DGT Academy - Radio Ekonomika

‘Translation is migration and migration is translation': discover how the renowned Hungarian author Gergely Péterfy perceives and experiences translation in his everyday life, as a writer and as a foreigner living in Italy. Invited to give a conference in DGT in the context of the Hungarian presidency of the Council of the European Union, the author of ‘Kitömött Barbár' (The Stuffed Barbarian) joins us to talk about his work, not only as a writer but also as the cofounder of a creative writing school and publishing house, inspiring an alternative Hungarian cultural scene in Umbria, Italy.He also shares his love for the Hungarian language, which he sees as a colourful 'tapestry' mixing multiple influences.Extracts from ‘Kitömött Barbár' read by Judit Mezei-HorvatiMusic: Days Past by Inclosing

In this episode, we put the spotlight on DG Translation's Slovak language department (now called community), which is celebrating its 20th anniversary this year. This department was established when Slovakia, along with 9 other countries, joined the European Union in 2004.A terminology network building strong ties with experts in Slovakia, annual conferences sparking lively discussions on hot topics in translation, a universIT programme to improve colleagues' digital skills: discover some of the initiatives developed by the Slovak language community in DG Translation over the years. With Barbora Tricoire (field officer) Josef Stefanik (Head of department), and Matej Vlaciha (language technology coordinator) Music: Days Past by Inclosing

Of the 10 countries that joined the European union in 2004, Cyprus was the only one that did not bring a new language to DG Translation, since Greek was already an official language of the EU. Yet the Cypriot Greek dialect possesses its own very distinct taste and flavour, even in unexpected fields like legal terminology. In this episode, Spyros Armostis and Georgios Floros from the University of Cyprus delve into the island's linguistic landscape, shedding light on the phenomenon of diglossia and describing the growing prestige of the Cypriot Greek dialect. They also share the story of how the translation of Cyprus's post-independence legal system, initially planned to take 5 years, ultimately stretched over 3 decades!Music: Τ​υ​λ​λ​η​ρ​κ​ώ​τ​ι​σ​σ​α / Woman from Tilliria by Monsieur Doumani; Days past by Inclosing

Enthusiastic about being part of a long-awaited historical moment, ready to do whatever it takes to meet deadlines, and happy to celebrate their achievements together! That is how Ildiko Faber, the first Hungarian ever recruited in DG Translation, and Zsolt Varga, who was number 4 in the Field Office in Budapest, describe the spirit among DGT Hungarian translators in 2004, when their country joined the EU.They recall how interesting and fun it was to create EU terminology in fields like fisheries (not much developed in a land-locked country…) and walk us through some of the specificities of their agglutinative language.With music from the Luxembourg-based Hungarian rock band Toldi Mike.Music: Űrlány (Spacegirl) and Madarak (Birds) by Toldi Mike; Days past by Inclosing

Dive into the history and intricacies of the Czech language with Martin Kukal, from the Czech language Department, in DG Translation. Illustrated with 3 poems by Jiří Žáček and a lullaby by Leoš Janáček.Poems: Jádro problému, Hloupá otázka, Epitaf Učitele, by Jiří Žáček, read by Marie KujinkovaMusic: Dobrou noc, by Leoš Janáček, performed by Elise Artoisenet

What is a Large Language Model (LLM)? A neural network? A supercomputer? How and why is DG Translation building a new multilingual LLM? Cristian Brasoveanu and Bhavani Bhaskar, from the AI team in DGT, explain it all in simple terms. They walk us through DGT's LLM project, describing its unique assets: high quality linguistic data, checked by language experts, running on state-of-the-art supercomputers. They also explain how these supercomputers age and rejuvenate, and give their (rather optimistic) vision of the environmental impact of AI.Music: Thomas Perissino and 'Days Past' by In Closing

What's it like to be a mentor in DG Translation? How do we welcome newcomers to DGT and help them adjust to a new job and life in a new country?Boryana explains what she and the Knowledge Management Team have put in place to help new colleagues and their mentors, while Chris (English department), Thomas and Vincent (Danish Department) share their experiences and give us tips and tricks for successful mentoring relationships – which sometimes turn into lifelong friendships. Music: Days Past by In Closing

