Podcasts about english king

On October 14, 1066, England changed forever.  Forces from Normandy, France, defeated the English King and changed life in England forever.  It affected everyone from the aristocracy down to the commoners, and it even trickled down to the very language spoken in the country itself.  In fact, the events of 1066 can still be seen and felt today.  Learn more about the Battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. Sponsors Newspapers.com Get 20% off your subscription to Newspapers.com Mint Mobile Cut your wireless bill to 15 bucks a month at mintmobile.com/eed Quince Go to quince.com/daily for 365-day returns, plus free shipping on your order! Stitch Fix Go to stitchfix.com/everywhere to have a stylist help you look your best Tourist Office of Spain Plan your next adventure at Spain.info  Stash Go to get.stash.com/EVERYTHING to see how you can receive $25 towards your first stock purchase and to view important disclosures. Subscribe to the podcast!  https://everything-everywhere.com/everything-everywhere-daily-podcast/ -------------------------------- Executive Producer: Charles Daniel Associate Producers: Austin Oetken & Cameron Kieffer   Become a supporter on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/everythingeverywhere Update your podcast app at newpodcastapps.com Discord Server: https://discord.gg/UkRUJFh Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/everythingeverywhere/ Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/everythingeverywheredaily Twitter: https://twitter.com/everywheretrip Website: https://everything-everywhere.com/  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Contrary to popular belief, Robin Hood may not have been the merry medieval outlaw of Sherwood Forest. Rather, a look at real historical figures who inspired the legend are narrowed down to the most unlikely suspect: an Anglo-Saxon hitman who may have assassinated the King of England.Today's guest, Peter Staveley, proposes that Robin Hood lived during the time of William II (near the time of the Norman conquest of England in 1066), rather than Richard I and Prince John of the late 1100s. He argues that Robin was responsible for the death of William II, also known as Rufus, in what was long considered a hunting accident in the New Forest in 1100. This act conveniently paved the way for William's brother to ascend the throne as Henry I. Staveley places Robin deep within the geography of South Yorkshire, with strong ties to historic Hallamshire, Loxley, Bradfield, and Ecclesfield, challenging the traditional narrative and the long-held association with Nottingham.We explore how Yorkshire, particularly Sheffield, might reclaim the legacy of Robin Hood from Nottingham and reveal the true, rougher man behind the legend.Staveley is author of “Robin Unhooded, And the Death of a King.”

Inspired by my recent travels to Cyprus, in this episode we take a look into how the English King, Richard I, came to conquer the island of Cyprus. For Book Club and to watch ad-free, extended historian interviews, like the one I mentioned today, join the British History Club at www.Patreon.com/BritishHistory. You will also be able to pose your own questions to future guests, enjoy early access to content, behind the scenes content, and early access and discounts on events. All for £5/month (discount available for annual subscribers). Get full access to British History at philippab.substack.com/subscribe

The death of a British monarch is a very big event. Thousands of people may take part in the funeral and procession, with millions more lining up to pay their respects and billions more watching on television. This didn't always use to be the case, however.  In particular, there was one English King who not only didn't get an elaborate funeral, no one knew exactly where his body was for over 500 years.  Learn more about the body of King Richard III and how it was lost and then discovered on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. Sponsors Available nationally, look for a bottle of Heaven Hill Bottled-in-Bond at your local store. Find out more at heavenhilldistillery.com/hh-bottled-in-bond.php Sign up today at butcherbox.com/daily and use code daily to choose your free offer and get $20 off. Visit BetterHelp.com/everywhere today to get 10% off your first month. Use the code EverythingEverywhere for a 20% discount on a subscription at Newspapers.com. Visit meminto.com and get 15% off with code EED15.  Listen to Expedition Unknown wherever you get your podcasts.  Get started with a $13 trial set for just $3 at harrys.com/EVERYTHING. Subscribe to the podcast!  https://link.chtbl.com/EverythingEverywhere?sid=ShowNotes -------------------------------- Executive Producer: Charles Daniel Associate Producers: Ben Long & Cameron Kieffer   Become a supporter on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/everythingeverywhere Update your podcast app at newpodcastapps.com Discord Server: https://discord.gg/UkRUJFh Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/everythingeverywhere/ Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/everythingeverywheredaily Twitter: https://twitter.com/everywheretrip Website: https://everything-everywhere.com/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Moral Of The Story-“ BELIEVE IN YOURSELF ”. Place your order for birthday wishes here ➡️teampandamama@gmail.com. Or go to Instagram.com/1pandamama for the order link #moralstory #kidsstory #storiesforkids #bedtimestory #englishstories #moralstory #bedtimestory #topstories #englishmoralstory #storyforkids #englishstories #cheerfulstory #beststory #topenglishstory #hindistory --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/pandamama/message

Brian, Blake, and Richard are back for an all-new episode of the Chasing Tone Podcast!Brian has been dabbling with technology whereas Blake's mind is going at a million miles a minute and he may just be losing his mind.  This is the result of caffeine abuse and Brian is confused. Blake has been to see a punk band which leads to a debate about the best looking Les Paul ever. Whats the most annoying injury you can have as a guitar player? Richard has a theory and expounds upon it.Richard found himself not just attending but also presenting at a masterclass with Wampler Artist (and friend of the show) Andy Wood - and so the self titled 'English King of Fuzz' expounded on his knowledge. He also got to look at a very special Les Paul and tells us all about it. There was a really cool coincidence and there was really hot Indian food and a secret jam may or may not have taken place with the Electric Love Aquatone.The guys have discovered a new guitar gimmick and they discuss the merits of it and Brian has a number of product ideas. Richard apologises to the Big F as he was given a bum steer on some information about the Tone Master Pro.  He also has some further DIY questions for Professor Wampler and so is schooled in a methodology that may or may not serve him for life. Brian saw some UFOs and has a minor Patreon update. Airnold Schwarzenegger reads the credits.  Doc Martens, Cheap pedalboards, Bobbins, The Iron Horse pub, Megadeth, The Martinsville glove, Tractor Racing...it's all in this week's Chasing Tone!This episode is sponsored by the fine folk at Stringjoy.comThanks to all our supporters - you are awesome!We are on Patreon now too!Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/chasingtonepodcast)Awesome Merch and DIY mods:https://modyourownpedal.com/collections/booksFind us at:https://www.wamplerpedals.com/https://www.instagram.com/WamplerPedals/https://www.facebook.com/groups/wamplerfanpage/Youtube:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdVrg4Wl3vjIxonABn6RfWwContact us at: podcast@wamplerpedals.comSupport the show

The battle was fought against the French army of King Philip VI and led to the port of Calais becoming an English enclave for over two ...

We have some very special English guests in today's episode. Vincent and his daughter Candy are "He's not a messiah, he's a very naughty boy!" and they are going up against Jack and Natalia who are "Odette's Angels". They have to answer questions like:Rod Stewart's 1st No. 1 hit was what song, the B-side to his single "Reason to Believe?"There are 2 dance styles used as words in the NATO phonetic alphabet. Name them for 5 pts each.A 1991 VAT court case was held to determine what food item was not a biscuit?A bowler taking three wickets off three consecutive deliveries in cricket is known as a what?Which 1998 film stars two Welsch actors as Spanish characters, one who is foxy and the other is "The Fox"?Who is the last character to die in Romeo and Juliet? And for two extra points, who is the first?What bridge in London was previously named William Pitt Bridge?The Magna Carta was issued by which English King in 1215?Which beauty brand features an eye shadow collection called the Naked Pallete?The Mysterious Affair at Styles is the first book to star which character?Which is the second largest planet in our Solar System?In which organ of the human body can the pineal gland be found?"The Thinker" and "The Kiss" are two famous works of which sculptor?A Battenberg Cake is made up of what 2 colors of sponge?Who held the position of UK Prime Minister the longest in the 20th c.?MusicHot Swing, Fast Talkin, Bass Walker, Dances and Dames, Ambush by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/Don't forget to follow us on social media:Patreon – patreon.com/quizbang – Please consider supporting us on Patreon. Check out our fun extras for patrons and help us keep this podcast going. We appreciate any level of support!Website – quizbangpod.com Check out our website, it will have all the links for social media that you need and while you're there, why not go to the contact us page and submit a question!Facebook – @quizbangpodcast – we post episode links and silly lego pictures to go with our trivia questions. Enjoy the silly picture and give your best guess, we will respond to your answer the next day to give everyone a chance to guess.Instagram – Quiz Quiz Bang Bang (quizquizbangbang), we post silly lego pictures to go with our trivia questions. Enjoy the silly picture and give your best guess, we will respond to your answer the next day to give everyone a chance to guess.Twitter – @quizbangpod We want to start a fun community for our fellow trivia lovers. If you hear/think of a fun or challenging trivia question, post it to our twitter feed and we will repost it so everyone can take a stab it. Come for the trivia – stay for the trivia.Ko-Fi – ko-fi.com/quizbangpod – Keep that sweet caffeine running through our body with a Ko-Fi, power us through a late night of fact checking and editing!This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/5857487/advertisement

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Back in the early 15th century, as the English King, Henry VI, tried to assert his supremacy in the Kingdom of France, an unlikely teenage hero came to the aid of her nation. A king-maker, seemingly blessed with the gift of prophecy whom many in France also believed had been sent by God themself to save them...  This episode was written by Ella McLeod and Richard MacLean Smith Go to twitter @unexplainedpod, facebook.com/unexplainedpodcast or unexplainedpodcast.com for more info. Thank you for listening.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

RATED G MERCH! Happy New Year to all of our Rated G Fans! This episode we were joined by Stand Up Comedian and Artist Brian Morris. Brian is a NYC Comedian who performs regularly all over the city. We talked about the little girl who claims all the presidents are descendants of the same English King. We also talked about Brian's beginnings in stand up comedy. Subscribe for Bonus Episodes Episode 110 of Rated G with Gary G. Garcia and Brian T. Licata Sponsors: Get Good Green in Astoria Queens Apollo Buds: Mention Rated G for a Free Pre-Roll Get Fist Deep in Someone You Love: TRIPLE X PLAYGROUND, the “Best Adult Sex Game Ever!”™: Promo Code Rated And It Was Good: The Official Home for Rated G Merchandise and Tons of Great Content This episode is brought to you by "i Install It", NYC's best installation and repair service. For Appointments and Quotes Call 929-490-8083 --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/ratedg/message

While it is believed that there was considerable loss of life, actual numbers of Danes who were killed in the St Brice's Day Massacre are ...

Over 8,000 French troops are estimated to have been killed in the Battle of Agincourt, while the English army's losses under Henry V were less than ...

