederik Kulager fortæller, hvorfor Pavel Durov både er en helt og en skurk. Vært: Anna Ingrisch. Program publiceret i DR Lyd d. 1/9.

Den 24:e augusti 2024 landar Pavel Durov, grundare och vd för den sociala medieplattformen Telegram, i Paris. Klockan är strax före åtta på kvällen och Durov har middagsplaner. Men istället grips han av polis - misstänkt för att låta kriminella planera och begå brott på hans plattform. Hör SvD:s techanalytiker Björn Jeffrey berätta om företagaren och visionären Pavel Durov och varför han vägrat ingripa mot kriminella på Telegram. Programledare: Yael Seligsohn Producent: Lucas Brischetto Redaktör: Elin Roumeliotou Vi vill ha feedback och önskemål! Kontakta oss på: dagensstory@svd.se

Linnea Wikblad lagar den virala gurksalladen och David Druid inser att han älskar MSG. Dokumentären Jag vill bli en short king diskuteras. Är det okej att ha en längdpreferens i sin dejtingprofil? Sven-Göran Svennis Eriksson har gått bort och vi pratar med Torbjörn Nilsson om hans liv och arv. Oasis ska återförenas, kommer det gå bra? Amanda Schulman pratar om sin nya bok Pink Velvet, tjejnyår och curling. Babs har inget att göra i USA. Telegrams grundare Pavel Durov gripen i Frankrike. Lyssna på alla avsnitt i Sveriges Radio Play. Programledare: David Druid och Linnea Wikblad

Videoversion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1tpScBIdIII direktsändningen av Dagens Svegot den 27 augusti granskar vi de senaste händelserna i Tyskland, där en syrisk asylsökare ligger bakom ett uppmärksammat terrordåd. Vi analyserar den politiska reaktionen och diskuterar de kommande valen i östra Tyskland. Vad kan resultatet innebära för landets framtid?Vi tar också upp gripandet av Telegrams grundare Pavel Durov i Frankrike. Detta är ett oroväckande men förväntat steg i attackerna mot yttrandefriheten i väst. Vi diskuterar varningarna från den ryska oppositionen och vad vi kan lära av dem.Slutligen lyfter vi blicken mot Sverige, där Hanif Bali har väckt debatt genom att diskutera IQ-frågan. Vi går längre än Bali och undersöker den känsliga men viktiga kopplingen mellan IQ, invandring och samhällsutveckling. Vi presenterar forskning och statistik som andra medier undviker, och diskuterar hur denna kunskap kan användas för att skapa ett bättre samhälle för alla.Missa inte denna djupgående och oräddda sändning av Dagens Svegot!Bli en del av vår gemenskap på https://www.friasvenskar.seBli stödprenumerant - testa en vecka gratis på https://www.friasvenskar.se/checkout/svegotStöd vårt arbete med en gåva på https://www.detfriasverige.se/doneraBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/dagens-svegot--4339034/support.

For knap tre uger siden dræbte Israel Hizbollah-lederen Fuad Shukr i Libanons hovedstad Beirut - og siden har den libanesiske militære organisation svoret, at de ville hævne angrebet i et storstilet angreb. Hvilken betydning har "første fase" af Hizbollahs hævnangreb på Israel haft? Mange personer med demens får anti-psykotisk medicin. Men det kommer med en pris: Det giver blandt andet øget risiko for blodpropper og død. Derfor besluttede et bredt flertal i folketinget for 8 år siden, at brugen af anti-psykotisk medicin skulle halveres, men det er ikke sket. Hvorfor er det bekymrende? Telegrams stifter er anholdt i Frankrig. Hvem er den mystiske russer bag beskedtjenesten Telegram, der nu er blevet anholdt? Dagens værter: Søren Carlsen og Pernille Rudbæk.

For almost every year of published Iggros, we have a printed telegram from the Rebbe encouraging a 19 Kislev Farbrengen. Each year's telegram is slightly different, and sheds unique light on the importance of the day and how the Farbrengen should be arranged. Part 3: 1980-1992 --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/yechiel-krisch1/support

For almost every year of published Iggros, we have a printed telegram from the Rebbe encouraging a 19 Kislev Farbrengen. Each year's telegram is slightly different, and sheds unique light on the importance of the day and how the Farbrengen should be arranged. Part 2: 1960-1980 --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/yechiel-krisch1/support

For almost every year of published Iggros, we have a printed telegram from the Rebbe encouraging a 19 Kislev Farbrengen. Each year's telegram is slightly different, and sheds unique light on the importance of the day and how the Farbrengen should be arranged. Part 1: 1951-1960 --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/yechiel-krisch1/support