Three ‘big-bangers' – Ivars Apinis, Valda Liepina and Liena Muskare – share their memories of the beginnings of the Latvian language department, 20 years ago. With some sound from Latvia (a waltz, a metal band and a famous poem), they recall their adventures, their excitement, their hopes, and also the many challenges they faced, with huge piles of documents to handle and numerous terminology gaps to fill in while slowly recruiting new colleagues. They also recall how the Latvian community grew and throve in those years, like one big expat family. Poem: Baiga Vasara by Edvarts Virza, read by Inese RuseMusic: Melanholiskais valsis by Emīls Dārziņš, performed by Elise Artoisenet; Paliekas by Catalepsia; Days Past by In Closing

‘Invisible heroes' of the European Union. ‘Voice' of the EU institutions. ‘A line of soldiers' marching on a battlefield. These are some of the images used by scholars to describe EU translators at work.Prof. Łucja Biel, from the University of Warsaw, shares with us her fascination with the ‘complex phenomenon' of EU translations and the development of what researchers call ‘eurolects'. She explains her main findings regarding the ‘Polish eurolect', which she studied at length.

Malta. Just over half a million inhabitants — and a fascinating language, mixing Arabic roots with Italian words.  Antoinette Camilleri, from the University of Malta, tells us about the tumultuous history of the Maltese language, and explains how it has developed since it became an official language of the European Union 20 years ago – in a country that is thoroughly multilingual. Music: Days past by In Closing; iċ-Ċimiterju by Brodu; Tifkiriet by Simon Bartolo, performed by Amber and Mary Rose Mallia Poem: X'jibqa' fina by Adrian Grima, read by Stephanie Abood

"AI@EC network" , "e-briefing lab", "e-summary", "AI explorers", "DGT GPT Lab": what and who is behind these new tools, services and networks recently developed by the European Commission's DG Translation? Cristian Brasoveanu, from the informatics unit in DG Translation, tells us all about it.Sound/music: Thomas Perissino and "Days past" by In Closing

For this special episode, 4 experts from the EMT (European Master's in translation) and from LIND (language industry expert group) discuss what they do in their networks and how they wish to better work together, within what they see as a true “ecosystem”. Before their lively and enlightening exchange, we talk with 2 colleagues from DG Translation who tell us more about the EMT and LIND and how they brought them together into a brainstorming workshop.With Britta Aagaard and Oleksandr Bondarenko (LIND); Alexandra Krause and Emilia Perez (EMT); Anna Kokkinidou and Inkaliisa Vihonen (DGT)Music: "Days Past" by In Closing

Nike Pokorn, from the University of Ljubljana, takes us on a fascinating journey through the history of literary translation in Slovenia. Starting with a brief recap of the history of Slovenia and of the Slovenian language, she explains the crucial role translation has played in the development of the language and of the national identity, and how translators are still shaping modern-day Slovenian. [40 mn]With an extract from the poem “Srce v alkoholu” (Srečko Kosovel), read by Miha Žličar Music: "Lipa zelenela je" (Miroslav Vilhar, Davorin Jenko), performed by Elise Artoisenet, and "Days past" (In Closing)   

What is it like to be a Quality Officer in DG Translation? What do Quality Officers do? How do they work? How do they collaborate with each other? And how do they cooperate with others, in DGT and outside? What is their impact on DGT translators' everyday work?Mateja Arnejsek, Ilona Klemm, Renate Mueller and Karolina Stefaniak, Quality Officers in DGT, share their experience with us.

1 million signatures, 7 countries, 7 organisers: that's what it takes for EU citizens to request new legislation from the European Commission, through the European Citizens' initiative (ECI).Barbara Walentynowicz, member of the ECI team in the Commission's Secretariat-General, tells us about this paneuropean multilingual instrument of participatory democracy. She explains how essential translation is in the process, and how her team collaborates with DG Translation every step of the way. [With an extract from the Euractiv YouTube channel – Declaration by Alain Lamassoure and Olivier Chastel]

Exposition sur l'histoire de la traduction du Ve siècle à nos jours, rencontre multilingue à la frontière hispano-portugaise, soirée artistico-culinaire sur les «mots qui voyagent» : découvrez quelques-unes des activités organisées par les antennistes du Département espagnol de la DGT à l'occasion de la Journée européenne des langues, le 26 septembre, et de la Présidence espagnole du Conseil de l'UE [en français et en anglais].