Eleanor of Aquitaine or Aliénor d'Aquitaine as we call her in French is a woman who wanted to rule. She lived through pretty much all the of 1100s and to be both a woman and a ruler, she had to go against the grain at every turn. By birth she was a Duchess, which is as high as any woman could get. But she wanted to more. How did she become a Queen of both France and England? What surprising decisions did she have to make? Find out by listening to this episode of the podcast. Eleanor spent a lot of her life in Poitiers, the city most associated with her name. She is buried at the Abbaye de Fontevraud where she lays next to Richard the Lion Harted, her favorite son. Because of her marriage to Henri II who became King of England, she brought a lot of the western half of France into the possession of the English King, which is one of the things that led to the Hundred Year War. She inherited Aquitaine because her brother died and in the custom of the south of France she was next in line. Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Louis VII Eleanor's life had a rocky start. Before he died, her father married her off to Louis VII of France because they were close in age and she needed to be spoken for before his death. But Eleanor and Louis were a bad match. She was too flamboyant for him and they did not get along. It took her 8 years to get pregnant with her first daughter. Soon after the birth of this first child, the couple went on a crusade together and during that crusade she wrote to the Pope to ask for an annulment. The Pope did not grant the annulment and asked them to work things out. She got pregnant again and had a second daughter and then Louis VII also wanted an annulment because she was not giving him a son. The annulment was granted after 15 years of marriage and two daughters. Marriage to Henry II of England Eleanor had met Henry II while she was still married to Louis VII and had fallen in love with him. After her annulment she decided to marry him despite the fact that he was 10 years younger than her. They were married 8 weeks after the annulment, proving once again that she knew what she wanted. This is a period in her life where she gave birth to a lot of children, only 1 of 10 died at a young age which was impressive at the time. These were also the days of troubles with Thomas Becket and the terrible turmoil this caused in English history. Imprisonment and outliving her husband Henry II had Eleanor imprisoned at various chateaux towards the end of his life. He was trying to get her to stop plotting against him, but it didn't work very well. He got sick and died and Eleanor of Aquitaine finally got to rule parts of England and France late in life. Her son Richard was only preoccupied with the crusade and left his mother to make many decisions. But Richard died soon after coming home from a crusade and Jean sans Terre (John, King of England) became the King. He was her least favorite child and she wasn't happy that he became king, but in the end she supported him. Despite her tumultuous life, Eleanor of Aquitaine was the mother, grandmother, or great-grandmother of all ruling families in Europe. She left an enormous life on the history of England and France. Table of Contents for 'Eleanor of Aquitaine, a Tumultuous Life' with links to the text transcript   [00:00:00] INTRO [00:00:32] Today on the podcast [00:01:06] Podcast supporters [00:01:35] Thank you, patrons [00:02:34] Newsletter [00:03:10] Next week on the podcast [00:03:35] Annie and Elyse [00:03:55] Who was Eleanor of Aquitaine? [00:04:58] Who is she associated with? [00:07:07] Why is Eleonor of Aquitaine so important historically? [00:08:28] How did she come into power? [00:10:01] Marriage with Louis VII [00:12:14] The flamboyant personality of Eleanor of Aquitaine [00:13:56] Eleanor of Aquitaine lived in the times of the Troubadours [00:15:03] Ill matched marriage [00:15:29] Eleanor's first child [00:16:24] Eleanor of Aquitaine and Louis VII go on a Crusade [00:18:42] Rumors about Eleanor beeing unfaithful [00:20:05] Eleanor asks for an annulment from the Pope [00:21:25] Second daughter [00:22:05] The annulment [00:23:42] Henry II Plantagenet [00:25:22] Marriage to Henry [00:25:57] The richest man in Europe [00:27:01] Eleanor of Aquitaine kept her lands when she divorced [00:31:19] She wanted more power and he didn't go along with it [00:34:35] She tried to turn her sons against their father [00:35:19] The Lion in Winter [00:36:22] The power over Church [00:38:41] Alliance with her ex-husband Louis VII [00:41:32] Henry tries to have the marriage annuled [00:42:01] Eleanor is imprisoned for 15 years [00:43:47] Henry dies and Eleanor is released [00:44:13] The King of France takes back Normandy and Brittany [00:44:54] Richard is King of England and King of Aquitiane [00:45:23] Eleanor becomes the de facto ruler of England and Aquitaine [00:46:24] Richard dies coming back from a crusade [00:47:04] King John of England [00:48:10] Eleanor dies at the age of 82 at her chateau in Poitier [00:49:23] EleShe anor is the mother, the grandmother, and the great grandmother of every ruling family in Western Europe. [00:50:01] She had a stong interest in Maritime Law [00:51:03] How did Eleanor look like? More episodes about French History FOLLOW US ON: Email | Facebook | Instagram | Pinterest | Twitter Discussed in this Episode Abbaye de Fontevraud A Lion in Winter movie Thomas Becket Support the Show Tip Your Guides Extras Patreon Audio Tours Merchandise

Americans fought a long and bloody war to get rid of one tyrant, the English King, George III. They didn't want to install a new one of their own making. So how did the Framers ensure that the President would have enough power to be an effective chief executive, without making him a dictator? John Yoo, Professor of Law at the University of California, Berkeley, has the answer. Donate today to help keep PragerU podcasts and videos free!

The death of a British monarch is a very big event. Thousands of people may take part in the funeral and procession, with millions more lining up to pay their respects and billions more watching on television. This didn't always use to be the case, however.  In particular, there was one English King who not only didn't get an elaborate funeral, no one knew where his body was for over 500 years.  Learn more about the body of King Richard III and how it was lost and then discovered on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. Subscribe to the podcast!  https://link.chtbl.com/EverythingEverywhere?sid=ShowNotes -------------------------------- Executive Producer: Darcy Adams Associate Producers: Peter Bennett & Thor Thomsen   Become a supporter on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/everythingeverywhere Update your podcast app at newpodcastapps.com Discord Server: https://discord.gg/UkRUJFh Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/everythingeverywhere/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/EverythingEverywhere Twitter: https://twitter.com/everywheretrip Website: https://everything-everywhere.com/everything-everywhere-daily-podcast/ Everything Everywhere is an Airwave Media podcast." or "Everything Everywhere is part of the Airwave Media podcast network Please contact sales@advertisecast.com to advertise on Everything Everywhere. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Hello everyone and welcome to the History of Scotland, Episode 25. So, in today's episode, with the deaths of Malcolm III and Queen Maragret came a small family civil war between the sons of Malcolm III and his brother, the last surviving son of Duncan I. Donald III. If you remember from last time Donald headed home with a Scottish band of warriors to take the throne for himself. He besieged Edinburgh whilst Malcolms sons were weeping over the death of their mother. Maragret. Edgar, brother to Maragret and Uncle to her children, managed to escape the castle along with the sons of Malcolm and headed towards the English court to meet with the English King and their eldest brother, the first son of Malcolm III with his first wife. Duncan. Who currently if you remember was being held sort of hostage here after the peace treaty with William Rufus. When they arrived at the court of the English King. They met and began plotting their revenge. For Duncan, the eldest brother and Norman Knight, to come to the throne. Please give us a follow-on twitter at: u/TheHistoryofSc1 or just our Facebook group which you can find by searching History of Scotland on Facebook. Leave any feedback you have for the podcast in reviews, likes, and comments. Our podcast is on PodBean, Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Amazon Music and Google Podcasts. Stay safe.

Welcome to July 20th, 2022 on the National Day Calendar. Today we celebrate a sweet ending and a royal dog.  One of the staples of Chinese takeout didn't come from China at all, but rather from Japan. In the late 1800s, Japanese bakers began making crackers with small notes inside. Japanese immigrants to America opened up Chinese restaurants to capitalize on the growing popularity of Chinese food. They served these fortune cookies as dessert and the treats caught on. During World War II, Chinese immigrants to the United States opened more restaurants and kept the tradition of fortune cookies alive. Now, a takeout meal of General Tso's Chicken wouldn't be complete without a fortune. On National Fortune Cookie Day, celebrate this sweet ending to any good meal. When King George VI visited the United States in 1939, FDR hosted him at his Hyde Park estate. In the weeks prior to the event word got out that an American picnic featuring hot dogs would be served to the English King and Queen rather than a fancy state dinner. This news caused such a stir that First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt had to address it. And while the queen was heard to say, How do you eat this? as she had never had a hot dog before, the king loved them so much that he asked for seconds. On National Hot Dog Day, fire up the grill and enjoy this summertime favorite fit for a king and queen. I'm Anna Devere and I'm Marlo Anderson. Thanks for joining us as we Celebrate Every Day. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

His brake lines have been cut.  His tires slashed. He's had threats against his life.  He has to move from house to house every 2-3 days…   Yet he still continues to press on, exposing MASSIVE HUMAN TRAFFICKING and VOTER FRAUD in Vermont…   It's like a JASON BOURNE-type story from the big screen, yet this is an every day reality for Vermont's Candidate for Governor, Kevin Hoyt.    Mr. Hoyt's no stranger to evil. His family has fought for Freedom for generations….his bloodline traces back to the 16th Century in Vermont. The Hoyt family fought in the American Revolution against the tyrannical English King and his Red Coats, the family fought again in the Civil War to abolish slavery…   And now, having proven beyond a shadow of a doubt his 2018 election was stolen from him (by a Chicagoan later arrested on warrants for felonies in Illinois), he runs again a Candidate for Governor.  Further, undeterred, he presses on, meeting daily with fellow Vermonters while simultaneously pressing forth with his investigations which continue to expose both massive Voter Fraud and Trafficking in the State of Vermont.  Thus far, information he has gleaned has helped officials conducting a broad RICO case arrest and/or try dozens of government officials, members of law enforcement, judges, Vermont administrators, a Sheriff, and 43 incumbents posing as patriots in Vermont.     Tune in as Mr. Hoyt shares in detail the web of lies, deception, and corruption at all levels of Vermont, how he's part of a RICO case persecuting public officials who committed voter fraud and child trafficking, and what lessons he has for others who are ready to take back their state, their province, and their community from the clutches of evil.    If there is another example of a Patriot for America, a citizen soldier whom stands for the freedoms of its Constitution, you'll be hard pressed to find one.    Please Donate $ and/or Prayers to Help Kevin's Ongoing Campaign Against Tyranny Here

Alfred the Great - King of the West Saxons and later King of all the English not under Scandinavian rule - is the only English King to be given the title “the Great”.So why did he become such a legend that to become a British citizen you now have to answer questions about him?In this episode of Gone Medieval, Dr. Cat Jarman talks to historian, TV producer and publisher Justin Pollard, whose book on Alfred the Great dubs him “the man who made England.”The Senior Producer on this episode was Elena Guthrie. It was edited by Thomas Ntinas and produced by Rob Weinberg.For more Gone Medieval content, subscribe to our Medieval Mondays newsletter here.If you'd like to learn even more, we have hundreds of history documentaries, ad free podcasts and audiobooks at History Hit - subscribe today!To download, go to Android or Apple store. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Father talks about the two saints of today's feast day, Saint Thomas More and Bishop John Fisher. These saints, martyred at the hands of the English King, Henry VIII, show us excellent examples of having well-formed conscience. Let us follow their example and stay true to our morals.

This week we look at 3 LGBTQ+ figures. Lara looks at James I, Phoebe at Sappho and Katie at the Galli.Follow us on social media, @tudortalktime on all platforms, and let us know if there is anything you would like to hear about!Lara, Phoebe and KatieSources used:Borman, T. 2014, Witches: James I and the English Witch-Hunts. London: Random House.Chards, M. (10 April 2018). The English King who treated himself with a harem of male courtiers. [online]. Cultura Colectiva. Available at: https://culturacolectiva.com/history/king-james-history-homosexuality/ [Accessed: 06 June 2022]English Heritage. (n.d.). The Galli: Breaking Roman Gender Norms. [online] Available at: https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/lgbtq-history/the-galli/Epstein, K. (18 August 2018). The King and his husband: the gay history of British royals [online]. The Washington Post. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/08/18/the-king-and-his-husband-the-gay-history-of-british-royals/ [Accessed: 06 June 2022]Mendelsohn, Daniel. (9 August 2015). How Gay Was Sappho?. The New Yorker. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/03/16/girl-interrupted [Accessed: 06 June 2022]Pettinger, Tejvan. (15 February 2020). “Biography of Sappho”, Oxford, www.biographyonline.net. [Accessed: 06 June 2022]Reid-Smith, T. (14 January 2017). The secret history of the gay Kings and Queens of England [online]. Gay Star News. Available at: https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/secret-history-gay-kings-queens-england/ [Accessed: 06 June 2022]Sappho, Poets.org, Available at: https://poets.org/poet/sappho [Accessed: 06 June 2022]Waxman, Tess M., "Sappho's Queer Female History" (2017). Young Historians Conference. 20. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians/2017/oralpres/20 

Mike Moroney - English King in the 2022 Lexus Andrew Ramsden

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The Peyton Randolph "Red" House- The Most Haunted House in Williamsburg, VA. Interesting 300 years of spooky sounds, moans, groans and apparitions. Interesting Facts: Sir John Randolph was the only Colonial citizen from Virginia who was knighted by the English King, Peyton, a natural leader wound up being the first president of the First and Second Continental Congresses, used as hospital, housed French troops, many owners including Mrs. Peachy & it became a meeting place meet for revolutionary politicians like George Wythe and his cousin, Thomas Jefferson. Thank you for listening & supporting the podcast :) https://www.buymeacoffee.com/sneakies Check out :our books & merchandise :) https://enchantedbooks.godaddysites.com/ :) https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/anonymouscontent Royal Girl Funds will go to sound and editing. Send us your ghost story for us to put it on the podcast: jobsmh@live.com If you are a director/writer/producer with a ghost/thriller film or book to promote email us to be a guest. Please Subscribe to our YouTube:) https://www.youtube.com/user/Fellinijr/videos *** :) Thank you! :) *** Zombie Diaries: https://youtu.be/tBmgi3k6r9A https://tinyurl.com/5h6xkwp9 Instagram @marylinartist LinkedIn: Marylin Hebert TikTok: Sneakies or Marylinartist Please Support us and buy some of our books :) Children's books from the top 1% global podcast *Enchanting Book Readings *:) Thank you!!! Skip Boots Big Safari Adventure by Sir Herbert Sneakies https://www.amazon.com/Skip-Boots-Big-Safari-Adventure/dp/1729091547 * Jack the Bear and Golden Hair by Sir Herbert Sneakies https://www.amazon.com/Jack-Bear-Golden-StorytellerUK2017-Adventures-ebook/dp/B010E479GE Adventures of Mooch the Pooch by Sir Herbert Sneakies https://www.amazon.com/Mooch-Pooch-Adventures-ebook/dp/B01LR86FK2 Blueber Goober the Monster In My Closet! by Sir Herbert Sneakies https://www.amazon.com/Blueber-Goober-Monster-My-Closet-ebook/dp/B01LW1VMPQ/ Young Adult wizard book series: "Margaret Merlin's Journal" by A. A. Banks at Amazon! :) https://www.instagram.com/margaretmerlinsjournal/ MMJ Book I The Battle of the Black Witch https://www.amazon.com/Margaret-Merlins-Journal-Battle-Black-ebook/dp/B01634G3CK MMJ Book II Unleashing the Dark One Science fiction action adventure https://www.amazon.com/Margaret-Merlins-Journal-Unleashing-Dark-ebook/dp/B01J78YH6I MMJ Book III The Mask of the Parallel World An Adventure in Italy https://www.amazon.com/Margaret-Merlins-Journal-Parallel-World-ebook/dp/B01KUGIZ8W/ MMJ Book IV The Quest for the Golden Key https://www.amazon.com/Margaret-Merlins-Journal-Quest-Golden-ebook/dp/B076FTTDQN Top kids podcast: Enchanting Book Readings https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/enchanting-book-readings-reviews/id1498296670 Other awesome podcasts: Film Addicts, Enchanting Book Readings, Girl's Guide To Investing, Thrilling Stories and Ghostly Stories & Strange Things -featuring The Haunting Dairies of Emily Jane mini series. Raw gritty ghost stories real and old famous ghost stories by our world's best writers that are in the Public Domain.

