Podcasts about Luxembourg

Luxembourg is one of Europe's least likely little states — a tiny Grand Duchy wedged between France, Germany, and Belgium that punches absurdly above its weight. It's clean, green, multilingual, and eye-wateringly wealthy: a place of clifftop old towns, fairy-tale castles, subterranean fortresses, and surprisingly wild hiking country. Think of it as the jewelry box of Europe — beautiful, orderly, and, frankly, rather pricey. Love the pod? Get the guide! Out with each new podcast, we publish a guide to the country. Buy the TrodPod guide to Luxembourg just $3: https://www.patreon.com/c/trodpod/shop. Better yet, become a TrodPod member for just $5 a month and access TrodPod guides to every country in the world, released weekly with each new podcast episode! Sign up now: https://www.patreon.com/trodpod/membershipThanks for all your support!TrodPod is Murray Garrard and Elle Keymer. Sound editing by Leo Audio Productions. Design and marketing by GPS: Garrard Powell Solutions Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Benjamin Kruithof is a multiple prize winning Luxembourg-born cellist. In 2025 he won the Young Artist of the Year award. He's given recitals all over Europe including Cologne, Amsterdam, Vienna, Budapest, London and Baden-Baden. As a soloist, recent highlights include performances with the Luxembourg Philharmonic, Liechtenstein Symphony and the East-West Chamber Orchestra. In recital, he has performed at the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam, Kings Place in London and the Salle Cortot in Paris. His Chamber music projects include an extensive tour of the Netherlands with Noa Wildschut. My featured song is the new re-mixed, re-mastered version of “Ma Petite Fleur String Quartet”, in Dolby Atmos released on St7dio - Classical. All links. —------------------------------------ The Follow Your Dream Podcast: Top 1% of all podcasts with Listeners in 200 countries! Click here for Start Here Click here for All Episodes  Click here for Guest List  Click here for Guest Testimonials Click here for Pillars Click here for Robert's Project Grand Slam Click here to Subscribe  Clickhere to receive our Email Updates Click here to Rate and Review the podcast —---------------------------------------- CONNECT WITH BENJAMIN: www.benjamin-kruithof.com   "MA PETITE FLEUR STRING QUARTET CLICK HERE FOR ALL LINKS —----------------------------------- ROBERT'S NEWEST RELEASE: “THE BUZZ” - Ft. Darius de Haas (vocals) and Dave Eggar (Celo). Short, Sweet and Totally Different CLICK HERE FOR OFFICIAL VIDEO CLICK HERE FOR ALL LINKS —-------------------------------------- Audio production: Jimmy RavenscroftKymera FilmsConnect with the Follow Your Dream Podcast:Website - www.followyourdreampodcast.comFollow Robert's band, Project Grand Slam, and his music:Website - www.projectgrandslam.com

The House of Croy had a dramatic rise over the course of the 15th Century. Beginning as Banneret Lords in Picardy, through their closeness with the Dukes of Burgundy, they gained immense riches, vast lands, and significant power. As Philip the Good aged, the Croy only grew more influential and more acquisitive, and the more they gained the more enemies they made.Time Period Covered: 1400-1457Notable People: Philip the Good, Jean I de Croy, Antoine de Croy, Jean II de Croy, Philippe de Croy Lord of Renty, Philippe de Croy Lord of Sempy, Louis of Luxembourg Count of Saint-Pol, Isabella of Portugal, Charles the Bold, Louis XINotable Events/Developments: Rise of the House of Croy, Excommunication of Jean II de Croy, Marriage of Jacqueline of Luxembourg and Philippe de Croy Lord of Renty, Fallout between Louis of Luxembourg and Philip the Good, Dispute over Charles the Bold's chamberlain, Philip the Good gets lost in the woods

The votes are in, the jury's got its favorite and the same for the public: it's time to see who reigns supreme as we sort through the winners of the Eurovision Song Contest through the eighties and nineties. Some surprises on both sides, but there's also a shocking amount of consensus at the top of the standings and the bottom. In the middle, however? Outliers abound. Jeremy will make believe this moment's here to stay, Dimitry lets the feeling take control, and Oscar sees forever in your smile.  Watch all 20 Eurovision winners on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrVhbji3NU0&list=PLOkEuXDlyT_k&pp=sAgC See the results of our listener poll: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1kXzuHArkwmbKOdOZXMAe2qYg9-p6fwxb_cLpSwRPiRI/ This week's companion playlist: https://open.spotify.com/playlist/1DRSgYoEu6bjw7qf0KBUkQ Help support this show and unlock bonus content! Become a member at https://maximumfun.org/joineurovangelistsEurovangelists is an American Eurovision podcast, made in the US for Eurovision fans worldwide. The Eurovangelists are Jeremy Bent, Oscar Montoya and Dimitry Pompée.The theme was arranged and recorded by Cody McCorry and Faye Fadem, and the logo was designed by Tom Deja.Production support for this show was provided by the Maximum Fun network.The show is edited by Jeremy Bent with audio mixing help was courtesy of Shane O'Connell.Find Eurovangelists on social media as @eurovangelists on Instagram and @eurovangelists.com on Bluesky, or send us an email at eurovangelists@gmail.com. Head to https://maxfunstore.com/collections/eurovangelists for Eurovangelists merch. Also follow the Eurovangelists account on Spotify and check out our playlists of Eurovision hits, competitors in upcoming national finals, and companion playlists to every single episode, including this one!

Runar elsker at fotballen skal begynne igjen i Bochum, men så blåser dommeren i gang kampen mot Hertha. 1860 München er in the air tonight! Matthew Collins skal herje på løvenes midtbane. Magdeburg får en brutal førsteomgang hjemme mot Eintracht Braunschweig: 0-4 til pause og rødt kort i bagasjen. Waldhof Mannheim sørger over tapt ølsponsor og nedlagt bryggeri, men en omflakkende backpacker fra Luxembourg gir dem mål å juble for!See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Dans cet épisode de "L'édito politique", Jim Jarrassé analyse les enjeux des prochaines élections sénatoriales du 27 septembre. Bien que ce scrutin soit souvent perçu comme un événement mineur, il revêt une importance particulière dans le contexte politique actuel, marqué par l'absence de majorité à l'Assemblée nationale et les tensions entre le gouvernement et le Parlement. Il explique comment le Sénat, en tant que chambre haute, joue un rôle stabilisateur essentiel pour l'équilibre institutionnel de la France. Malgré l'émergence de nouveaux acteurs politiques, les forces traditionnelles devraient conserver leur prédominance au Palais du Luxembourg, offrant ainsi une forme de continuité dans un paysage politique en pleine recomposition.Hébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

What's more British than the British royal family? More Spanish than the Spanish Monarchs? More Norse than the King of Norway? Well, a lot of things actually. In fact, nearly all of the 10 remaining hereditary monarchs of Europe have more German DNA than they do local. For centuries, royals almost exclusively married other, foreign royals. They rarely mixed their blue blood with people native to the Kingdoms they ruled over. What's more, when dynasties died out (often from excessive inbreeding) foreign royal houses put their own seconds sons on the throne, establishing new, entirely alien dynasties. Modern royal families try to brand themselves as throughly native and in touch with the common people. And if they ever spit into a test tube and sent it off for a DNA test, they would probably never publish the results. But, by looking back at their family trees, we can get a pretty good idea of their heritage. Last week we explore the heritage of the reigning families of Belgium, Denmark Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco and Norway. Today we'll analyze the DNA of the Dutch, Spanish, Swedish and British royal families. Plus we'll compare them all to see which modern monarchy has the most local DNA; and find out why the royals of Europe are all so German. Royal family of The Netherlands - Dutch royal family Royal family of Spain - Spanish Royal family Royal family of Sweden - Swedish royal family Royal family of The United Kingdom - British Royal family Why are the royals so German? Which royal families are the most German? Which royal families are the most local? Music: Brandenburg Concerto No4-1 BWV1049 - Classical Whimsical by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100303 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Join me every Tuesday when I'm Spilling the Tea on History! Check out my Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/lindsayholiday Please consider supporting me at https://www.patreon.com/LindsayHoliday and help me make more fascinating episodes! Intro Music: Baroque Coffee House by Doug Maxwell #HistoryTeaTime #LindsayHoliday Please contact ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠advertising@airwavemedia.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ if you would like to advertise on this podcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Chinese autonomous driving companies are expanding their presence in Europe through partnerships with local mobility platforms, fleet operators and automakers, amid efforts by European governments to enable testing and future commercial deployment.在欧洲各国政府推动自动驾驶开展测试及未来商业化落地的背景下，中国自动驾驶企业正通过与当地出行平台、车队运营商以及车企合作，拓展欧洲市场。We Ride said on Aug 3 that it had formed a strategic partnership with Danish shared electric mobility provider Green Mobility.文远知行于 8 月 3 日表示，已与丹麦共享电动出行服务商 GreenMobility 达成战略合作。The partners aim to launch a public robotaxi service in Denmark in the first half of 2027, subject to regulatory approvals.双方计划在获得监管许可后，于 2027 年上半年在丹麦推出面向公众的自动驾驶出租车服务。Denmark is WeRide's first Nordic market and its sixth in Europe.丹麦是文远知行开拓的首个北欧市场，也是其在欧洲布局的第六个市场。The service will use WeRide's GXR, an EU‑compliant Level 4 autonomous vehicle.该服务将采用文远知行 GXR 车型，这是一款符合欧盟标准的 L4 级自动驾驶车辆。It is capable of operating without a human driver in designated areas and under specified conditions, according to the company.据该企业介绍，这款车辆可在划定区域及特定条件下实现无安全员运行。The partnership will draw on GreenMobility's experience in local fleet operations and shared mobility.本次合作将发挥 GreenMobility 在本土车队运营与共享出行领域的经验优势。Testing and deployment will be carried out in cooperation with Danish road and transport authorities and in accordance with Danish and EU regulations, the companies said.两家企业表示，测试与落地工作将和丹麦道路交通主管部门协同推进，遵守丹麦及欧盟相关法规。Tony Han, founder and CEO of WeRide, said the partnership could serve as a scalable model for deploying autonomous mobility services in new international markets.文远知行创始人兼首席执行官韩旭表示，本次合作可以成为面向海外新兴市场规模化落地自动驾驶出行服务的参考模式。The Danish project comes as European countries seek greater coordination on autonomous vehicle testing and deployment.在推进丹麦项目的同时，欧洲各国正谋求在自动驾驶车辆测试与落地方面加强协同。In June, 18 EU member states signed a joint declaration of intent to establish large‑scale cross‑border test beds for autonomous vehicles.6 月，18 个欧盟成员国签署联合意向声明，计划搭建大规模跨境自动驾驶车辆测试平台。The initiative covers autonomous vehicle use cases in public transport, freight and logistics.该举措覆盖公共交通、货运物流等自动驾驶应用场景。Participating countries will work on common approval principles and coordinated permitting procedures to aid large‑scale testing and future commercial deployment.参与国将制定统一审批准则、协同许可流程，助力大规模测试以及后续商业化落地。The declaration said moving from testing to real‑world deployment also requires consistent and predictable conditions for operating automated transport services across the EU single market.该声明指出，从测试阶段转向实际落地，还需要在欧盟单一市场内为自动驾驶出行服务营造稳定、可预期的运营环境。Baidu's autonomous ride‑hailing service Apollo Go and European mobility platform Freenow by Lyft began testing sixth‑generation RT6 autonomous vehicles in London on July 28.百度自动驾驶出行服务萝卜快跑与来福车旗下欧洲出行平台 FreeNow 于 7 月 28 日在伦敦开启第六代 RT6 自动驾驶车辆测试。The initial tests are being conducted with safety operators on board in the London borough of Brent, which includes both urban and suburban driving environments.首期测试在伦敦布伦特区开展，车辆配备车内安全员，该区域兼具城市与城郊道路环境。The partners plan to offer rides to the public in 2027, subject to regulatory approval.在取得监管审批后，合作双方计划 2027 年向普通民众开放乘车服务。Chinese autonomous driving company Pony.ai announced in June that it was preparing an autonomous mobility pilot in Luxembourg with European mobility platform Bolt and multinational automaker Stellantis.中国自动驾驶企业小马智行 6 月宣布，正联合欧洲出行平台博尔特以及跨国车企斯泰兰蒂斯，在卢森堡筹备自动驾驶出行试点项目。Pony.ai will provide the autonomous driving technology, Bolt will contribute its experience operating a ride‑hailing platform, and Stellantis will provide a midsize van built on a platform designed to support L4 autonomous driving, together with vehicle engineering and manufacturing expertise.小马智行输出自动驾驶技术，Bolt 提供网约车平台运营经验，斯泰兰蒂斯提供基于 L4 自动驾驶专属平台打造的中型厢式车，同时输出车辆工程与制造技术积累。In Zagreb, Croatia, Pony.ai is providing autonomous driving technology for a robotaxi service operated by mobility company Verne.在克罗地亚萨格勒布，小马智行向出行企业 Verne 运营的自动驾驶出租车服务提供自动驾驶技术。The service opened to the public in April, and passengers can book and pay for rides through Verne's app.该服务 4 月已面向公众开放，乘客可以通过 Verne 应用完成叫车与支付。Uber is also a partner in the Zagreb project.优步同样是萨格勒布项目的合作方。Verne said in April that rides would later be available through Uber's app.Verne 在 4 月表示，后续用户也可通过优步应用呼叫该自动驾驶车辆。The service had trained autonomous vehicle operators on board during the early phase of the rollout.项目落地初期，自动驾驶车辆配备经过培训的安全员随车。Ron Zheng, a senior partner at Roland Berger and head of its automotive practice in Asia, said Chinese autonomous driving companies need to adapt their algorithms using local data because European traffic rules, road signs and mixed‑traffic conditions differ markedly from those in China.罗兰贝格高级合伙人、亚太区汽车行业负责人郑赟表示，欧洲交通法规、道路标识以及混行路况和中国差异显著，中国自动驾驶企业需要利用当地数据完成算法适配。Their long‑term prospects will depend on how quickly they meet local regulatory requirements and build stable partnerships with European companies, Zheng said.郑赟称，这类企业的长期发展前景，取决于其满足当地监管要求的速度，以及能否和欧洲本土企业建立稳固合作关系。deployment /dɪˈplɔɪmənt/n. 部署；落地autonomous /ɔːˈtɒnəməs/adj. 自主的；自动驾驶的regulatory /ˈreɡjələtəri/adj. 监管的；规章的algorithm /ˈælɡərɪðəm/n. 算法

Professor Emma Schymanski reveals what water carries, why bottled may offer no advantage, and how our daily choices flow back into every glass. We turn on a tap, fill a glass, make a cup of tea (many cups, in my case) dozens of times a day without thinking twice. But our water carries traces of everything around it: the medication we take, the cosmetics we wear, even the flame retardants in our sofas. Some of it is monitored closely. Some of it we're only just learning to detect. And water, of course, doesn't stop at a border. To unpack all of this, I sat down with Prof. Emma Schymanski, Head of Environmental Cheminformatics at the Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, and an FNR ATTRACT Fellow. Her work combines chemical detective work with high resolution mass spectrometry to find chemicals hiding in water that nobody knew to look for, and to trace them back to their source. The Water Cycle Ignores Borders Water moves the way weather does: without any concern for what is a political border. Rain falls, rivers carry it across countries, and it sinks into groundwater that doesn't recognise a map. For Luxembourg, sitting downstream of its neighbours, that means inheriting chemical traces long before they reach a Luxembourg tap. Even in the Alps, even in Antarctica, contamination that starts on one continent eventually cycles back down in rainwater on another. Your Water's Fingerprint When people hear "water contamination," pesticides usually come to mind first. But that's a small part of the picture. Emma's team also finds pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, flame retardants, anti icing agents and dyes, everyday traces of everyday life. During the pandemic, her team watched caffeine levels in wastewater drop as the working population stayed home, and medical imaging dyes vanish almost entirely as routine cancer diagnostics paused. Antidepressant levels rise every winter. Antihistamines spike every spring. The Detective Work So how do you find a chemical when you don't know it's there? Emma's team runs water samples through mass spectrometry and looks for anomalies: a signal spiking above baseline, or one that suddenly disappears (in one case, tracing back to a factory shutting down for a six week holiday). It's forensic work, applied to a glass of water. That same technique now underpins wastewater epidemiology, used across Europe to trace drug use, and even, in one memorable case, to work out how drugs were getting into a prison. Tap Water vs Bottled Water Now here's a way to save money and perhaps stress. Emma's own research compared tap and bottled water across Luxembourg and found no statistically significant difference between them. The only real difference was between filtered and unfiltered tap water, and even filtering introduced its own new, if fewer, unknowns. She drinks from the tap herself, no filter at home. Even reverse osmosis, often floated as the ultimate fix, has a catch. It strips out almost everything, including the minerals your body needs, meaning treated water then has to have things added back in. "If you're drinking snow only, it won't quench your thirst, because it will actually start to strip the salt from your body," Emma explained. What You Can Actually Do This isn't a call to panic. It's a case for informed, small choices: Let the tap run cold for a couple of minutes before drinking, especially in older buildings, to clear water that's been sitting in the pipes. Favour metal, ceramic or glass over soft plastics for reusable bottles and cups. Don't assume "eco" means chemical free. Some paper straws are treated with solvents to stop them going soggy. Wash new clothing before wearing it. The New Frontier: Data Centres AI and water is a massive discussion right now. Emma noted that the cooling systems have their own knock on contamination risks. This is perhaps a conversation for another episode. Where to find the show: The Lisa Burke Show airs on RTL Today, RTL Play, and RTL Today Radio, and is available on Apple Podcasts and Spotify. Guest links Prof. Emma Schymanski, LCSB profile: http://www.uni.lu/lcsb ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6868-8145 PubChemLite for Exposomics: https://pubchemlite.lcsb.uni.lu/ NORMAN Suspect List Exchange: https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/ MassBank: https://massbank.eu/MassBank/ MetFrag: https://msbi.ipb-halle.de/MetFrag/ patRoon: https://rickhelmus.github.io/patRoon/

Ecoutez L'œil de Philippe Caverivière du 07 août 2026.Hébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Ecoutez L'œil de Philippe Caverivière du 07 août 2026.Hébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Laurent Marochini was appointed CEO of Standard Chartered Luxembourg in December 2024. He is very involved in the Fintech ecosystem, currently acting as Chairman of the ABBL (Association Banques et Banquiers Luxembourgeois) for the working group for Tokenisation and DLT and was co-chairman of the Working Group Blockchain & Crypto Currencies of ALFI (Association Luxembourgeoise des Fonds d'Investissements) from 1996.On The Menu:Investment banker to blockchain warrior: 27-year finance revolutionTokenization explained: making finance invisible and frictionlessHow big banks embrace innovation without committee deathBeing the rebel inside traditional banking systemsNext-generation bankers ready for Web3 financeAI, blockchain, tokenization: the future isn't scaryThe financial system in 20 years will transform

Synopsis Épisode d'été chargé, avec Patrick, Francis, Steve et Richer. On ouvre fort : un système de gestion de l'eau d'une ville québécoise a été piraté par un groupe russophone, une information confirmée dans le rapport annuel du Centre de la sécurité des télécommunications. Quelle ville? On ne le sait toujours pas. Et pendant ce temps, les municipalités n'ont ni le budget ni le monde pour se défendre. On parle aussi du CST qui a mené des cyberopérations offensives ayant dérangé des réseaux criminels, de l'Environmental Protection Agency américaine qui a créé une section dédiée à la cybersécurité de l'approvisionnement en eau — pendant qu'Ottawa et Québec regardent ailleurs — et du site web d'une usine de traitement d'eau retiré en panique après notre dernier épisode. Ensuite, gros morceau : les bornes de recharge Flo du Circuit électrique, leur interface web exposée, leurs cartes d'accès, et ce qui arrive quand un chercheur qui divulgue devient l'ennemi à abattre plutôt qu'un allié. On finit avec l'avis conjoint sur le durcissement des routeurs exposés à Internet, la cyber-hygiène IoT à la maison, un négociateur de rançongiciels qui travaillait en fait pour les attaquants, et une discussion franche sur le burn-out en cybersécurité. On dit « 0x296 » à l'audio, mais il s'agit bien de l'épisode 0x297. On a perdu le compte

Dylan Maltman of Apex Capital Management (Cape Town) joins the show to break down how he went from a banned retail prop trader to running an AI-native futures hedge fund. He details Apex's origin story, the difference between proprietary trading and challenge-based prop firms, and how Apex structures capital raising through SMAs vs. LPGP vehicles.

