Podcast appearances and mentions of william rufus

SEASON 7: Miniseries: A Tale of Three BrothersEPISODE 153: The Henry FactorSome people have it — whatever it is. William Rufus was a force of personality, a courageous warrior, and an effective ruler. Robert Curthose was generous and also a courageous warrior. But Henry…? What did Henry have to offer? Well, they didn't call him Beauclerc for nothing, did they?Members-Only Series on Patreon:For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast. Social Media:YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel PodcastFacebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3 Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

SEASON 7: Miniseries: A Tale of Three BrothersEPISODE 152: Rufus's New ArchbishopOn his deathbed, William Rufus has a change of heart regarding England's Church.Members-Only Series on Patreon:For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member! Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you:https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast. Social Media:YouTube Page:Fortune's Wheel PodcastFacebook Page:https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3 Twitter Page:https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

This episode outlines one of William Rufus's most enduring contributions to England's long and storied past: the border with the kingdom's northern neighbor, Scotland. SEASON 7: Miniseries: A Tale of Three Brothers EPISODE 151: Rufus & The Northern Border Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

William of Normandy famously invaded England in 1066 – but, he didn't quite conquer it all. In fact, the duty of leading a second assault was left to his son William Rufus almost 30 years later. Speaking to David Musgrove, Sophie Ambler and Fiona Edmonds reveal how the second Norman Conquest came about in the 1090s, and explain how this story played out in little-studied kingdom of Cumbria. Listen to our podcast with Marc Morris, The Normans: Everything you wanted to know, here: https://link.chtbl.com/PFBA-VhF The HistoryExtra podcast is produced by the team behind BBC History Magazine. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

SEASON 7: Miniseries: A Tale of Three Brothers EPISODE 146: Inheritance & Division England, 1087: William the Conqueror was dead. His sons, Robert Curthose, William Rufus, and Henry Beauclerc were left to clean up the mess. Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

Iain Dale talks to historian Emma Mason about the life of William Rufus, son of William the Conqueror.

William Rufus' first year as King had probably not gone down as he hoped. And as Bishop Odo and his co-conspirators boarded their ships and sought sanctuary in Normandy…Rufus could only return to court and count the rest of his problems.. The post 456 – Law and Order: Durham first appeared on The British History Podcast.

William Rufus' first year as King had probably not gone down as he hoped. And as Bishop Odo and his co-conspirators boarded their ships and sought sanctuary in Normandy…Rufus could only return to court and count the rest of his problems.. The post 456 – Law and Order: Durham first appeared on The British History Podcast.

In the early hours of January 3, 2009, a 29-year-old man is found shot in his truck outside a bar in College Station, Texas. He's still alive at this point, so first responders rush him to the hospital, where he sadly passes away. Detectives get to work and quickly identify a suspect - a 36-year-old car salesman with a history of violence. However, detectives struggle to figure out a motive behind the shooting. In fact, the victim and the murderer never even exchanged words. In episode 292, Jac and Alexis delve into the tragic murder of William Rufus Stephens Jr., and his killer's history of “psycho” behavior.

Today we travel back nearly a millennium to look at three of the sons of William the Conqueror. The first Norman (French) king of England, William of course defeated the English King Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, after which he was crowned King of England, but mostly administered the territory from his duchy in Normandy. An early example of remote work, perhaps. William I implemented a plan of succession that ended up causing history-making trouble. His eldest son, Robert, with whom he had a difficult relationship, was given Normandy, while his second-eldest surviving son, William Rufus, was heir apparent to the English crown. His youngest surviving son, Henry, was given a hefty amount of money, which in no way satiated his ambition for power. Upon William I's death in 1087, Henry occupied himself by playing his brothers against each other. The situation would culminate in a disastrous hunting party in 1100, in which William II was killed by an arrow and the hunting party scattered to the wind. Younger brother Henry was present for what may have been William's assassination, and raced to Winchester, home of the treasury, to claim the throne in spite of his older brother Robert still living and, under the rules of primogeniture, being the more suitable claimant. Henry I proved to be a fairly canny politician, and his marriage to Matilda of Scotland (born Edith), daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland, both strengthened his claim and enhanced the cultural status of his court. Everything was on track for a successful dynasty until 1120, when Henry's eldest son and heir apparent threw the kind of rager of a party that no one should ever drive after. To this day, it is illegal to operate watercraft while intoxicated. Listen ad-free at patreon.com/trashyroyalspodcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