Research borrowed from: https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/were-there-female-pirates   https://www.piratesquest.co.uk/top-10-famous-female-pirates/   Mentalfloss.com   https://www.badassoftheweek.com/teuta There have been dramatic Tales of women sailing the open oceans and seas throughout history. Most of these legends began from the Golden Age of Piracy (1650 to 1720). However, there are stories of female pirates dating back thousands of years.    According to history, women weren't permitted to stay on ships once they had set sail. Sailor superstitions thought that women on merchant and military vessels were bad luck and could mean disaster at sea. The presence of women was believed to anger the water gods, which might cause storms, violent waves, and weather. Others thought that women would just distract the male sailors at sea and fall victim to harassment and even violence.  Women weren't allowed to hold jobs at sea until the 20th Century. Some women would disguise themselves as men, using a fake name, but there could be severe penalties if they were caught. So the only way for most women to participate in running a merchant vessel before 1900 was through their relations or marriage.  Only recently, women were allowed at sea within the British Royal Navy. In October 1990, during the Gulf War, the HMS Brilliant carried the first women officially to serve on a functioning warship. In 1998, Commander Samantha Moore became one of the first female officers to command a Royal Navy warship, HMS Dasher.    The superstitions and old-school customs for military and commercial vessels were also held for pirates. Historically, women who remained on ships at sea would have to do so illegitimately and in disguise. They would also need to learn the critical skills necessary for a life at sea before setting sail. Without this knowledge, it would have been tough to be a female sailor, let alone a pirate.  Piracy was a criminal act, so becoming a pirate could mean being arrested and even killed. It wasn't a decision taken lightly. Although pirates are often portrayed as swashbuckling heroes or villains, many were ordinary men and women forced into piracy to survive difficult times.    Piracy has been around since people first hopped on a boat, so it's likely women dressed like the women or as sailors of their time. But unfortunately, many of the depictions of male and female pirates we see today are glamorized accounts of the 17th Century's golden age of piracy. The rise of popular fiction tales in the 1800s dramatically affected our understanding of pirate attire. One example is "The Penny Dreadful," a famous book series of the 1860s - both in the United States and the British Empire. These cheap books told sensational stories of adventure. They featured pirates and highwaymen, likely a leading source for many tales and imagery of female pirates today.  As we mentioned, many women who became sailors often had to hide their identity and conceal their gender by dressing like men. However, the stories of Grace O'Malley, Mary Read, and Anne Bonny show that these pirates did not hide their gender. They wore whatever they wanted, depending on what they were doing. In the pamphlet "The Tryals of Captain John Rackam and other Pirates" published in 1721, people of the time said: "When they saw any Vessel, gave Chase, or Attacked, they wore Men's Cloaths; and, at other Times, they wore Women's Cloaths."   Ok, let's talk about some of the more famous lady pirates.    Queen Teuta of Illyria Queen Teuta of the Illyrians was a badass Classical Age warrior queen who oversaw a fleet of hardcore pirates. She tormented the Spartans in their own backyard, led armies and navies that conquered cities and islands along the Adriatic coast, and told the Romans to eat a bag of dicks. Then she went out on her own terms by hurling herself off a mountain after supposedly burying 6,000 pounds of gold in a secret location at a place called Devil's Island. Her last words were a curse that doomed the Albanian city of Durres to "never have a seafaring tradition." Yet, she's still a national heroine of Albania, appears on their 100 lek coin (basically the $1 bill), and is generally depicted in full armor with a take-no-prisoners demeanor.    Queen Teuta's husband was King Agron, a pretty brutal warrior-type dude. He ruled over one of the more powerful Illyrian tribes. Illyria is what Greeks called anyone who lived on the Adriatic coast north of Greece. Still, Agron and Teuta were almost certainly from present-day Albania. This detail bears mentioning mostly because the Albanians don't really like being confused with Serbs or Croats. In 231 BC, King Agron put together an awe-inspiring army, conquered Illyria in a whirlwind of blood, and set his sights south towards Greece. One tribe near the Greek border that was really pissing him off was the Aetolians. So when they laid siege on a city allied with Agron, the Illyrian King responded by launching 5,000-guys in a water-based night attack from the Adriatic Sea. The King captured the high ground, charged downhill with heavy infantry, destroyed their camp, and broke their Army's spirit. The victory was considered so awesome that everyone just went nuts and had this colossal rager party. In all of his amazingness, King Agron got so drunk that his lungs exploded.   Rule of the Illyrians technically passed to Agron's son, but he was only two years old. Teuta took over as the boss. She went right to work taking over where her hubby King Agron left off plundering, conquering, destroying everything in sight, and so on. She sent armies to the Peleponnese, sacking and ravaging the lands Sparta was supposed to defend. Her troops captured Phoenice, the wealthiest city in the Northern Greek region of Epirus. She held it for ransom and then gave it back to its people in exchange for money, slaves, treasure, and the undying loyalty of its citizens. When she wasn't dispatching armies to loot and plunder her enemies, she told any Albanian man with a rowboat and a scimitar to step up. She wasn't going to punish them if they raided, pirated, and plundered ships along the Adriatic… as long as she received a percentage of the profits. For the next few years, no ships were safe. The Illyrian pirate fleet destroyed Greek and Roman shipping, dominating the wealthiest and most trade-heavy waters on earth, taking whatever they wanted. Yes, they were killing it. However, this craziness didn't really go down well with the new power in the Mediterranean-- the Roman Republic. So Rome sent two brothers to talk to Teuta and tell her to knock it off.  They met her in her throne room in the city of Scoda. They demanded that she order a cease-fire on all Illyrian piracy and pay Rome reparations for all the ships and goods they lost.  Teuta was busy managing the Siege of Issa and all the other conquests she was undertaking. So (according to Roman sources), she told the brothers that "it was contrary to the custom of the Illyrian kings to hinder their subjects from winning booty from the sea." Or, eat one! Well, as you probably guessed, the Romans didn't like hearing this, especially from a woman. The ambassadors basically started lecturing Queen Teuta on manners, respect, and yadda yadda yadda. Naturally, Queen Teuta had that dude's throat cut, and his brother chucked into an Albanian prison.   Things were great until five or six years into Queen Teuta's reign when the Romans showed up with a big ol fleet and 20,000 legionnaires. All battle-hardened from the War with Carthage and drilled by professional Roman drill instructors. Teuta rallied the Illyrian defenses, but she was immediately betrayed by her top General named Demetrius. Teuta fought heroically but ultimately was forced to surrender to Rome in 227 BC. There are rumors that she took a bunch of treasure she'd accumulated from her pirates and armies and buried it in a cave on an island somewhere in her domain.   The Romans allowed Teuta to rule a small domain after she surrendered. Still, they made that traitor Demetrius the regent for King Agron's young son. Not long after, Rome decided to get rid of Demetrius, and of course, our fearless Queen. Upon hearing of Rome's plans, Teuta fled her palace. She climbed to the top of a nearby mountain, placed a curse on the city of Risan so that they'd never be able to build a good ship again, and then hurled herself off a mountain to her death.  Teuta is a pretty common name in Albania to this day. She appears on their money and has a special place in the hearts of the Albanian people. Go to the city of Durres. You'll see that the National Bank of Albania has a statue of her reclining on a chaise lounge and wearing nothing but a spear, a shield, and a helmet. Ladgerda Ladgerda (also spelled Lagertha) was a Danish Viking pirate who lived in the 9th Century AD. She was a shieldmaiden - Viking women who carried a sword and shield, known for their ferocity and skills in battle on land and sea.  With only a few accounts of her life known to exist, historians have controversy whether Ladgerda is, in fact, a legendary figure and a substitute for the actions of a group of women. One story suggests that she rescued her husband's fleet from a warring tribe but, on saving him, murdered him with a concealed knife and took his place as the leader of the tribe. You may have heard of her from the show "Vikings," kicking ass and taking names.   Jeanne de Clisson Jeanne de Clisson, the Lioness of Brittany. Noblewoman, wife, mother, pirate. Jeanne swore revenge against the French King after the execution of her husband. She raised a fleet of ships that terrorized the French and led a loyal army to sack many French strongholds for over a decade. And she did so alone in the 14th Century. Jeanne de Belleville was born in 1300 in Belleville-sur-Vie into the French nobility. She married her first husband, Geoffrey de Châteaubriant VIII, at only 12 years old. He was seven years her senior. In fourteen years of marriage, they had two children. In 1326, Jeanne was widowed. In 1328, she married Guy of Penthièvre, though this marriage was short-lived and annulled in 1330. The same year, Jeanne married for the third time, which would lead to her infamy. Olivier de Clisson IV was a wealthy Breton nobleman whose property included Château de Clisson, a manor house in Nantes, and lands at Blain. Jeanne had also inherited land in the province of Poitou, south of the Breton border, and these combined assets made them a real power couple of the 14th Century. Their marriage resulted in five children, including their son, Olivier V de Clisson, later known as 'The Butcher', due to his brutality in battle. Their eldest child, Isabeau, was born in 1325. At the time, Jeanne was still married to her first husband and Olivier to his first wife, who died in 1329. We know little of their relationship, but it's easy to note the timing of the annulment of her second marriage, in 1330, to the death of Olivier's wife a year prior. Their marriage was likely a rare love match. Amidst a complex backdrop of conflict, like so many wars, Jeanne and her husband supported Charles de Blois as Duke of Brittany. But for reasons unknown, Charles de Blois was mistrustful of Olivier de Clisson, questioning his loyalty.  Sources differ on the cause for this mistrust. Some claim that Olivier defected to join the English side. Another story points to Olivier's capture by the English during the capture of the city of Vannes in 1342. Olivier de Clisson had been acting as military commander alongside Hervé VII de Léon, in defense of the city when it fell. What is strange, however, was the terms of Olivier's release. He was released in exchange for Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, a prisoner of the French, and for a suspiciously low ransom. Hervé VII de Léon, meanwhile, was never released. It is thought that the low ransom for Olivier's freedom gave Charles de Blois reason to distrust him. He made a devil's deal! Due to Charles de Blois' suspicion, in 1343, Olivier was captured with fifteen other Breton Lords at a tournament and taken to Paris to be tried in court. On August 2 1343, Olivier de Clisson was found guilty on several counts of treason and sentenced to be executed by beheading immediately. Olivier's trial shocked the nobility due to his guilt's lack of available evidence. However, his death was equally shocking, as the public desecrating/exposing a body was usually reserved for low-class criminals rather than members of the nobility. The death of her third husband was a turning point in Jeanne's life, and it is fair to say that she was never the same again. She took her two young sons to Nantes to show them the head of their father, displayed on a pike at the Sauvetout gate. She did this with the intention of searing hatred in their hearts. She swore her revenge against the French King, Phillip VI, and Charles de Blois in her fury. She considered her husband's execution to be an act of cowardice and murder. She sold the de Clisson estates, using the money to raise an army of men who had been loyal to her husband. Leading this Army, she attacked many French strongholds. First, her Army massacred the entire garrison, except for a sole survivor. Then, her Army rampaged along the Normandy coast, burning many villages to the ground. In 1343, Jeanne was found guilty of treason, confiscating her remaining lands. However, it seems she otherwise escaped the charge without punishment. That same year, King Edward III granted Jeanne income from English-owned lands in Brittany. Soon, she turned her attention to piracy, building a fleet of ships. Painted coal-black, their sails dyed blood red, others dubbed the ships "The Black Fleet." During this time, she earned her nickname, the Lioness, or Tigress, of Brittany. Jeanne named her flagship 'My Revenge.'   With the support of the English King, Jeanne's fleet scoured the channel, attacking any French ship that she encountered, massacring entire crews. However, she left a few witnesses to send a warning message to the French King. Jeanne continued pirating the English channel for another 13 years until the sinking of her flagship in 1356. Along with her two sons, she was adrift at sea for five days, during which Jeanne rowed non-stop in search of rescue. Unfortunately, despite her best efforts, her son, Guillaume, died of exposure. Jeanne and her surviving son were eventually rescued and taken to Morlaix. It is said that Jeanne de Clisson's ghost still haunts Château de Clisson, her beloved third husband's castle, to this day. Lady Mary Killigrew Another fearsome pirate of the Elizabethan era, Mary Wolverston, or Lady Killigrew (before 1525 – after 1587) was known for her pirate activities along the Cornish coast. Mary was the daughter of Lord Phillip Wolverton, a former pirate. She later married Sir Henry Killigrew, a pirate who was later made a Vice-Admiral by Queen Elizabeth I.  While Henry was employed to uphold maritime law, some ex-pirates were engaged as "privateers," sailing under the favor of the Crown to amass illicit profits for England. Mary was known to be a champion of her husband's criminal activities. She redesigned their home at Arwenak castle to hide stolen goods, cut deals with smugglers, and raid ships. It is thought that the Queen turned a blind eye to this and even pardoned her in later life.  Grace O'Malley Grace O'Malley (a. 1530 - 1603) was a formidable Irish pirate and a decisive leader who successfully defended her lands against English governance and other hostile Irish clans. O'Malley was the daughter of a chieftain and was educated in seafaring by her father. After his death, she took to the seas (even giving birth to her first child while aboard a vessel).  As the English began occupying Ireland, O'Malley fortified important coastal defenses and offered her support to Irish rebels. She even met with Queen Elizabeth I in September 1594 at Greenwich Castle where they created a treaty in Latin.   Mary Read Mary Read was born in Devon County, England, in the late 17th Century. She had a harsh childhood. Her father had died before she was born, and her half-brother Mark passed away soon afterward. Nevertheless, Mary's paternal grandmother supported Mary and her mother only because she thought her grandson Mark was still alive. To keep the death of Mary's brother a secret from his grandmother, Mary was raised as a boy, pretending to be her older brother. When Mary Read was about thirteen years old, her grandmother died. Mary still dressed as a boy and had to find a job with boyish habits. She became a footboy to a wealthy French woman who lived in London. Unsatisfied with her current position, Mary escaped and boarded a man-o-war. A few years passed, and she became bored again. This time she joined the Army, where she met her future husband. After confessing love and her true gender to him, they left the Army, married, and opened an Inn called Three Horseshoes near Castle Breda.  Mary Read was always surrounded by death. After just a few months of marriage, her husband got sick and died. Desperate, she just wanted to escape from everything and joined the Army again. This time, she boarded a Dutch ship that sailed to the Caribbean. Mary's ship was attacked and captured by the pirate, Calico Rackham Jack, who took all English captured sailors as part of his crew. Unwillingly she became a pirate. Soon after, she started to enjoy the pirate way of life. When she could leave Rackham's ship, Mary decided to stay.  On Rackham's ship, she met the one and only Anne Bonny. Being the only women on the boat and sharing a lot in common, they quickly became good friends. Some people believe that Mary Read was in a romantic relationship with Anne Bonny, Rackham, or even crewmembers.  Mary's pirate career ended in October 1720. She was captured by Captain Barnet in a desperate battle. In Port Royal, they stood trial. Rackam and his crew were found guilty of piracy, but Mary and Anne were spared because they claimed to be preggers.  Mary Read died with her unborn child in prison from fever. She was buried at St. Catherine's parish in Jamaica.   