Mariano Martín Rodriguez, traducteur au département espagnol de la DGT, nous emmène en voyage dans l'Espagne médiévale, à l'époque où la langue castillane prend son essor tout en s'imprégnant des cultures arabe et hébraïque qui font alors partie intégrante de la péninsule ibérique. Une plongée passionnante dans l'histoire linguistique et culturelle de l'Espagne. 

With Ingemar Strandvik, Quality Manager and ISO expert in DGT, discover the surprising world of ISO translation standards: no less than 38 national bodies and 19 organisations meeting within ISO to discuss and define the processes of translating, revising and post-editing texts. Learn about “ISO 17100”, the “gold standard” in translation, as well as other ISO standards dealing with languages, and their relevance for our daily work. 

Que veut dire «EMAS»? Que trouve-t-on sur la page «DGT Goes green»? Où vont les vêtements et appareils électriques usagés collectés dans nos bâtiments? Agavni Bagdikian, correspondante EMAS à la DGT, répond à nos questions, et nous explique comment la DGT a relancé une plateforme de co-voiturage et a été primée 2 fois pour l'organisation d'«évènements durables». Enfin, nous suivons Agavni et quelques collègues dans les rues d'Evere, pour une opération qui lui tient à cœur: le ramassage de déchets dans l'espace public. [20 mn] 

Meet Fani, Niina and Valeria, who share their experience of DGT's Job Shadowing scheme. Fani, from Planning, discovered the world of DGT traineeships. Niina paired with another assistant to explore new ways of working. Valeria opened her director's office to a translator, for lively and enlightening discussions on each other's work. While they are all already planning their next host or guest experience, Boryana, the scheme's coordinator, explains how easy it is to apply, and how enriching it can be. [in English and French] 

Expérience inédite de démocratie participative 100 % multilingue à l'échelle de l'UE, la Conférence sur l'avenir de l'Europe a permis à des centaines de milliers d'Européens de dialoguer et de débattre pendant une année, au-delà des barrières linguistiques, grâce à la traduction et à l'interprétation. Gaëtane Ricard-Nihoul, de la Direction générale Communication à la Commission européenne, relate cette aventure passionnante, qui se poursuit aujourd'hui avec la tenue régulière de panels citoyens européens, et rappelle combien le multilinguisme est au coeur de ce processus. 

We hear and translate about the "blue bioeconomy", but what is it exactly? What does the European Commission mean by "Putting the Blue into the Green"? And why is it striving to "unlock the potential" of algae: are we heading for a "seaweed revolution"? Maris Sturgis and Lorenzo Paliotta, from the Commission's DG Mare, answer our questions.

Shanna, Tomai and Robert tell us about DGT's Irish language department, how it started with a handful of translators, and then grew at record pace until the end of the Irish language derogation last year. They also tell us about the Irish language, its main features and how it slowly asserted itself as an official EU language, and give us a glimpse at the vibrant Irish language community living in Brussels. 

Jeroen Aspeslagh, head of DGT's Editing unit, talks about his team, how they work and who with, to carry out their numerous activities and projects: not only improving the quality of originals, but also training colleagues in the Commission, campaigning for clear writing, and even organising a biennial EU-wide conference on plain language. 

Qu'est-ce que le "NEB" (New European Bauhaus – Nouveau Bauhaus européen), cette initiative phare de la Commission européenne qui cherche à traduire, dans nos espaces et modes de vie, les objectifs de transition écologique du Pacte vert pour l'Europe? Depuis le Centre de visites de la Commission, rénové selon les critères du Nouveau Bauhaus, Célia Dejond, du Service du porte-parole, nous explique les différentes facettes de l'initiative — de nombreux projets, mais aussi des prix, un festival, un laboratoire (NEB Lab) et une boussole (NEB Compass), et souligne l'importance de la traduction et du multilinguisme dans ce processus. 

Meet Chiara, Leonardo, Olga, Maurits and Sara, 5 enthusiastic and dynamic young trainees based in Brussels and in Luxembourg, who share with us their experience in DGT, the European Commission's Directorate General for Translation: their work in their language units, their busy agenda of professional and fun events, their life in Brussels, Luxembourg, and in the office, and how they deal with machine translation.