In this episode, Charlie Higson continues his voyage through the rhyme of 'Willy Willy Harry Stee', stopping at the second Willy, King William the 2nd otherwise known as William Rufus. This week's proper expert is James Hawes, author of the smash hit 'The Shortest History of England', who's been in the bestseller charts as both a crime novelist and a popular historian.In this episode, find out how the Norman invasion directly led to Brexit!It really is a real life version of Succession! Subscribe or Follow as there's a new King or Queen to hear about every Friday. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

This week due to scheduling issues, Beau flies solo. He covers the reign of William the second, Rufus, the Red King. After the death of his father, William the conqueror, the succession is in dispute. The mad, bad and dangerous to know William Rufus emerges victorious in that struggle; has a very tumultuous relationship with the church, and ultimately comes to a particularly sticky end. https://www.lotuseaters.com/premium-epochs-80-or-william-rufus-13-11-22

he gave them firm instructions that they were to stay put

Hello everyone and welcome to the History of Scotland, Episode 25. So, in today's episode, with the deaths of Malcolm III and Queen Maragret came a small family civil war between the sons of Malcolm III and his brother, the last surviving son of Duncan I. Donald III. If you remember from last time Donald headed home with a Scottish band of warriors to take the throne for himself. He besieged Edinburgh whilst Malcolms sons were weeping over the death of their mother. Maragret. Edgar, brother to Maragret and Uncle to her children, managed to escape the castle along with the sons of Malcolm and headed towards the English court to meet with the English King and their eldest brother, the first son of Malcolm III with his first wife. Duncan. Who currently if you remember was being held sort of hostage here after the peace treaty with William Rufus. When they arrived at the court of the English King. They met and began plotting their revenge. For Duncan, the eldest brother and Norman Knight, to come to the throne. Please give us a follow-on twitter at: u/TheHistoryofSc1 or just our Facebook group which you can find by searching History of Scotland on Facebook. Leave any feedback you have for the podcast in reviews, likes, and comments. Our podcast is on PodBean, Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Amazon Music and Google Podcasts. Stay safe.

Hello everyone and welcome to the History of Scotland, Episode 22. So, in today's episode we go back into the perspective of Malcolm III, our gracious King of Scotland (newly renamed from Alba in our narrative). We discuss how he takes the fight to the English and the reforms he does at court. Please give us a follow-on twitter at: u/TheHistoryofSc1 or just our Facebook group which you can find by searching History of Scotland on Facebook. Leave any feedback you have for the podcast in reviews, likes, and comments. Our podcast is on PodBean, Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Amazon Music and Google Podcasts. Stay safe.

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 346, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: Chi-Town Nicknames 1: A New York editor gave Chicago this nickname to describe its politicians during its first World's Fair. "The Windy City". 2: In his poem "Chicago" Carl Sandburg called the city this "Butcher for the World". Hog Butcher. 3: Sandburg called Chicago the "City of Big" these. Shoulders. 4: That wry poet Carl came up with "Stacker of" this. Wheat. 5: Good-old Carl S. hammered home the fact that the city is a this "maker". tool maker. Round 2. Category: British Royal Dads 1: He fathered the current Prince of Wales. Prince Philip. 2: He fathered 2 queens of England by 2 different women. Henry VIII. 3: He died from typhoid fever at age 42 in 1861, but not before he fathered King Edward VII. Prince Albert. 4: Born in what's now France, he fathered William Rufus and Henry I. William the Conqueror. 5: He fathered the current monarch. George VI. Round 3. Category: Oh, "Ic" 1: There once was a clue from Nantucket, this kind of humorous 5-line Irish verse (sorry, that's it). limerick. 2: Kill a plant with a deadly substance and you could be accused of this, also describing the substance itself. herbicide. 3: Hey, baby, what's your zodiac sign? It's this, isn't it, the only that fits the category... Hey, where are you going?. Capricorn. 4: To renounce a throne, as Norodom Sihanouk did in 2004. abdicate. 5: From 1940 to 1942, this was the capital of unoccupied France. Vichy. Round 4. Category: Silent "K" 1: A finger joint. a knuckle. 2: To fold and stretch bread dough into a smooth, uniform mass. knead. 3: It's a British term for women's underwear. knickers. 4: The sound of a bell rung ominously. knell. 5: A backpack for a hiker. a knapsack. Round 5. Category: "I" Pod 1: On loans, it can be compound or simple. interest. 2: Sad to say, some people hunt walruses, as well as elephants, to get this valuable material. ivory. 3: From the Latin for "unable to speak", this 3-syllable word means extremely childish. infantile. 4: Meaning "beyond memory", this type of time originally referred to the period before 1189 A.D.. immemorial. 5: This Austrian city's name is German for "bridge over the Inn River". Innsbruck. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia!