Anne Bonny Most of what is known of Bonny's life comes from the volume A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates (1724), written by a Capt. Charles Johnson (thought by some scholars to be a pseudonym of English writer Daniel Defoe, not to be confused with the green goblin, Willem Defoe) and considered highly speculative. Anne was thought to be the illegitimate daughter of Irish lawyer William Cormac and a maid working in his household. Cormac separated from his wife after discovering his cheatin' ass ways and later assumed custody of Anne. Following his hookup with her mother, he lost most of his clientele, and the trio emigrated to Charles Towne (now Charleston, South Carolina). Anne's mother died of typhoid fever when Anne was 13 years old. Her father betrothed her to a local man, but Anne resisted. Instead, in 1718 she married sailor John Bonny, with whom she traveled to the island of New Providence in the Bahamas. Her husband became an informant for the governor of the Bahamas. Not happy with her marriage, she became involved with pirate John (“Calico Jack”) Rackham, which hopefully sounds familiar unless you're drunk like Logan. He offered to pay her husband to divorce her—a common practice at the time—but John Bonny “aw, hell Nah!” In August 1720, Anne Bonny abandoned her husband and assisted Rackham in commandeering the sloop William from Nassau Harbour on New Providence. Along with a dozen others, the pair began pirating merchant vessels along the coast of Jamaica. Rackham's decision to have Bonny accompany him was highly unusual, as women were considered bad luck aboard ships. Her fierce disposition may have swayed him: fictional stories claimed that when she was younger, she had beaten an attempted rapist so severely that he was hospitalized. Bonny did not conceal her gender from her shipmates, though when pillaging, she disguised herself as a man and participated in armed conflict. Accounts differ on when her female compatriot Mary Read joined the crew. Some state that Read—who had served as a mercenary while disguised as a man—was among the original hijackers of the William, while others claim that she was aboard a Dutch merchant ship that Rackham's crew captured. On November 15, 1720, Capt. Jonathan Barnet caught up with the William at Negril Point, Jamaica. Except for Bonny and Read, who fiercely battled their pursuers, the crew was too drunk to resist, and they were captured and brought to Spanish Town, Jamaica, for trial. Rackham and the male crew members were immediately found guilty and hung. Bonny and Read were tried on November 28. Though they too were found guilty and sentenced to death, their recently discovered pregnancies won them stays of execution. Read died in prison the following year, but Bonny was released, likely because of her father's influence. She returned to Charles Towne, where she married, had children, and lived out the remainder of her life. Jacquotte Delahaye Delahaye was born around 1630 in Haiti, though there is no evidence of her birth, and many of the stories seem to originate from 1940s writer Léon Treich. Legend believes that the British navy killed her father, and her mother died during childbirth. As she was destitute, she joined a pirate crew and later commanded a fleet of ships.  With striking red hair and the legendary status of surviving many dangerous encounters, she was named "Back From The Dead Red."   Ching Shih Contrary to popular belief, the most successful pirate-lord in recorded history was not Blackbeard, Henry Morgan, Sir Francis Drake, or any other human with a wiener. Instead, it was an extraordinary Asian woman known today by Ching Shih, which translates to ‘Ching's widow.' Her saga is nothing less than an exhilarating rag to riches story. At the height of her power, she commanded over 800 large ships, 1000 smaller vessels, and over 70,000 pirate crew, comprised of both men and women. In comparison, Blackbeard, at his peak, commanded only 300 ships and a few thousand pirate crew. Ching Shih was born as Shih Yang, in 1775, in the poverty-ridden society of Guangdong province, in China. Like many of the women of this period, on attaining puberty at the age of thirteen, she was forced into prostitution to supplement her family's income. She worked in one of the floating brothels, also known as flower boats, in the Cantonese port city. These boats would sail along the nearby coast with the customer on board. Back then, the Chinese perceived that the boat's rocking added an entirely new dimension to sexual pleasures and enhanced the overall experience. If the ships a Rockin… you get it. In a short period, young Ching Shih had become the talk of the town due to her striking beauty, poised nature, and lavish hospitality. These attributes attracted several high-profile customers, including courtiers of the royal palace, army military commanders, wealthy merchants visiting the port city, and many more. Apart from this, very little is known about her early life, given her humble origins. In 1801, Zheng Yi, a notorious pirate commander of the infamous Red Flag Fleet, encountered Ching Shih in the Cantonese port and was smitten by her beauty. Of course, he visited the floating brothel and met Ching Shih, expressed his feelings, and asked her to marry him. Ching Shih told him that she would marry him if “she was granted fifty percent share over his monetary gains and a partial control over his pirate fleet.” This demand showed that she did not want to end up as eye candy for her husband for the rest of her life. Drowned in his boner-filled love for her, Zheng Yi invariably agreed to her conditions, and they got hitched. The truth of this chain of events is often debated today. Historians claim that Zheng Yi had ordered his men to abduct Ching Shih from the brothel, forcibly marrying her. Regardless, it was Ching Shih who benefited the most from their union, and her encounter with Zheng Yi is often considered to be her stepping stone to greater glory, which in turn got her etched into history as one of the most successful pirates in recorded human history. Under the joint command of Zheng Yi and Ching Shih, the Red Flag Fleet began to grow and prosper like never before. The fleet grew from 200 ships, at the time of their wedding, to 1800 ships, in the next few months. Immediately after joining her husband, Ching Shih implemented some crucial changes and constituted the code of laws to be followed to the T by all the crew. Here are a few: 1) Pirates who gave unauthorized orders or those who refused to follow orders were executed on the spot without a chance to justify themselves. 2) All seized goods had to be presented for inspection. If any pirate was found hiding or under-reporting goods, a part of their body was chopped off depending on the scale of the crime. 3) Loyalty and honesty were greatly appreciated, and worthy pirates were rewarded generously, setting an example for the others. 4) Female captives needed to be treated respectfully. They were segregated based on their looks. The weak, pregnant, and ugly ones were freed as soon as possible. 5) The beautiful women captives were held back for ransom. The pirates were given the freedom to marry these attractive women under mutual consent. 6) Infidelity and rape were treated as serious offenses. These offenders were immediately hanged. In the case of consensual pre-marital sex, both the offenders were executed. In some instances, the man was castrated, and the woman was banished from the fleet.   Apart from these, several economic reforms were implemented, considering the crew's happiness as an expression of gratitude towards them. This addition resulted in many of the pirate groups of the region merging themselves unconditionally under the banner of the Red Flag Fleet, which resulted in it becoming the largest pirate fleet on the face of the planet. Meanwhile, unable to conceive a future heir, the pirate couple decided to adopt a young angler in his mid-twenties named Cheung Po from a nearby coastal village, which means that Cheung Po became the second in command to Zheng Yi and the most respected crew after him and Ching Shih. This move puzzled many crew members as to why the pirate couple chose to adopt a fully grown man. Let's find out! Just six years into their marriage, in 1807, Ching Shih's life took a sudden tragic turn; Zheng Yi passed away during a devastating storm off the coast of Vietnam. Their adopted son Chang Pao was instated as the leading commander of the Red Flag Fleet and the pirate queen Ching Shih's confidant. Amidst this tragedy, there was an internal rift for dominance amongst the power-hungry captains of partnering ships. The future of the Red Flag Fleet was in danger. Ching Shih managed to secure command of the fleet and win the support of factions loyal to Zheng Yi, including his nephew and cousins, by utilizing a few cunning business tactics. Soon after, the power-hungry traitors were captured and executed in public to set an example and deter any future possibilities of a coup.   Following this situation, stricter disciplinary measures and codes of laws were implemented, and the lawbreakers were hacked to death instantly regardless of their rank.   Less than two weeks after the tragic death of her husband, the pirate queen announced that she was getting married to her adopted son, the commander of the Red Flag Fleet. AH HA!! She had shared a relationship with him for a long time, which is why she was not conceiving from her first marriage. It was under her influence that her sucker husband, Zheng Yi, had adopted the young fisherman and declared him as his willful heir. Under the leadership of Ching Shih, the Red Flag Fleet set off to capture new coastal villages and flaunted total control and domination over the South China Sea. This onslaught added to the trouble British and French colonizers faced as the pirates regularly plundered their ships. The Red Flag Fleet was operating its businesses at an enormous scale. Not a single ship moved in the South China Sea without the knowledge of Ching Shih's army. Entire coastal towns worked for them, supplying them with food, goods, and other provisions. The pirates taxed ships that wanted to cross the South China Sea. If they refused, they were attacked and plundered immediately.   Nevertheless, the Chinese dynasty desperately wanted to end all this. So, the novice Mandarin navy vessels were sent out to confront the Red Flag Fleet in the South China Sea and destroy them. A few hours into the battle, the Mandarin navy began a humiliating defeat. Ching Shih used this opportunity and announced that the Mandarin crew would not be punished if they joined hands with the Red Flag Fleet. So, just like that, the Mandarin navy was absorbed by the pirates, and the Qing dynasty lost a considerable part of their navy.   The Emperor of China was enraged to think that a woman controlled such an enormous amount of the land, sea, resources, and people that belonged to him. So, in an attempt to ink a peace deal with the pirates, the emperor offered an amnesty to all pirates of the Red Flag Fleet, hoping to terminate Ching Shih's reign over the sea.  Meanwhile, the Red Flag Fleet came under attack from the Portuguese navy. That navy had already been defeated twice before. However, this time things were different because they came prepared with bigger ships and weapons. This superiority gave the Portuguese an upper hand, and the Red Flag Fleet could not return with an attack of the same size. The Europeans were slaughtering them in their own backyard. Ching Shih recognized no point in fighting; the Portuguese navy ruthlessly destroyed her fleet. So she readily accepted the treaty offered by the Chinese emperor. The entire crew of the Red Flag Fleet was forced to surrender. The emperor allowed pirates to take home all the loot they had accumulated over the years without facing any significant repercussions. Plus, several pirates were granted jobs within the Chinese bureaucracy. Ching Shih's adopted son and later husband Chang Pao became the captain of Qing's Guangdong navy. In 1813, she welcomed her first child, Cheung Yu Lin, followed by a daughter whose whereabouts have been long lost in history.   In 1822, her second husband lost his life at sea, after which she relocated to Macau along with her children and opened a gambling house with all the loot she had grabbed at sea. She was also involved in trading salt. Towards the end of her life, she opened a brothel in Macau, bringing her life full circle.   Ironically, after kicking so much ass, she died peacefully in her sleep at the age of, yep, “sixty-nine.”   Sadie the Goat – In 1869, Sadie the Goat joined the Charlton Street Gang, headquartered at a gin mill at the end of Charlton Street on the West Side of New York. Her real name was Sadie Farrell, but she became known as Sadie the Goat because of her favorite form of fighting: headbutting men in the stomach and having a male sidekick knock the victim out so they could steal his money and valuables. Before joining the gang, she prowled the streets of the Fourth Ward and was known as a brutal mugger. However, after a terrible fight with another female gangster, Gallus Mag, Sadie the Goat lost her ear fled. Gallus Mag had bitten the ear off entirely and stored it in a jar in a saloon she owned.  After Sadie lost the fight and her ear, she left the Fourth Ward and found a new home on the West Side with the Charlton Street Gang. Before her arrival, the gang had decided to become pirates and cause problems along the shores of the Hudson River, but they weren't very good at it. However, with Sadie stepping in, things began to turn around. With Sadie commanding the gang, they stole a ship and made her captain of their pirate crew. These pirates patrolled the Hudson River stealing and terrorizing, becoming rich in the process. It is said that Sadie the Goat was known for her cruelty and made several of her own men walk the plank throughout the pillaging. True to form, her ship carried the Jolly Roger flag. After a few months of pirate life, local farmers along the river banded together and engaged the pirates in gun battles. As a result, the Charlton Street Gang decided to call it quits and Sadie the Goat returned to the Fourth Ward. There, she surrendered to Gallus Mag, the gangster who ripped off her ear in their last fight. Honored by the gesture, Mag returned Goat's ear to her, and it's said Sadie the Goat wore it in a necklace, in a locket, for the rest of her life. Maria Lindsey – Maria Lindsey met notorious pirate captain Eric Cobham, and it was love at first sight. Cobham revealed his profession to Maria, but she was not put off – in fact, they were married the next day! The two left Maria's hometown of Plymouth and spent around 20 years sailing the seven seas as swashbucklers.   Rachel Wall Rachel Wall's biography is riddled with myths and legends, but if tales about her are true, she was one of the first and only American women to try her hand at piracy. As the story goes, Wall was a Pennsylvania native who ran away from home as a teen and married a fisherman named George Wall. The couple settled in Boston and tried to survive, but constant money problems eventually led them to turn to a life of crime. In 1781, the couple bought a small boat, hooked up with a few low-life mariners, and began preying on ships off the coast of New England. Their strategy was as ingenious as it was brutal. Whenever a storm passed through the region, the pirates would dress their boat up to look like rough seas had ravaged it. Rachel would stand on the deck and plead for help from passing ships. When the unsuspecting rescuers came near, they were promptly boarded, robbed, and murdered. Wall may have lured over a dozen ships to their doom, but her luck ran out in 1782 when a real storm destroyed her boat and killed her husband, George. She continued her thieving on land and was later arrested in 1789 for attacking and robbing a Boston woman. While in prison, she wrote a confession admitting to "Sabbath-breaking, stealing, lying, disobedience to parents, and almost every other sin a person could commit, except murder." Unfortunately for Wall, the admittance wasn't enough to sway the authorities. On October 8, she became the last woman ever executed in Massachusetts when she was hanged to death in Boston   Anne Dieu-Le-Veut   She was also from Brittany, and her name translates to “Anne God-Wants.” She came to the Caribbean island of Tortuga in the late 1660s or early 1670s. From there, she suffered some rocky years that made her a widow twice, as well as a mother of two. But, her second husband was killed by the man who'd become her third. Dieu-le-Veut insisted on a duel with Laurens de Graaf to avenge her late husband. The Dutch pirate was so taken by her courage that he refused to fight her and offered her his hand. They married on July 28, 1693, and had two more children.   Dieu-le-Veut set sail with de Graaf, which was considered odd as many seamen thought women on ships bad luck. Yet Dieu-le-Veut and de Graaf's relationship has been compared to that of Anne Bonny and Calico Jack, inseparable partners who didn't give a shit about superstition.   Dieu-le-Veut's legend took over as captain when a cannonball blast struck down de Graaf. Others suggest that the couple fled to Mississippi around 1698, where they may or may not have continued to pirate. And still, other tales claim that Dieu-le-Veut's spirit lived on in her daughter, who was said to be a badass in her own right by demanding a duel with a man while in Haiti. Awilda,  Aghast at the thought of marrying a snake-slayer named Alf, she took off, leaving the palace disguised as a man. She gathered a band of disgruntled women also keen to staying single, commandeered a ship and set sail for a life of piracy; Together Awilda & her female crew learned to weild axes and swords, quickly establishing a fearsome reputation across the Scandinavian seas. When they came across another ship, full of male pirates whose captain had just died, she managed to convince them all to follow her as their new captain! Word had spread of this growing band of pirates and the Danes sent their own ships to try and capture her. By this time Awilda commanded a large fleet, when her old flame Alf led an expedition to hunt her down, he found himself outnumbered. However, displaying the same courage & wit as he had when defeating those snakes, he managed to put ship after ship out of action until he finally made it to the lead ship where Awilda was waiting, sword in hand. He didn't know that it was Awilda he was hunting and the realisation only hit him when, in the midst of a swashbuckling swordfight he knocked the helmet clean off her head and recognised the girl he had risked life & limb for all those years before by killing all those snakes! Perhaps she was impressed by his sword skills or his willingness to stand down, perhaps she just had a change of heart or realised how perfect their names would sound together, either way she decided that Alf wasn't too bad after all and that she would take him as her husband. In true fairy tale style they lived happily ever after as Queen & King of Denmark. Sister Ping  Cheng Chui Ping, aka Sister Ping, was a woman who ran a successful human smuggling operation between Hong Kong and New York City from 1984 until 2000. She was arrested in Hong Kong in 2000 and extradited to the United States in 2003. She was held in U.S. Federal prison until she died in 2014 and nicknamed "The Mother of All Snakeheads," a translation of the Chinese word for "smuggler."