Last time we spoke about the road to the Boxer Rebellion. Christians and foreigners were encroaching into China. Boxers and other anti-foreign groups were emerging in places like Shandong and Zhili. Conflicts were growing rapidly as the two forces converged, leaving the Qing government in a terrible situation trying to please both. It seems for a time, they were keeping the hawks of war at bay, but the more incidents flared up the tougher each side became. Then came an evolution to the mayhem, the Yihetuan emerged to the stage, a large scale movement of Boxers seeking to revive the qing and destroy the foreigners. The Qing tried to crack down upon the movement, but it seems all was for nought as they only grew in popularity. Beijing has called upon forces from the northwest to bolster defenses, but can they stop the inevitable clash?    #61 The Boxer Rebellion part 1: The Boxer's March on Beijing   Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. After the battle of Senluo Temple Governor of Shandong province, Yuxiang ordered the boxers caught, but not to be killed. The missionaries and foreigners remarked “it was insane orders not to have the soldiers kill any one”. But Yuxiang sought to not drive a wedge between the state and the people. Zhu Hongdeng fled south joining other boxer leaders to discuss what to do next. Major boxer activity halted, as they watched to see what the Qing government would do. THe magistrate of Pingyuan was removed, there did not seem to be any real hunt after them. After awhile Zhu Hongdenf and the other boxers began raiding christians in Yucheng, Changqing, Chiping and Boping. They burnt homes, stole property, performed violence and even killed a few people. Outside Boping, Christians fought back leading to skirmishes and fatalities. Yuxiang's lenient policies were failing, the Christian community felt the Qing government could not protect them. Yuxiang began targeting the boxer leaders, as he had done with the Big Sword Society prior. Tactically it went brilliantly, he managed to arrest and execute the main leaders, but these Boxers were nothing like the Big Swords. Following the elimination of the boxer leaders, boxer movements sprang up in new places all over the region, villages were being attacked all over. Whenever one Boxer leader was arrested or killed, another would generate at a moment's notice, it was like a Boxer Hydra.  Now the Boxers had been targeting small villages with Christian communities, but then on November 15th they attacked the fortified Catholic village of Zhangzhuang. The boxers successfully raided the village and it seems this emboldened them greatly as their next targets became mission stations holding foreigners. As the missionaries and foreign communities felt threatened, they began complaining to remove officials like Yuxiang. On December 5th, the complaints worked, the Qing government replaced Yuxiang with Yuan Shikai. Although Yuan Shikai was convinced Yuxiangs lenient policies led to the Boxer problem and sought to use military force to quell it, prominent Qing officials advised him to not brutalize the Boxers, as they rightly feared it would spark a large-scale rebellion against their government. Thus Yuan Shikai used his forces defensively to try and protect foreigners and Christians, little actually changed. On December 31st of 1899 the British missionary S.M Brooks was murdered in Feicheng by bandits. The Boxers continued to spread and rumors of what they did were heard everywhere. Mission stations were being attacked everywhere in a wild frenzy of panic field by rumors. The Boxers would claim missionaries were poisoning wells. Boxers would target all things foreign such as railways which they said “had iron centipedes or fire carts which desecrated the land and disturbed the graves of their ancestors” Empress Dowager Cixi would love that one. Likewise telegraph lines were feared. Some thought the rusty water dripping from their wires looked like blood of air spirits. Foreign own mines were seen as disturbing the spirits of China's earth. Boxer Manifestos began to state “When we have slaughtered them all, we shall tear up the railways, cut down the telegraphs, and then finish off by burning their steamboats.” When rumors emerged of the new Yihetuan slogan “Revive the Qing, remove the foreign”, those in the Qing court like Prince Duan and Empress Dowager Cixi listened with keen interest. For once it seemed the peasants were on their side! The Empress Dowager was also extremely superstitious and seemed to be transfixed on the tales of Boxers practicing ritual exercises to induce gods to possess them. She was also intrigued by tales of the female Boxer group known as “Hong Deng Zhao / the red lanterns”. Yes, female Boxers of this order practiced rituals and healing techniques to aid the male Boxers. They trained in martial arts and were said to carry red lanterns used to burn down missionary buildings. Rumors had it they had magical powers to fly, honestly the tales run the gambit. Now something that interested Cixi and some conservative Qing the most was the prospect a group of warriors were out there that did not require payment to fight. On the last day of 1899 in Shandong province the Boxers killed an english reverend named Sidney Brooks. Brooks had been helping his sister defender a mission “about twelve miles from Ping Yin he was attacked by a band of about thirty armed ruffians who after struggling with him and wounding him on his head and arms with their swords bound him and led him away towards Ping Yin. It was an intensely cold day and snow was falling. In spite of this they took from him all his outer garments and led him about for some hours. He endeavored to ransom himself with promises of large sums of silver but they were unwilling. . . . It is said that by some means he managed to escape and fled in the direction of Ping Yin. He was quickly pursued by three horsemen who cut him down when only a mile from our little church at Ta Kuang Chuang and there by the roadside the last act in this terrible crime was committed. His head was taken from his body and both were thrown into a gully.” News of Brooks murder reached Beijing on January the 2nd of 1900. American Minister Edwin Conger, a bearded civil war veteran met with Herbert Squiers, the American first secretary. They talked about Brooks murder and two other incidents that had recently occurred. The first was the imperial decree ordering Qing officials in the coastal and Yantze provinces to be on their guard against foreign aggressors. The second was a complaint given in November of 1899 about how foreigners were carving up China and urged the Chinese to defend their land. Conger was unsure how to react to such rhetoric. The US favored an open China policy, but certainly not a xenophobic and aggressive one. Conger decided to alert Washington, but did not go as far as to state the foreign community was outright in danger.  