I am Rolf Claessen and my co-host Ken Suzan and I are welcoming you to episode 177 of our podcast IP Fridays! Today's interview guest is Dr. Ernst-Peter Heilein, who is a German and European patent attorney, the founder of HEILEIN IP LAW, and a long-time IP leader at BSH Home Appliances. He is the mastermind behind the BSH v. Electrolux decision of the European Court of Justice about long-arm jurisdiction in Europe that has the whole patent world stirring in Europe at the moment! But before we jump into this fascinating interview, I have news for you! Emboline v. AorticLab (UPC Court of Appeal) The UPC Court of Appeal has clarified for the first time how a conditional revocation counterclaim should be handled, in a dispute over Emboline’s embolic protection patent EP 2 129 425 against AorticLab. A defendant can validly make its revocation counterclaim conditional on infringement being found first, meaning no ruling on the counterclaim is needed if the infringement claim fails, as the Munich Local Division had held. The Court of Appeal also closed a related gap: if the claimant appeals a non-infringement finding, the counterclaimant may conditionally appeal the unresolved counterclaim too. AorticLab missed its own appeal deadline and can now at best seek re-establishment of rights, while Emboline has already appealed the non-infringement finding. FujiFilm v. Kodak (UPC Court of Appeal) Following the closely watched long-arm jurisdiction ruling of June 2, the UPC Court of Appeal, chaired by Rian Kalden, has now granted FujiFilm an injunction against Kodak in a second proceeding. The Court upheld the limited printing plate patent and found that Kodak’s Sonora XTRA 3 plate infringes it. Kodak can no longer sell or use that plate in Germany. OpenAI v. EUIPO (General Court of the EU, T-555/25) The General Court’s Eighth Chamber dismissed OpenAI’s action against the EUIPO decision to partially cancel the OPENAI trademark. The partial refusal for classes 9, 42, and 45 rests decisively on Article 7(1)(c) EUTMR, the descriptiveness ground. For a significant part of the English-speaking public, “OPENAI” directly conveys that the goods or services are provided using freely accessible artificial intelligence. Dental Monitoring v. Align Technology (CAFC) On July 7, 2026, the Federal Circuit confirmed that AI and deep-learning patent claims covering dental image analysis are not patent-eligible under Section 101. Simply training a “deep learning device” on a specific dataset does not amount to a patent-eligible technical solution. Publisher v. Google (Munich I Regional Court) The Munich I Regional Court issued a preliminary injunction barring Google from spreading false factual claims about a publishing company in its AI Overviews. A search query combining the company’s name with the German term for “fraud scheme” had triggered an AI-generated summary containing entirely fabricated accusations of subscription traps. KPN v. Oppo (Federal Court of Justice, X ZR 103/24) On July 1, the Federal Court of Justice dismissed KPN’s appeal against the revocation of a central claim of its LTE patent EP 2 291 033. Oppo had successfully challenged the claim, leaving KPN’s infringement action against Oppo’s German distribution entity without a legal basis for now. BSH v. Electrolux: What the ECJ Ruling Means for Your Company’s Patent Enforcement Strategy A vacuum cleaner from 2001 has reshaped the European patent landscape. That sounds like an overstatement. It isn’t. For IP Fridays, I spoke with Dr. Ernst-Peter Heilein, founder of HEILEIN IP LAW and long-time Senior IP Leader at BSH Home Appliances. He guided the case BSH v. Electrolux from its first strategic idea all the way to the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Justice, a case that earned the 2025 Managing IP Award as “Europe Impact Case of the Year.” For managing directors, IP heads, and R&D leaders at German Mittelstand companies, this case is not a legal footnote. It changes where you can enforce your patents, and it changes where you yourself can be sued if your company operates across several European markets. That is what this article is about. Background: How a Patent Dispute Became an ECJ Case The invention dates back to 2001 and concerns a new vacuum cleaner technology. In 2006, BSH identified what it believed was an unauthorized use of that invention and contacted Electrolux to clarify the situation. The European patent was granted in 2009 and validated in a number of European countries. Nobody, Heilein says, could have imagined at the time that this matter would eventually reach the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Justice almost twenty years later. In late 2018, BSH successfully defended the patent through opposition and appeal proceedings before the European Patent Office. In 2019, the Higher Regional Court of Düsseldorf found that certain Electrolux vacuum cleaner models infringed the patent. A classic milestone win, the kind that occurs regularly in patent practice. Except the patent had been validated in many countries. Winning in Germany did not solve the enforcement problem everywhere else. Heilein describes the starting point in very concrete terms: how do you enforce a patent that exists in many countries without filing a separate lawsuit in every single one? And how do you prevent claims from becoming time-barred while you work that out? Running parallel proceedings in multiple countries is not just legally complex. It consumes time, personnel, and money that a mid-sized company rarely has in that quantity to spare. This is exactly where the real value of this case for you begins. From the outset, this was never an academic debate about jurisdiction. It was a question that every company holding rights in more than one country eventually faces: how do you enforce your rights efficiently without burning your budget on ten parallel proceedings? Brussels Ia Regulation: The Underrated Article 4 While searching for a solution, the BSH team came across Article 4 of the Brussels Ia Regulation. The underlying idea is simple: a person can generally be sued in the country where that person is based. In the BSH case, that pointed toward the Swedish home court, because Electrolux is headquartered in Stockholm. For a long time, this rule played no real role in patent practice. The widely held view was that cross-border patent litigation in Europe was effectively dead the moment a defendant challenged the validity of the patent. Anyone wanting to enforce a patent across several countries appeared to have no choice but to litigate country by country. Heilein and his team questioned that assumption instead of simply accepting it. This is the point I find most instructive: challenging accepted assumptions in your own field is often the difference between a standard solution and a strategic one. In 2020, the team decided to file the action in Sweden, aware that they were looking at a possibility, not a guarantee. Cross-Border Enforcement: The Three Questions Referred to Luxembourg After Electrolux challenged the validity of the patents, the Swedish home court declared itself not competent to hear the case. BSH appealed, and the Swedish Court of Appeal agreed to refer three questions to the European Court of Justice. The first question addressed the core problem: does a home court that would otherwise have jurisdiction over an infringement claim lose that jurisdiction simply because the defendant argues the patent is invalid? The second question concerned a feature common to many legal systems, including Germany’s, where infringement and validity are decided in separate proceedings. The third question originally concerned Turkey. Today, most people immediately think of the United Kingdom, and some even think of US patents. Originally, the question was simpler: do the same jurisdiction rules apply to patents from countries outside the European Union? The fact that the ECJ first assigned the case to a Chamber of seven judges and later referred it to the Grand Chamber of 15 judges already signaled how much weight the Court placed on these questions. The Judgment: What the ECJ Actually Decided A home court does not automatically lose jurisdiction simply because the defendant argues the patent is invalid. For many years, the opposite was widely assumed to be settled law. The ECJ made clear that this reading was too narrow. The court where the defendant is based can generally continue to hear the infringement case. One point matters for how you read this ruling: questions concerning the validity of a European patent still fall to the national courts of the country for which the patent was granted, as provided in Article 24(4) of the Brussels Ia Regulation. What is new is that the infringement case does not automatically collapse the moment validity is challenged. The home court keeps control of the overall proceeding. For patents from EU Member States, the home court does not automatically lose jurisdiction. It assesses the validity challenge. If it looks strong, the home court may stay the infringement case. If it looks weak, the home court may proceed. For patents from non-EU countries, the home court may stay the case if a validity proceeding is already pending there, drawing on Articles 33 and 34 of the Brussels Ia Regulation. The result is a considerably more flexible system than most observers expected . Patents from Outside the EU: Long-Arm Jurisdiction The part of the judgment with the greatest international reach concerns patents from countries outside the EU. The ECJ ruled that the special jurisdiction rule for patent validity generally does not apply to non-European patents. That means the general rule can apply instead, opening the door for infringement claims based on non-European patents to be brought before a home court where the defendant is based in the EU. Commentators quickly started calling this “long-arm jurisdiction.” One clarification matters here, because it tends to get lost in the public discussion: the ECJ did not say that a European home court can revoke or invalidate a foreign patent. That remains a matter for the authorities and courts of the country that granted it. What the ECJ said is that a European home court may assess the claims between the parties. That distinction is essential to how you should read this ruling. Consequences in Practice: Fujifilm, Regeneron, and Onesta Three recent cases show how quickly practice is already adapting to the new possibilities. Fujifilm v. Kodak: the Düsseldorf Local Division of the Unified Patent Court accepted jurisdiction over the UK part of a European patent even before the ECJ delivered its judgment, building on reasoning the Advocate General had already signaled in the BSH case. In June 2026, the UPC Court of Appeal further developed that approach based on the principles confirmed in BSH. Regeneron v. Formycon: the Munich home court applied the BSH framework and granted a Europe-wide injunction based on a European patent, one of the first examples of a national home court putting the BSH logic into practice. Onesta v. BMW: this case shows the debate has moved well beyond Europe. After Onesta attempted to assert two US patents before the Munich home court, BMW obtained an anti-suit injunction from a Texas federal court. Judge Albright took the view that US patents should generally be decided by US courts. The injunction was directed against Onesta, not against the Munich court, and Onesta has appealed the Texas decision. The Munich home court stayed the proceeding but did not reject its own jurisdiction. Whether a European home court can ultimately decide infringement claims based on US patents remains an open question, one that has turned from a European jurisdiction issue into an international jurisdiction conflict. What This Means for Your Company Heilein sums up twenty years of litigation in three lessons, and I share this assessment without reservation when advising my Mittelstand clients. First: patent enforcement has become more international. National litigation still matters, but companies should think across borders from the very beginning, not only once the first cease-and-desist letter has been sent. Second: choice of forum now carries real strategic weight. Where you bring a case can matter just as much as the legal arguments themselves. Third: long-term commitment pays off. Major developments rarely result from a single filing or a single hearing. They come from pursuing a clear strategy consistently over many years. For you as a managing director, R&D lead, or Head of IP at an innovative Mittelstand company, this translates into two concrete points. First, if you hold rights in several European countries and a competitor infringes them, you no longer necessarily have to fund five or six parallel national proceedings. A single action at the infringer’s home base can be the economically smarter option. Second, and this side of the ruling gets less attention in public discussion, if your company is based in Germany and operates across several countries, you can now be sued at your own home base over patent infringement claims tied to activities in other countries. That risk belongs in every freedom-to-operate analysis and in every assessment tied to acquisitions or market entry. Here is the full transcript of the interview: Host Today's interview guest is Dr. Ernst-Peter Heilein. If you don't know Ernst-Peter, he is a German and European patent attorney, the founder of HEILEIN IP LAW, and a long-time IP leader at BSH Home Appliances. Thank you for being on IP Fridays. Answer Yeah, great to be here! BLOCK 1 – THE PERSON BEHIND THE CASE Host When looking at your career, one thing stands out: you never really followed the traditional path of either private practice or industry. Er, how did your professional journey begin, actually? Answer My professional roots are actually in private practice. After qualifying as a Patent Attorney, I worked in private practice and fairly early founded my own law firm, which later became HEILEIN IP LAW. Host So you never completely left private practice behind? Answer Exactly. In 2005, I had the opportunity to take on additional responsibilities on the BSH side. There, I was able to build and lead a new unit within the IP organization. The team was responsible for patents in the small appliances business, as well as global design and trademark protection. At the same time, I helped build an international network of internal and external IP counsel and coordinated their work. Host That still sounds fairly like traditional IP work. When did international disputes become part of your career? Answer Over time, my focus gradually shifted from traditional IP protection to strategic enforcement. That included anti-counterfeiting activities, global trademark and design matters, and cross-border patent disputes. Host So your work became more about enforcing rights rather than simply obtaining and managing them, right? Answer Exactly. And that development eventually led me to play a strategic role in the case BSH Home Appliances versus Electrolux, a case that still accompanies me today. Host Looking back now — from private practice, to building an international IP organization, and eventually becoming involved in a case before the European Court of Justice — did you ever imagine that path? Answer No, not at all. Looking back, this combination of private practice, responsibilities on the business side, and international enforcement experience turned out to be very useful when our case eventually reached the European Court of Justice. BLOCK 2 – HOW IT ALL STARTED Host Yeah, talking about this case. The case BSH versus Electrolux started long before it reached the European Court of Justice. When did the story actually begin? Answer The story actually begins much earlier than most people would expect. The invention itself dates back to 2001 and concerns a new vacuum cleaner technology. In 2006, we identified what we believed to be an unauthorized use of the invention and contacted Electrolux to clarify the situation. The European patent in suit was granted in 2009 and validated in a number of European countries. At the time, nobody could have imagined that this would eventually lead to a decision of the European Court of Justice almost twenty years later. Host Wow, 20 years! That's a long time. So, at first this was simply a normal patent dispute? Answer Yes, absolutely! After many years of opposition and appeal proceedings before the European Patent Office, we were finally able to defend the patent successfully in late 2018. Less than one year later, in the summer of 2019, the Higher Regional Court of Düsseldorf found that certain Electrolux vacuum cleaner models infringed the patent. Host Er, at that point, one might think, that the patent owner had achieved its goal, right? Answer That is what many people would think. But that judgment did not bring the dispute to an end. A new challenge emerged. The patent had been validated in many European countries. Winning in one country, like Germany, did not automatically solve the enforcement issue in all the other countries. Host What was the practical problem then? Answer We were facing a very simple question: How do we enforce a patent that exists in many countries? And how do we prevent claims from becoming time-barred without filing separate infringement actions in every single country? Doing that would not only be legally complex. It would also require a huge amount of time, effort, and money. Host That sounds less like a major legal question and more like a business problem. Answer Exactly. At the beginning, this was not an academic discussion about jurisdiction. It was a very practical business question. How can we enforce our rights efficiently without running parallel lawsuits all over Europe? That was the real challenge we were trying to solve. BLOCK 3 – THE IDEA OF A CENTRAL ACTION Host So, how did the idea of one central action emerge? Answer While looking for possible solutions, we came across Article 4 of the Brussels Ia Regulation. The idea behind that rule is very simple. In general, a person can be sued in the country where that person is based. In our case, that pointed us toward the Swedish home court because Electrolux is based in Stockholm. Host That sounds like a fairly ordinary jurisdiction rule. Answer Yes. And that was exactly what made it interesting. Article 4 is the general rule. The question was whether that rule could also be used for patent infringement claims covering several countries. Host Was that a common approach at the time? Answer No. Quite the opposite. Many people believed that cross-border patent litigation in Europe was effectively dead. Host That sounds rather dramatic. Why did people think that? Answer Because there was a widely held view that a central patent case could be stopped as soon as the defendant challenged the validity of the patent. As a result, many companies assumed they had no real choice but to litigate country by country. Host Yet you decided to look at the issue differently. Answer Yes. Sometimes it is worth taking a fresh look at accepted assumptions. We felt that Article 4 might play a much more important role than many people believed. Host So at that point, you already saw an opportunity, right? Answer Yes, we saw a possibility! Not a guarantee. But we believed there was a strong legal basis for bringing all claims before the Swedish home court. Host And that eventually led to the lawsuit being filed in Sweden, right? Answer Exactly. In 2020, we decided to file the action in Sweden. That followed our success before the European Patent Office in late 2018 and in the Düsseldorf infringement proceedings in 2019. At that stage, our objective was very practical. We were simply trying to find an efficient way to enforce rights that exist in many countries. Host At that point, you already think the case might end up before the European Court of Justice? Answer No. Not at all. We were focused on solving a business problem. The idea that the case would eventually reach the European Court of Justice came much later. BLOCK 4 – THE OBSTACLE: GAT v. LuK Host You mentioned that, er, many people believed cross-border patent litigation in Europe was no longer a realistic option. Why was that? Answer The main reason was an earlier decision of the European Court of Justice known as GAT versus LuK, decided in 2006. For many years, that decision was understood to mean that a home court could lose its ability to hear a patent infringement case as soon as the defendant challenged the validity of the patent. In practice, that understanding made many cross-border patent cases extremely difficult. As a result, many people believed that cross-border patent litigation was not effective. Host And yet you decided to follow exactly that path, right? Answer Yes. Sometimes it is worth questioning assumptions that have been accepted for many years. We believed that Article 4 of the Brussels Ia Regulation played a more important role than many people thought. That is why, in 2020, we decided to file the case in Sweden. Host And at that point, did you already realize that the case might eventually reach the European Court of Justice? Answer No. Not at all. Our goal was simply to find a practical solution to a real enforcement problem. The idea that this would eventually become a case before the European Court of Justice was far from our minds. BLOCK 5 – THE QUESTIONS REFERRED TO THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE Host So, how did the case eventually reach the European Court of Justice then? Answer After we filed the lawsuit in Sweden in 2020, Electrolux challenged the validity of the patents. The Swedish home court then concluded that it could not hear the case and declared itself not competent to proceed. We appealed that decision, because the issues were important and affected far more than just our case. We suggested that several questions should be referred to the European Court of Justice. The Swedish Court of Appeal agreed and sent those questions to Luxembourg. Host So, what were these main questions? Answer At the heart of the case, there were three questions: First: if a home court has jurisdiction over a patent infringement case, does it lose that jurisdiction simply because the defendant argues that the patent is invalid? Second: Does it make a difference if the national legal system requires validity issues to be decided in a separate proceeding? And third: Do this jurisdiction rules also apply to patents from countries outside the European Union? Host The third question sounds particularly interesting. Answer Yes, at the time, the discussion in our case focused on Turkey. Today, many people immediately think about the United Kingdom, and some even think about US patents. But originally, the question was much simpler. We wanted to know, whether the same jurisdiction rules also apply when patents from non-European countries are involved. Host And, did you realize how important that third question might become? Answer No, certainly not to that extent. At the beginning, most of the discussion focused on the relationship between the different jurisdiction rules within Europe. Only later did it become clear that the European Court of Justice’s answers might have consequences far beyond the European Union. Host So, how did the European Court of Justice react then? Answer That was actually quite interesting. The European Court of Justice first heard the case before a Chamber of seven judges. Later, it referred the case to the Grand Chamber of 15 judges. That already showed that the European Court of Justice considered the issues to be important. And when the judgment finally came out, some of the answers were very different from what many observers had expected. BLOCK 6 – THE DECISION OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE Host Let’s talk about the European Court of Justice’s answers. What was, in your view, the most important part of the decision? Answer The most important point was this: A home court does not automatically lose jurisdiction just because the defendant argues that the patent is invalid. For many years, many people believed exactly the opposite. The European Court of Justice made it clear that this understanding was too narrow. The home court where the defendant is based can generally continue to hear the infringement case. That is really the key message of the decision. Host Why is that so important? Answer Because it gives new momentum to cross-border patent enforcement in Europe. Before this decision, many people assumed that a defendant could effectively stop a central infringement case simply by challenging the validity of the patent. The European Court of Justice made clear that this is not automatically the case. Host Does that mean the home court hearing the infringement case will now also decide whether the patent is valid? Answer No, and that is a very important point. The European Court of Justice confirmed that questions about the validity of a European patent should still be decided by the national courts of the country for which the patent was granted, as provided for in Article 24(4) of the Brussels Ia Regulation. What is new, is that the infringement case does not automatically fall apart because of a validity challenge. The home court can keep control of the overall case. Host So, how does that work in practice? Answer The European Court of Justice gives the home court some flexibility. For patents from Member States of the European Union, the home court does not automatically lose its power if the defendant says the patent is invalid. The home court can look at the validity challenge. If it seems strong, the home court may stay the infringement case. If it seems weak, the home court may continue the infringement case. For patents from countries outside the European Union, the home court may also stay the case if there is already a validity case pending in that country. In such situations, Articles 33 and 34 of the Brussels Ia Regulation may apply. That creates a much more flexible system than many people expected. Host Er, we have discussed the implications for patents from Member States of the European Union, but a lot of attention has been given to another part of the decision, that we already talked about briefly, namely patents from countries outside the European Union. Answer Absolutely, and that may be the part of the judgment with the biggest international impact. Host Why? Answer Because the European Court of Justice decided that the special jurisdiction rule for patent validity does not generally apply to patents from non-European countries. In simple terms, that means the general rule can still apply. And that opens the possibility of bringing infringement cases based on non-European patents before the home court where the defendant is based in the European Union. Host That sounds like a very far-reaching statement. Answer It is. That is why many commentators started talking about what is often called “long-arm jurisdiction.” In other words, a European home court may, under certain circumstances, deal with infringement claims relating to patents from countries outside the European Union. Host So, many listeners may now wonder: Can a Swedish or a German home court really decide a dispute involving a British or Turkish patent? Answer Ah, we need to be careful here. The European Court of Justice did not say that a European home court can cancel or revoke a foreign patent. That remains a matter for the authorities and national courts of the country that granted the patent. What the European Court of Justice said is that a European home court may assess the claims between the parties in a dispute. That is an important distinction. Host Did you realize during the proceedings how important this part of the decision might become? Answer Not to this extent. We started with a very practical enforcement problem. Only later did it become clear that the European Court of Justice’s answers might have consequences far beyond the original case. Today, the decision is discussed not only in connection with Turkish patents, but also British patents and even possible claims involving US patents. Host If you had to summarize the decision in one sentence, and I know, this is a very difficult task, what would that sentence be? Answer The European Court of Justice did not re-invent cross-border patent enforcement in Europe. But after many years, it clearly gave it much more room to develop. BLOCK 7 – THE REACTION OF THE IP COMMUNITY Host So, how was the decision received after it was published? Answer Ah, the reaction was very strong. It quickly became clear that many people saw the decision as much more than just another patent case. Many articles and commentaries described it as an important development in European patent litigation. Host Did that surprise you? Answer To some extent, yes. Of course, we knew that the questions referred to the European Court of Justice were important. But I was surprised by how quickly the decision became a major topic of discussion across the European patent community. Host Er, you later presented the decision at several conferences yourself, right? Answer Yes. The discussion started right away. I had the opportunity to discuss and present the case at several conferences and events, including the annual VPP conference in Germany and the Ingolstadt Patent Symposium. I recently received an invitation to serve as a panel speaker on cross-border litigation at the AIPPI World Congress 2026 in Hamburg. What struck me most was that both internal and external IP counsel were trying to understand the practice consequences of the decision. Host So, what was the question you were asked most often? Answer Almost always the same one: How far does this decision really go? People wanted to know whether this was simply a correction of earlier case law or whether it marked the beginning of a new phase in cross-border patent enforcement. Host And what did you say? Answer I would describe it as: neither a revolution nor a minor adjustment. The European Court of Justice did not rewrite the system. But it clearly changed the balance between the different jurisdiction rules. That is why I believe the decision will continue to be discussed for many years, both in practice and in academia. Host Er, one year later, the case received the Managing IP Award as the “Europe Impact Case of the Year.” What did that recognition mean to you? Answer First of all, it was a great honor for everyone involved. But for me, the most important thing was the message behind the award. The award showed that the decision affects much more than the parties involved in the case. It has an impact on European patent practice as a whole. And it also shows that the underlying jurisdiction questions reach far beyond patent law. They are relevant whenever companies have to enforce rights across borders in an increasing international world. That is what makes this case special. Host You often describe this case as a team effort. Answer Absolutely. A case of this size is never the work of one person. Many people contributed over many years. On the BSH side, team members from different functions played an important role throughout the proceedings. And we worked closely with external advisors in several countries. So I see the award as recognition of a shared achievement rather than an individual success. Host Looking at the discussions today, would you say the debate is over? Answer Not at all. I actually think we are only at the beginning. There are still many practical questions that home courts will have to answer in the coming years. That is exactly why the decision remains so interesting. BLOCK 8 – WHAT DOES THE DECISION MEAN IN PRACTICE? Host Let’s move from legal theory to practical business implications. What does this decision mean for patent owners and companies? Answer In my view, the biggest change is strategic. Patent owners now have better opportunities to bring cross-border disputes together in one central proceeding. At the same time, companies need to be aware that they may face claims at their European headquarters covering activities in several countries. So the decision creates opportunities, but it also creates new risks. Host That sounds really like a significant shift; right? Answer I would call it a rebalancing rather than a revolution. The European Court of Justice did not create a completely new system. But it made clear that the general rule — suing a defendant where it is based — plays a much bigger role than many people had assumed. As a result, the court at the defendant’s home base becomes much more important strategically. Host In the patent community, people often talk about cases such as Fujifilm v. Kodak, or Regeneron v. Formycon or Onesta v. BMW. Why are those cases attracting so much attention now? Answer Because they show how quickly practice is already adapting to the new possibilities. Fujifilm was important because it was one of the first UPC cases to test the logic that was later confirmed in BSH. At that time, the BSH case was already pending before the European Court of Justice, and the Advocate General had expressed a view that pointed in that direction. Against that background, the Düsseldorf Local Division accepted jurisdiction over the UK part of a European patent even before the European Court of Justice delivered its judgment. In June 2026, based on the principles confirmed in BSH, the UPC Court of Appeal further developed that approach. Host And what happened in Regeneron v. Formycon ? Answer In the Regeneron case, the Munich home court applied the approach confirmed in BSH and granted a Europe-wide injunction based on a European patent. That was one of the first examples of a national home court using the BSH framework in practice. That demonstrates that the decision is not just an academic discussion. It already has practical consequences. Host And what about the Onesta case? Answer The Onesta case shows that the debate has moved beyond Europe. After Onesta attempted to assert two U.S. patents before the Munich home court, BMW obtained an anti-suit injunction from a Texas federal court. Judge Albright took the view that U.S. patents should generally be decided by U.S. courts. The Onesta case therefore illustrates that the limits of the BSH logic are now being tested internationally. Host Did that end the proceedings in Munich? Answer Not necessarily. What makes the case interesting is that the Texas injunction was directed against Onesta, not against the Munich home court. At the same time, Onesta appealed Judge Albright’s decision in the United States. The Munich home court therefore decided to stay the case for the time being. Importantly, however, the Munich home court did not reject its own jurisdiction. So, at least for the moment, the underlying question remains open. Host Can a European home court ultimately decide infringement claims based on U.S. patents? Answer That question has not yet been answered. But the case has already shown that such an attempt can trigger strong reactions outside Europe. In that sense, the debate has moved from a European jurisdiction question to an international jurisdiction conflict. Host For our audience of internal and external IP counsel, what are the main lessons from this decision? Answer For me, there are three key takeaways. First: Patent enforcement has become more international. National litigation remains important, but companies should think across borders from the very beginning. Second: The choice of forum is becoming more important. Where you bring a case may be just as important as the legal arguments themselves. And third: Long-term commitment matters. This case shows that major developments rarely happen because of a single filing or a single hearing. They usually result from pursuing a clear strategy consistently over many years. Host Do you think this decision will also influence the Unified Patent Court, the UPC? Answer Yes, I believe so. The decision fits into a broader trend toward more centralized patent litigation. Both, the UPC and the BSH decision are driven by the same idea: Handling cross-border disputes more efficiently and more consistently. What is interesting is that many of the questions were faced in BSH versus Electrolux are now reappearing in a new form before the UPC. Cases like Fujifilm versus Kodak show that the discussion about jurisdiction, scope, and cross-border effects is far from over. Institutions may be new. But the underlying challenge remains the same: How do we enforce patents effectively across borders? Host Some commentators even see this as a step toward a more independent European patent judiciary. Do you agree? Answer To some extent, yes. Professor Hanns Ullrich, who supervised my doctoral studies on the legal protection of a then new semiconductor technology many years ago, recently observed that the UPC is gradually developing its own European case law.[DH1] I think that is — again — a very accurate observation. If you look at the developments since BSH and the first UPC decisions, you can see that European patent litigation is becoming more connected. National courts will remain important. But at the same time, we are seeing a more integrated European patent system taking shape. How far that development will go remains to be seen. Host Looking back on the entire journey — from a vacuum cleaner patent, through litigation in several countries, all the way to the European Court of Justice and an award-winning decision — what is your personal conclusion? Answer My main conclusion is that innovation needs effective legal protection. But it also requires the willingness to challenge established assumptions and explore new approaches. For me, the BSH versus Electrolux case shows that persistence, teamwork, a willingness to challenge accepted assumptions, and a long-term strategic view can sometimes lead to developments that go far beyond the original dispute. BLOCK 9 – THE PERSON BEHIND THE DECISION Host Ernst-Peter, today we have talked a lot about jurisdiction, patent enforcement, and European case law. When you look back at this journey, which has lasted almost twenty years, what impressed you most? Answer Probably the realization that major developments rarely follow a straight line. When we started thinking about the case, we were dealing with a very practical problem. Nobody said: Let’s create a landmark decision of the European Court of Justice. We were simply looking for a reasonable and practical solution for a company. The fact that this would eventually lead to a decision with Europe-wide impact was something nobody could foresee at the time. Host Were there moments when you thought the case might fail? Answer Of course. Whenever a case lasts many years, there will be setbacks, new questions, and unexpected developments. That is exactly why persistence is so important. In the end, success is often not about one filing or one hearing. It is about staying focused on a clear objective over a long period of time. Host You often talk about teamwork. Is that one of the main lessons from this case? Answer Absolutely. A case of this size requires commitment from many people and institutes over many years. On the BSH side, my role was to help maintain the strategic direction and long-term commitment that such a case requires. At the same time, experts from different functions within BSH contributed technical expertise, testing, documentation, and practical support throughout the proceedings. On the legal side, Roman Sedlmaier and his team at IP-Counsels Gigerich & Sedlmaier (IPCGS) helped develop the cross-border litigation strategy and the overall case architecture. Our Swedish litigation team then carried the arguments through all stages of the proceedings. Looking back, it was the combination of institutional commitment, technical expertise, strategic leadership, well-designed case architecture, and consistent execution that made the difference. Host One final question. What advice would you give to young internal or external IP counsel? Answer Stay curious: Don’t be afraid to question accepted assumptions. Be patient: Intellectual property is usually a marathon, not a sprint. And never forget that every patent dispute involves an invention, a business, and many people who have worked hard to bring that innovation to market. For me, that connection between technology, law, and strategy is what still makes this profession so fascinating today. Host Ernst-Peter, thank you very much for joining us today on IP Fridays. Answer Thank you. It was a pleasure to be here.