Henry arrives in Wales and appeals to the Welsh to join him in overthrowing the English King. You can support the podcast at patreon.com/WelshHistory Get some Welsh History Podcast Merch at teepublic.com/stores/welsh-history-podcast Music: Celtic Impulse - Celtic by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100297Artist: http://incompetech.com ZVPs4rqmJ0PdU0FYvMQE

Elizabeth Woodville was the first commoner AND the first English woman to marry an English King (in the most super secret sexy wedding ever??), but more importantly for Halloween reasons, was maybe descended from a mythical Luxembourgese mermaid-witch-goddess. References: Royal Witches: Witchcraft and the Nobility in Fifteenth-Century England by Gemma Hollman Recommended books on Bookshop.org Support Vulgar History on Patreon Vulgar History Merch - use code TITSOUT for free U.S. shipping or TITSOU10 for 10% off your order

The majority of the earliest steelers were Puritans from England. Unlike their cousins back home, these American Puritans strongly identified with both the historical traditions and customs of the ancient Hebrew of the Old Testament. They viewed their emigration from England as a vitural re-enactment of the Jewish exodus from Egypt. England was Egypt and the English King was Pharaoh, the Atlantic Ocean their Red Sea, America was the land of Israel, and the Indians were the ancient Canaanites. On this week's podcast, we will discuss how the Puritans believed they were the new Israelites fulfilling their destiny in the New Promised land.

So chances are you've never heard of Catherine from Braganza... but you should because she is ace as. A Portuguese royal who married an English King and introduced the Brits to tea drinking. Which makes her one of the most iconic Royals we've ever chatted about! AND the borough of Queens in New York is named after her AND she is generally just a champ of a royal. So much so, that LK and Rossy want to be mates with her. Find out more juicy stuff in this week pod. Listen now!

Warbeck had convinced his followers that he was Richard, Duke of York, the younger of the two ‘Princes in the ...

Sophie (age 7) and Ellie (age 5) tell the story of the Hundred Years' War between England and France.----more---- This is a time of knights and castles. William the Conqueror had come from France to conquer England. This meant that English Kings now owned land in France. The lost some in battle, but gained other parts through marriage – especially the lands of Eleanor of Aquitaine. Often English Kings would be married to French princesses to help keep the peace between the two lands. However, when the French King died the next in line to the throne was the King of England. The French did not want an English King. So they changed the rules and said that descendants of Princes were more important than descendants of princesses. The King of England, Edward III was furious. He declared war on France. The French were confident of victory because they had many knights. They thorught their knights were invincible. However, the English had armed their soldiers with a longbow. Properly used they could destroy the French knights. At the first major battle at Crecy that is exactly what happened. The French were destroyed by the English Archers. The same happened at the Battle of Poitiers where the French King was captured by the English King's son, the Black Prince. The French carried on fighting. So Edward and France did a deal. The English released the French king and the French promised Edward III could rule some of the French lands. However, once their king was safe the French refused to give England all the promised land. War continued. However, the Black Prince died and slowly France regained all her land. For 40 years there was relative peace. This was broken by England's new King, Henry V. He invaded France and crushed the English at Agincourt. The French agreed that he could be King after the old French King. However, Henry V died first leaving an infant son. The French were not scared of him and fought on. Then a peasant girl called Joan of Arc claimed that God was telling her to fight the English. She persuaded the French ruler to lend her his army. She attacked and destroyed the English army. The English captured her and killed her as a witch. Later the final English Army met the French in Battle. However this time the French had a sneaky plan up their leaves. They had cannon. The cannon could fire further and it destroyed the English Archers. The Hundred Years War (which lasted 116 years) was over. France had won. PATRONS' CLUB If you liked this episode then do please join our Patrons' Club. You can find details at www.patreon.com/historystorytime.

Ye Olde Guide is a podcast about the history of English towns and cities.In this episode we're uncovering the hidden history of Reading, Berkshire. We'll discuss Oscar Wilde's imprisonment, Jane Austen's school and one of the oldest popular music festivals in the world. We'll uncover the lost burial place of an English King, and the only major battle in the last successful invasion of Britain.We'll hear about the legacy of Huntley & Palmers, once the largest biscuit manufacturer in the world, visit the regenerated Abbey Quarter, Reading Gaol and the exceptional patterned brickwork that adorns Reading's buildingsThis episode contains some real surprises.  So join us as we celebrate our own festival of Reading.