Over in the British legation, Sir Claude MacDonald was also reeling over the recent news. MacDonald had been appointed minister to Beijing in 185 and was a soldier who had fought in Egypt. MacDonald had been complaining for awhile to the Qing government about the conflicts brewing in Shandong, Brooks murder seemed to be the latest and worst of them. He often dealt with the head of the Zongli Yamen, Prince Qing, who was a moderate amongst the Qing court, unlike Prince Duan who was adamantly conservative and quite anti-foreign. The Zongli Yamen immediately promised Brooks murderers would be brought to justice. To the foreign community everything looked like the Qing government favored their protection, but it became gradually apparent to them the Qing were not fully suppressing the Boxers.  On January 27th the Americans, French, Italian and German legations sent a mutual protest demanding the suppression of the Boxers, but they received no reply for over a month. The Qing court was far too busy dealing with the imperial succession since Emperor Guangxu's health was declining, Cixi nominated Pujun, a son of Guangxu's cousin, no other than Prince Duan as the presumptive. Pujun was much alike to his father, extremely anti-foreign. The following weeks saw the foreign ministers scrambling with demands to the Zongli Yamen to increase measures against the Boxers. Telegrams were frantically sent back to home nations in March suggesting an international naval show of force was needed. America, Britain and Italy began sending a handful of warships to anchor outside the Taku forts, while Kaiser Wilhelm sent an entire squadron to Jiaozhou.  On April 16 of 1900, Empress Dowager Cixi persuaded MacDonald into believing the Boxer problem was coming to an end and this saw the British warships Brisk and Hermione withdraw from the Daku Fort area. The foreign community began breathing a bit easier, but the reality was the Qing Court was considering incorporating the Boxers into an official militia group. The Qing court was at war with another. Prince Duan, leading the conservatives had purged many progressives, he was married to Cixi's niece and now his son was the heir apparent. Alike to Prince Duan, Cixi was very anti-foreign, ever since her summer palace was burnt down during the second opium war. She like many of the conservatives blamed the foreigners for all problems facing China, never recognizing the corruption present within. But unlike Duan she was much more cautious, she lent an ear to those around her like Li Hongzhang, Yuan Shikai and Jung Lu, the commander of Beijings local forces. The progressives had prevailed until now, walking a tightrope against fully or partially denouncing the Boxers to please the foreigners.  The missionaries in the more interior parts of China provided the best source of intelligence to the legations. They were sounding the alarm, but there was little anyone could do but place their faith in the Qing government and wait to see what occurred. In early 1900, a British missionary named Frederick Brown was writing out of Tientsin that it was being overrun with Boxers, endangering the Christians there. The foreign diplomats were failing to appreciate such reports, many believed and quite rightly so, the missionaries were the aggressors, bringing conflict upon themselves. There was quite a belief going around that these reports were cases of “crying wolf” as they say. The foreign community in Beijing were failing to notice, thousands of Boxers were venturing out of places like Shandong and Zhili enroute to the capital. Zhili held nearly 100,000 Christians at this point and large foreign populations at Tientsin and Beijing. The 250 foreign missionaries in Beijing were becoming extremely anxious, though they were certainly better off than their colleagues our in the countryside.  By late april the Boxers began placing placards in Beijing. One was dated April 29th stating “Disturbances are to be dreaded from the foreign devils; everywhere they are starting missions, erecting telegraphs, and building railways; they do not believe in the sacred doctrine, and they speak evil of the gods. Their sins are numberless as the hairs of the head. . . . The will of heaven is that the telegraph wires be first cut, then the railways torn up, and then shall the foreign devils be decapitated. In that day shall the hour of their calamities come.” By May 1st, Herbert Hoover, yes that Herbert Hoover happened to be in China at the time, he found the situation too dangerous and recalled his geological expeditions from the interior. Hoover and his wife Lou, stayed put in Tientsin. By mid May, news of Boxer atrocities flooded Beijing. 60 Chinese catholics had been slaughtered in Kaolo a village 90 miles away from Beijing. The bodies had been tossed down a well, the entire village razed. Then just 40 miles outside Beijing a Chinese preacher working for the British was murdered. MacDonald telegraphed Britain and the Zongli Yamen demanding an apology, but was given the usual run around. On May 19th, Bishop Favier sent a letter to the French Minister Stephen Pichon, urging him to send for troops. ““I am well-informed and I do not speak idly. This religious persecution is only a façade; the ultimate aim is the extermination of all Europeans.... The Boxers' accomplices await them in Peking; they mean to attack the churches first, then the legations. For us, in our Cathedral, the date of the attack has actually been fixed.“pour protéger nos personnes et nos biens”—“to protect our persons and our possessions.” The next day the foreign minister met to discuss Bishop Faviers' warning. MacDonald was skeptical, Pichon conceded Favier was a bit of an alarmist, but could be telling the truth. In the end the ministers agreed not to send to Tientsin a demand for further guards, but instead would ask the Qing government to crack down on the Boxers, or else they would summon troops. Well the Qing did not do so, in fact on May 23rd, George Morrison and Australian journalist wrote in his diary “the Boxers had the cognizance and approval of the Government, as shown by them drilling in the grounds of Imperial barracks and royal princes”. Morrison was one of the most knowledge westerners in China at the time and one of the few who could see the very real looming threat the Boxers were. Meanwhile MacDonald and his wife were preparing a major social event, a party to honor Queen Victories 80th birthday. Most of the foreign community took part and there were some of the conversations that emerged were about the rise of the Boxers. Yet still many waved it all off as nonesense that would soon fade away. The next day the foriegn community saw their Chinese gardners, washermen, house workers all begin leaving their work and going into hiding. It had become unsafe for Chinese, whether they be Christians or not to