Four Luxembourg entrepreneurs tackle wasted energy, hidden disability, unaffordable housing and litter through the SIS model. Most companies begin with a product. My four guests began with an irritation they couldn't ignore: buildings leaking untracked energy, disabilities hidden from view, workers priced out of the housing market and pointless litter on streets, forests, rivers and coastlines. Their response was to build a business around the repair job. Luxembourg has a legal structure for precisely this kind of ambition. A Société d'Impact Sociétal, known as an SIS, remains a commercial enterprise, but its social or environmental purpose is written into the company itself. Its impact must be measured, reported and defended. At the time of our conversation, Luxembourg has 92 registered SIS companies working across 12 broad areas, including housing, health, education, climate, food and the circular economy. First, find out what the building is doing Virginie Ducommun, founder of Indoor Forest, calls her philosophy “efficient sobriety”. Her smart sensors can be installed in existing buildings without ripping through walls or replacing entire systems. They expose where energy and water are going, helping owners decide what genuinely needs changing and what can safely remain. Luxembourg has developed a habit of destroying and rebuilding, Virginie argues, even when buildings still contain decades of useful life. A pink wall can be repainted. A functioning heating system can be maintained. Demolition should require a better excuse than age. “Data is gold. Before you do anything, you need to know what's happening.” Virginie Ducommun, Indoor Forest A sunflower that makes the invisible visible For Jana Degrott, founder of Real Impact Hub, the mission is deeply personal. Her brother has a hidden disability. Her company represents the Hidden Disability Sunflower programme in Luxembourg, allowing someone to wear a discreet sunflower lanyard when they may need greater patience, understanding or support. Jana spent two years pursuing the idea before securing Luxembourg Airport as her first major client. She then approached the international Sunflower organisation with a compelling entrepreneurial argument: the concept had already been sold, so perhaps it was time to answer her emails. Today, the programme is expanding into organisations including CFL. “I have something you don't see with your eyes. Please be patient, understanding, don't judge me.” Jana Degrott, Real Impact Hub The lanyard does not reveal a diagnosis. It asks the rest of us to pause before turning difference into judgement. That small pause could be one of the most valuable services any organisation provides. The housing crisis hiding inside Luxembourg's success Joe Schmit spent more than 15 years in real estate before co-founding Simpact, Luxembourg's first private social property developer under the SIS structure. Its model combines state support, private financing and long-term rental housing whose income is designed to cover costs. The need extends far beyond a narrow group. Young families, couples, single parents and much of Luxembourg's working population can struggle to find secure, affordable housing. Simpact has signed a convention with the state targeting 250 units, Joe said, although Luxembourg will require many more organisations operating at that scale. “The housing market doesn't follow the growth.” Joe Schmit, Simpact Housing exposes the full machinery of a country. Land, construction costs, interest rates, municipal permits, schools, transport and public infrastructure all turn together. Build 25 homes in a small commune and it may also need classrooms for 50 children. A housing policy is quietly a policy for almost everything else. One bag becomes a global movement César González Fernández began picking up litter in 2018 because it bothered him. Five minutes, one bag, one cleaner patch of ground. That private act became Clean Something For Nothing, an app recording cleanups through location data, time, volume and weight. At the time of recording, its community had collected approximately 926,000 kilograms of litter and was closing in on the one million kilogram mark. Its “Pick and Plant” programme also allows companies to fund one tree for every kilogram collected. “Once you see it, you cannot unsee it.” César González Fernández, Clean Something For Nothing His deeper target is behavioural change. Once somebody has bent down and picked up another person's cigarette butt, plastic bottle or food wrapper, litter becomes harder to ignore and much harder to drop. Profit with proof attached An SIS must still sell, recruit, pay salaries, manage cash flow and generate profit. The difference lies in what happens next. Impact shareholders do not receive dividends, profits remain inside the company and the organisation must prove that its promised social or environmental value actually occurred. That makes the SIS label less of a halo and more of a discipline. These founders are asking Luxembourg to take impact companies seriously as economic actors, open procurement opportunities to them and help them reach the scale their missions demand. “Doing good business doesn't mean not making any money.” Jana Degrott “There are so many returns on nature and society.” César González Fernández Four founders, four very different businesses and one provocative question: what might happen if every company had to describe what it repairs as carefully as it reports what it earns? Guest and organisation links Virginie Ducommun, founder of Indoor Forest, about smart sensors, energy waste and why Luxembourg should stop demolishing buildings that still have decades of useful life. Website: https://indoorforest.lu B Smart: https://b-smart.lu LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/virginie-ducommun-indoorforest-impactluxembourg Company LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/indoorforest Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/bevakasha.bsmart/ Jana Degrott, founder of Real Impact Hub, about hidden disabilities, accessibility and the Hidden Disabilities Sunflower programme. Real Impact Hub: https://www.realimpact.lu Be Human: https://www.behuman-asbl.com Hidden Disabilities Sunflower Luxembourg: https://www.hdsunflower.com/lu Joe Schmit, co-founder of Simpact, about Luxembourg's housing crisis and a new model for creating affordable rental homes. Simpact: https://simpact.lu César Gonzalez Fernandez, founder of Clean Something For Nothing, about behavioural change, global cleanups and the journey towards one million kilograms of litter collected. Clean Something For Nothing: https://cleansomethingfornothing.com/contact/ Entrepreneurs d'Impact Luxembourg: https://entrepreneurs-impact.lu Watch or listen through RTL Today: https://perma.rtl.lu/a/2710421 What should business be expected to contribute to society? Should companies measure what they repair as carefully as they measure revenue? Tell us what you think in the comments. #Luxembourg #SocialImpact #ImpactEntrepreneurship #AffordableHousing #HiddenDisabilities #Sustainability #CircularEconomy #TheLisaBurkeShow