Or Billy Rufy, Exhale Baby, Hamponethousandkilos Close, Hill's Leviathan, Continent Sauropods, Horseracetown Scarydream.

One day the King of England went out hunting, and did not come back, on account of having been shot by one of his hunting companions. Henry, his younger brother, became King in just a few days, and there was no inquest. Nobody at the time thought anything of this, really, because dying whilst hunting in the New Forest was pretty common, but later, lots of people Got Suspicious. We discuss this.  Also the fact that the Face of Lucca doesn't really have anything to do with the Face of Bo.

William Rufus, third son of William the Conqueror, took the throne of England in 1087. In 1100 he was struck down by an arrow whilst out hunting in the New Forest. Was it an accident or was it regicide? Could his own brother has ordered his assassination? The arrow hit William in the chest and his death was fast. Left by his companions in the woods, where are his remains now? Find Suzie on TikTok @suzieedge on Instagram @suz.edge and on YouTube as Suzie Edge

This Week in British History: 3rd - 9th August

The children of William the Conqueror don't often get the limelight. But Robert Curthose, William Rufus and Henry I cast big shadows in their own right. Join Jordan Evans as he looks at the Norman Kings who helped create England as we know it today!

William Rufus (1087-1100) was a king who shared many of the militaristic and oppressive tendencies of his conquering father, however the focus of his tyranny would differ. His modernity and defiance of rigid medieval etiquette along with his mockery and general disregard for the church would deeply damage his legacy when the very victims of his greed and ridicule became the scribes of his reign as King of England. Hosted by Jonny Langton. CHARACTERS William II (Rufus) – King of England Robert Curthose – elder brother of William II, duke of Normandy Henry Beauclerk – younger brother of William II Matilda of Falaise – mother of William II William I (the Conqueror) – King of England (1066-87) Odo – Bishop of Bayeux, uncle of William II Robert de Mowbray – earl of Northumbria, rebel Malcolm III – King of Scotland Edgar the Aetheling – claimant to the English throne Stephen – count of Aumale William – count of Eu Urban II – the pope Ranulf Flambard – bishop of Durham, favourite of William II Lanfranc – Archbishop of Canterbury (1070-89) Anselm – Archbishop of Canterbury (1093-1109) Walter Tirel – nobleman William of Malmesbury – chronicler Orderic Vitalis – chronicler Eadmer of Canterbury – chronicler Credits freesound.org Vedas – fight-fighting men Liamg sfx – battle cry 4 Jordishaw – stabbing sound The Medieval Banquet - Silvermansound

This episode, we explore a character analysis of an unpopular leader, as William of Malmesbury explains how the virtues of William Rufus transformed into his greatest vices. Along the way, we also learn why pointy shoes are indicators of moral degradation. Today's Texts: William of Malmesbury. Chronicle of the Kings of England. Edited by J.A. Giles, translated by John Sharpe and J.A. Giles, George Bell & Sons, 1895. Orderic Vitalis. The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas Forester, Henry G. Bohn, 1854.