Comment travaille l'Office des publications (OP), qui donne accès à la législation de l'UE et à toutes les données émanant des institutions européennes? Comment s'effectue le contrôle qualité des textes traduits par la DGT? Qui gère et met à jour le Code de rédaction interinstitutionnel, la «bible» des traducteurs et traductrices de l'UE? Benoît Vermeersch, responsable de l'unité «Contrôle qualité» à l'Office des publications, répond à nos questions. 

Meet the team behind "Your Europe", the 2nd most visited EU website: up to 58 million visitors a year, finding practical answers to concrete questions on citizens' rights in the EU, from taking one's dog abroad to VAT rates in other countries — all in 23 languages.Patrick McCarthy and Adriaan Vermijs, from the European Commission's DG GROW (Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs), explain how they work and collaborate with DGT translators to reach out to EU citizens and businesses in their languages. 

Turning waste into a resource and designing recyclable products: Luis Planas, from DG ENV (the European Commission's Directorate General in charge of the environment), explains how the circular economy aims for zero waste to address the triple planetary crisis (climate change – pollution – biodioversity loss). He tells us how the EU is striving to reach this aim with its Circular Economy Action Plan, sent for translation to DGT. 

Avec passion et enthousiasme, Fabián Diego Luis nous raconte, sans fard et à cœur ouvert, plus de 30 ans au service de l'Union européenne. Guidé par le souci de l'humain et la défense du multilinguisme, il a fait son chemin dans les ressources humaines, organisant plus de 100 concours et recrutant des centaines de collègues, à l'Office des publications, à la Cour de justice de l'UE et au Comité économique et social. Aux commandes de l'unité R.4 à la DGT, il a supervisé le soutien apporté aux traducteurs, toujours ébloui par ce «miracle de tous les jours» que constitue pour lui la traduction. À l'heure de prendre sa retraite, il nous parle aussi de sa passion intime, la littérature, de ses meilleurs souvenirs et de ses regrets, et nous fait part de ses souhaits pour l'avenir de la DGT. 

How does the Spokesperson's service (SPP) work and collaborate with DGT, its key partner for multilingual communication? Maja Maricic, member of the SPP, tells us about the teams and tasks of the Spokesperson's service, and answers translators' questions about press releases, speeches and other content sent for translation to DGT. 

What are the causes of the current energy crisis? What has the EU done so far and what emergency measures has the EU council just adopted? How do the State of the Energy Union reports sent for translation to DGT fit into the EU's overall energy and climate action? Mechthild Wörsdörfer, deputy Director General of DG ENER (the European Commission's Directorate General for Energy), answers our questions and tells us how we should prepare for this winter. 

Quelle est la place du multilinguisme sur les pages web de la Commission européenne? Qui décide de quoi en matière d'usage des langues, et quelle est la part de la traduction humaine et de la traduction automatique sur ces pages?Daniel Prou, membre de l'unité «Europa Web Communication» au sein de la direction générale Communication, nous en dit plus sur la place des langues sur nos pages web.

As translators in DGT, we work closely with terminologists in our language departments — but never directly wit D-1, our Terminology Coordination Unit. What exactly do they do, behind the scenes, to assist us in our everyday work?In this episode of Radio Lingvistika, Maria Rzewuska‑Waligóra, head of Unit D-1, tells us about D-1's team and work and how they collaborate in and around IATE, within and outside DGT. 

Does ‘Eurovision' ring a bell? The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) is, among many other things, the organiser of the famous song contest. This non-profit organisation is working for over a 100 public media services based in 56 countries. Together, they provide audiovisual content to 1 billion people, in 153 languages.In this new episode of Radio Lingvistika, our 3 guests from EBU explain how they work, why EBU was created and how they deal with languages. They also present their new project, ‘A European perspective', which aims at breaking national barriers by sharing on-line news from all over the continent, delivered to citizens in their language, with the help of artificial intelligence. 

Que signifie l'acronyme «SCIC»? Et «faire le retour» en interprétation? Quels outils utilisent les interprètes aujourd'hui en cabine? Quelles ont été les conséquences de la pandémie sur leur travail?Dans ce nouvel épisode de Radio Linguistika, Marc Van Dommelen, interprète et chef d'unité (f.f.), répond à nos questions sur le SCIC et l'interprétation. Il nous explique comment la DG Interprétation et la DG Traduction collaborent étroitement, de IATE à Juvenes Translatores. Bonne écoute!