It's time to continue the work from 2024 and keep ranking the winners of Eurovision! This time, we're turning our attention to the top tunes from the end of the 20th century, starting with the 1980s. From Johnny Logan to... well, Johnny Logan, there's a whole decade of great songs to check out this week, but ours aren't the only opinions that matter! Listen along with us, vote via the form below for your favorites, and help us determine the champion of champions! Jeremy wonders if this song is a gift, Dimitry makes an uncool appeal for peace, and Oscar loves a shy boy. Watch the performances by the 80s & 90s winners on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrVhbji3NU0&list=PLOkEuXDlyT_k Vote for your favorites of the 80s & 90s: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1K5ke1rSPkmhfyulC3uYIB6y8iS_lK8Zd9SFx1UvsbuQ/ Watch Johnny Logan's McDonald's ads This week's companion playlist: https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0gLmfzp0ZxYe8pj5GuVDnb Help support this show and unlock bonus content! Become a member at https://maximumfun.org/joineurovangelistsEurovangelists is an American Eurovision podcast, made in the US for Eurovision fans worldwide. The Eurovangelists are Jeremy Bent, Oscar Montoya and Dimitry Pompée.The theme was arranged and recorded by Cody McCorry and Faye Fadem, and the logo was designed by Tom Deja.Production support for this show was provided by the Maximum Fun network.The show is edited by Jeremy Bent with audio mixing help was courtesy of Shane O'Connell.Find Eurovangelists on social media as @eurovangelists on Instagram and @eurovangelists.com on Bluesky, or send us an email at eurovangelists@gmail.com. Head to https://maxfunstore.com/collections/eurovangelists for Eurovangelists merch. Also follow the Eurovangelists account on Spotify and check out our playlists of Eurovision hits, competitors in upcoming national finals, and companion playlists to every single episode, including this one!

A concept impossible to over-romanticise, pinpointing the exact Premier League matchweek to represent its sweet spot, the gentle echoing of Martin Tyler across the potholes of a generic bar strip, charmingly error-strewn handwritten fixture lists, the Irish Bar option, the Moon Under Water of Turkish beach bars showing the Prem, spending £3.50 on a 48-hour-old copy of the Mirror in 2001, Faliraki 5-a-side with Leon Osman, one listener's Eurocamp goalkeeping glory, a stag do in Luxembourg, and an 8/10 Premier League weekend lineup in an Only Fools and Horses-themed bar in Majorca. Adam Hurrey, Charlie Eccleshare and David Walker bring you the latest episode of Dreamland, as they celebrate the immaculate scenario of watching football on holiday. Head to dreamland.footballcliches.com to sign up and get access to the full Dreamland back catalogue Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#736: A bride wants to spend $60,000 on her wedding — money that could grow to $800,000 in 40 years if she invested it instead. This week, three very different listener questions all boil down to the same fight: what the math says versus what actually makes you happy.

Open Lines Discussion For Sunday, May 31, 2026Short SummaryThis was an open lines episode of The Space Show, hosted by David Livingston with participants including Marshall Martin, John Hunt, Dr. AJ Kothari, Philip Swan, and Bob Zimmerman. The main discussion centered on NASA's lunar payload delivery challenges after the New Glenn explosion, with Dr. AJ Kothari proposing Falcon Heavy as a solution to transport 1-7 tons to the lunar surface. The group discussed why innovative space ideas often fail to gain traction at NASA, citing factors like the “not invented here” syndrome, regulatory burdens on new companies, and patent/copyright issues. The conversation also covered Blue Origin's timeline for recovering from their recent explosion, with participants offering various estimates ranging from before year-end to potentially two to three years, depending on the extent of damage and investigation requirements.Detailed SummaryThe Space Show Wisdom Team discussed how NASA's payloads to the moon in 2026 are now at risk due to the New Glenn explosion, and proposed using Falcon Heavy as a solution. David expressed frustration about good space ideas not getting implemented, while Bob explained that NASA's resistance to new ideas and heavy regulatory burdens on new companies are significant obstacles. The discussion highlighted how SpaceX would need to work quietly with Falcon Heavy rather than publicly due to commercial considerations regarding Blue Origin.Dr. Kothari discussed NASA's “not invented here” syndrome and mentioned a potential introduction to SpaceX through Congressman Herodopoulos, though he expressed uncertainty about follow-through. The group discussed challenges with patents and copyrights affecting space projects, with Robert noting SpaceX's willingness to help competitors to avoid antitrust issues. Phil suggested thatAjay should use the Evidence Ledger platform to structure and validate his lunar transport claims before approaching SpaceX or NASA, which Dr. agreed to do. The conversation ended with a discussion about Blue Origin's timeline for returning to flight, where Marshall indicated that the exact timeline depends on the extent of damage to the launch pad and the extent to which it was designed to handle such issues.The group discussed the timeline for rebuilding Blue Origin's launch facility after a rocket explosion. David estimated delays could range from one to three years due to government investigations and Blue Origin's slow pace, while Marshall suggested it could be quicker if it was an engine failure. The team debated potential causes, with Marshall proposing a combustion chamber or rocket bell fracture as a possibility, and discussed implications for other rocket programs including Vulcan and Artemis. The conversation concluded without any evidence of sabotage being reported.The group discussed SpaceX's upcoming IPO, with participants expressing skepticism about the $2 trillion valuation due to operating losses and lack of revenue supporting the claims in the registration statement. John Jossy shared updates on the National Space Society's new cislunar space development goals, including efforts to create legal frameworks for space resource utilization and mining. The discussion concluded with concerns about the impact of Blue Origin's recent accident on the Artemis program, particularly regarding rocket capabilities and backup options for lunar missions.The team discussed the challenges and funding of rocket development, particularly focusing on Falcon Heavy and New Glenn. Dr. Kothari suggested that accidents could create opportunities for Congress to fund necessary modifications, while Marshall warned about the political challenges of securing such funding. The discussion explored whether government funding should support Blue Origin's New Glenn development, with John Jossy questioning whether federal money was needed given Bezos's personal wealth, and David suggesting that government mandates for regulatory or safety upgrades could provide a path for additional funding.The group discussed the competitive urgency around lunar missions, with David emphasizing the need to hurry due to China's upcoming lunar launch. They debated the status of Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket and its NASA contracts, with Dr. providing details about different Mark versions of the lunar lander. The conversation then shifted to SpaceX's recent Starship test flight incident, where they discussed the FAA's investigation and debated whether it would significantly impact SpaceX's development timeline, with Philip arguing that government regulations are generally designed to ensure safety rather than slow progress.Marshall discussed the booster issue, highlighting concerns about fuel sloshing and its potential impact, estimating an 8-week timeline for resolution. John Jossy supported the optimistic timeline, noting SpaceX's ability to iterate quickly, while Dr. expressed concerns about hot staging, explaining its mechanics and potential risks. Philip defended hot staging as a trade-off for efficiency, and John Hunt questioned its appropriateness for a reusable rocket. The discussion concluded with Dr. mentioning the pressure to advance quickly due to potential lunar missions by Chinese astronauts in 2027.The group discussed Pope Francis's recent encyclical on AI, with Phil sharing his interview experience about the Pope's concerns regarding AI development and public opinion on the topic. The discussion explored various regulatory challenges around AI, including questions about medical licenses, legal practice, and the need for human oversight of AI systems. The conversation concluded with updates about upcoming Space Show episodes, including a scheduled interview with Thomas Zurbuchen on June 22nd and discussions about potential delays to the Artemis III mission due to issues with the Vulcan rocket and BE4 engines.Special thanks to our sponsors:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Helix Space in Luxembourg, Celestis Memorial Spaceflights, Astrox Corporation, Dr. Haym Benaroya of Rutgers University, The Space Settlement Progress Blog by John Jossy, The Atlantis Project, and Artless EntertainmentWe use Zoom phone numbers for program participation.For real time program participation, email Dr. Space at: drspace@thespaceshow.com for instructions and access.The Space Show is a non-profit 501C3 through its parent, One Giant Leap Foundation, Inc. To donate via Pay Pal, use:To donate with Zelle, use the email address: david@onegiantleapfoundation.org.If you prefer donating with a check, please make the check payable to One Giant Leap Foundation and mail to:One Giant Leap Foundation, 11035 Lavender Hill Drive Ste. 160-306 Las Vegas, NV 89135Upcoming Programs:Broadcast 4566 Zoom: George Tyson w/co-host John Jossy | Tuesday 28 Jul 2026 700PM PTGuests: George TysonZoom: George Tyson, fresh from ISDC, along with John Jossy, have news and updates for usBroadcast 4567: Hotel Mars MIT details to follow | Wednesday 29 Jul 2026 930AM PTGuests: John Batchelor, Dr. David LivingstonHotel Mars details to followBroadcast 4568 Zoom: Dr. Logan Smith | Friday 31 Jul 2026 930AM PTGuests: Dr. Logan SmithZoom: Dr. Logan Smith return. Details to follow. To listen & participate in this program email us for Zoom phone numbers & access before airtime.Broadcast 4569 Zoom: Lisa La Bonte | Sunday 02 Aug 2026 1200PM PTGuests: Lisa La BonteLisa La Bonte returns to The Space Show. Details to follow. To listen & participate in this program email us for Zoom phone numbers & access before airtime Get full access to The Space Show-One Giant Leap Foundation at doctorspace.substack.com/subscribe

In 2018, historian Paul Moon published a book arguing that te reo Māori is on course to disappear as a living language, and that almost everything being done to revive it is failing. The reaction was immediate and hostile.Moon's position is that he is a friend of the language, and that a good friend does not offer false comfort. He argues that compulsory language teaching has failed in Wales, Ireland, Luxembourg and Singapore, that fluency figures are self-reported and unverifiable, that no indigenous second language anywhere has been successfully revived, and that te reo risks surviving only in ceremony, the way Latin and Old Slavonic did.Dane Giraud pushes back throughout: on Israel's revival of Hebrew, on the punishment of Māori children for speaking their language at school, and on whether hostility towards non-Māori learners is part of the problem.Moon's conclusions are disputed by many te reo scholars and revitalisation practitioners. We publish the conversation because an argument about the survival of a language is worth testing in the open.CHAPTERS00:00 Intro00:40 The book, and the reaction to it02:15 Why he wrote it03:10 Kōhanga Reo, and the smell of an oily rag05:20 Do the politicians actually mean it?07:45 Does compulsion work? Wales, Ireland, Luxembourg10:50 How languages pass between generations13:00 Language as an ecosystem14:00 No indigenous second language has ever been revived14:50 213,000 speakers, so where do you hear it?16:20 The trouble with self-reported fluency17:25 The risk of becoming a ceremonial language19:00 Israel, Hebrew, and why it does not transfer21:00 The 1820s, when most Pākehā spoke te reo21:50 Solutions, and why there is no magic pill25:05 Should non-Māori learn te reo?27:00 The pronunciation argument29:20 English: muscular, arrogant, invasive34:00 Was te reo beaten out of schoolchildren?35:55 TikTok, and the content problem37:55 The burning maraeABOUT FREE TO SPEAKFree to Speak is the official podcast of the New Zealand Free Speech Union: uncensored conversations on free speech, civil liberties, and the people defending them. Hosted by Dane Giraud.SUPPORT THE WORKJoin: https://www.fsu.nz/joinDonate: https://www.fsu.nz/donateNewsletter: https://www.fsu.nz/subscribeFOLLOW THE FREE SPEECH UNION NZWebsite: https://www.fsu.nzX: https://x.com/NZFreeSpeechFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/freespeechunionInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/freespeechunionnzTikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@freespeechunionnzGot feedback or a guest suggestion? podcast@fsu.nzSupport the showhttps://www.fsu.nz/https://x.com/NZFreeSpeechhttps://www.instagram.com/freespeechnz/https://www.tiktok.com/@freespeechunionnz