Franklin Pierce's Vice President died in office before he reached Washington D.C. to serve. But his prior career had been one of a respected moderate Southerner willing to compromise. That didn't stop him from challenging Henry Clay to a duel once.  We discuss rumors and speculation that he may have been the first gay vice President, and how the US may have been robbed of a needed compromiser at the wrong time.

Here's the tale of Billy Rufus. Won't hear much of a kind word about this guy from our medieval historians but I like the lad. He seems to be a party boy, likes to have young men of fashion and young ladies of loose morals in his court. Fine by me.

The town of Mold in northeast Wales has its own fascinating history dating back to the 11th century reign of William Rufus, but became infamous for its riots in the summer of 1869. Friction between Welsh coal miners and a particularly abusive English mine manager would result in military interference would leave several dead bodies [...]

In the fashion of continuing on with our episodes about Vice Presidents who never made it to the presidency, we're talking about William Rufus DeVane King!    King served a very short and not-so-effective presidency, but he was very interesting before that! Find out more about him in this episode! _______________________________ Support us on Patreon! For only $0.11 per episode ($1/month) you can be part of our Patreon community. For a few more bucks per month we'll throw in two bonus episode! Check it out. ____________________________ Support the show! Use this link to do your shopping on Amazon. It won't cost you a penny more and it will help us out!  ElectionCollege.com/Amazon ________________________ Be sure to subscribe to the show! Leave us a review on iTunes - It really helps us out! Facebook  |  Twitter  | Instagram ________________________ Get a free month of Audible and a free audiobook to keep at ElectionCollege.com/Audible ________________________ Music from: http://www.bensound.com/royalty-free-music ________________________ Some links in these show notes are affiliate links that could monetarily benefit Election College, but cost you nothing extra.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The death of Malcolm III in 1093 led to something of a succession crisis in Scotland and by 1097, Malcolm's brother (Donalbain) and one of his sons (Duncan II) had not done a very good job of ruling the country. Next up was Edgar, backed by the English king, William Rufus, and his namesake uncle, Edgar the Aetheling, Edgar sought to re-establish stability in Scotland, but would he be the king to get things back on track?

The death of Malcolm III and his queen, Margaret of Wessex, sent Scotland back into the chaos of dynastic conflict. Malcolm's brother, Donaldbain, stole the throne in 1093 but there were many sons of Malcolm ready to challenge him and first up was Duncan II. In Duncan's favour, he was a well-trained knight, brought up at the Norman court and backed by the King of England, William Rufus. On the downside, he was a well-trained Norman knight, brought up at the Norman court and backed by the King of England. Would the Scots accept this Anglo-Norman figure, or would Duncan be sent packing?

The death of Malcolm III in 1093 (as well as his son and queen) left a power vacuum in Scotland. Despite having 5 sons, it was Malcolm's brother, Donald III (Donaldbain in Shakespeare's Macbeth), who decided to take advantage and steal the throne. After thirty years of stability under Malcolm, Donald III took Scotland back to the chaotic years of dynastic wars of succession. With the English king, William Rufus, keen to have his own man on the throne, Donald would have to use all his craftiness to hold on to his crown - but could he outlast his rivals?

In this episode, we explore the events leading to the death of William the Conqueror. And we'll look at the reign of his son and namesake, William Rufus. The story of William's succession is also the story of a sibling rivalry. William's three sons fought with each other – and even with their father – for control of the Anglo-Norman kingdom. But one thing that William and all of his sons had in common was a love for hunting, and the importance of hunting is reflected in the English language which contains many words and phrases originating in the language of Medieval hunters. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 71

In this episode, we explore the events leading to the death of William the Conqueror. And we’ll look at the reign of his son and namesake, William Rufus. The story of William’s succession is also the story of a sibling … Continue reading →

In 1100, Henry I became King of England after the suspicious death of William Rufus, but his accession was contested.  To help placate his Anglo-Saxon subjects, he chose as his queen one of their own, the Scottish princess Matilda.  She would prove to be far more than just dynastic window-dressing, becoming one of the most powerful queens in English mediaeval history.SponsorThis episode of the Queens of England Podcast is sponsored by Audible, the internet's leading provider of audio entertainment.  To get a free book when you sign up for a trial membership go to www.audibletrial.com/queensShow NotesFor more information on the topics discussed in the show, click on these links!Edward the Exile (wikipedia)

In this episode of Medieval Death Trip, we hear the Warenne Chronicle's account of how as King of England, William Rufus dealt with rebels and how his own death was foretold in signs and visions.