work for foreigners. At the same time Christian refugees began flooding the Beijings churches and gathering centers. Many of them bore wounds such as burn marks from Boxer attacks. On May 28th a refugee hobbled over to Morrison's house reporting to him dire news. The Belgian construction staff building at Changsintien had been attacked by Boxers. The Boxers were destroying the railway line linking Beijing and Hankou. Not only that, they were cutting telegraph lines and the stations at Fengtai were razed to the ground. These were the first reports of concentrated mass action against the foreigners. Morrison was so disturbed by the report he went himself with two friends racing over to Fengtai on horseback and what he saw was “black smoke curling ominously into the sky. It was as if the whole countryside was afoot, streaming towards the station. The engine sheds were on fire . . . and the villagers from all around were shouting. We could do nothing, though we should have shot a Chinaman who threatened us with a sword and swore to cut our throats. It will always be a regret to me that I did not kill this man.” A bit hardcore to be honest.  Herbert Squiers 47 servants, most being Christian Chinese began raising alarm stating “these people are all Boxers, most of them flaunting the red sash, [and] are preparing for a general uprising when the time shall be ripe—an uprising that has for its watchword, ‘Death and destruction to the foreigner and all his works.'” Smoke and flames could be seen rising the locomotive shed that housed Empress Dowager's railway coach, something she naturally never used, mind you. Boxers blew up the foreign built steel bridge over the Peiho river. When trouble began in Fengtai, the Qing forces withdrew. Morrison went to work going out to the foreign villas to warn those there of the incoming Boxers. Herbert Squiers went to his villa accompanied by a Cossack guard lent to him by the Russian minister, de Giers. Russia had maintained a small armed guard in Beijing for quite some time now. The Chinese servants were saved by the party before the Boxers reached them. However the party now had to travel back to Beijing and could face two possible threats, Boxers or the Kansu. It was a 15 mile journey that took 5 hours, but they made it safely without incident. Meanwhile the Belgian engineers 16 miles from Beijing in Chansintien were stuck. Luckily for them the French dispatched a small force to rescue them before the Boxers struck. As the Belgians made their way to Beijing, they could see their residence up in flames in the distance. They also noticed Qing troops sent to aid them were joining the Boxers in looting their former residences. Another group of foreign engineers at Paotingfu were not as lucky as the rest and were attacked as they fled for Beijing. They were attacked at the same time as the railway line, thus they were unable to flee by train. The telegraph lines went soon after cutting their communication as well. Unable to communicate or know where Boxers may be coming from, they fled east to Tientsin using river boats. 30 Belgian, French and Italians with women in children departed Paotingu on May 31st. When they were boarding boats the Boxers attacked, and some of the families fled in the wrong direction and would be murdered. The majority huddled together and took dangerous routes through swamps to avoid further detection. Two men rushed to Tientsin as fast as they could reaching it on june 3rd to raise an alarm. The rest of the survivors showed up, most semi naked, dehydrated and wounded. Hearing news of these incidents, the foreign diplomats in Beijing were now beginning to freak out. On may 28th MacDonald formed a meeting with the ministers and argued they had no option left but to request the foreign fleets anchored outside the Taku forts send forces to the legations. There was a very real danger the rail link from Tientsin to Beijing would be severed, if they did not act quickly enough the foreign fleets would be unable to move troops by train. The French and Russians stated they already made their requests, so MacDonald hastily telegraphed Vice Admiral Sir Edward Seymour, yes the veteran of the second opium war who was now the commander of British naval forces in China. Seymour was currently patrolling the coast with his squadron when he received the telegraph. Meanwhile MacDonald lambasted the Zongli Yamen that they were damn fools or liars, before demanding they inform Prince Qing who was at the summer palace with Cixi “that the troops are coming tomorrow, and if [there is] any obstruction, they will come in ten times greater force.” On May 31st the Zongli Yamen gave official permission for the foreign troops to come to Beijing, but imposed a limit of 30 guards per legation, which all the foreign diplomats ignored. The first contingents departed Tientsin that same day for Beijing. The foreign diplomats knew having troops come over would bolster the Boxers to attack even more, but it seemed to all that the Qing court had no intention of helping. In fact they did not know it, but the Qing court were in a hell of a mess. On May 22nd, the Boxer attack upon Christians in Kaolo had also seen the death of the Manchu commander, Yang Futong. The Qing did not react to this and the Boxers were greatly emboldened, as they quickly went after the railways. An imperial edict was made on May 30th stating “the really guilty must be distinguished from those merely led by the excitement of the moment.” Sir Robert Hart, working as the inspector general of the Qing maritime customs had been closely observing the Qing response to the Boxers and would remark “The government seemed entirely unable to cope with the movement, even when they were willing; and the Government would, or could, do nothing but issue edicts, many of which were so dubiously worded that they might have been taken as equally favorable to the ‘Boxers,' or to Christians and foreigners.” The terrible position the Qing government were in was not lost on the foreigners as Sir Robert Hart told his colleagues  “the Court appears to be in a dilemma: if the Boxers are not suppressed, the legations threaten to take action—if the attempt to suppress them is made, this intensely patriotic organization will be converted into an anti-dynastic movement!” Thus the foreign ministers knew they could not depend on the Qing government. They also knew they had inflamed the situation by calling up troops, but what choice did they have? There were worries the foreign troops would not reach Beijing in time, the ministers began issued protective directives. Women were not to leave the legation compounds, the diplomats and military personnel were to make efforts to investigate the situation at all times. One of the first things they uncovered were placards being places around the legation Quarters giving “helpful tips on how to destroy the foreign buildings”. This