Trees are a major cause of power outages. They're also a wildfire risk—when branches hit a conductor, a small spark can become a big blaze. Lynn Petesch of Overstory joins thinkenergy to talk trees, exploring how AI, satellite imagery, and vegetation intelligence help utilities prevent outages and reduce wildfire threats. Including Hydro Ottawa, who saw a 44% drop in tree-related outages since partnering with Overstory. Listen in for how we work together to keep the grid safe in an era of extreme weather.   Related links    Overstory: https://www.overstory.com/ Lynn Petesch on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lynnpetesch/    Trevor Freeman on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/trevor-freeman-p-eng-8b612114    Hydro Ottawa: https://hydroottawa.com/en      To subscribe using Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/thinkenergy/id1465129405 To subscribe using Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7wFz7rdR8Gq3f2WOafjxpl To subscribe on Libsyn: http://thinkenergy.libsyn.com/ --- Subscribe so you don't miss a video: https://www.youtube.com/user/hydroottawalimited Follow along on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/hydroottawa Stay in the know on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/HydroOttawa Keep up with the posts on X: https://twitter.com/thinkenergypod --- Transcript: [00:00:00] Trevor Freeman: Hi everyone, and welcome to the summer edition of Think Energy. We are officially in podcast vacation mode. So while our normal day-to-day work continues, we're taking a brief pause from our kind of regularly scheduled episodes to recharge, to think about what's coming up in the year ahead content-wise, and just do some planning. But while we do so, we don't want to leave you without anything to listen to, so we look back at some of our favorite insights and episodes over the past year, and that is our summer rewind. So this summer, we're tackling a pretty significant and overarching theme that's really defining the current state of the energy transition, and that is the collision between digital infrastructure and physical infrastructure as it relates to our energy grid. It's this really kind of fascinating look at old versus new, traditional versus up-and-coming, and how we progress to meet the energy needs of our customer base, the growing energy needs as we electrify, as we, you know, expand, while also implementing new technology to protect our grid, protect our assets, to better manage things. So it's kind of a common theme in a lot of episodes that we have done in the last little while and a lot of the conversations that we're having. So in Part 1 today, we're kicking things off with a look at the physical world of our grid and how we're using new technology to protect it, and that is our conversation with Overstory. So we'll re-examine how we use high-resolution satellite imagery and artificial intelligence to act as kind of a shield almost, you know, helping utilities proactively manage our vegetation and reduce vegetation-to-powerline contact, which can reduce power outages, wildfires in many cases, and really has been an important tool for us here at Hydro Ottawa as well as in the utility industry more broadly. So sit back and have a listen to my conversation with Lynn Pedesch from Overstory, and enjoy this summer rewind.   [00:02:26] Trevor Feeman: Welcome to Think Energy, the podcast that dives into the fast-changing world of energy through conversations with industry leaders, innovators, and people on the frontlines of the energy transition. Join me, Trevor Freeman, as I explore the traditional, unconventional, and up-and-coming facets of the energy industry. If you have any thoughts, feedback, or ideas for topics we should cover, please reach out to us at thinkenergy@hydroottawa.com.   [00:02:58] Trevor Freeman: Hi everyone, welcome back. Today on Think Energy, we're going to be talking about trees. Yes, you heard that correctly—trees. I know this is a show about energy, but there's actually a very real connection between our electricity grid and those slow-growing, majestic givers of shade, lumber, fruit, and so many more benefits. Honestly, who doesn't love trees? But I'm not just kicking this episode off in my capacity as a tree hugger. Let's take a look at this through a utility lens, and I will use Hydro Ottawa as an example. Hydro Ottawa's service territory includes some very rural and very forested areas. Even our urban territory has a fairly extensive tree canopy. As a result, Hydro Ottawa trims about 60,000 trees each year. Now why? Because trees contacting power infrastructure is a big problem. Tree interference remains a leading cause of power outages for us. Strong winds force them onto our wires. Heavy snow or freezing rain builds up and weighs down branches, breaks limbs, and increases the risk that part of a tree may touch a line. And in some extreme cases, heavy storms can even send trees or branches crashing into our poles, damaging the poles. The struggle between power lines and trees—which again, don't get me wrong, we all love trees—has been going on for years. There is a constant struggle between trimming enough and getting the right trees trimmed and maintaining as much tree coverage as we can. In 2022, we identified a disruptor in this stance. The solution came through a partnership with Overstory, a company that uses satellite imagery, infrared technology, and artificial intelligence to help utilities manage vegetation and trim trees more efficiently. And the timing could not have been better. Just days after we started working with Overstory in the spring of 2022, the Derecho hit Ottawa. Our Ottawa-based listeners will remember this storm well. It was monumental in the history of our city and indeed for us as a utility. Winds reached 190 kilometers an hour. For our non-metric listeners, that's nearly 120 miles per hour. The storm ripped through poles, houses, and caused considerable damage to our city's urban forest. Overstory played a crucial role during the cleanup and in helping us level up our vegetation management strategies moving forward. We realized that the insights we got from Overstory would help improve our proactive approach to tree encroachment and hazard identification, and this is essential in this era of extreme weather events. We know that climate change is causing more frequent and more extreme weather events. According to Climate Central, the number of weather-related power outages in the United States increased by 78% between 2011 and 2021. And severe weather accounted for over a thousand outages across Nova Scotia just in the year of 2024. We want to keep you connected during these heavy storms, and that's why we're looking to organizations like Overstory. So what does Overstory do to help us keep the lights on? Well, without giving away too much, because we're going to get into the details shortly, Overstory, through a detailed analysis of the scans they do of our entire grid, identifies high-risk areas which we can then prioritize and better focus our resources when it comes to vegetation management. This level of monitoring and focus reduces the risk of trees from coming into contact with our poles and disrupting your connection to the grid. The results speak for themselves. Since partnering with Overstory, we've reduced vegetation-related outages by 44%. And that's only part of the story. As we'll discuss further, Overstory also plays a crucial role in helping utilities prevent wildfires in high-risk areas across North America. Similar to extreme weather, wildfire frequency and intensity is also increasing, in part due to climate change, expanding cities, and many other factors. And when wildfires do happen, these stories are heartbreaking. What many people don't realize is that lots of wildfires are sparked by trees making contact with power lines. And that is why Overstory plays a key role in tagging areas where those fires are most likely to ignite and spread, making it easier for utilities to prioritize trimming work and vegetation management in those areas. To dive more into how Overstory is helping us here at Hydro Ottawa and other utilities, helping us identify and act to mitigate risk associated with vegetation, I'm really excited to have Lynn Pedesch on the show today. Lynn is Overstory's Head of Customer Success and has spent the past 10 years building customer-facing teams with a specific focus on technologies that tackle the climate crisis. She began her career working for the United Nations and the diplomatic service of her home country Luxembourg, before moving into the tech sector to really work in environments where she could drive impact more quickly and at greater scale. Lynn Pedesch, welcome to the show.   [00:08:05] Lynn Pedesch: Thank you. Thanks for having me.   [00:08:07] Trevor Freeman: Okay, so let's start at the very top with a high-level look at what Overstory does and how the organization came to be.   [00:08:15] Lynn Pedesch: Yeah, let me tell you about Overstory. I mean, we are a vegetation intelligence platform. We use remote sensing and AI to give electric utilities, including Hydro Ottawa and others, a clear system-wide view of their risk. They always do it because they want to address three things, or sometimes more, but kind of there's always a few goal posts, and it's either improving reliability, reducing wildfire risk if that is if they're in an area where that is a concern, and/or improving operational efficiencies. So Overstory very much becomes a decision-making tool for their programs. We're used mostly by the vegetation management people, operations people, wildfire mitigation teams, and they each time they want to either use a program that exists, prioritize it, reshape their work, they might be preparing for a storm, they might be working on a wildfire mitigation risk. So the company more broadly was founded in 2018 by Aniek Schouten and Indra den Bakker—this was back in the Netherlands. And they were leveraging or getting really interested in satellite imagery and were very initially using it for deforestation purposes. So the climate resilience DNA has always been with us, but like any startup, we were looking at that kind of target audience that was most interested in what we had to offer. And pretty quickly, we landed on the electric utilities. They had the most pressing need to use remote sensing at scale to solve very big problems, honestly. And so we pivoted into that space of electric utilities. And then in 2020, Fiona Spruill, who's our CEO right now, she joined us. She shaped the company into what it is today, and that is really around building safer and more reliable operations.   [00:10:14] Trevor Freeman: That's great, and I want to dive into some of the details. Our listeners will know that we talk a lot about grid modernization here and talk a lot about better intelligence of what's happening on the grid in all aspects. And something we haven't really talked about and I'm excited to talk to you about today is the sort of vegetation management side of it. So really excited to get into the details, but before we do that, I'm always really curious to understand, you know, the people behind the conversations. How did you get into this area of, you know, high-tech vegetation management? I touched a little bit on your bio in the intro, but give us a sense of, you know, how did Lynn come to be in the space that you're in right now?   [00:10:52] Lynn Pedesch: Yeah, I wouldn't say I grew up thinking I was going to work in this space, but I love working in it now. So actually right out of college, I went to work for the United Nations, but then in the last 15 years, I started working at high-growth tech companies, startups, and I've always been focused on leading and building CS operations, which is basically the customer success teams. They're the ones that are in front of the customers, implementing these software programs, kind of working very closely with customers, solving problems. And about four years ago, I decided that I did want to focus the rest of my career on solving the climate crisis more broadly. And I remember very clearly that I came across Overstory and there were two things that really resonated with me. One was hearing that utility-caused wildfires could be a thing of the past—like they are preventable—and the other thing was learning about this world where vegetation is the biggest cause of outages, which is, you know, I did not know before! And so I think, you know, having these very clear goals is very compelling to kind of work on something where it's so easy to understand what the big problems are. So I joined Overstory, and for the last couple of years, I've been building a team that gets really deeply embedded in these utilities, specifically with the vegetation management and the wildfire mitigation teams. And we work on their programs, we understand their programs, we help them reshape their programs, we roll out obviously the software element that is Overstory. It's been very fun and rewarding work.   [00:12:30] Trevor Freeman: That's great. And I really love, you know, talking to people from a variety of areas that touch on climate change and the climate crisis, and I think there's a bunch of us who share that passion of wanting to do something. I spoke with a group of recent grads about what a green career, what a career in climate change looks like, and really it looks like whatever you want it to look like. There are so many aspects that touch on this. So kind of neat to hear how that was your passion and then you figured out where it made sense for you to enter into the climate sphere, so that's great.   [00:13:06] Lynn Pedesch: Yeah, I guess when I was young, I thought you had to be a scientist to work on climate, and I think now anyone can find an angle on how to contribute to it, and I think everyone needs to help contribute.   [00:13:15] Trevor Freeman: Yeah, any job can be a green job if you care about it and if you make it that. Okay, so let me get back to Overstory. Tell us a little bit about the evolution of the company. You talked about it kind of founding about seven years ago. Tell us how it's evolved and progressed over those seven years.   [00:13:30] Lynn Pedesch: Yeah, so when we started working with utilities, I think at that point everyone was kind of assessing whether satellites could be a good use case for analyzing vegetation. We're now talking about 30-centimeter imagery, so the resolution of satellites has become incredible. You can really see branches, you can detect species of trees, you can see if they're healthy or not. So initially that was kind of our MO. We really were the leading provider to find out where the trees are, how close they are in terms of proximity to your network, so to the conductor, which is the risk. You know, we're looking at the terrain. If you're looking in the mountains in Colorado, you have very different terrain than maybe in Ottawa. So, you know, detecting tree species has been really interesting, detecting the health of trees, and how that decline is furthering. A lot of utilities are experiencing a lot of tree decline, die-off right now. So that was how we started. And then we started working with the really big utilities, and you had to think about this problem at scale. Now we might be scanning with satellites tens of thousands of miles at a time. And some of these utilities, they might have thousands, if not tens of thousands of trees that could pose a risk to their network. They might have had a really big, large weather event, a storm that knocked over some of their system. So at that point, it all becomes about that decisioning tool. Everything starts becoming a priority. And I think that's now where we're really leaning into, is making not just surfacing the data, but making it very actionable. Utilities have a lot to deal with. They deal with very tight budgets, they deal with crew constraints, they might have an aging workforce, there's regulatory pressure, they're really vulnerable to storms, increasingly there's a lot of wildfire exposure. So everything becomes a decision of where should I focus my attention, where can I get the biggest bang for my buck, what should I do, what should I not focus on. And that decisioning is where we really want to be a key player in.   [00:15:47] Trevor Freeman: Absolutely. And looking forward, I know we're jumping the gun here, we haven't gotten into the details of what you do, but looking forward, what is your vision for kind of the future of this space and how it's going to continue to evolve? Are you mature as a company yet or as a sector, or is there still a lot of growth to happen?   [00:16:04] Lynn Pedesch: Yeah, I think the vast majority of utilities are now leveraging remote sensing. It could be LiDAR, it could be drones, it could be satellites, so that has become a pretty established tooling within the sector. I think what our vision really is, is providing utilities that share resilience-first picture of risk. So, you know, we imagine a world where you can kind of see the emerging risks and you can start becoming proactive. Being proactive in this space of vegetation management has been really challenging. You never know where the next tree is going to fall, and over the last couple of years, customers suddenly have access to this risk across the territory so they can start being proactive about it. As a matter of fact, that was a key use case also with the team at Hydro Ottawa, is to start launching these proactive programs. And I think when we think about it, we get very excited about the world in which anyone from the field crews to the vegetation managers to the operation folks to the execs to the regulators, the community partners who think about the safety of their communities, all have that kind of shared view of risk. Just imagine, they all understand the same risk, they operate off the same sheet, and they make the same data-driven decisions. That could solve a lot of problems, because right now the data is often scrambled across different people—certain people have access to it, and certain people don't.   [00:17:33] Trevor Freeman: Great. Okay, so let's get into the specifics here. I want to actually talk about specifically what Overstory does. How do you find—we've kind of talked about vegetation management, obviously you're supporting Hydro Ottawa and other utilities in our vegetation management programs—how do you find and tag high-risk vegetation? What is high risk? Like, what do you actually do on a day-to-day basis?   [00:17:58] Lynn Pedesch: Yeah, that's the part that I deal with the most often! So excited to get into the specifics. Implementing with Overstory is actually pretty easy. I mean, when we start working with a customer, we need to know where your grid is, so we need to understand where your power lines are running. We need to understand the main configurations of them, you know, how tall are the poles, etc., so we can really compute that whole focus of where the trees are in relation to your power lines, to your conductors. That's all ultimately that we're focusing on. Increasingly, we're also focusing on the ground, I'll be talking about that as well. We then task these satellites over your territory. We do that during the leaf-on season, so that will be the summer, essentially. And then we run all these models. So we first need to understand where the trees are, what is their height, and what is their health. An unhealthy tree is much more likely to fall and cause damage to your power lines. We're looking at the fuels on the ground. We can help you determine what type of equipment you might need to attack certain types of vegetation, and we always compute that risk to the conductor, and we look at your right-of-ways. Now, I think the interesting part about your question is what is high risk, and that can be very different across different utilities. And I think that's the maybe unique part with Overstory, is that we can configure it to your standards. So every utility has very unique components. If you're on the West Coast and you're concerned about wildfires, your tolerance to risk will be very different than if you're on the East Coast where you're mostly concerned about not causing too many outages. Including that, you might have specific trimming specifications. The crews run around with chainsaws, they know exactly how far out they need to trim, how much they can trim, and there's a bit of a risk tolerance thing. So we build very configurable risk frameworks for all of our utility partners, so "high" means one thing to Hydro Ottawa, means something different to a customer in California that is facing a very different type of risk.   [00:20:04] Trevor Freeman: So you're out there assessing, essentially just for the context of our listeners, you know, we've got power lines that run overhead, they run through residential neighborhoods, commercial areas, but also forested areas, treed areas where there's lots of vegetation near our equipment. Your company really gets an understanding of the interaction between the vegetation and our lines, and says these ones are too close, or this is a tree that's, you know, not healthy and could come in contact with your lines based on your analysis. So help us, like let's paint that picture a little bit more detailed. How do utility companies take the information that you are coming up with, that your analysis is coming up with, and use that to run a vegetation management program more effectively? What does a utility do with that information?   [00:20:56] Lynn Pedesch: Yeah, so we always center it around four main use cases. One is optimizing a program that already exists, it's creating a targeted program for you, it's quantifying your work, and risk reporting. And I'll dive into each and every one of them a little bit to illustrate a bit more what that could mean. So when we think about program optimization, a lot of utilities have existing vegetation management cycle, they might have a regulatory obligation to visit their territory every four years, for example. Now a lot of times, they've been doing their program the same way for the last 10, maybe 20 years, but the conditions in their territory are different, right? I mean, the things we're seeing, the storms are heavier, there's more tree decline that we're seeing right now. So they know they need to adapt and they need to adjust it, but it's big programs with lots of budgets attached to it, a lot of crews running around, so starting to think about how you can start pulling a circuit that you're meant to trim forward, or starting to tackle an area where you say is more residential, there's fewer trees, focusing on your high-risk areas first, re-managing these programs is one key component that we work with a lot of companies on, and thinking about Oklahoma Gas and Electric, for example, that they have a budget and they can only do that much with the budget, and it was really about reinventing where they can get the biggest impact. The second use case is this targeted program creation, and I'll use the Hydro Ottawa use case for that. You know, they suddenly had a view about where all of their hazard trees are. Hazard trees are these trees that are declining, they're dying or they're dead, and they could have an impact on your system. Now suddenly you know where they are, so you can start building a targeted program about dedicating some time and budget and crews to actually going and addressing those trees. That has a big impact on your reliability and on reducing tree-caused outages. And there's many others, sort of like hot-spotting is a very common term about starting to become proactive and doing something for a specific program. The third use case is work quantification, and I think there, when you think about it again, there's large contractors that are running around managing your territory, and now utilities for the first time often have that data to actually assess how much work there is. So that's really helpful in terms of negotiating your contracts, getting better bids. Some utilities say it's pretty hard to find contractors that want to work on their system because it's very hard to estimate how much work there is. Or they might have a budget to mow certain vegetation along a transmission corridor. Just knowing how much vegetation there is is a really helpful tool to address it and prioritize it in the right way. And then the fourth use case is risk reporting, and that is about getting that baseline view about your risk and tracking it year-over-year. And this is really where we want utilities to have that data to report it out to their boards, insurers, regulators, and often it's used to defend your budget, secure your budgets, or really have some data to kind of back you up on what the problems are that you're facing.   [00:24:26] Trevor Freeman: Great. So you talk about data, and, you know, each of those use cases that you mentioned or strategies that you mentioned really are about getting the right information in the hands of the right people to make decisions and sort of more efficiently and effectively make decisions. But it's a lot of data. And so Hydro Ottawa has over 6,000 kilometers of lines, you know this of course as our partner. We have a big territory and we have a fairly treed territory. That's a lot of data points. You're collecting a lot of data from your satellites, you're doing analysis on that. How are you doing that analysis? Is it—you know, AI is kind of a buzzword in every sector right now, and the utility sector's no different. Are you using some form of AI or machine learning analytics? What are you doing in terms of, you know, crunching the numbers and coming up with the right actions?   [00:25:25] Lynn Pedesch: Totally. Yeah, AI is a buzzword, but it's also very exciting. I think utilities have really embraced it already. They're using it for demand forecasting, they're using it for customer service, they're using it for asset planning. I mean, at the core, Overstory has been using AI to turn remote sensing data into operationally useful intelligence about their vegetation. So when you say, yes, Hydro Ottawa has that many thousands of kilometers of overhead lines, we need to rank it to them: This is your worst circuit, this is your worst area, this is the area where you have the most hazard trees, for example. So we can really rank order on a span level from the worst to the best, right? So that could be one thing. It's still an overwhelming amount of data. So where we started by using AI to kind of predict where the trees are, how tall are they, what was their relation to the conductors, now what we're really excited about or kind of leaning into with AI is how to intelligently kind of assess and prioritize risk. So not every hazard tree has the same impact. If a hazard tree falls on a line where more houses are dependent on, you will knock out the power of more people. So it's always a prioritization exercise, and leveraging AI for that is what is most exciting to us right now. And I think it's important to note that we also don't just want it to be a black box. All of the models we've built, they're always validated by certified arborists and kind of our utility partners, and I think at this stage, this is very important, because every tree that we find exists in the real world, and so validating this AI with ground-truthing has been really important for us to also build that trust in the technology.   [00:27:14] Trevor Freeman: That's great. And I do think it's helpful for our listeners to kind of understand the context before this. This work is sort of done—you know, in the absence of a tool like yours, it's sort of done, you know, there's a degree of manual effort here. There's a degree of patrolling the lines, there's a cycle of vegetation management. So if you've done a line this year, in three years or four years or five years, you want to be looking at it again. This takes a little bit of that—I don't want to call it guesswork, but it takes a little bit of that manual effort out of the equation and really focuses efforts in the right way, and it's only with the tools that, you know, you folks are using that you're able to do that volume of analysis and get that pinpoint accuracy. So that's fantastic. Let me get into the success of it all, like the big picture. We've obviously talked a couple times here that you're our partner here at Hydro Ottawa, so I know the success that we're having with you, but, you know, tell us some of the great success stories with other utility partners. Are you actually reducing weather-related outages? Are you seeing the impact of using the Overstory tools and methodology to support utility partners?   [00:28:28] Lynn Pedesch: Yeah. I mean, weather-related outages can mean many things. You have trees knocking over, like the pole might crack, etc. You know, those, there's a lot of things that can happen during a storm, and I've heard a lot of stories about some of the storms that Ottawa has experienced in the past years where, you know, you could have had anything and they're just heavier and the consequences are really strong. But what we can impact is the tree-caused outages. And that we've proven with Hydro Ottawa where, within a year, by focusing that targeted program on going to an area where you had a massive amount of these trees that were dying off, and at any point with just a little bit too heavy wind could be toppled over and fall on the line, we had a 44% reduction in tree-caused outages. That's a real, tangible number you can see. I'm thinking about a utility as well on the East Coast, a co-op that runs through very rural areas. In those areas, you have trees outside of the right-of-way that are toppling over onto lines, so tree-caused outages are a huge issue for them and it's really impacting their SAIDI and SAIFI, those key KPIs that utilities are always tracking. And by us just giving them a rank order of which hazard tree—they had so many of them—which hazard tree to even go to first, because if that hazard tree were to fall on a line, a ton more people are going to be out of power than if the other one were to fall on the line where you will have like one rural cabin that will not have power. That led to a reduction of something around 90% of tree-caused outages to 70%. It's still a long way to go, but it was a really tangible number that you can see, and it shows that if you then do that proactive work, you have a real impact on your tree-caused outages. And if I think about our customers in California, Pacific Gas and Electric for example, it's a lot about helping them understand where they don't need to go. So it's kind of doing something of a visual inspection and actually skipping certain spans. That can be in itself a really big use case, because right now, if you don't have an understanding about where your risks are, you might be sending trucks to roll for hours around areas where there is not really any tangible work to be done. So redirecting them to the right areas is where we've seen a lot of success there, and that obviously leads to budget wins, right? You'll be saving a lot of money by doing that, and those are kind of the use cases that we chase and that we kind of help prove the cases on.   [00:31:07] Trevor Freeman: Absolutely. Yeah, there's only so many resources you can throw at this, and making sure that we prioritize and focus those resources in the right spot is absolutely critical. You were just talking about the West Coast and you mentioned this earlier, I know wildfires is an area that is obviously of great interest for your organization. We're fortunate here at Hydro Ottawa in that we haven't really had to deal with that much, but anybody who's, you know, following the news knows this is a major problem for us. So how, what is your role in helping those utilities prevent wildfires? Maybe give us a very quick primer on why utilities are a factor when it comes to wildfires first, and then how your organization is supporting that.   [00:31:52] Lynn Pedesch: So unfortunately, utility-caused wildfires tend to be the most catastrophic wildfires because they're critical infrastructure, and we've obviously seen that happen across the world and in the US recently again and again. But utility-caused wildfires, as I said at the beginning, are also the actual wildfires that are preventable. So that's really where we're lying into. A lot of the forests right now, they've become tinderboxes. That is obviously because of fire suppression policies, that's because of forest management techniques that have been leveraged in the last couple of hundred years that are slowly changing at a different pace. Canada's had some, unfortunately, some really bad fire seasons recently as well. And so where Overstory wanted to place itself is in that prevention space—to even not get to the point where you have a spark, because there's a lot of tools out there that focus on mitigation and what do you do when you see that first plume of smoke coming up, and so we've landed in kind of really focusing on the prevention side so that utilities are hopefully in the future not the ones that spark any of those catastrophic wildfires. We've already always been looking at the vegetation that could touch your conductor, right? That I've been speaking about a lot. But now we're really excited for the first time and we recently announced that we launched a fuel detection model. So that's us looking at the ground fuel conditions, and those are actually usually the key contributors to the spark that spreads the fire. We're now providing that to utilities as a much higher resolution than ever before. For me, it's interesting cause I've spent a lot of time looking at trees, and now I'm going into the field and I'm looking at the ground, and it's a new perspective! But yet again, we could just, you know, we don't want to overwhelm our customers with a lot of maps and showing the fuel conditions necessarily, we can really help them identify those spans where a single failure would have the greatest consequence. So yet again, it's about how to make that data—there's a lot of wildfire risk maps out there—but make it a very actionable list of spans that if they were to tackle those, they are very proactively reducing the risk of igniting a fire and as a result obviously protecting their communities.   [00:34:10] Trevor Freeman: Got it. So it's not just about the overhead trees, branches, etc., contacting the line, it's, you know, if a switch goes, if an insulator pops, if something happens that will cause sparks, what's happening on the ground below that line, and how do we make sure it is able to withstand sparks that might happen.   [00:34:29] Lynn Pedesch: Exactly. If you have dry grasses, if you have sagebrush, if you have certain types of fuels, they're just much more likely to spark a fire and then spread out without there even being any trees. You have these prairies along Texas that can blow up in a fire very quickly, and the fires can spread to tremendous sizes. And so understanding the fuels on the ground is really important.   [00:34:55] Trevor Freeman: Super interesting and fascinating, fascinating work to get involved in. As you mentioned, this is obviously an area of, I don't even know if I'd call it growing concern anymore, great concern for the utility industry and all of us. So with the technology that's, you know, we talked about AI a little bit ago, it's literally growing before our eyes, it's really evolving fast. Do you see your technology evolving along with it? What's kind of next for your organization? You talked about getting into sort of the ground vegetation management—what comes next? How do you see it evolving as AI and tools evolve?   [00:35:32] Lynn Pedesch: Yeah, I mean, if we see that the future is where we want to support a grid that is much safer and reliable as I mentioned, we also want to make sure it's resilient to the climate and the economic pressures that there are. So our initial focus and our continued focus and where we have a lot of our expertise has been with vegetation. Now we're starting to look at the ground fuels, then that naturally evolves into looking at the asset vulnerabilities, so, you know, the actual poles and if there's any failures potentially on those, as well as further weather exposures, right? It becomes then about the soil moisture, it becomes about the wind speed, it becomes about the rain precipitation, etc. So there's a myriad of things that we can start looking at and that we want to start looking at in order to get that more holistic view of risk and go beyond just vegetation. Right now where we're investing most heavily in is that wildfire risk. There's also the resolution that we see with satellites right now is at 30 centimetres, that might drop down to 15 or 10 centimetres, so the resolution will get higher. There's other sources that we're exploring already, sometimes flying aerial imagery that is at 5 to 15 centimetres. Then you really start seeing—then you can start seeing a leaf on a tree! It gets really impressive. There's LiDAR, there's lots of other kinds of remote sensing technologies that we're looking to leverage in the future. And then as a company as well, we're starting to obviously also expand internationally. We started working with utilities in New Zealand that have very similar problems and various regulatory changes, they also have a problem with wildfire risk. So that is another angle that at Overstory we're chasing right now.   [00:37:18] Trevor Freeman: Yeah, I'm glad you brought up that understanding of other assets beyond just vegetation has kind of been running through my head of—we talk about, and I think we've talked about it here on the show, if we haven't I should do an episode on that, like a digital twin. A digital twin of our grid, and really having a good understanding of not just, you know, a line drawn on a map of, "Hey, your circuits run this way," but really physically what's happening out there and it being able to sort of model that, interact with it in a digital way to understand if we do X, Y, and Z, what happens. So the technology that you guys are using to really get good imagery and understanding of what's out there, I think what I'm hearing from you is that could potentially be leveraged in that next level to understand what poles do we have, what health are they in, what's happening with that conductor, is it sagging too much, is it in good health, like there's all this opportunity. That's really fascinating to hear.   [00:38:15] Lynn Pedesch: Yeah, already now when we look at transmission corridors, we look at the sag of these lines, and the terrains are also really challenging things to look at. So there's a lot of factors that need to be taken into account, and that can only expand as we want to look at risk more beyond just the vegetation element.   [00:38:34] Trevor Freeman: Very cool. Well, Lynn, very, very interesting to hear this. I'm really glad you came on the show today to talk to us. Fascinating to hear what Overstory's up to. I know that we're super excited to be working with you here at Hydro Ottawa, and excited for what comes next. We always end our interviews with a series of questions, so I'm going to dive into those, and here we go. What is a book that you've read that you think everyone should read?   [00:39:00] Lynn Pedesch: I was thinking about an author more than a book. My favorite author is Jonathan Franzen. If I would recommend one book, it'd probably be The Corrections, his most famous one, I believe. But they're like these chunky 800-900 page books where you kind of get immersed in these families and you feel like you know them at the end, and then they kind of, I think about them for like months afterward! They're really good reading, at least for the winter when it's cold and you spend a lot of time inside, so probably Jonathan Franzen's books, yeah.   [00:39:31] Trevor Freeman: Yeah, we're recording this just before the holidays and I think we'll be releasing the episode after, but winter is such a great time to curl up with a book and it's awesome to have a good recommendation of a nice thick book.   [00:39:41] Lynn Pedesch: It'll still be cold in January, especially in Ottawa!   [00:39:44] Trevor Freeman: Absolutely, absolutely. So, same question, but a movie or a show?   [00:39:49] Lynn Pedesch: Yeah, I'm not a big movie buff, but I recently rewatched What's Eating Gilbert Grape. I don't know if you've seen it, with Johnny Depp and Leonardo DiCaprio, and I always felt like Leonardo DiCaprio should have received an Oscar for that performance back when he was 14, but yeah, it's a beautiful movie.   [00:40:07] Trevor Freeman: Oh, nice! Yeah, that's a bit of a blast from the past, but you're right, that is a fantastic one. If someone offered you a free round-trip flight anywhere in the world, where would you go?   [00:40:17] Lynn Pedesch: French Polynesia, because it's so far, I've never been. I had a friend who went, and I'm sure it's very expensive to go there, so it'd be great for someone to pay! Yeah, no, that's a place I'll go one day, so yeah.   [00:40:31] Trevor Freeman: Fantastic. Who is someone that you admire?   [00:40:34] Lynn Pedesch: Yeah, that's a tricky one because I was thinking about people in my family, etc., but if I were to think about a public persona—and also a bit of a blast from the past—I'll think about Tina Turner. She's been my icon since I'm a kid. I was always listening with my dad to Tina Turner. And I think the word that I've probably most used in today's episode was like "resilience," and I always think about her as like possibly the most resilient woman in the world who reinvented herself and her career in her 40s and 50s, and is this complete power woman, you know, always done everything at her own terms. So I get so much energy from, not just her music, I've seen so many documentaries about her, and she's always been this kind of woman that fills you with energy and kind of drives you. So, I'm a big, big fan of Tina Turner.   [00:41:28] Trevor Freeman: That's fantastic. I have to say, that's never come up on the show before, and now I need to go and dive down a rabbit hole of learning about Tina Turner and listening to some music. That's a really good answer. Last question: What's something about the energy sector or, let me expand that to kind of the climate sector, that you're really excited about?   [00:41:47] Lynn Pedesch: Yeah, I'm going to take a very high level, but I think the thing I've been following the most is like that broad topic of the energy transition, and I think the recent changes or like kind of the way we talk about it has become a lot more interesting because it used to be this kind of fluffy, big kind of vision, and now we're in that phase where it just has to be very practically implemented. And we're trudging along with it, no matter the political climate, etc., there is kind of a move forward. And I actually really like the way that, I think when I first started learning about it or getting interested in it, it was always about renewables, and now it's around just sort of like needing to build a system that is both like low carbon and climate resilient, and there's something in that like way we talk about it now that I find really interesting. There's immense amounts of innovation in it, so, yeah, I'm just enjoying following what's happening on that and how we are moving that direction no matter what's happening right now, so that's exciting.   [00:42:48] Trevor Freeman: Yeah, good one. I know my listeners are probably rolling their eyes because I say this all the time, but it's a very exciting time to be in this industry, and very exciting to kind of see the evolution of energy and how we're interacting with it, how it's impacting our society. It really feels like we're at an inflection point, and very great to have you working on one aspect of that that people probably don't think about a lot, so thanks very much for what you're doing.   [00:43:13] Lynn Pedesch: Yeah, exactly! When you start working for Overstory, the one thing that happens is wherever you go, you see trees and power lines, and I have a very keen eye for, unfortunately, trees that are in poor health right now, so that's one of the professional things I've developed.   [00:43:28] Trevor Freeman: You carry like a spool of red ribbon around, you can tie on the at-risk trees, just so someone could come along! Lynn, thanks so much for coming on the show today, really appreciate it. It's been great chatting with you.   [00:43:38] Lynn Pedesch: Thank you so much. Take care.   [00:43:40] Trevor Freeman: Thanks for tuning in to another episode of the Think Energy podcast. Don't forget to subscribe wherever you listen to podcasts, and it would be great if you could leave us a review—it really helps to spread the word. As always, we would love to hear from you, whether it's feedback, comments, or an idea for a show or a guest. You can always reach us at thinkenergy@hydroottawa.com.  