William Rufus was a flamboyant, red faced, pudgy and irreverant bloke, but none the less his father's favourite son. So Dad tipped him the wink and he left the death bed to take the throne of England from his older brother. And spent his reign trying to re-unite England and... See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

By the Holy Face of Lucca, it's William II! Better known as William Rufus, the favourite son of William the Conqueror who inherits the English throne while his older brother, Robert, takes on the Duchy of Normandy. Thanks to the writings of disapproving monks (not least the saintly Anselm), Rufus has often been condemned as a bad king. However, can a man wearing pointy shoes, cracking jokes and winning fame even from the monks for being a great chivalrous knight be all bad? There's a lot more to Rufus than an unfortunate hunting accident in the New Forest!

The title of this episode is ScholasticismOne of the most important questions faced by philosophers and theologians throughout the centuries has been the interplay between Faith and Reason. Are they enemies or allies? Is the Christian faith reasonable, or a blind leap into an irrational darkness? A major advance in answering this came with the emergence of a group of medieval theologians known as the Scholastics. Chief among them were Anselm of Canterbury in the 11th C and Thomas Aquinas in the 13th.In his novel Pillars of the Earth, author Ken Follett spins an intriguing tale of the construction of a cathedral in England. While the cathedral and town are fictional, Follett does a masterful job of capturing the mindset and vision of medieval architecture.I've had the privilege of visiting the cathedral in Cologne, Germany a few times and am fascinated by what is found there. While some modern American evangelicals who decry tradition may be put off by all the elaborate decoration and religious symbolism of Europe's Gothic cathedrals, most find them fascinating studies in art, architecture and with a little research, interesting expressions of theological thought. You see, the Gothic cathedral wasn't just a building; it was an attempt to embody the period's thoughts about God and man.  As Bruce Shelly says, “The medieval masters of Gothic style tried to portray in stone and glass man's central religious quest. They wanted to depict a tension. On one hand was man aspiring to reach the heights of heaven; on the other hand was God condescending to address the least of men.”The pillars, arches, and steeples point up like fingers to heaven. But down comes the light through stained glass windows illuminating the Earth, and more specifically, those who've gathered inside to seek God. It is the architect's version of human reason and divine revelation.The schools these cathedrals housed gave rise to the universities of the late Middle Ages. Their task was to understand and explain Creation in light of God's revealed Word and Ways. As the Crusades were an attempt to extend the authority of God over the Middle East, the universities hoped to extend an understanding of God and His creation over the realm of the mind.But how did the world of ideas bow to the rule of God? How was reason to be made a servant of faith? This era in Christian thought is called “Scholasticism” because distinctive methods of scholarship arose and a unique theology emerged. The aim of the Scholastics was twofold: to reconcile Christian doctrine with human reason and to arrange the teachings of the Church in an orderly system.But, it's important we mark at the outset that a free search for truth wasn't on the horizon for the Scholastics. The doctrines of the Christian faith were already fixed. The purpose of the Scholastics was to show the reasonableness of those doctrines and explain them.The early universities were intimately linked to the Church. They were usually housed in the Cathedrals. A medieval scholar was most often a priest or monk. This began centuries before when Benedict of Nursia insisted monks study as a means of their spiritual development. In the 8th C, Charlemagne, while dreaming of a Christian empire, widened the opportunities for study through a decree that every monastery have a school to teach those able to learn. The Emperor himself set an example with a palace school for his children and court.While the cathedral schools were set up primarily to train clergy, it wasn't long before laymen were invited to attend as well.The curriculum was limited to grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy—the 7 liberal arts, so-called because in ancient Rome their study had been reserved for liberi = freemen.  