prompted MacDonald to telegraph the foreign office in London “The situation is one of extreme gravity, people very excited, troops mutinous; without doubt it is now a question of life and property being in danger here.” Boxers began parading openly in the streets of Beijing. Foreigners if caught walking the streets could expect rocks thrown at them by not just Boxers, but angry locals. French diplomat, Baron D'Anthouard described the scenes as such “handbills, and advocating the massacre of foreigners and the destruction of all religious institutions. They no longer take the trouble to hide, and move about carrying their insignia: a red scarf tied around their heads with the inscription ‘Fu' [Happiness] on the front of it, a kind of red coat of arms on their chest, and red bands around their wrists and ankles. They also carry flags with the inscription, ‘We fight by order of the Emperor and for the salvation of the Dynasty.' Their handbills announce the forthcoming massacre of the ‘Western devils.'” The foreigners in the legations began to plan defenses against possible attacks. I really recommend at this point checking out maps of the legation quarters 1900, there are excellent maps, photo's and renderings. The British legation was quite strong, had high walls, held the Jade river to one side and the Imperial Carriage park on the other, it was by far the strongest position. MacDonald knew it was their greatest stronghold and he immediately offered sanctuary to any and all British residents seeking refuge. There was news, 6000 Kansu soldiers had been deployed to the railway terminus at Machiapu just outside the city walls. The foreigners wondered if they would join in attacks against them. Machiapu also happened to be the railway station the foreign troops would be arriving at, was it going to be a battle when they did? The foreign diplomats bit their nails waiting for the trains to arrive and at long last they did bearing 350 men from Britain, Russia, America, France, Japan and Italy. Another group of Germans and Austrians were coming in the next few days. There were curses and screams thrown at the foreign troops, but no violence as they entered the city gates. The foreign community came rushing out to see the various soldiers march into Beijing. Captain Francis Poole of the East Yorkshire regiment acting as a guard at the British Legation had this to say of the sight “the British fighters were naturally the smartest, that the Americans were “a serviceable-looking lot,” but that the French, Russians, and Italians were “very dirty.” All the guards were ill-equipped for what was going to go down. The admirals who sent them did not anticipate how long they would be stationed there. Most had rifles with a few hundred rounds per man, but there was no reserve ammunition, no heavy weapons, aside from 3 machine guns. The British carried the Nordenfelt .45 which was prone to jamming; the Austrains had a Maxim gun; the Americans carried light Colt 236's. For artillery there was a single one pounder the Italians had brought with 120 shells. The Russians intended to bring a 12 pounder but left it behind at Tientsin because of space issues, though they did bring shells for it. Despite the small size, the diplomats were extremely grateful to see their new guards. MacDonald expressed his relief stating “the Empress Dowager would see the error of her ways. The crisis I think is past as far as Peking is concerned.”   On June 3rd MacDonald sent word to Vice Admiral Seymour stating their situation had calmed down. The remaining German and Austrians arrived turning their guard force of 350 to 435. All seemed quiet at the legations, but outside Christian attacks were becoming more violent and systematic. News began to emerge that the Boxers were now targeting the railway line  and stations to Tientsin. The foreign ministers met to discuss things going forward and it was argued immediately, the Boxers would most likely cut the telegraph lines to Beijing next. This of course met they would be unable to cable their governments to request more aid if it came to that. On June 4th, MacDonald requested the Zongli Yamen to publicly denounce the recent murder of two missionaries, but was ignored. The next day another meeting was made with Prince Qing, leading MacDonald to conclude the Zongli Yamen were powerless to do anything. His conclusion was bolstered by recent imperial edicts that exonerated the Boxers and instead began placing blame on Christians for violence. The atmosphere in Beijing was one of foreboding again.  On June 9th a mob of Boxers burned down the grandstand the Beijing Race Course near the southern city gates. The news drew an excited young student interpreter to gallop over to take a look and he was confronted with a violent crowd. A Chinese civilian was shot during this process, the first to be killed by a foreigner. MacDonald was livid at the news and ordered no other foreigners to ride out of the city again. The ministers yet again met and debated if they should request further troops from the navy outside the Taku forts. MacDonald told everyone he already requested such from Vice Admiral Seymour as they expected the telegraph lines to be cut any day. Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi had also returned that day to the forbidden city from the summer palace. This would have brought relief to everyone if it was not also reported, General Dong Fuxiang and his entire Kansu army had escorted the royal party into the city.  MacDonald sent word again to Seymour that he should send all available troops at once. He received a confirmation of the order on June 10th, help was on the way, just before the telegraph line to Tientsin was cut. The only line left was one running north to the Russians. The Kansu troops began massing around the Machiapu railway station clearly looking for a fight with the incoming relief force. Hours passed with no trains. Meanwhile Prince Qing was replaced as president by Prince Duan. Then the chancellor of the Japanese legation, Mr. Sugiyama, neatly dressed in a tailcoat and bowler hat went to the Muchiapu station to check out the situation. As he got outside the city gate, Kansu troops grabbed him out of his cart and according to Morisson “disemboweled and cut him to pieces. It is said his heart was ripped out and sent as a gift to General Dong Fuxiang”. There was zero attempt to recover his body. The remaining telegraph line to Russia was cut. The normally bustling streets of the legation Quarter were emptied of servants and shopkeepers who vanished. The situation had escalated beyond control now. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The foreign community in Beijing managed to gain some extra guards for their legations, but what were a few hundred against tens of thousands? Mr. Sugiyama was murdered in cold blood and now the violence would hit the legations.