Nick Lloyd details the pivotal Battle of the Marne, where the German Schlieffen Plan unraveled due to a total collapse of command and control. As the German First Army under Alexander von Kluck exhausted itself through hundreds of miles of marching, Moltke's distant headquarters in Luxembourg failed to maintain coordination, leading to a fateful decision to wheel southeast of Paris rather than enveloping it. Simultaneously, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) faced near-destruction, prompting a dramatic intervention by Lord Kitchener, who traveled to France to prevent Sir John French from abandoning the line. The tension between the need to preserve a small professional British force and the French demand for total commitment defined the early coalition struggle. Ultimately, Joffre's resolute "die on the spot" order and his successful counterattack saved Paris and forced the Germans into a retreat, marking the official beginning of trench warfare along the Aisne River. (5)1914

Episode 399 of RevolutionZ continues the "Ideology Sequence," this time criticizing Leninism based largely on last episode's presentation of Bolshevik practice. Why do revolutions that promise liberation so often end up with new bosses? Leninist strategy is a living set of assumptions about leadership, discipline, “efficiency,” compromise, and more and about how to think about and apply each. The question driving the whole sequence is simple to ask and hard to face: should the left still advocate Marxism Leninism, or do we need to collectively transcend it?Marxism Leninism claims to provide a suitable and for some even an alone suitable framework for analysis, adopting a long term goal, and creating and utilizing a disciplined party to win. But will centralized decision making, information hoarded at the top, members directed instead of developed, and leaders who slowly confuse their own survival with the revolution's future, deliver what it claims to seek? The episode leans on sharp critics like Rosa Luxembourg, plus insights from Bookchin and others, plus Lenin's own words to argue that freedom is not a luxury to add later. Creativity, learning, and real socialist democracy depend on movement relations now and not just proposed social relations later.This episode also addresses tactics and their hidden internal costs, including the way reforms, parliamentary work, and practical compromises can reshape cadre and culture. And we tackle a big claim embedded in Lenin's praise for factory discipline and Taylorism: Leninism's view that capitalist organization is neutral if the right people hold state power. The episode argues instead that capitalism and authoritarianism are contagious, and unless we change all significant everyday power and system preserving relations not only in the economy and at work, but also in daily life in homes, schools, health, and the polity, we risk rebuilding the very dynamics we say we oppose.Does this approach raise your hackles or resonate positively for you? Either way, shouldn't you consider it?  I hope you will do so and that you will comment your views of it. Mainly, does it affect your answer to the question: should the left still advocate Marxism Leninism, or do we need to collectively transcend it?Support the show

The Space Show Presents Dr. Jim Green, Tuesday, July 7, 2026Short Summary:The Tuesday Evening Space Show featured Dr. James L. Green, former NASA chief scientist, who presented on the solar system's movement through different interstellar clouds and the potential effects on Earth's environment. Dr. Green discussed how our heliosphere is shrinking as we transition from the local interstellar medium to the G-cloud, which could impact cosmic radiation and space weather. He explained the concept of the Sun's galactic center Lagrange point (L1) at 3.8 light years away, where objects could potentially be captured by the Sun, and suggested this area could be important for future interstellar travel and resource utilization. The discussion covered how NASA's SLS rocket could deliver 20 metric tons to Mars and the importance of testing technologies incrementally before human missions. Participants explored philosophical questions about scientific knowledge and uncertainty, with Dr. Green sharing his personal perspective on faith and science.Detailed SummaryDr. James Green discussed his experience as NASA's Division Director of Planetary Science during a budget crunch in 2012, when the planetary science budget was proposed to be cut from $1.3 billion to about half that amount over five years. To address this challenge, Green decided to engage the public directly rather than relying on congressional hearings or industry lobbying, as he found those approaches ineffective. He worked with Kristen Erickson to develop outreach strategies, including broadcasting mission control activities to the public, which initially faced resistance from his supervisor Ed Weiler but ultimately led to public engagement efforts across NASA centers.Jim discussed his experience with the Curiosity rover mission, including a conversation with Ed about potential risks and the importance of public outreach. He explained how the mission faced delays and technical challenges before successfully landing, which gave him confidence in its readiness. Jim emphasized the importance of sharing scientific results with the public and outlined his work on planetary defense, including efforts to detect near-Earth objects and the creation of the Planetary Defense Office.Jim discussed the success of their kinetic impact project and its potential for hitting larger targets. David asked about public engagement, to which Jim responded that while he appears frequently in media, more outreach is needed, especially internationally where many countries lack aerospace education. Jim explained his work in metaverse education, having taught 5,000 students globally, and emphasized the importance of public understanding in science communication. The discussion then shifted to NASA's risk management approach, with Jim advocating for more frequent SLS rocket launches to build expertise and reduce costs, noting that SLS can deliver 20 metric tons to Mars compared to 2 metric tons with current rockets.Jim presented research on space weather and the heliosphere, explaining how Earth is transitioning from the local interstellar cloud to the G-cloud within a thousand years. He discussed the structure of the heliosphere, including its croissant-like shape and the importance of understanding cosmic weather as humans move through different galactic regions. Jim also highlighted the Sun's galactic center Lagrange point at 3.8 light years, explaining how this area could capture rogue planets and other objects passing through it.Jim explained that the solar system is transitioning from one galactic cloud into the denser G-cloud, which will cause the heliosphere to shrink to 5-10 AU and potentially trigger cosmic weather changes similar to those that may have caused Snowball Earth events millions of years ago. He discussed how advanced civilizations might use the minimum gravity region near the sun's L1 point as a strategic location for interstellar observation and travel, as it provides a stable orbit point that saves fuel while allowing observation of the solar system. Jim emphasized the need to study this region to understand potential hazards to Earth and develop gravity maps for future interstellar travel.Jim discussed the concept of Lagrange points in space, particularly focusing on how they could serve as meeting points for different civilizations and as locations where interstellar dust accumulates. He explained that this accumulated dust could be used as a resource through in-situ resource utilization, containing various materials including silicon, graphite, and radioactive elements. David reflected on the complexity of space exploration as an endless puzzle, to which Jim responded by explaining how science involves studying the nature of things through mathematical frameworks and laws, while acknowledging that new concepts like dark matter demonstrate how much remains unknown.The group discussed how scientific understanding evolves over time, with Jim sharing examples of Einstein's changing views on black holes and how newer theories build upon and modify previous ones. Marshall and John contributed insights about mathematical developments in physics, including Lagrange points and the correspondence principle where newer laws can approximate older ones. The discussion concluded with Jim reflecting on how science fiction has predicted real scientific advancements in his lifetime, from Star Trek's vision of space travel to current exoplanet discoveries and the potential for life on rogue planets.L1 Point Calculation DiscussionThe group discussed Jim's calculation of the L1 point at 3.8 light years from the sun, which included dark matter models from a peer-reviewed paper. Jim explained that if objects are found orbiting in circular patterns rather than moving through the galaxy, it would confirm the real solar L1 location. The conversation then shifted to personal beliefs about religion and science, with Jim sharing his perspective as an Episcopalian who finds faith provides peace despite not believing the Bible word-for-word.The group discussed dark matter, with John clarifying that gravitational effects lead to the inference of dark matter rather than the other way around. Jim explained that while dark matter must interact gravitationally, its exact particle nature remains unknown. The conversation then shifted to the G-Cloud, where Jim described how Earth might be affected by entering a denser cloud in 3,000 years, including potential changes to the heliosphere and increased space weather.Jim discussed the importance of understanding cosmic weather and its potential impact on exoplanets and Earth's atmosphere, particularly referencing Mars' lost atmosphere and historical space weather events like the Carrington event. He emphasized that scientists need to consider planets in the context of their galactic environment rather than isolating them from cosmic influences. Jim also mentioned his ongoing analysis of Mars data to better understand the effects of interstellar medium exposure on planetary environments.Jim shared his experience as a retired NASA scientist and discussed his current work in metaverse education, where he creates immersive experiences for students to explore space missions and lunar environments using Oculus headsets. He explained that NASA has developed the technology needed to land humans on Mars, specifically highlighting the Hypersonic Aeroshell and Inflatable Decelerator (HIAD) system that can deliver 20 metric tons of cargo and enable landing in a wider range of locations than current aeroshells. Jim outlined a step-by-step approach following Apollo's incremental learning model, including testing mini-MAVs, cargo delivery, and eventually human missions, with the first cargo mission potentially launching in 2028 and human missions in 2043.Special thanks to our sponsors:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Helix Space in Luxembourg, Celestis Memorial Spaceflights, Astrox Corporation, Dr. Haym Benaroya of Rutgers University, The Space Settlement Progress Blog by John Jossy, The Atlantis Project, and Artless EntertainmentWe use Zoom phone numbers for program participation.For real time program participation, email Dr. Space at: drspace@thespaceshow.com for instructions and access.The Space Show is a non-profit 501C3 through its parent, One Giant Leap Foundation, Inc. To donate via Pay Pal, use:To donate with Zelle, use the email address: david@onegiantleapfoundation.org.If you prefer donating with a check, please make the check payable to One Giant Leap Foundation and mail to:One Giant Leap Foundation, 11035 Lavender Hill Drive Ste. 160-306 Las Vegas, NV 89135Upcoming Programs:Broadcast 4566 Zoom: George Tyson w/co-host John Jossy | Tuesday 28 Jul 2026 700PM PTGuests: George TysonZoom: George Tyson, fresh from ISDC, along with John Jossy, have news and updates for usBroadcast 4567: Hotel Mars MIT details to follow | Wednesday 29 Jul 2026 930AM PTGuests: John Batchelor, Dr. David LivingstonHotel Mars details to followBroadcast 4568 Zoom: Dr. Logan Smith | Friday 31 Jul 2026 930AM PTGuests: Dr. Logan SmithZoom: Dr. Logan Smith return. Details to follow. To listen & participate in this program email us for Zoom phone numbers & access before airtime.Broadcast 4569 Zoom: Lisa La Bonte | Sunday 02 Aug 2026 1200PM PTGuests: Lisa La BonteLisa La Bonte returns to The Space Show. Details to follow. To listen & participate in this program email us for Zoom phone numbers & access before airtime Get full access to The Space Show-One Giant Leap Foundation at doctorspace.substack.com/subscribe