Since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, over 13 million Ukrainians have had to flee their homes. The EU does A LOT to help civilians, inside and outside Ukraine. In this episode of Radio Linguistika, Hanna-Kaisa Lepik, from DG ECHO (the Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations in the European Commission), tells us about this extraordinary effort. She explains how the EU gets the aid delivered where it's needed. And how DG ECHO is working around the clock to make this happen. 

Récemment, la Commission européenne a adopté un paquet d'envergure énorme : le Green Deal ou Pacte vert. Le journaliste Xavier Dupret en explique l‘enjeu, les mesures concrètes et les risques liés : Est-ce que les 12 mesures décidées extrêmement ambitieux sont réalistes ou plutôt des châteaux ? Est-ce qu'il y a le risque des défaillances sociales et des blackouts ? 

Qui ne connait pas l'embarras devant un menu à l'étranger qu'on ne comprend pas ou mal? C'est la fin des haricots (du monde), on est dans la choucroute (dans l'embarras). Pour ne pas se ridiculiser on commande un plat quelconque, on se laisse rouler dans la farine (avoir). À la fin, on reçoit un repas qu'on n'aime pas et les oseilles n'ont plus la cote (l'argent est perdu).Vu la longue tradition de l'art culinaire en France, le français de cuisine tend des pièges tout à fait particuliers aux non initiés. À l'occasion de la Présidence française du Conseil, le département français se penche sur ce domaine linguistique avec une série de desserts, un pas mois, avec des explications (linguistiques et autres) et les recettes. 

In view of the upcoming Czech presidency in July 2022, two Czech colleagues, who are also Bohemists (experts of the Czech language), present the phonetical and other subtleties of the Czech language. For instance, strč prst skrz krk – put your finger through your throat – is a sentence without any vowel! You can even tell a whole story without vowels. In grammar, there is an abundance of declension and conjugation forms. On the other hand, it is a Western Slavic language, which is quite easily understandable for Polish and especially Slovak speakers. In fact, Czech and Slovak are so close to each other, that intercomprehension (every interlocutor speaking his own language) is no challenge.

La déforestation est une catastrophe écologique énorme : dans les 30 années passées, nous avons perdu la surface incroyable de 180 mio d‘ha de forêts - trois fois la France! Si nous continuons comme ça, le jour est proche, où nous n‘aurons plus de forêts. Les forêts, surtout les forêts tropicales dans l'hémisphère sud, sont le poumon vert de la planète, si nous les perdons, l'impact climatique sera décisif: 1807 mio. de tonnes de CO² = 40%  des émissions (2005-2017)! Toute l'énergie verte ne nous servira donc à rien, si nous ne réussirons pas à arrêter la deforestation. Or, L'Union Européenne est le 2e importateur de  produits qui causent la déforestation (soja, huile de palmes et autres). Il faudra donc bannir ces importations. 

En 2021, „Punto y coma“, le journal publié par les départements espagnols des services de traductions, fête ses 30 ans et a occupé la 2ième place dans le ranking du European Ombudsman Award for Good Administration.Il avait donc été fondé en 1991, cinq ans après l‘adhésion de l‘Espagne et du Portugal à l‘Union. Maintenant, "Punto y coma" est à son 171ième numéro  C'est le plus ancien des journaux publiés par les traducteurs des services de l‘Union Eurpéenne, mais pas du tout l‘unique. À titre d'exemple, cette émission présente "Punto y coma" (point et virgule) ainsi que "A folha" (la feuille) son pendant portugais. Ces deux journaux travaillent souvent ensemble, vu la proximité des deux langues.

Peut-être que vous ne le savez pas encore, mais depuis 2017, il y a un Musée de l'histoire européenne à Bruxelles. Nous vous offrons une visite guidée dans ce magnifique musée, nous voudrions expliquer sa conception et nous pencher, plus généralement, sur la notion « histoire européenne ». Qu'est-ce que ça veut dire? Un entretien avec Constanze Itzel, la directrice du Musée. 