Today in 2013, the last traditional telegram message went out, decades after telephones and smartphones and text messages and so on. So why were there still telegrams here in the 21st Century? Plus: today in 1885, Sarah Goode became the first Black woman to receive a US patent for her cabinet bed. It's been 7 years since the last telegram was sent in India: Facts about the ancestor of telephone (India Today)  India Marks End of Era with Last Telegram (Voice of America) Sarah E. Goode (Biography.com) Backing our show on Patreon today is cheaper than telegrams were back in the day --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/coolweirdawesome/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/coolweirdawesome/support

This month, Dr. Jennifer Koshatka Seman joins us to talk about her book Borderlands Curanderos: The Worlds of Santa Teresa Urrea and Don Pedrito Jaramillo. We focus on the life of Teresa Urrea, a folk saint and spiritual healer in late 19th century Mexico that inspired indigenous and poor workers from the borderlands of Mexico to rise up against the Presidency of Porfirio Diaz.Jennifer Koshatka Seman, Borderlands Curanderos: The Worlds of Santa Teresa Urrea and Don Pedrito JaramilloCharles Wollenberg, Working on El Traque: The Pacific Electric Strike of 1903Brandon Bayne, From Saint to Seeker, Teresa Urrea's Search for a Place of Her OwnBarbara June Macklin and N. Ross Crumrine, Three North Mexican Folk Saint MovementsGilbert M. Joseph and Jurgen Buchenau, Mexico's Once and Future Revolution, Social Upheaval and the Challenge of  Rule since the Late Nineteenth Century, Chapter Two, Porfirian Modernization and its Costs.Telegrams, Multiculturalism: Are We Celebrating or Appropriating? (Guest Post by Dr. Jennifer Koshatka Seman)David Dorado Romo, Ringside Seat to a Revolution: An Underground Cultural History of El Paso and Juarez, 1893-1923,Nicole M. Guidotti-Hernández, Unspeakable Violence: Remapping U.S. and Mexican National ImaginariesPaul Vanderwood, The Power of God Against the Guns of Government: Religious Upheaval in Mexico at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century Support the show