Un compte au Luxembourg, un appartement à Lisbonne, un enfant installé à Londres : qui hérite, selon quelle loi, et dans quel pays l'impôt est-il dû ?Aujourd'hui dans Argent Conté, il était une fois une succession qui dépassait les frontières.Car choisir sa loi successorale ne revient pas à choisir sa fiscalité. Résidences, nationalités et localisation des actifs ou héritiers : chaque élément compte.Pour éviter testaments incompatibles, doubles impositions, actifs introuvables et échéances fiscales sans liquidités, je reçois Alexia Arno, diplômée notaire, cofondatrice et CEO de Clésame, et Maître Gersende Rouet, notaire experte en droit international privé au sein de l'étude Letulle.Au menu : règlement européen, choix de loi, certificat successoral, réserve héréditaire, conventions fiscales, assurance-vie, immobilier, non-coté, trusts et cryptoactifs.LA CHECKLIST• Cartographier nationalités, résidences habituelles et fiscales du couple et des héritiers.• Identifier le régime matrimonial ; réunir contrat de mariage, PACS ou partenariat étranger.• Inventorier chaque actif : pays, établissement, titulaire, valeur, contact et justificatif.• Recenser dettes, garanties, prêts intrafamiliaux et engagements de souscription.• Relire ensemble les testaments français et étrangers.• Vérifier la loi successorale applicable et l'intérêt d'un choix de loi nationale.• Analyser la fiscalité du défunt, de chaque héritier et de chaque pays.• Relire toutes les clauses bénéficiaires d'assurance et de prévoyance.• Vérifier le transfert des actifs non cotés, fonds, sociétés et pactes d'associés.• Sécuriser l'accès aux informations numériques sans exposer mots de passe ni clés privées.• Nommer un professionnel référent et les correspondants locaux.• Actualiser après déménagement, mariage, divorce, naissance, donation ou acquisition étrangère.FAUT-IL UN AUDIT INTERNATIONAL ?Un seul signal suffit à poser la question ; deux justifient clairement un audit coordonné :• vie, travail ou séjours longs dans un autre pays ;• plusieurs nationalités dans le couple ;• héritier ou bénéficiaire vivant à l'étranger ;• immeuble, compte, assurance, société ou titres non cotés hors de France ;• trust, fondation, cryptoactifs ou participations difficiles à valoriser ;• famille recomposée ou plusieurs testaments ;LES REPÈRES À RETENIR• Depuis le 17 août 2015, le règlement UE 650/2012 retient en principe la dernière résidence habituelle du défunt et une loi unique pour la succession, y compris celle d'un État tiers.• Il est possible de choisir la loi de l'une de ses nationalités ; ce choix ne détermine jamais la fiscalité.• L'article 750 ter du CGI peut permettre à la France d'imposer selon le domicile du défunt, la situation des biens ou le domicile de l'héritier — notamment six années en France sur les dix précédentes.• Les conventions se vérifient pays par pays. L'article 784 A peut parfois imputer l'impôt étranger, sans garantir l'absence de surcoût.• Délais français de principe : six mois si le décès survient en France, douze mois s'il survient à l'étranger ; le paiement accompagne la déclaration.• Le certificat successoral européen prouve qualité et pouvoirs dans les États participants ; il ne change pas la fiscalité et n'est pas mondial.• Depuis 2021, l'article 913 du Code civil prévoit, sous conditions, un prélèvement compensatoire lorsque la loi étrangère n'offre pas de mécanisme réservataire protecteur des enfants.Cet épisode est pédagogique et ne constitue pas un conseil juridique, fiscal ou patrimonial personnalisé.Hébergé par Ausha. Visitez ausha.co/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

On reçoit cette semaine dans le podcast Wilfried Romain, chef du restaurant Lava dans le 5e arrondissement de Paris.Wilfried revient sur le succès de Lava, une cuisine bistronomique pensée autour du feu et des volcans. Puis retour aux origines, en Lorraine, dans le petit village de Vaux : une enfance tranquille auprès de parents militaires, un collège compliqué et un stage de troisième décisif qui l'oriente vers le BEP hôtelier.Il raconte ensuite les grandes maisons qui l'ont formé, des Crayères à Reims au Louis XV à Monaco, jusqu'à un trois étoiles en Allemagne où il craque, avant de participer à l'obtention d'une première étoile dans un restaurant au Luxembourg. Puis le grand saut vers l'Australie, la rencontre avec sa future femme, la découverte de la cuisine asiatique et le retour à Paris chez Thierry Marx.Il détaille enfin son passage au Chili, dans l'un des meilleurs restaurants du monde à l'époque, son arrivée quasi fortuite à Top Chef, puis les débuts très fragiles de Lava, ouvert en mars 2024. Il revient enfin sur le déclic de Taste of Paris 2025, qui a soudé son équipe, et son ambition pour la suite.Pour en savoir plus sur le restaurant de Wilfried, Lava, c'est par ici.

In Episode 248 of Walk Talk Listen, I speak with Rachel Bayani, Principal Representative of the Bahá'í International Community to the United Nations. Rachel reflects on growing up between cultures, choosing the Bahá'í Faith for herself as a teenager, and how the principle of the oneness of humanity shapes her understanding of development, education, governance, and international cooperation. We explore why development cannot simply be transferred from one part of the world to another, why humility is essential for meaningful collaboration, and why every community possesses knowledge the world needs. One idea especially stayed with me: the ultimate expression of faith is service to humanity. Rachel Bayani serves as the Principal Representative of the Bahá'í International Community to the United Nations in New York. Previously, she led the BIC's Brussels Office, engaging with the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and civil society organizations on issues including social cohesion, food systems, youth, global governance, and the role of religion in society. Before joining the Bahá'í International Community, Rachel served at the Permanent Representation of Luxembourg to the European Union and worked with the United Nations and European Union missions in Bosnia-Herzegovina. She holds a law degree from Sorbonne University and a master's degree in international law from the University of Cambridge. Listener Engagement: Learn more about Rachel and her work via LinkedIn, Facebook and Instagram. Check out the website of the Bahá'í Community. Click here. Share your feedback on this episode through our Walk Talk Listen Feedback link – your thoughts matter! Follow Us: Support the Walk Talk Listen podcast by following us on Facebook and Instagram. Visit 100mile.org or mauricebloem.com for more episodes and information about our work. Check out the special series "Enough for All" and learn more about the work of the Joint Learning Initiative (JLI).    

On reçoit cette semaine dans le podcast Wilfried Romain, chef du restaurant Lava dans le 5e arrondissement de Paris.Dans cette deuxième partie, Wilfried enchaîne les stages qui forgent sa vocation : Les Crayères à Reims, Le Louis XV à Monaco, puis un trois étoiles en Allemagne où il craque et appelle ses parents en pleurs. Il rebondit au Luxembourg et le restaurant décroche sa première étoile en dix mois. Wilfried raconte comment son chef, très bon cuisinier mais mauvais manager, a façonné son rapport au condiment et à la distance avec ses équipes aujourd'hui.Vient ensuite le grand saut : direction l'Australie, l'anglais appris sur le tas, un resto gastronomique à Brisbane, une ferme d'ail. Il rencontre sa femme et découvre la cuisine asiatique, le miso, le saké. Puis retour à Paris chez Thierry Marx au Mandarin Oriental, la rigueur du deux étoiles et la précision millimétrée, avant que la lassitude ne s'installe et qu'une nouvelle histoire en Amérique latine commence.Pour en savoir plus sur le restaurant de Wilfried, Lava, c'est par ici.

In this episode of Investing in Integrity, Ross Overline sits down with Mark Keating, EVP and Global Head of Strategic Finance at State Street — one of the largest financial institutions in the world, with roughly $50T in assets under custody and 15% of the world's daily financial transactions running through its infrastructure.Mark and Ross discuss what it means to build a career of lasting impact inside a globally systemically important bank, how AI is reshaping corporate finance, and the question Mark asks himself and his colleagues to keep them grounded: Do you like the person you've become?Meet Mark Mark Keating is EVP and Global Head of Strategic Finance at State Street, where he leads enterprise Financial Planning & Analysis, Real Estate, Procurement, and Financial Oversight and Planning for Operations & Technology, State Street Markets, Global Credit Finance, Wealth Services, and Corporate Functions. He also leads the firm's Finance Data and AI organization and Finance Transformation. He is a member of State Street's Executive Committee, the company's senior leadership team.Since joining in 1990, he has held a range of executive roles in finance, business, and strategy across the firm. He spent over a decade in Zurich, Luxembourg, and London, and served as CFO for Europe, the Middle East, and Africa and as International CFO for more than 15 years. During that time, he served on the Executive Management Board of State Street Bank International in Germany and held a Senior Manager Function designation under the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority's Senior Manager Regime. In 2025, he stepped in as State Street's interim CFO.Mark also serves on the Board of Trustees of the Cathleen Stone Island Outward Bound School and is the executive sponsor of the State Street Veterans Network (VetNet).Mark holds an undergraduate degree from the Boston College Carroll School of Management and an MBA in international finance and economics from Babson College, where he graduated summa cum laude.

368. The Boogeyman of Melbourne: Mr Cruel On August 22nd, 1987, a man wearing a balaclava broke into a home in Lower Plenty, Australia. After tying up the parents and their young son, he brutally assaulted their eleven-year-old daughter. Then, he did something truly chilling: he made himself a snack, sat down, and ate it, leaving the family tied up and traumatized in the other rooms. This monster, who would eventually be dubbed “Mr. Cruel” by the media, was just getting started. He went on to terrorize the suburbs of Melbourne, executing highly planned child abductions that sparked one of the largest police investigations in Australian history. Then, just as suddenly as he arrived, he vanished. This case is still open. If you have any information on these abductions, please contact the Melbourne Police. Or Crimestoppers  Phone Number (Within Australia): 1800 333 000 Website (For international listeners or online tips): crimestoppersvic.com.au Join Jen & Cam as they dive into the details behind 'The Boogeyman of Melbourne: Mr Cruel.'  *We are BEYOND excited to finally announce our next big adventure! Our True Crime Podcast will be turning 10 years old in 2028.  To celebrate this huge milestone,  we are heading to Europe for a once-in-a-lifetime 11-day trip to Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg! We would love for you to come along. It's officially a "Cheers to 10 Years Tour!" from July 8–19, 2028! SAVE $150 per person if you book by July 20th! You can visit our webpage travel webpage here to see the itinerary: https://0tcp711.s.gy/VOfMrW If you're nervous or want more info, RSVP for a 6pm July 16th Zoom call https://0tcp711.s.gy/Ue4NG8 Our team: Listener Discretion by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Edward October ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Research & Writing by Lauretta Allen Executive Producers Nico & Jesse of ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠The Inky Pawprint⁠⁠ Sources: https://youtu.be/ArIl4189jDw?si=RpwZGMKgwfzv_cmg https://youtu.be/Jaq001Evc_c?si=CxsMwY8U6CL-_1pb Apr 14, 1992, page 5 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ - Newspapers.com™ Mr Cruel - Wikipedia Chilling new evidence in harrowing ‘Mr Cruel' investigation | news.com.au — Australia's leading news site for latest headlines Major breakthrough in Melbourne's notorious ‘Mr Cruel' case - Starts at 60 A new profile of Mr Cruel, who may have been a burglar before he was a killer Mr. Cruel: The Australian Serial Kidnapper Still at Large Aug 29, 1987, page 5 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ - Newspapers.com™ Dec 29, 1988, page 1 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ Dec 28, 1988, page 1 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ - Newspapers.com™ Dec 31, 1988, page 2 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ Dec 30, 1988, page 1 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ Dec 29, 1988, page 1 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ Dec 28, 1988, page 1 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ Jul 06, 1990, page 4 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ - Newspapers.com™ Jul 05, 1990, page 3 - The Sydney Morning Herald at Newspapers.com™ Jul 07, 1990, page 5 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ Apr 16, 1991, page 3 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ Jul 07, 1990, page 4 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ Apr 15, 1991, page 1 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ Jul 05, 1990, page 7 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ Jul 21, 1990, page 17 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ Jul 07, 1990, page 1 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ Apr 21, 1991, page 5 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ - Newspapers.com™ Apr 17, 1991, page 9 - The Sydney Morning Herald at Newspapers.com™ Apr 30, 1991, page 3 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ Apr 29, 1991, page 3 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ May 27, 1991, page 8 - The Sydney Morning Herald at Newspapers.com™ Apr 15, 1991, page 1 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ Apr 20, 1991, page 1 - The Sydney Morning Herald at Newspapers.com™ Apr 24, 1991, page 10 - The Sydney Morning Herald at Newspapers.com™ Apr 11, 1992, page 20 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ May 29, 1992, page 18 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ May 11, 1992, page 5 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ May 17, 1992, page 3 - The Age at Newspapers.com™   Jan 29, 1995, page 2 - The Age at Newspapers.com™ - Newspapers.com™ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

durée : 00:05:03 - Les Matins de France Culture - par : Marie Sorbier - Pourquoi Le Luxembourg est-il présent à Avignon? Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France

Medical missionaries are often called upon to provide care that is beyond the scope of their training and previous experience. This interactive case presentation looks at the realities of clinical decision-making in a critically ill snakebitten patient, and offers suggestions on how to navigate similar challenging situations.

Les députés ont adopté le texte après un débat acharné entre parlementaires, mais le débat n'est pas clos, le Conseil constitutionnel va avoir son mot à dire. Que font nos voisins sur la question ultra-sensible de l'aide à mourir ? La majorité des pays acceptent l'arrêt des soins ou le suicide assisté. Cinq États seulement ont légalisé ou dépénalisé l'euthanasie active ; et neuf criminalisent toute tentative d'abréger la vie d'autrui. Exemples au Bénélux et, hors de l'UE, au Royaume-Uni.  À Londres, les partisans de l'aide au suicide ne baissent pas les bras Plus des deux tiers des Britanniques sont favorables à une forme de suicide assisté, pourtant il y a quelques semaines, le Parlement a rejeté un texte qui allait dans ce sens. Les partisans du projet n'ont toutefois pas dit leur dernier mot, une pétition va obliger les députés à remettre l'ouvrage sur le métier. Reportage signé Marie Billon. De l'autre côté de la Manche au Bénélux, abréger la fin de vie n'est plus un drame depuis un quart de siècle. Les trois royaumes du Benelux ont légalisé l'euthanasie. Les premiers à le faire ont été les Pays-Bas, en 2002, suivis par la Belgique et le Luxembourg, ce qui donne un peu de recul. Comment ça se passe aujourd'hui, et comment ça s'est fait ? Les explications à Bruxelles de Pierre Bénazet.     La chronique musique de Vincent Theval Marco Iacampo, Mondo Parallelo (Italie).   En Espagne, l'éclipse totale fait tourner les têtes Rêvons un peu en attendant l'éclipse totale du 12 août 2026, spectacle rare que certains auront la chance d'observer ; en Europe, l'Espagne sera le meilleur spot pour le faire. Depuis des mois, l'événement fait monter la fièvre du tourisme dans le nord-ouest rural du pays. Des zones dépeuplées se préparent à accueillir soudain des milliers de visiteurs. C'est à la fois un casse-tête et une belle occasion pour les autorités locales de faire connaître leur région, et de surfer sur la vague de l'astro-tourisme en plein essor. Diane Cambon nous emmène à Bermillo de Sayago, un petit village de Castille et Leon.