Terminology is an essential issue for all translators, especially those who – as in DGT – deal with specialised texts in a wide range of technical domains. Terminology comes from the Latin word, terminus, which means: „end“, „limit“. The Romans even had a god terminus, often represented as a bust on a a boundary marker, declaring: Concedo nulli – I yield no ground! Thus, the basic meaning of terminus (technicus)/term is delimitation or definition. Indeed, terminology has two principal meanings: the terms or system of terms used in a specific science, art etc. and, on the other hand, the systematic study of terms.Maria Rzewuska-Waligóra who is head of the unit D.1 Terminology Coordination explains the work of her unit and gives an overview of the services it delivers to DGT and the other translation services of the EU. Ms Rzewuska-Waligóra recommends the following eLearning course: Terminology Mining and Data-Driven Knowledge ModellingHere is the link to get to the Collaborative site of D.1 : Terminology Coordination - HOME (europa.eu)

Introduction When Ursula von der Leyen became president of the European Commission, her first big project was the so called Green Deal, which was then a little bit banished from our minds by the virus. So what is the Green Deal exactly? What are its possible social costs? Did all Member States agree to the proposals of « Fit for 55 », which was no yoga program for the older generation? In his last broadcast for Radio DGT, Jorge Valero explains the Green Deal, its financial and social impact on the one hand and the adjustment of fiscal rules on the other. DGT will certainly have to translate thousands of pages dealing with the green deal and its consequences. Jorge sets the stage and explains the context.

La traduction, c'est le savoir-faire avec les différences culturelles. Le réseau des « Maisons de la Sagesse » établi par la philosophe Barbara Cassin a une triple fonction : mettre à pied un glossaire bilingue pour aider l'administration française à comprendre des notions culturelles difficiles, à contribuer à l'insertion de l'étranger et à la recherche sur les intraduisibles. Pourquoi êtes-vous tous nés le 31 décembre ? Pourquoi vous ne voulez pas répondre à la question sur les antécédents médicaux ? Voici des exemples de difficultés réelles que Danièle Vozny, vice-présidente de l'association va nous expliquer.  

Translating Europe is a DGT project created to bring together translation stakeholders in Europe. Inspired by this name, let us call this broadcast Translating World. Radio Lingvistika asks two ex-colleagues from DGT about the respective translation services they work for now: Josep Bonet, who is now in Geneva in the World Trade Organisation and Seger Bonebakker from the UNO in New York. Both ex-colleagues have, of course, a profound knowledge on how we are working in DGT, so they can compare easily. Therefore, how is work in Geneva and New York compared with Brussels and Luxembourg?

Translating Europe is a DGT project created to bring together translation stakeholders in Europe. Inspired by this name, let us call this broadcast Translating World. Radio Lingvistika asks two ex-colleagues from DGT about the respective translation services they work for now: Josep Bonet, who is now in Geneva in the World Trade Organisation and Seger Bonebakker from the UNO in New York. Both ex-colleagues have, of course, a profound knowledge on how we are working in DGT, so they can compare easily. Therefore, how is work in Geneva and New York compared with Brussels and Luxembourg?

Le grand défi : le chinois pour la DGT, la Chine pour l'EuropeÀ la DGT, on ne travaille pas qu'avec les langues officielles de l'Union Européenne: une des langues extra-européennes qui a une importance particulière, vu le nombre de ses locuteurs et le poids énorme et croissant du pays, est évidemment le chinois, la langue la plus parlée du monde. Quels types de textes traduit-on, quels outils sont-ils utilisés et quelles sont les difficultés principales? Ce sont les questions auxquelles va répondre la traductrice chinoise du département anglais de la DGT, Sing Sing Ngai.Ce qui vaut pour la langue en ce qui concerne la DGT, vaut encore plus le pays, la Chine, face à l'Europe: le poids démographique du pays le plus peuplé du monde, son importance politique et économique énorme en font un souci permanent des dirigeants européens. Le journaliste Xavier Dupret donne un aperçu des enjeux les plus importants.

Le 1er juillet 2021, la Slovénie reprend la présidence de l‘Union Européenne. Jetons un regard sur ce petit pays si varié et surtout sur sa langue, le slovène. Les armoiries de la Slovénie montrent le plus haut sommet de la Slovénie, le Triglav de 2864 m et la mer. En effet, dans ce pays, qui ne fait que deux tiers du territoire belge, on trouve des hautes montagnes et la côte méditerranéenne à très peu de distance. La langue est aussi variée que le paysage. Elle est présentée par deux collègues du département slovène, Vera Pejovič et Maksimiljan Gulič, qui ont écrit l‘article sur le slovène dans la série consacrée à l‘Année européenne de la culture.