You asked. We delivered. Get ready to hear four one of a kind, custom love songs dedicated to some very special listeners in honor of Valentine's Day! We love love, and are celebrating all things Valentines in the best way we know how - in song.

Pamela Anderson keeps a g-string in her purse to use as a scrunchie. So we asked Mixers, what's in your purse right now? Do people still get singing telegrams? Find out who on the Morning Mix has sent one. Jasmin is our Morning Mix Movie correspondent and today she reviewed Magic Mike. Find out what grade she gave it. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoicesSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Pamela Anderson keeps a g-string in her purse to use as a scrunchie. So we asked Mixers, what's in your purse right now? Do people still get singing telegrams? Find out who on the Morning Mix has sent one. Jasmin is our Morning Mix Movie correspondent and today she reviewed Magic Mike. Find out what grade she gave it.

AUDIOLIBRO COMPLETO MEMORIAS DE UN LOCO. ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por qué habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. Una producción de Historias para ser Leídas Narración: Olga Paraíso ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter @HLeidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 ¡FELIZ AÑO 2023! 🚀 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

On this episode, you'll catch P.A.Z.NIA Second Realm Assembly #2, the first one hosted live on Telegram. Topics include: potential legal strategies, a Second Realm breakthrough energy update, a discussion on how to make these pockets of freedom more resilient from coercers, and much more. SHOW GUIDE: HEALTH LIBERATION/SELF-LIBERATION SPECIAL… The post TVP #173: P.A.Z.NIA Second Realm Assembly #2 (Telegrams From P.A.Z.NIA with Rex, Bastard Chris, Bueller, & More) appeared first on The Vonu Podcast.

H.P. Lovecraft, 💜🖤 Contra el mundo, contra la vida. Un ensayo escrito por Michel Houellebecq . (Saint-Pierre, 26 de febrero de 1958), es un poeta, novelista y ensayista francés. Sus novelas Las partículas elementales y Plataforma se convirtieron en hitos de la nueva narrativa francesa de finales del siglo XX y comienzos del XXI . Ambas le otorgaron cierta consideración literaria pero también dieron lugar al llamado «fenómeno Houellebecq», que provocó numerosos y apasionados debates en la prensa internacional. Los escritores de literatura fantástica son, por regla general, reaccionarios, por la sencilla razón de que son especiales, podríamos decir profesionalmente conscientes de la existencia del Mal. Resulta bastante curioso que, de entre los discípulos de Lovecraft, ninguno haya sentido el impacto de este simple hecho: que la evolución del mundo moderno ha conseguido que las fobias lovecraftianas estén todavía más presentes, todavía más vivas . El universo, que intelectualmente él concibe como indiferente, se vuelve estéticamente hostil. Su propia existencia, que podría haber sido tan sólo una serie de triviales desengaños, se convierte en una operación quirúrgica y una celebración invertida, especular. Su obra de madurez siguió siendo fiel a la postración física de su juventud, transfigurándola. Ahí radica el secreto profundo del genio de Lovecraft, ahí nace el límpido manantial de su poesía: logró transformar su asco por la vida en una hostilidad activa . Ofrecer una alternativa a la vida en todas sus facetas, constituir una oposición permanente, un recurso permanente a la vida: tal es la misión más elevada del poeta en esta tierra. Howard Phillips Lovecraft cumplió esta misión. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ✒️ ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter @HLeidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