The few texts available were writings of a handful of scholars of the early Middle Ages. Students learned from Cassiodorus, Boethius, Augustine, Pope Gregory the Great, and a handful of Church Fathers the medieval student dared not question.We can track the birth of the great medieval universities to the influence of several outstanding teachers. It was their skill in teaching and enthusiasm for learning that attracted students.Among the first of this new breed of scholar was Gerbert, master of the cathedral school at Rheims [reems] in the latter half of the 10th C. Though he came from peasant stock, Gerbert became Pope Sylvester II. His genius was recognized early on so he was sent to study mathematics in Spain. While there, he was exposed to what at the time was the tolerant culture of the ruling Muslims. This was the first of a several significant contributions Muslims made to the Christian intellectual awakening of the Middle Ages.Gerbert returned to Rheims greatly impressed by the inquisitive, questing spirit of Muslim scholars. When he began to teach, he announced that quotations of the so-called authorities were no longer going to be accepted as the final say. From then on, he required his students to study the classics in their original language. He began collecting manuscripts wherever he could and built a substantial library. This was no mean feat when we remember a manuscript could take a year to copy, and cost a fortune.The most notable figure from this early period of Scholasticism was Peter Abelard. The senior son of a minor noble of NW France, Peter turned over his inheritance rights to his younger brothers so he could roam France and learn from the great masters. But he did more than listen. He challenged those he caught in factual or philosophical error.  It wasn't long before he settled in as a lecturer in Paris, where he attracted a host of students.He also began to write. In a tract titled Yes and No, he posed over a hundred questions from Christian teaching, then answered them using conflicting quotations from Scripture, the Church Fathers, and even pagan classics. His point was that there were still many fronts for discussion and inquiry that needed to be resolved.  Abelard said, “The first key to wisdom is assiduous and frequent questioning.… For by doubting we come to inquiry, and by inquiry we arrive at the truth.” This idea of using doubt to fuel the quest for knowledge was commonplace to the ancient Greeks but dangerous ground to medieval Europeans. Abelard had a few fans but many more detractors who were alarmed by his bold questioning of what were considered unimpeachable authorities. Having stirred one too many pots and poked one too many bee-hives, he decided to lay low for a while in a monastery.A year later he left to live in an open area SE of Paris. Supporters built him a shelter, tilled his land, and begged him to teach once more. So, resuming his pursuit of reason, Abelard again fell out with the religious conservatives. It was at this point that Abelard ran afoul of Bernard of Clairvaux, the famous preacher of the 2nd Crusade and the most influential churchman in Christendom. Of Abelard, Bernard remarked, “The faith of the righteous believes, it does not dispute.” Bernard managed to have Abelard branded a heretic and excommunicated. Abelard retired to the abbey of Cluny, where its abbot, Peter the Venerable, persuaded Bernard to reconcile with Abelard. The excommunication was lifted. Abelard spent his last 2 years at the monastery at Cluny where he was regarded as a great scholar and wise counselor.I'll leave out of this Abelard's marriage to Heloise, one of the most remarkable love-stories of history.No one could stop the growth of the seeds Abelard planted. Schools popped up all over Europe. Less than 100 years after his death universities flourished at Paris, Orleans, and Montpellier in France; across the English Channel at Oxford and Cambridge; and at Bologna and Padua in Italy, all of them aflame with the ideas Abelard ignited.Students and their teachers formed guilds. Just as craftsmen had done since the Roman Empire, scholars banded together for protection and promotion of their interests. They called themselves universitas, the medieval name for any corporate group.Most students in Italy were grown men who pursued advanced study in law and medicine. Their guilds exercised tremendous power. Students paid teachers, determined the courses to be given, and fined any lecturer who skipped a chapter in expounding his subject. Certainly a turn around from today's schools.In English and French universities where students were younger, scholars' guilds had the upper hand. They forbade swearing and gambling, fined students for breaking curfews, and set table manners.Medieval universities, were not the ivied walls and grassy lawns we think of today. At first, lectures were given in shanties and sheds alongside roads at Oxford and Cambridge. They met in side rooms of the cathedral in Paris, open piazzas in Italy.  