Moreh Yasha Ben Yishrael compares the modern Anglo King James version, to the Ancient Afro Asiatic Tanak. Contrasting the difference between the Songs of Soloman 1:5, and Shir Hashirim 1:5 ) songs of songs. He explains how the KJV reflect the minds and agenda of the modern Anglo race and religion. While the Ancient Afro Asiatic Hebrew Tanak. CLEARLY reflects the minds and agenda of the Ancient Afro Asiatic Hebrew Israelites, PROVING that the Biblical Israelites are black, and that the Old Testament reflected a paradigm when Black people ruled the known world. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/yasha-ben-yishrael/support

In Episode 2 of History's Greatest Idiots, Lev and Derek talk about the ruler who thought it was a great idea to mess with Genghis Khan and the English King who spent his entire life annoying everyone around him and losing as many wars as he possibly could. Now in Video Podcast format Support us on Patreon Visit our Instagram Or our Twitter Hosts: Lev & Derek https://linktr.ee/Lev_Myskin https://linktr.ee/ThatEffnGuy Artist: Sarah Chey https://www.fiverr.com/sarahchey Circus Man by Jeris (c) copyright 2012 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (3.0) license. http://dig.ccmixter.org/files/VJ_Memes/37243 Ft: A.M. mews by MommaLuv SKyTower --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/historysgreatestidiots/support

In Episode 2 of History's Greatest Idiots, Lev and Derek talk about the ruler who thought it was a great idea to mess with Genghis Khan and the English King who spent his entire life annoying everyone around him and losing as many wars as he possibly could. Now in Video Podcast format Support us on Patreon Visit our Instagram Or our Twitter Hosts: Lev & Derek https://linktr.ee/Lev_Myskin https://linktr.ee/ThatEffnGuy Artist: Sarah Chey https://www.fiverr.com/sarahchey Circus Man by Jeris (c) copyright 2012 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (3.0) license. http://dig.ccmixter.org/files/VJ_Memes/37243 Ft: A.M. mews by MommaLuv SKyTower --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/historysgreatestidiots/support

French import English King lines up in Saturday’s Golden Mile at Bendigo. Flemington trainer Mike Moroney with how the four-year-old has settled in and what he expects first-up

In the fourth episode of season 13 of the 5 Minute Biographies podcast, we take a brief look at the life of an English King who won the Wars of the Roses and founded the Tudor dynasty - King Henry VII. Please consider supporting the show by visiting the YouTube channel at www.5minutebiographies.com/youtube or by perhaps buying me a coffee at www.5minutebiographies.com/coffee - Thanks!

It's one of Englands black legends, that a King was murdered when a red hot poker was thrust up his anus. Its sounds more Game of Thrones than history. But Edward's fall was significant. It was the first time in English history that a monarch was forcibly removed from the throne, and the first time an English King had abdicated. Join Jordan Evans as he looks into one of the darkest points in British history.

In this episode, we hear about the journey of the English and French Kings to the Holy Land to try to save the last Crusader states from Saladin. The English King was Richard the Lionheart, who has passed into history as one of the most heroic of all the Kings of England. He is also central to the folk story of Robin Hood, the legendary English outlaw, that has featured in so many films. But what was he really like? Find out in this episode.

In the late 19th and early 20th century women were attacking bars and saloons to prevent men from drinking. But what they were really doing was destroying males spaces. In 1675 they forced the English King to temporarily ban coffee because their husbands were out socializing and drinking coffee instead of paying attention to them. When will the assault on male space end? https://www.uni-giessen.de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/wom-pet.htm Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/mgtow/donations Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brands Privacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy

Nick is joined by RTE and Racing TV broadcaster Jane Mangan to discuss the ramifications of the sale of one-time Derby favourite - the portentously named English King - to Australia for 925,000gns, a record at the Tattersalls Horses in Training Sale. Nick talks to agent Paul Moroney, who - with brother Mike and agent Armando Duarte - was responsible for the horse's purchase. With some of the best Irish Jumps horses set to appear at Down Royal this weekend, Jane gives Nick the lowdown on her expectations, while Sean Quinn talks of his Breeders' Cup hopes for the likeable seven year old Safe Voyage, bound for the Fanduel Breeders' Cup Mile.

Nick is joined by RTE and Racing TV broadcaster Jane Mangan to discuss the ramifications of the sale of one-time Derby favourite - the portentously named English King - to Australia for 925,000gns, a record at the Tattersalls Horses in Training Sale. Nick talks to agent Paul Moroney, who - with brother Mike and agent Armando Duarte - was responsible for the horse's purchase. With some of the best Irish Jumps horses set to appear at Down Royal this weekend, Jane gives Nick the lowdown on her expectations, while Sean Quinn talks of his Breeders' Cup hopes for the likeable seven year old Safe Voyage, bound for the Fanduel Breeders' Cup Mile.

Two history graduates discuss the life of William Wallace in comparison to the movie Braveheart. William Wallace is an iconic figure in Scottish History. He fought for Scotland's freedom during the first Scottish Wars of Independence against the tyrannical English King, Edward I. Although Wallace's involvement in the independence movement was relatively short due to his capture and execution in 1305, his story is still well known today because of his initial military success against the previously unbeatable English army. In 1995, the film 'Braveheart' (dir. by Mel Gibson) was released to critical acclaim. Today it is known as one of the most historically inaccurate films and has been heavily criticised by historians. In this episode, we go through the film and discuss the real life events that the film does - or more often doesn't - portray. Presented by: Bridget Lindh and Samira NicholsonIntro music: stantough - www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNm3Ggv01NsIG: @coldteahotgossURL: www.coldteahotgoss.comemail: coldteahotgoss@gmail.comSources'BRAVEHEART - How Not To Make A Historical Film: Part 1' by Cynical Reviews https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmkFRDDfvu4&ab_channel=CynicalReviews'BRAVEHEART - How Not To Make A Historical Film: Part 2' by Cynical Reviews https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljBri-xiFbQ'History Buffs: Braveheart' by History Buffshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojBwASARAzoWars of Independence | Scotland's History | Education Scotland http://www.sath.org.uk/edscot/www.educationscotland.gov.uk/scotlandshistory/warsofindependence/index.html'Two Fingers Up to English History' by BS Historian | BS Historian: Sceptical Commentary on Pseudohistory and the Paranormalhttps://bshistorian.wordpress.com/2007/07/02/two-fingers-up-to-english-history/'William Wallace and Robert the Bruce' by Ben Johnson | Historic UK: The History and Heritage Accommodation Guidehttps://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/William-Wallace-Robert-The-Bruce/'Robert the Bruce Did Not Have Leprosy, Western University Research Show' by Free Press Staff | The London Free Presshttps://lfpress.com/2017/02/16/robert-the-bruce-did-not-have-leprosy-western-university-research-show/wcm/2d0972e2-24f6-0914-ff5e-c31eeb0de586/'Nine Things the Movie 'Braveheart' Got Wrong...and One Thing It Got Right' by Andrew Knighton | War History Online: The Place for Military History News and Viewshttps://www.warhistoryonline.com/medieval/8-things-braveheart-got-wrong-anglo-scottish-wars-1-thing-got-right.html'Sorry William Wallace, In Real Life, Robert The Bruce Was The True Violent Hero Called Braveheart' by Genevieve Carlton | Ranker: Weird History Around the World https://www.ranker.com/list/life-of-robert-the-bruce/genevieve-carlton

Stirling castle was an extremely important Royal residence for hundreds of years. Close by, in the small town of Doune, is an equally impressive castle, Doune castle, with its own bloody history. This castle has shot to fame recently because of the popular Outlander series where Jamie and Claire first met. Monty Python lovers will also enjoy the story of Doune where the filming took place. This Podcast journeys from the Trossachs, through Dunblane and talks of the Battle of Sheriffmuir. We also pass by the Wallace Monument and onto Stirling castle where Robert the Bruce's statue stands tall and proud looking south to his own famous battleground, Bannockburn

In 1135 the English King died with only a daughter as his heir. Swept aside by her cousin, she was expected to give in to the patriarchy of the day. But this was no ordinary woman. Join Jordan Evans as he delves into the world of Empress Matilda, the first woman who dared to claim the English Crown...

This episode features our frequent and very popular guest Elyse Rivin. If you enjoy her episodes, please consider supporting her on Patreon. The Bois de Boulogne is to the West of Paris, covers part of the 16e arrondissement and it is a large natural area. Baron Haussmann turned it into a park in the middle of the 1800s. At that time it went from a forest to an area of leisure for the upper class. In its most recent history one part of the Bois de Boulogne is an area where there is a fair amount of prostitution, but you can take a stroll there without ever running into it. It is called "le carré". A Brief History of the Bois de Boulogne The name Bois de Boulogne comes from time of Philippe Le Bel. As he sent his daughter away to marry the English King they prayed in a church called Notre Dame de Boulogne. The King then decided to build another church in the woods and named it Boulogne la Petite. The area then became known as Boulogne. King Chideric gave this large forest to the Abbey of Saint Denis and they built an abbey there and developed it. Then Philippe-Auguste bought a large part of this forest in the 1100s because he wanted hunting grounds close to Paris. Saint Louis' sister didn't want to marry and wished to be a nun. Her brother the King gave her an Abbey called Longchamp. That's where the longchamp hypodrome is today. During the 100 year war, the English hid in the Bois de Boulogne to attack Paris. During the Renaissance, François 1st decided to build a chateau called Chateau de Madrid in the middle of the forest. This is a place where he received a lot of courtesans for his various interludes with ladies. This might be where the prostitution started in this part of France? The Spanish and the English also used the forest to attack Napoleon in more recent times and much of the forest burned. When Napoleon III came to power in the middle of the 1800s he decided to revive this area and turn it into a park. What Is at the Bois de Boulogne Today? This is a place where you'll find paths for horse-back riding, there are lakes where you can rent boats and go rowing. There are walkers, joggers, and 3 famous restaurants: The Prés Catalan restaurant is in there, it's a 3 star restaurant and fairly expensive even at lunch-time.  Le Châlet des Îles and Auberge du Bonheur. There are also two race-tracks for horse races: Longchamp and Auteuil that attract a lot of people. The great tennis complex of Roland-Garros is at one end of the Bois de Boulogne. There are interesting visual features around the various lakes, but they are not as impressive as what you'll see at Parc Monceau for example. How to get there? Metro line 1, line 9, line 10 will take you close to the forest, but there are also buses and a tram, depending on where you want to go. We recommend the free app CityMapper. Works Inspired by the Bois de Boulogne Books by Balzac, Flaubert, Zola, Maupassant, Daudet  are set in the Bois de Boulogne, at least partially. Painters often got inspiration by going to this park to paint natural scenes, even if they didn't necessarily identified it by name. Learn about the best parks in Paris   Email | Facebook | Instagram | Pinterest | Twitter   Did you get my VoiceMap Paris tours yet? They are designed for people who want to see the best of Paris neighborhoods and put what they are looking at into historical context. There are so many great stories in Paris. Don't walk right past them without having a clue what happened there! You can buy them directly from the VoiceMap app or click here to order activation codes at the podcast listener discount price. Support the Show Tip Your Guide Extras Patreon Audio Tours Merchandise Recommended in this Episode Les Dames du Bois de Boulogne, a movie from 1945 by Robert Bresson If you enjoyed this episode, you should also listen to related episode(s): Best Parks In and Around Paris, Episode 290 Categories: Active Vacations in France, Paris

Explore the past lives affecting this current lifetime...one for a woman who was a Queen in Ireland and the other, an Alchemist for an English King. Listen in! (answering YouTube viewer: Bantu Viking) --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/vera34/support

Learned how North Carolina got its name from an English King to having multiple Capital Sites before Raleigh. Learning about 2/3 Signers and the contributions they made in leading up to signing Declaration Of Independence. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/kirk-monroe/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/kirk-monroe/support

On this week's podcast Barry Doyle (Champ.ie) is also joined by podcast regulars Ronan Groome (The Irish Field) and Mike Vince (SIS) who caught up with trainer of Epsom Derby favourite (English King) Ed Walker.Discussed:Ed Walker interview.English King to be crowned?25/1 Alternative.Epsom Oaks.Exceptional Ghayyaith. Naas & Cork Selections.For more Champ.ie Previews, Reviews and Weekly News, please do subscribe to the Champ.ie You-tube Channel.Support the show (https://www.facebook.com/champdotie/)

David Ord is joined by Ed Chamberlin, Cornelius Lysaght and David Johnson to look ahead to a mouthwatering weekend of action. They preview the Investec Derby and Oaks, plus the Coral-Eclipse, as the likes of English King, Kameko, Love, Frankly Darling, Enable and Ghaiyyath take centre stage.

On American Independence Day, a colt called English King tries to win the Epsom Derby. Plus, thoroughbred racing in the States heads for a "Who Moved My Cheese" moment involving grooms and stablehands.

Ed Walker has star colt English King heading to Epsom next week for the Investec Derby

In association with At The Races and The Betfair Exchange: Emmet Kennedy, Kate Tracey, Peter Fornatale and Alan Conway discuss Tom Marquand being replaced by Frankie Dettori on Derby favourite English King, with some very strong views from Kate. We look back at Siskin's superb Irish 2000 Guineas success for Ger Lyons and discuss his potential clash with Palace Pier and Pinatubo at Goodwood. We review Peaceful providing Aidan O'Brien with yet another Classic victory in the Irish 1000 Guineas and discuss her prospects for the rest of the season. Pete talks us through the Belmont victory for Tizzy's The Law, plus get two-year-old highlights from Royal Ascot, ahead of our Ascot Review Specials with Nick Luck and Jane Mangan, available on Tuesday and Wednesday on all Podcast apps. Likes & Shares on Twitter and Facebook appreciated

Hello, and welcome to This Day in History. Here’s what happened on June 3rd. Some thought it was the ultimate romance: On this day in 1937, the Duke of Windsor, who had until six months before been King Edward VIII of Great Britain, wed American divorcee Wallis Warfield. The couple began their relationship while Warfield was still married to an English-American businessman, and as she was now on her second divorce, she was deemed an unsuitable match for the English King.