El mundo comenzó sin el hombre y terminará sin él. ¿Te atreves a escucharlo hasta el final? 😱 Un relato de Zombis:🧟 TIENE MENSAJES NUEVOS. PARA ESCUCHARLOS PULSE... escrito por Ángel Villán publicado en la Antología Z, Volumen 1. Advertimos que este relato puede herir su sensibilidad. Voz Invitada Juan Carlos Albarracín, visita su podcast Cuentos de la casa de la Bruja. Una ficción sonora producida por Historias para ser Leídas y publicada en este mismo Podcast hace un par de años. He recuperado la historia 😱 Vamos a disfrutarla para los que no la hayan escuchado. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter https://twitter.com/HLeidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ✒️ ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter @HLeidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ✒️ ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter @HLeidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ✒️ ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter @HLeidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ✒️ ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter @HLeidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ✒️ ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter @HLeidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ✒️ ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter @HLeidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ✒️ ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter @HLeidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ✒️ ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter @HLeidas Suscríbete a nuestra Newsletter: https://www.getrevue.co/profile/historiasparaserleidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ✒️ ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter @HLeidas Suscríbete a nuestra Newsletter: https://www.getrevue.co/profile/historiasparaserleidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Playlist Memorias de un loco ✒️ https://go.ivoox.com/bk/10376949 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, 🖤murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter https://twitter.com/HLeidas Suscríbete a nuestra Newsletter: https://www.getrevue.co/profile/historiasparaserleidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter https://twitter.com/HLeidas Suscríbete a nuestra Newsletter: https://www.getrevue.co/profile/historiasparaserleidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter https://twitter.com/HLeidas Suscríbete a nuestra Newsletter: https://www.getrevue.co/profile/historiasparaserleidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter https://twitter.com/HLeidas Suscríbete a nuestra Newsletter: https://www.getrevue.co/profile/historiasparaserleidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ✒️ ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?.❤️ GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter https://twitter.com/HLeidas Suscríbete a nuestra Newsletter: https://www.getrevue.co/profile/historiasparaserleidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Playlist Memorias de un loco ✒️ https://go.ivoox.com/bk/10376949 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ✒️ ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter https://twitter.com/HLeidas Suscríbete a nuestra Newsletter: https://www.getrevue.co/profile/historiasparaserleidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Playlist Memorias de un loco ✒️ https://go.ivoox.com/bk/10376949 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter https://twitter.com/HLeidas Suscríbete a nuestra Newsletter: https://www.getrevue.co/profile/historiasparaserleidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Playlist Memorias de un loco ✒️ https://go.ivoox.com/bk/10376949 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter https://twitter.com/HLeidas Suscríbete a nuestra Newsletter: https://www.getrevue.co/profile/historiasparaserleidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Playlist Memorias de un loco ✒️ https://go.ivoox.com/bk/10376949 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter https://twitter.com/HLeidas Suscríbete a nuestra Newsletter: https://www.getrevue.co/profile/historiasparaserleidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter https://twitter.com/HLeidas Suscríbete a nuestra Newsletter: https://www.getrevue.co/profile/historiasparaserleidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

23 DÍAS LOCOS EN DICIEMBRE. ¿Por qué escribir estas páginas? ¿Para qué sirven? —¿Qué sé yo? A mi juicio, es bastante necio ir a preguntar a los hombres el motivo de sus acciones y de sus escritos—. ¿Sabéis acaso por que habéis abierto las miserables hojas que la mano de un loco va a trazar?. ¡Un loco!, horror. ¿Qué eres tú lector? ¿En qué categoría te sitúas?, ¿en la de los necios o en la de los locos?. GUSTAVE FLAUBERT nació en Ruán en 1821. En 1844 abandonó sus estudios de Derecho por razones de salud, lo que le permitió dedicarse exclusivamente a la literatura. Así, en 1846, se retiró en Croisset, un pequeño y tranquilo pueblo normando donde escribió la mayoría de sus obras. Su primera novela publicada, Madame Bovary , apareció por entregas en la Revue de Paris en 1856, y fue objeto de un juicio por escándalo público, lo que le garantizó el éxito inmediato. Luego vinieron otras obras maestras como Salambó (1862), La educación sentimental (1869), La tentación de san Antonio (1874) y Tres cuentos (1877). En 1880, mientras trabajaba en la inconclusa Bouvard y Pécuchet , publicada póstumamente en 1881, murió en Croisset a los cincuenta y nueve años. Además de narrador, Flaubert también fue autor de numerosas obras teatrales, así como de una voluminosa correspondencia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 📌Más contenido extra en nuestro canal informativo de Telegram: Síguenos!!https://t.me/historiasparaserleidas 🛑BIO Olga Paraíso: https://instabio.cc/Hleidas 📌Twitter https://twitter.com/HLeidas Suscríbete a nuestra Newsletter: https://www.getrevue.co/profile/historiasparaserleidas 📌Súbete a nuestra nave, gracias por tu apoyo. ¡¡Hasta el próximo audio!! (｡◕‿◕｡) 🚀🍻 Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Mark and Bill, hosts of the amazing podcast Ridiculous News invited us on to their show for a Weekly Roundup, and you can listen right here! We're talking all this week's weird and wonderful headlines. Plus, Mark and Bill ask us some truly deep questions about our own Ridiculous Romance! Don't forget to subscribe to the Ridiculous News Podcast and follow them on IG: @markkendallcomedySee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

With the arrival of two items of bad news, the Apache Wars changed in an instant. And that means it's time to say good bye to the Gray Fox himself, General George Crook.

A wine tasting is going on at the Great Northern and Windom Earle is getting into giant arts and crafts. We talk about: GAME GRLZ: Oh God What Fake Number Was I At???, Willy Wonka, Molly May Cry, CHORVS, Sitcom Spoilers, Pete MVP, Leo-fication, Moon Reaper, Leo's Imminent Change Of Heart, Legit Pageant, E3 Tuxedo, What's In The Box, Kissing Your Employees, Telegrams, 66 Batman Shit,