Once the prestige and income of a teacher rose, he might rent a room for his students where they'd sit on straw-covered floors. Because they lacked any fixed property, they were able to move when they ran afoul of local authorities.Along with lectures, teachers used what were called disputations. Two or more masters debated a text using Abelard's question-and-answer approach. This was how Scholasticism developed. It arose from the pain-staking process of arriving at logical conclusions through questioning, examining, and arranging details into a system of logic. Scholastic disputations often caused heated clashes and bitter feelings. Wars of logic ran for years between different scholars, with supporters of each cheering their hero with loud whistling and stomping of feet. The point was, students were learning to think. The unquestioned acceptance of traditional authorities was no longer assured. Now, conclusions had to square with Christian doctrine.Scholasticism was less a philosophy or theology as it was a method of learning. The emphasis was on harmonizing faith and reason. The Scholastics used the ancient Greek practice of relentless questioning of traditional authority.  Truth would no longer be accepted just because those in authority said so. Truth was to be rigorously analyzed and brought over into the realm of reason. After all, didn't the Bible say we are to love God with all our mind?The Scholastics were known for their careful drawing of distinctions. In classrooms and books, topics were vigorously debated, with one of the sides of the debate not even really being believed but still proposed as a way to check the value of the side being affirmed.Scholastics wanted to harmonize Christian theology with the philosophy of the classical era, especially that of Aristotle and the Neo-platonists.Some scholastics of note are Alexander of Hales, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, and Bonaventure. Two of the greatest were Anselm of Canterbury and Thomas Aquinas.  Aquinas's masterwork, the Summa Theologica, is considered to be the greatest work of the Scholastics.Anselm was born into one of the many noble houses of Europe in the early 11th C. Because there was little prospect for him to achieve prominence in the political realm, he became a Benedictine monk. His studies quickly marked him as a man of keen intelligence and deep philosophical reflection. He was made Archbishop of Canterbury for the last 17 years of his life.Anselm is often called the founder of Scholasticism, and was a major influence in European theology. He's most famous as the originator of the ontological argument for the existence of God and the Satisfaction theory for the Atonement; that Jesus' death satisfied the righteous requirements of God's justice.Anselm spent most of his time devising reasonable arguments for theological propositions he already accepted as true by faith. His goal wasn't to justify faith by reason. He wanted to better understand what he believed. He saw reason as the servant of faith, rather than the other way around.  Faith came first and guided reason. He wrote, “I believe in order to understand.” He thought that spiritual things had to be a matter of experience before they could be comprehended by the intellect. He said, “He who does not believe has not felt, and he who has not felt, does not understand.” He contended that Christ must come to the intellect through the avenue of faith and not to faith through the intellect. He declared himself against blind belief, and called it a sin of neglect when the one who has faith doesn't strive for knowledge.[1]Anselm gave reasonable proofs for God's existence and compelling reasons for God as a self-existent, immaterial, all-powerful, compassionate, just, and merciful deity. In his book Why the God-Man? Anselm demonstrated the relationship between the incarnation and the atonement. His argument that Christ's atonement satisfied God had a powerful impact on both Luther and Calvin centuries later. He wrote on the nature of the Trinity, original sin, free will, the harmony of foreknowledge and foreordination, and why Satan fell.[2]Anselm's two sources of knowledge were the Bible and the teaching of the Church which, he maintained, were in total agreement with each other and with all true philosophy. He had the deepest admiration for Augustine, and his agreement with him earned Anselm the titles “The 2nd Augustine” and, “Tongue of Augustine.”[3]  Besides being a man of genuine piety and devotion to God, Church Historian Philip Schaff says Anselm was probably the most original thinker since Augustine.I want to share the interesting story of Anselm's conflicts with two of England's kings. The best way to do so is to tell the story as Schaff does in Vol 5 of his Church History series.William II, called William Rufus, or the Red for the color of his hair, 3rd son of William the Conqueror, ruled from 1087 to 1100. Probably the only good he did during his entire reign was to appoint Anselm as Archbishop of Canterbury. William inherited all the vices and none of the virtues of his father. He despised the clergy. It was said that, “he feared God but little, and man not at all.” He wasn't a skeptic so much as he was profane and blasphemous. He believed in God à and hated Him. He