2019's The King Hal, wayward prince and heir to the English throne, is crowned King Henry V after his tyrannical father dies. Now the young king must navigate palace politics, the war his father left behind, and the emotional strings of his past life. This slow burn of an historic English King.   Cheapseat Reviews: the podcast that explores the Hollywood film industry for the greater good

On this trip report Annie takes you on a quest for the Maid of Orĺéans with her guest Kim Loftus. Have you ever wanted to go searching for Joan of Arc in rural France? She's in a lot of villages in northern France! That was the theme of Kim's latest trip to France and she tells us about several of the must-see sites related to this world-famous heroine. Book recommendation: Joan of Arc, a Life Transfigured Hotels Recommended in this Episode In Reims they stayed at the Hotel Campanile. This is a great location where you could walk to the city center and they have parking. Campanile hotels are typically inexpensive as well. In Reims they also enjoyed the restaurant Au Bureau near the Cathedral and Au Café de Reims. The best hotel of the trip was in Rouen: Best Western Hotel Gustave Flaubert Searching for Joan of Arc in Rural France Joan was born in the middle of the 100-year war which went poorly for the French, particularly with the terrible battle of Agencourt (listen to episode 89 for the story on how that went). France was being ruled by an English King. She was born in Domremy, which has now been renamed Domremy-la-Pucelle. You went there and will tell us what you saw there in a moment. Her father was a successful farmer and she was the oldest of 5 children. She was extremely pious and went to pray in the village church several times a day. Joan started hearing voices at age 13 telling her that it was her calling to deliver France from the wicked English rulers and put a French King on the throne again. At age 16 (or was it 17?) she set off to meet the rightful heir of the throne, raised an army, inspired French people to support the cause and she did it! She’s been a legend ever since as the unlikely savior of a country in big trouble. She was at the center of two big trials which is why her life is well-documented and also why it’s hard to talk about her without being a specialist because it’s complicated! There is also plenty of lore surrounding her life. But she was a real girl who died young in a tragic end and achieved amazing results by turning the 100-year war around in favor of the French. I found the Wikipedia page about her to be one of the best summaries out there of who she was and what she did. I also read the Wikipedia page about her in French and that’s got so many details that it’s horribly confusing. Château-Thierry Aisne-Marne Memorial Cemetery WWI Château-Thierry monument WWI Porte Saint Pierre, Joan of Arc entered the town of Chateau-Thierry through this stone gate. This is a fortress related to 100 Years War: The town was under the control of the English, Joan of Arc marched through and took it over for the French. Newly crowned King Charles VII was with her there. Reims This is where Charles VII was crowned and where many other French Kings were crowned too. Joan had to take the city from the English first, and then have him crowned. There is a Joan of Arc sculpture outside cathedral and chapel inside. You’ll have to find the statue of the smiling angel of the Cathedral too! Reims is a good place to stay when you go searching for Joan of Arc. They took day-trips to Domremy-la-Pucelle and Vaucouleur while staying in Reims. Domremy-la-Pucelle This is where Joan of Arc was born and raised, and she set off on her quest from here at age 16. What did you see there? L'Arbre des Fées, the gift shop staff was so fun for a Joan geek like me, maybe because I was the only one there. It was another chance to practice my French. Centre Johannique Joan’s childhood home and the garden where she heard the voices giving her instructions Remy church next to Joan’s home. Vaucouleurs Visitors Center, which is where you request to see Joan of Arc Museum. Next to the Visitors Center, a shop called Mercerie Lagny. Nathalie, owner, was so delightful. Bought French made socks, Berthe aux Grands Pieds. Eglise St. Laurent - chapel to Joan. Up the hill is the gate of France where Joan left the city with her troops to go the dauphin at Chinon. An old lime tree probably dates back to Joan’s time. Sign explaining only living thing remaining that would have been there to see her off in 1429. The old castle’s chapel were Joan attended the Mass on mornings and stayed for hours in front of the statue of Notre-Dame-des-Voûtes. It was not open. Compiègne Came through on a Sunday and everything except the Château de Compiègne was closed. Many half-timbered buildings in the city center. Joan of Arc on city hall and sculpture in the plaza. Joan captured nearby. Tour Jeanne d’Arc, origninally called La Grosse Tour du Roi. After Charles VII was crowned, he entered into pragmantic agreements with various Lords, some of whom used to be his enemies. Joan still wanted to get rid of all the English. When the English laid siege Compiègne the inhabitants send word to Joan of Arc that they needed her. She was able to rally 400 men to try and chase the English away from Compiègne but she was captured. They put her in various prisons, she tried to escape, no ransom was negotiated and she was burned at the stake in Rouen a year after her capture. Rouen Chemical plant explosion and awful smell in the air The Joan of Arc Historical, an immersive experience - quite moving. Rouen Cathedrale - light show in the summer months Eglise St. Jeanne d’Arc, Rouen right next to Place du Vieux-Marché - Joan’s execution site, marked with a towering sculptural cross. Best dinner at D’eux-Mêmes restaurant - Palet Breton, Tube Choco-dessert and a Daurade. Searching for Joan of Arc in Rural France Useful Links Joan of Arc cities website aka "villes johaniques" and map of the area in English Also a Facebook page for events in Domremy and Grand Email | Facebook | Instagram | Pinterest | Twitter   Did you get my VoiceMap Paris tours yet? They are designed for people who want to see the best of Paris neighborhoods and put what they are looking at into historical context. There are so many great stories in Paris. Don't walk right past them without having a clue what happened there! You can buy them directly from the VoiceMap app or click here to order activation codes at the podcast listener discount price.   Discussed in this Episode Aisne-Marne Memorial Cemetery WWI Château-Thierry monument WWI Porte Saint Pierre where Joan of Arc entered the town of Chateau-Thierry Reims Domrémy-la-Pucelle Vaucouleur Compiègne Rouen Subscribe to the Podcast Apple Google Spotify RSS Support the Show Tip Your Guide Extras Patreon Audio Tours Merchandise If you enjoyed this episode, you should also listen to related episode(s): The Battle of Agincourt, Episode 89 Chateau-Thierry and the Battle of Belleau Wood, Episode 256 A Perfect Day Trip to Reims from Paris, Episode 13 Categories: Alsace and Lorraine, Champagne Area, Hauts-de-France, Normandy & Brittany

King Asilas tries to filter through who in his inner circle are working with the group of shadow government people he refers to as the “Monsters.” He meets with the English King as a matter or formality, discovers the royal families from around the globe are conspiring against him and America, but sends an firm message in an epic speech before thousands. Asilas and Capone begin the next phase of their plan to counter the underground actions of the group.

King Asilas tries to filter through who in his inner circle are working with the group of shadow government people he refers to as the “Monsters.” He meets with the English King as a matter or formality, discovers the royal families from around the globe are conspiring against him and America, but sends an firm message in an epic speech before thousands. Asilas and Capone begin the next phase of their plan to counter the underground actions of the group. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

And when we say "good things", we actually mean the festival... our lives kind of suck. They're actually full of bad things most the time... ANYWAY! We're back after a very fun and exhausting day at Good Things Festival 2019 and we could not be more excited to share our stories from the day. DRAMA! ROMANCE! SCREAMING! Everything you need for a saucey story.In this episode we start of with a catch up that's been mixed into a good ol' fashioned Hayden's Topic. Yes, we talk about Good Things: the best day of Hayden's life! We talk about the scummy American we met who ended up being famous, we talk about the Good Things miracle and we talk about illegal activity that may have taken place during the day.We then chat about a classic Christmas carol that has been past down throughout the ages... in different versions by two countries that have hated each other since the dawn of time in this week's 'Song Alanyisis'. The song is '12 Days of Christmas', or as the Scottish call it 'Thirteen Days of Yule'. Through the lyrics of these two songs we try to decide "who is more greedy, the English King or the Scottish King?". Who has more presents? Who deserves them more? Who should be on the naughty list this year?Lastly, Love Rant Letters! This week we talk about high school bf's and gf's, how our parents met at uni, and we get experimental and try to read a letter in the style of slam poetry. *click click click*! It gets pretty deep if I must say!DON'T FORGET TO CHECK US OUT LIVE THIS SATURDAY 21ST FOR OUR XMAS SPECIAL (DRUNKCAST) @ 8:00PM AEST ON CASTBOX!!!https://castbox.fm/vlva/13988545We will be playing all your favourite games and we will be joined by some old friends and some new faces (that you can't see because this is an audio based medium)!https://castbox.fm/vlva/13988545You can find us on:Website = synexttuesday.comEmail = synexttuesday@gmail.comFacebook = See You Next TuesdayCastbox = See You Next TuesdayDiscord = SYNT PodcastInstagram = synexttuesdayTwitter = @you_tuesdayPatreon = See You Next TuesdayThis Episode features:Hayden = @vanhaydo + @VanHaydOT + Hayden Tahere MusicCam = @camerahaze_Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/rss?campaign=2388347&auth=c-to4O6aW5SC8ixfy2U6_zkEjRcZdJ7m)

William Maxwell was part of a group who didn’t think that the English King, George I, nor his descendants, had the right to the English throne.  They had schemes to restore their chosen monarchs to the throne. When captured, some of the group, many of whom were noblemen were released, but William Maxwell was singled out for harsh treatment.  He was to be executed as a warning to others who would plot against the King. On hearing the news about her husband’s fate, Lady Nisdale was desperate to travel to London to see George I to beg for her husband’s life.  It was a tough journey with heavy snows blocking the roads.   She begged the King so much that she had to be dragged from the room.  It was no use. The King was determined that William Maxwell would hang. She hadn’t given up.  In a letter to her sister, which was later found, her plot was described.   One evening, close to the time of execution, two women accompanied Lady Nisdale to the Tower.  She told the guards that she meant to petition the King one last time to release her husband, and that her serving maids wanted to bid farewell to their master. This was a lie. The first maid went in to William’s cell with Lady Nisdale and left a spare cloak.  The second maid then went into the cell. She had an extra set of clothing on and left this, taking the spare cloak to cover herself before she disappeared into the crowd in the bustle of the Tower. Lady Nisdale convinced her husband to put the spare clothing on, and putting on makeup, and covering his face and beard with a handkerchief, he pretended to be the second maid, and was able to sneak past the guards. Lady Nisdale then pretended to talk to her husband to make it seem that he was still in the cell, before making her own escape.  She instructed the guards that he must not be disturbed because he was praying and they believed her – buying her time for her and William to get clear of the guards. A cloak used in this amazing escape survives to this day, and William Maxwell was lucky to be one of the few prisoners to ever manage to evade the fate of a Tower execution.

This week: Jess discusses the Mindful Mann Festival, which promotes good mental health and wellbeing and previews the MannKind Festival which is for those with learning and physical disabilities and their carers.  Sam looks at a feature from this week's Examiner where Robin Bigland told us how he organised the epic Odin's Raven journey from Norway to Peel in time for the millennium Tynwald 40 in 1979 and having lunch with King Olaf of Norway. Andy gives his preview of the Island Games before he and the team head to Gibraltar for what he insists is not a holiday. Plus we keep the royal theme going as we hop in the TARDIS and head back to 1945 when King George VI presided over Tynwald, the first English King to do so and he and Queen Elizabeth, latterly The Queen Mother toured the island. And as ever Katie brings up the Manx word of the week.

We resume our narrative in this episode circa 1000 AD in the Kingdoms of England and Normandy. Things are not going well in England. A series of inept English rulers allow different Scandinavian Kings to seize control over the English throne. Finally, when Edward the Confessor established himself as the English King things appear to be headed in the right direction. But, left without an heir, the question looms large in the distance: who will rule when he is gone? Then, a fishing trip gone really, really bad, has a very odd result when Harold Godwinson, the heir apparent, shows up in the court of William of Normandy. And all that sets the stage for one of the most unusual and fateful years in human history: 1066. 