How should investors think about energy security in a world where trade routes, supply chains, and national policy are becoming more closely linked? In this episode, Sean Kenney alongside guests Jeff Wakelin and Omar Hashem explain how geopolitics are impacting energy markets, including why the Middle East war is creating risks for companies and consumers but also leading to new cross-sector opportunities for investors.         Distributed by: U.S. – MFS Institutional Advisors, Inc. ("MFSI"), MFS Investment Management and MFS Fund Distributors, Inc., Member SIPC; Latin America – MFS International Ltd.; Canada – MFS Investment Management Canada Limited.; Note to UK and Switzerland readers: Issued in the UK and Switzerland by MFS International (U.K.) Limited ("MIL UK"), a private limited company registered in England and Wales with the company number 03062718, and authorised and regulated in the conduct of investment business by the UK Financial Conduct Authority. 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This week, Thom Francis welcomes poet, translator, and essayist Pierre Joris. Pierre was the featured poet at the Poets Speak Loud series at The Lark Tavern on September 25, 2006. +++++ 
Born in Strasbourg, France, and raised in Luxembourg, Pierre Joris spent his life crossing borders—both physical and linguistic. His travels took him across Europe, North Africa, and the United States, experiences that shaped his "nomad poetics," a philosophy that embraced fluidity and rejected rigid boundaries. Over his lifetime, he published more than 50 books, including poetry, essays, anthologies, and translations. His work challenged conventions and opened doors to new literary landscapes. Joris became an integral part of Albany's literary world when he joined the University at Albany in 1992 as a professor of poetry and poetics, a role he held until 2013. There, he was a mentor who encouraged students to experiment, take risks, and find their voices. He brought that same energy to the wider literary community, participating in readings, workshops, and performances that enriched the cultural fabric of the region. Pierre was the featured poet at the Poets Speak Loud open mic series in downtown Albany in September 2006. Pierre Joris passed away on February 27, 2025. Pierre was not just a poet, a translator, or a teacher—he was a force of creativity who challenged the way we think about language and literature. As we say goodbye, we also celebrate the enduring legacy he leaves behind. His words, his vision, and his generosity will continue to inspire generations to come. To hear Pierre's entire poem with Mitch Elrod from Poets Speak Loud, go to https://soundcloud.com/hvwritersguild/pierre-joris-at-poets-speak-loud-september-25-2006

CrowdScience listener Liana from Canada got in touch to ask about some very specific rocks she'd seen on an island in Indonesia – jagged, rugged and a very strange shape: hexagonal. They were in long columns, and clicked together like a jigsaw. But what are they, and how did they get there? Across the world in the UK, CrowdScience listener Sarah emailed us to ask about the famous rocks of the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland. What makes them so uniformly hexagonal? Presenter Alex Lathbridge investigates, visiting the Giant's Causeway to speak to geologist Dr Kirstin Lemon from the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. She explains how this amazing landscape formed, and why the mythical rocks look the way they do today. We also hear from Dr Alfend Rudyawan from Institut Teknologi Bandung in Indonesia about Liana's intriguing rocks. Are these distant locations more closely related than you might think? And we look to nature – because angular, uniform hexagons crop up surprisingly often. Professor Jean-Marc Schlenker from the University of Luxembourg explains why hexagons are much better than other shapes. Presenter: Alex Lathbridge Producer: Hannah Fisher Editor: Ben Motley(photo: Giant`s Causeway in Northern Ireland Stock photo- Credit: MANUEL FIL ORDIERES GARCIA via Getty Images)

Private equity just bid to take Criteo private at a 50%+ premium and two of the sharpest voices in commerce & media read the exact same filings and reached opposite conclusions. Ayelet Shipley and Christian Hassold break down Vista Equity Partners' (with hedge fund Quinti Capital) proposed take-private of Criteo (Nasdaq: CRTO): the "melting ice cube" bear case vs. Ken Kubec's "Footnote Trade" bull case (reported retail-media revenue down 32% vs. ~24% underlying growth once you strip out an accounting change and two client roll-offs), why a business throwing off ~$400M in profit was trading around 2x EBITDA, the Luxembourg "re-domicile escape hatch," and whether Vista's playbook gives Criteo product oxygen or runs off its 900 engineers.Plus the market update on AI marketing-tech venture rounds (geoSurge, Vendelux), and two quick deal hits with very different structures: Descartes x Drivin and Banzai x ConnectAndSell.⏱️ Chapters 00:00 — Intro: Market & Deals Friday 00:49 — Market Update: VC keeps funding AI marketing tech (geoSurge, Vendelux) 03:06 — Feature: Vista + Quinti bid to take Criteo private — the facts 05:55 — The Operator's Read (Christian): toll road, or mispriced commerce-media asset? 11:32 — The Deal Architect's Read (Ayelet): incentives & the Luxembourg escape hatch 15:50 — Quick Hits: Descartes/Drivin & Banzai/ConnectAndSell 19:40 — WrapReads referenced: Chris Sheldon: https://www.linkedin.com/posts/chris-j-sheldon_criteos-retail-media-growth-fell-from-23-share-7480304433730441216-MyKwKen Kubec: https://www.linkedin.com/posts/kenkubec_privateequity-adtech-retailmedia-ugcPost-7480605776760307713-dbqi

Kim Dacres is a first-generation American sculptor of Jamaican descent, who lives in Harlem and works in the Bronx. Dacres's work has been exhibited around the world, including recent solo exhibitions in Paris, New York, NY, and Los Angeles, CA. The artist's first site-specific and permanent outdoor sculptural installation, in partnership with Artbridge at the historic Harlem River Houses, was unveiled in June 2026.  She has a MS.Ed from CUNY Lehman College in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (2010) and a BA from Williams College in, Political Science, Art Studio, and Africana Studies (2008.). Kim spent ten years teaching and leading in New York City public schools before becoming an artist.  Dacres's work has been exhibited around the world, including solo exhibitions at Charles Moffett Gallery in New York, (2023), Gavlak Gallery in Los Angeles, CA (2020) and Palm Beach, FL (2021). Dacres has also participated in group exhibitions internationally and within the U.S., including Surrealism and Us: Caribbean and African Diasporic Artists Since 1940 at the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth (2024), Black American Portraits at Spelman College Museum of Fine Art, Atlanta, GA (2023) and Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (2021), Sounds of Blackness at The Metropolitan Museum of Manila, Philippines (2023), Godhead – Idols in Times of Crisis at Lustwarande 12th Edition, Tilburg, Netherlands (2022), Arrangements in Black at Phillips, New York, NY (2022), From a Place, Of a Place, presented by ArtNoir X regularnormal X Meatpacking District, New York, NY (2021), Through the Looking Glass, presented by UTA Artist Space, Beverly Hills, CA (2021), Dueling Consciousness, presented by Zidoun-Bossuyt, Luxembourg (2023). Learn more about Kim Dacres here. Follow Kim on Instagram here. Follow the show on IG at @theartofitallshow and follow the host at @dariasimoneharper! Don't forget to rate, review, and subscribe. Sharing an episode with a friend never hurts either;)

Love the show? Become a Member and get a weekly bonus episode, ad-free listening, our VIP community, and a real say in what we discuss!Show notesFormula 1 is one sport we've never properly tackled, so who better to guide us through it than a man who spent 25 years on the inside? Dom Riefstahl is a mechanical engineer who went straight from graduation into BMW's F1 programme, later moving to the Sauber F1 team and then to the Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 outfit, where he worked with seven-time world champion Lewis Hamilton. Riefstahl now keeps his eye on the ball as an F1 pundit for Luxembourg public broadcaster RTL.In this interview, Riefstahl takes us inside the world's most sophisticated sport, and, in particular, the fascinating triangle among driver, engineer, and car. He explains how a driver's feel for the car is translated into action by engineers armed with 400 sensors and 40 000 channels of data, why the great drivers are the ones who can tell whether a problem comes from their own driving or from the car itself, and how a top driver sometimes feels things the technology can't yet measure. Along the way, we learn what it costs to develop a driver from karting to an F1 seat, why reaction time can quietly end a career, why the truly great champions are hypersensitive about everything from tyre temperatures to wafts of garlic, and why the driver you're most likely to have a pint with will probably never be world champion. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Nikki Packer from Utah is back on Trip Tales, and this time she's sharing her family's spring break trip through England and Paris!Mostly booked on points, Nikki's family started in London with classic sightseeing, Borough Market treats, and the Warner Bros. Harry Potter Studio Tour before making their way to Oxford, Bath, and the dreamy English countryside. But the true surprise of the trip? The Cotswolds.From wandering storybook villages to hiking through meadows, exploring old churches, eating gelato on bridges, and staying in a tiny ancestral village, Nikki makes a strong case for why the Cotswolds can be a magical destination for kids — especially families who love to wander, hike, and explore without an overpacked itinerary.They ended the trip with one whirlwind, dreamy day in Paris, complete with crepes, gardens, Montmartre, and watching the Eiffel Tower sparkle!This episode is available to watch on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@kelseygravesIf you'd like to share about your trip on the podcast, email me at: kelsey@triptalespodcast.comFollow me on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/kelsey_gravesJoin us in the Trip Tales Podcast Community Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1323687329158879Mentioned in this episode:- Nicki Packer: @packinpoints on Instagram https://www.instagram.com/packinpoints/- Kelsey's Hotel Upgrade Guide https://kelsey-graves.kit.com/e1c6074077- LONDON: Hyatt Regency London Blackfriars, Tower of London (Beefeater Tour), Borough Market (viral chocolate covered strawberries!), Padella Borough Market (Italian restaurant), Thames Path, St. Jame's Park, Buckingham Palace, Parliament Square, Westminster Abbey, Harry Potter Warner Bros. Studio Tour, Covent Garden, Millennium Bridge, The Globe Theater- OXFORD: Addison's Walk, Botanical Gardens, Rozana (best Mediterranean wrap of Nicki's life!)- Blenheim Palace (Winston Churchill's childhood home)- BATH: Abbey Hotel, The Bath Abbey Church, Bathwick Trail (The Bathwick and Claverton Down Circular, popularly known as the Bath Skyline, is a spectacular 6 to 7.5-mile loop offering sweeping views over Bath, ancient woodlands, and wildflower meadows)- COTSWOLDS Painswick: Painswick village, St. Mary's Church, The 99 yew trees at St. Mary's Church, Nikki's family's Airbnb was near St. Mary's ChurchStroud: Stroud Farmers' MarketBourton-on-the-Water: Box Bush GelatoUpper & Lower Slaughter: Walking path between the two villagesOther Cotswolds Villages Mentioned: Chipping Campden, Bibury, Stow-on-the-WoldWalks, Hikes & Scenic Stops: The Cotswolds Way, Broadway Tower, Beacon PathGloucester: Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucester Cathedral Cloisters — Harry Potter filming location- PARIS: Hyatt Paris Madeleine, Hyatt Regency Paris Étoile, Eiffel Tower, Crepes, Louvre Museum, Tuileries Garden, Musée de l'Orangerie (Monet's Water Lillies), Sainte-Chapelle Cathedral, Notre Dame, Shakespeare and Company Bookstore, La Crème de Paris (crepes), Jardin du Luxembourg, Montmartre

After England's World Cup game against Mexico, Will Bain speaks to one publican who's just closed up at 5am after screening the match.Separately, an interview with the prime minister of Luxembourg, who tells Wake Up to Money that a new Defence, Security and Resilience Bank should be established for NATO countries.Plus, Novo Nordisk's new once-daily weight-loss pill becomes available in the UK today - what might it do to the market?

Saints du jour 2026-07-02 Bienheureux Pierre de Luxembourg et Sainte Monégonde by Radio Maria France

Understanding how values and communication styles differ across cultures is key to succeeding internationally. That’s why training in cross-cultural communication has become commonplace in the international business world. In this session, we’ll look at 6 dimensions of cross-cultural communication and their application to medical scenarios.

The Space Show featured Dr. Dina Weibel discussing her book “The UltraView Effect: What We Can Learn From Astronauts About Awe, Humility, and Exploring the Unknown.” Weibel, an anthropologist of religion, shared her research on astronauts' experiences looking at stars and deep space, which she calls the “ultra-view effect” - a more existential and awe-inspiring experience compared to the traditional “overview effect” of seeing Earth from space. The discussion covered how astronauts describe seeing vast star fields with no atmospheric interference, the psychological impact of contemplating the vastness of the universe, and how this experience often leads to increased humility and curiosity rather than the “Kumbaya” perspective sometimes associated with the overview effect. Weibel also mentioned her upcoming project with her husband Glenn Swanson and John Lomberg on the 50th anniversary of the Voyager Golden Record, which will be published in August 2027.Detailed Summary:Our discussion with Dr. Weibel began with a quick revie of Deana's previous research on the “ultra view effect” and discussed her current project about the Voyager Golden Record (two of them), which she is working on with her husband and John Lomberg for a UK publisher. I did introduce Deana as a returning guest plus John Jossy and I did a quick Ultra View review with her.Dr. Deana Weibel, an anthropologist of religion, proceeded to discuss her research on astronauts' experiences in space and introduced her book “The UltraView Effect” which explores awe and humility in space exploration. She explained her anthropological research methods, including participant observation and interviews, and shared how astronauts describe transformative experiences like the overview effect and lunar overview effect. Deana described how these space experiences parallel religious experiences she studied in her previous research on pilgrimage.Special thanks to our sponsors:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Helix Space in Luxembourg, Celestis Memorial Spaceflights, Astrox Corporation, Dr. Haym Benaroya of Rutgers University, The Space Settlement Progress Blog by John Jossy, The Atlantis Project, and Artless EntertainmentWe use Zoom phone numbers for program participation.For real time program participation, email Dr. Space at: drspace@thespaceshow.com for instructions and access.The Space Show is a non-profit 501C3 through its parent, One Giant Leap Foundation, Inc. To donate via Pay Pal, use:To donate with Zelle, use the email address: david@onegiantleapfoundation.org.If you prefer donating with a check, please make the check payable to One Giant Leap Foundation and mail to:One Giant Leap Foundation, 11035 Lavender Hill Drive Ste. 160-306 Las Vegas, NV 89135Upcoming Programs:Broadcast 4556: Zoom: Open Lines Discussion | Sunday 28 Jun 2026 1200PM PTGuests: Dr. David LivingstonZoom: A full Open Lines discussion. Join us with Zoom phone numbers. Email drspace before airtime for the numbers Get full access to The Space Show-One Giant Leap Foundation at doctorspace.substack.com/subscribe

Meeting assets for The Space Show Presents Robert “Hoot” Gibson, Tuesday, 6-23-26Quick Summary:Tonight's Space Show program featured Captain Robert “Hoot” Gibson, a former NASA astronaut and naval fighter pilot who flew five space shuttle missions and served as chief astronaut. Hoot discussed his career journey from Vietnam War combat missions in F-4 Phantom jets to becoming one of NASA's most experienced shuttle pilots, including his secret classified mission where his shuttle sustained over 700 damaged tiles but successfully returned to Earth. He explained the technical details of shuttle operations, docking with the Mir space station, and his thoughts on why the space shuttle program was retired despite its potential for continued use. The discussion also covered Hoot's post-NASA career flying for Southwest Airlines as a captain for 10 years, his current aviation activities including air racing, and his recent memoir “Space Ace” which has already won six awards.Detailed Summary:The meeting began with introductions of The Space Show Wisdom Team present for this program with Hoot. Tony, the publisher for Hoot's book was also present with us for this program. Tony has also helped Hoot write his book “Space Ace.” Hoot then explained how he met Tony through a children's book project, then he proceeded to describe his career progression from Navy fighter pilot to space shuttle commander, including his combat missions in Vietnam and his work with the F-14 Tomcat, then to NASA and then to South West Airlines. Hoot's Space Ace book has won six awards since its release in March of this year.Hoot shared his experience flying combat air patrol over Saigon on April 30, 1975, during the final days of the Vietnam War, and described his subsequent training as an F-14 Tomcat instructor before applying to NASA in 1977. He explained how his extensive jet fighter experience made him feel unprepared when he first arrived at NASA, as he needed to learn basic space shuttle operations. When asked about his engagement orders during the Saigon embassy evacuation, Hoot confirmed they were cleared to fire, though they didn't use their weapons due to fuel constraints.Hoot discussed his experience flying different space shuttles, explaining that while NASA aimed to make all shuttles identical, Columbia was built heavier at 7,000 pounds and had some unique features due to being the first shuttle. Hoot shared that he flew Challenger on his first mission, Columbia on his second, and Atlantis twice, but regretted not flying Discovery which would have allowed him to fly all five shuttles. When asked about shuttle landings, Hoot explained that his first landing as commander was an unplanned night landing at Edwards Air Force Base after weather prevented a Cape Canaveral landing, and he agreed with David that the space shuttle had significant life left despite NASA's decision to retire them after the losses of Challenger and Columbia.This is only a partial program summary.Special thanks to our sponsors:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Helix Space in Luxembourg, Celestis Memorial Spaceflights, Astrox Corporation, Dr. Haym Benaroya of Rutgers University, The Space Settlement Progress Blog by John Jossy, The Atlantis Project, and Artless EntertainmentWe use Zoom phone numbers for program participation.For real time program participation, email Dr. Space at: drspace@thespaceshow.com for instructions and access.The Space Show is a non-profit 501C3 through its parent, One Giant Leap Foundation, Inc. To donate via Pay Pal, use:To donate with Zelle, use the email address: david@onegiantleapfoundation.org.If you prefer donating with a check, please make the check payable to One Giant Leap Foundation and mail to:One Giant Leap Foundation, 11035 Lavender Hill Drive Ste. 160-306 Las Vegas, NV 89135Upcoming Programs:Broadcast 4555 Zoom: Dr. Deana Weibel | Friday 26 Jun 2026 930AM PTGuests: Dr. Deana WeibelZoom: Dr. Weibel returns to discuss her new book “The Ultraview Effect: What We Can Learn from Astronauts About Awe, Humility, and Exploring the Unknown,”Broadcast 4556: Zoom: Open Lines Discussion | Sunday 28 Jun 2026 1200PM PTGuests: Dr. David LivingstonZoom: A full Open Lines discussion. Join us with Zoom phone numbers. Email drspace before airtime for the numbers Get full access to The Space Show-One Giant Leap Foundation at doctorspace.substack.com/subscribe

Jogaila gets himself a young wife and finally has a son, while Sigismund of Luxembourg comes up with an interesting proposal for Vyatautas.

Charles VII and his son Louis had a strained relationship to say the very least, and the Dauphin was eager to escape his father's court and head to Dauphine. Distance would not mend things between father and son, and before long, the Prince was fleeing to Burgundian territory, complicating the already complicated relationship between Philip the Good and Charles VII.Time Period Covered: 1445-1456Notable People: Philip the Good, Louis XI, Charles Duke of Orleans, Charles I Duke of Bourbon, Charles Count of Nevers, John of Nevers Count of Etampes, Louis of Luxembourg Count of Saint-Pol, Pierre de Breze, Agnes Sorel, Rene of Anjou, Charles of Anjou Count of Maine, Antoine de Chabannes Count of Dammartin, Francesco SforzaNotable Events/Developments: Turmoil at Charles VII's Court, The Provocations of the Paris Parlement, Louis of Luxembourg's Dual Loyalties, Dauphin Louis' Exile in Dauphine, Dauphin Louis arrives at the Burgundian Court