wasn't married but indulged in gross immorality. People said he rose a worse man every morning, and lay down a worse man every evening.He plundered the Church and oppressed the clergy. He robbed the churches and monasteries of their income by leaving them vacant or selling them to the highest bidder. Within four years he changed thirty cemeteries into royal parks to satisfy his passion for hunting, which in the end cost him his life.When the Archbishop of Canterbury died, William kept the seat vacant for four years. Under the influence of a severe sickness, he finally yielded to the pressure to elect Anselm who was then in England, and well-known as a profound theologian of pious character. A greater contrast of men can scarcely be imagined. Anselm did not want to be archbishop. He wanted to return to the life of a quiet monk in his abbey back in northern Italy. But he sensed the call of God, even though if he accepted he'd face a never-ending battle with the English king.He was appointed to his seat to great celebration on the 2nd Sunday of Advent, 1093 and immediately set out to revive the discipline that had fallen away during the previous years.This was the time of the Great Papal Schism and King William supported the French Pope Clement III while Anselm owed allegiance to Urban II. The king insisted on Anselm's receiving the archbishop's pallium, his vestment, from Clement, then demanded that HE be the one to confer Anselm's authority on him. Of course Anselm refused and took the pallium from Urban's agent who'd brought the vestment to England in a special case.When the archbishop refused to meet William's ever increasing financial requirements, the king took him to court. Anselm refused to appear; a civil court had no jurisdiction in church affairs. It was the old question of whether a church official, in his capacity as a clergyman owed allegiance to the pope or crown.Anselm managed to secure the king's permission in 1097 to go to Rome. But William sent troops after him and overtook him at Dover. They searched Anselm's baggage and seized the offerings he was taking to Rome. Anselm's trip ended up as an exile.Anselm was warmly received by the pope, who threatened William with excommunication and pronounced a curse on any layman who thought, as William had, that he could invest a bishop with spiritual authority. The papal curse went further, to anyone who accepted such a false investiture.In early Aug of 1100, while hunting in the New Forest, the Red King was killed by an arrow.  No one knows whether it was shot by a hunter or assassin. There was little mourning for a king nearly everyone had been hoping would drop dead. They would not have been surprised if a bolt of lightning had slain him.[4]But this isn't the end of Anselm's monarch problems. When William II died, his younger brother, Henry I took the throne. Henry was generally a good king who did much to root out the worst of the corruption of court. He reconciled the clergy by recalling Anselm from exile, but renewed the investiture controversy. He appointed bishops and abbots, and demanded Anselm consecrate them. Anselm refused, time and again. So, he was sent into a 2nd exile. The queen had an extraordinary devotion to Anselm and tried to mediate between him and her husband. She urged Anselm to return even if it meant he compromise a bit and grant Henry a measure of power to have a hand in appointing clergy. She reminded Anselm that the Apostle Paul circumcised Timothy as a compromise measure.Following Urban's lead, Pope Pascal II excommunicated the bishops who accepted Henry's appointments. But Henry wanted to reconcile with Anselm. They met in Normandy and agreed to make a joint appeal to the pope. Pascal confirmed the king's previous investitures on the condition of his surrendering the right to future appointments. This decision was ratified in August, 1106. The king promised to restore to Anselm Canterbury's income during his absence, to leave off from claiming the income of vacant bishoprics and abbeys, and to refund all fines of the clergy. And while he followed through on his promise not to appoint new clergy, he did send along to vacant seats the names of candidates he'd like to see fill them.Anselm returned to England in triumph, and was received by the queen at the head of the monks and the clergy. At a council held at Westminster in 1107, the king formally relinquished the privilege of investiture. During the last years of his life, Anselm enjoyed the friendship and respect of the king, and during Henry's absence on the Continent in 1108, he was entrusted with the regency and the care of the royal family.He died in 1109. His impact on the Archbishopric was so great, the seat wasn't filled for five years.Next time, we'll take a look at the real heavy-weight among the Scholastics – Thomas Aquinas. [1] Schaff, P., and Schaff, D. S. (1910). History of the Christian church. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.[2] ibid[3] ibid[4] ibid