Website. King Asilas tries to filter through who in his inner circle are working with the group of shadow government people he refers to as the “Monsters.” He meets with the English King as a matter or formality, discovers the royal families from around the globe are conspiring against him and America, but sends an firm message in an epic speech before thousands. Asilas and Capone begin the next phase of their plan to counter the underground actions of the group.Support the show (http://patreon.com/kingasilas)

The first version of the King Arthur legend to be composed in English is found in Layamon’s 13th century poem called Brut.  In this episode, we explore Layamon’s version of the story, and we examine how the text reveals certain … Continue reading →

Today we’re going to try and give you a complete history of Britain in 20 minutes - without all the boring bits! Las notas del episodio y más podcasts para mejorar tu ingles están en: http://www.inglespodcast.com Shownotes and more podcasts to improve your English at: http://www.inglespodcast.com/  Welcome to Aprender Inglés with Reza and Craig. I’m …..and I’m…. With over 45 years of teaching between us, we'll help you improve your English and take it to the next level. Hello to Gustavo Gonzalo (AKA - also known as - Don Quixote from La Mancha) who sent a lovely email from ‘deep Spain’ - thanks for listening. An email from Raixa Pérez from Valladolid who’s going to Ireland this summer with her family. Hello Reza and Craig, I found your great, funny and incredibly useful podcast some months ago and I listen to you almost every working day, on my way to work. I passed the first certificate exam many years ago, around 20 or maybe more!! Your podcast is helping me a lot to refresh grammar, vocabulary, listening etc I listen to Luke's podcast in order to hear different accents, but your podcast is the most pedagogic.;) Next summer we will go to Ireland (we’re going to Ireland), to Cork, for 2 weeks to Learn English in a family. The children play in English and we attend English lessons...in the mornings. Reza, I am afraid we couldn't visit your great country, The North of Ireland (we won’t be able to), but could you give us some advice about Cork: What to visit, What dishes to eat...? I haven't written in English for many, many time (a long time/many years).. I am " oxidized" (rusty). Big hugs from Valladolid. And thank you very much in advance. Raixa Pérez Look out for the colourful buildings. Ask for Murphy's Stout, not Guinness in Cork. Seafood like mackerel, mussels and Oysters will be good in Cork, also milk, butter, buttermilk, Irish bread and a good fried breakfast. White pudding is a typical dish in this part of Ireland. Email: Rafael Alba Garcia Hola Craig, estoy oyendo vuestro podcast y alguien (no recuerdo el nombre) ha dado un significado de "carajo" y como yo ya opiné al respecto y como no coincide con lo que yo os dije, te pongo lo que dice el diccionario de la Real Academia de la lengua.....(solo pongo la primero acepción) que coincide con lo que yo os dije...... 1. m. malson. miembro viril. (es malsonante).... ya lo dejo que no me gusta ponerme muy pesado....saludos Voice message from Francisco Espínola - Úbeda A Short History of Britain The Celts settled in Britain around 700 BC The Celts are ancestors to many people in Scotland, Wales and Ireland (and also England). A famous Celt is Boadicea. She fought against the Romans. The Celts often had female leaders. The Romans occupied most of England and Wales in 43 AD. They built a wall along the Scottish border, called Hadrian’s Wall (after the Roman Emperor Hadrian) to keep the barbarians in the North. The Romans stayed in Britain for a long time. By the 5th Century, they were losing control and the Angles and the Saxons attacked Britain. Then, in the 9th century the Vikings came from Scandinavia attacking monasteries, killing monks and stealing gold and silver. The Vikings stayed in Britain for almost 300 years. They were finally defeated by the Saxon king, Alfred (Alfred the Great) - the first great Anglo-Saxon King of England. In 1066, the Norman invaders from France, under William the Conqueror, defeated the Anglo-Saxon King Harold and took control of the kingdom, introducing many French words and customs. During the Middle Ages, England became one of the strongest nations in Europe. King Edward l was the first English King who conquered Scotland (to conquer - conquistar). Edward lll conquered Wales and Ireland. In 1509, King Henry VIII took the throne (trono - Game of Thrones). He brought in (introduced) Protestant reform and the Catholic Church lost control over England. He earned a lot of money from the reform and was able to get divorced (from Catherine of Aragon) Henry's daughter, Elizabeth l, was the first Queen of England. She defeated the Spanish fleet/armada and created the first English colonies in America. The English Civil War began in 1642. The parliament beat Charles l and England became a republic. Indeed, many people forget that England was briefly a republic, just like Spain! Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector. The King was executed. On July 4th, 1776, 13 colonies declared independence from Britain. General George Washington broke the British army in 1783 and the US got its independance. Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of France in 1805 and declared war on Britain. Britain decisively beat the French at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, after various previous battles against them, including in Badajoz and Salamanca, Spain. Britain's forces were led by The Duke Of Wellington. As we pointed out in more detail in episode 52 of Aprender Inglés con Reza y Craig: (http://www.inglespodcast.com/2015/05/24/phrasal-verbs-with-up-england-britain-great-britain-and-the-uk-gerunds-and-infinitives-asking-for-directions-airc52/ ) All of Ireland used to be part of the United Kingdom (of Great Britain & Ireland) until 1922. Then the Republic of Ireland broke away while Northern Ireland remained in the UK. Thus, the historical love-hate relationship between GB and Ireland, whose histories are closely connected. Italki ad read: 1­on­1 Native speakers Convenient Affordable Italki gives 100 italki credits (ITC) to each paying student For more information: inglespodcast.com/italki/ We want to say thank you to italki for sponsoring Aprender Inglés con Reza y Craig ...and now it's your turn to practise your English. We’ve got a quiz for you about the UK. Send us a voice message or an email with the answers. https://www.speakpipe.com/inglespodcast  Emails: craig@inglespodcast.com or belfastreza@gmail.com. You can find the questions at inglespodcast/153  The first listener who correctly answers all 6 questions gets a special mention on the show. LISTENER QUIZ - 1. Name the UK’s first ever female Prime Minister. 2. Which British monarch ruled the longest period of time? 3. Which British king was given the nickname of “the mad king”? 4. Who were the “Roundheads” and “Cavaliers”? 5. When was the Battle of Hastings? 6. Which famous British sailor defeated the Spanish Armada? (Sorry about that, amigos!!) If you would like more detailed show notes, go to https://www.patreon.com/inglespodcast  Our lovely sponsors are: Carlos Garrido Zara Heath Picazo Mamen Juan Leyva Galera Sara Jarabo Corey Fineran from Ivy Envy Podcast Jorge Jiménez Raul Lopez Rafael Manuel Tarazona Mariel Riedemann Maite Palacín Pérez Pedro Martinez Ana Cherta Maria Gervatti Nikolay Dimitrov We want to thank Arminda from Madrid for continuing to transcribe full transcriptions. There are now full transcriptions for episodes 131, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139 and 140. On next week's episode: Who, whose, who’s and whom The music in this podcast is by Pitx. The track is called 'See You Later' Las notas del episodio y más podcasts para mejorar tu ingles están en: http://www.inglespodcast.com/  Shownotes and more podcasts to improve your English at: http://www.inglespodcast.com/             

Fisher opens the show with David Allen Lambert, Chief Genealogist of the New England Historic Genealogical Society and AmericanAncestors.org. David starts by sharing “terms of endearment” over the past century beginning with “my beloved.” David then describes a shopping list for a 13th century English King’s feast. What was on it? David will tell you. David then reveals he has discovered that another well known genealogist who has been a guest on Extreme Genes is a cousin! He’ll tell you who it is and how they figured it out. David then shares another weekly genealogy tip and NEHGS guest member database. Fisher then begins the first of a two segment interview with Steve Rockwood, CEO and President of FamilySearch.org. Steve recently celebrated his one year anniversary at the helm of the world’s largest free genealogical site. Steve talks about a host of things, including his background, what FamilySearch is doing to solve their “merging” issue (mostly pre-1700), what the indexing volunteers are up to, new partners, and how FamilySearch views their goals moving forward. How far forward? That answer might surprise you! Next, Tom Perry, our Preservation Authority from TMCPlace.com drops in with concerns about the security of genies’ material everywhere. Tom has some basic tips and explanations about what you need to do to protect all the material you’ve stored on your devices, and why. That’s all this week on Extreme Genes, America’s Family History Show!

03 February 2014 marks the 1,000th anniversary of the death of King Sweyn Forkbeard. Once Forkbeard became the King of Denmark and Norway he started raiding England. After the English massacred thousands of Danes on St. Brice's Day Forkbeard increased his raids until he was able to overthrow the sitting King. Sweyn would never have a chance to rule England, he died shortly after becoming King. Some say he was killed by the ghost of St. Edmund! His reign was short, in fact he holds the record for shortest reign of an English King. But his reign helped establish his son, Cnut as a future King of England. Year 1004: This year came Sweyne with his fleet to Norwich, plundering and burning the whole town. Then he came to Thetford within three weeks after they had plundered Norwich; and, remaining there one night, they spoiled and burned the town; but, in the morning, as they were proceeding to their ships, came Ulfkytel with his army, and said that they must there come to close quarters. And, accordingly, the two armies met together; and much slaughter was made on both sides. ~Anglo-Saxon Chronicles Listen to the episode now Please send any comments, suggestions or topic ideas to podcast@medievalarchives.com If you are enjoying the podcast please considering leaving a rating on iTunes. Rate the Medieval Archives Podcast now! Get your free audio book from Audible.com at: http://www.medievalarchives.com/AudioBook In this episode we discuss: Harald Bluetooth and technology St. Brice's Day Massacre Danegeld Ethelred the Unready The Ghost of St. Edmund And more... Bluetooth Technology Runes, listen to the lesson to discover how it was named! Download the MP3 and listen to it on your favorite MP3 player. Subscribe to the feed so you do not miss a single episode. iTunes | Stitcher Radio | Download MP3 | RSS Feed The music was provided by Tim Rayburn. It is available at Magnatune.com

This is the 11th episode in the story of Rabban Sauma, and we're closing in on the conclusion.After a month-long tour of the holy sites in and around Paris, Sauma had a final audience with King Philip. He meant it to be the crowning achievement in the royal treatment he'd lavished on the Chinese ambassador.It was held in the upper chapel of Saint-Chapelle where the just completed stained glass windows filled the room with light, giving the room its nick-name – The Jewel Box. Being newly installed, the colors were vibrant. The windows tell a Biblical history of the world. The room also holds statues of the 12 Apostles and vivid paintings that all combine to literally dazzle the eye. But it was the relics the room held that would have most impressed the Rabban. Philip carefully opened an ornate box holding, what was reputed to be, Jesus' crown of thorns. Another reliquary held a piece of wood from the cross.While several of Paris' relics were indeed brought back from the Holy Land after the first Crusade, these two had been secured by Philip's grandfather St. Louis in Constantinople 40 yrs before. Saint-Chapelle was built as simply a large reliquary to hold their reliquaries.Sauma's account of viewing these precious relics reports the King told him they'd been secured during the First Crusade IN Jerusalem. Either Sauma misunderstood, or Philip intentionally misled him. Philip wanted to encourage the Rabban in his appeal for a new Crusade. It's likely Philip fudged the facts so as to give Sauma the impression the French greatly honored the idea of a campaign to retake the Holy Land, even though he had no intention of making an imminent call for one. His behavior throughout the Rabban's visit suggests he wanted to curry the favor of the Mongol Ilkhans. Furthering that impression was the envoy and letter he sent with Sauma when he eventually returned to Persia. Before leaving Paris. Philip loaded him with lavish gifts, which the pious and humble monk lumps under the heading, “lavish gifts” in his account.So, armed by the assumption he'd secured the French King's commitment to a Crusade in alliance with the Mongols in Persia against the Muslim Mamluks, Sauma headed west to see if he could recruit the English King Edward I. It was fortunate that Edward just so happened to be near at hand, visiting his lands in Gascony, a region on the west coast of France just north of Spain. After a 3 week journey, Sauma arrived in Bordeaux in the Fall of 1287.Whereas the Parisians had plenty warning of the arrival of the Far Eastern Ambassador from the exotic Mongols and went all out in their celebration of greeting, the people of Bordeaux were surprised. “Who are you and why are you here,” they asked? When word was brought to King Edward, he sought to make amends for the poor way such an august figure had been greeted. Sauma smoothed over the rough start to his embassy among the English by giving Edward the gifts Ilkhan Arghun sent and letters of greeting from he and the Nestorian Catholicus Mar Yaballaha. Edward received them with marked appreciation, but it was when Rabban Sauma proposed an alliance with the Mongols against the Mamluks that he became most animated. “A new Crusade to liberate Jerusalem and bring aid to the beleaguered Outremer? Why that sounds stellar!” was his enthusiastic reaction. Only 6 months earlier, he'd vowed to take the cross. This seemed a glow of divine favor on his pledge, an affirmation of God's delight in him.While Edward intended to immediately embark on the adventure, events back home conspired to stall that plan. Wales rebelled, again; and entanglements on the Continent in the fractious politics and schemes of Europe hijacked his resources and attention.But all of that was yet future; near future to be sure, but not yet. As far as Sauma was concerned, he had the support of both the Kings of England and France in the proposed alliance with the Mongol Ilkhans in Persia in their long desire to rout the Mamluks from the Middle East.Furthering Sauma's sense of favor by the English King was the invitation to officiate Communion for the royal court. Though Sauma consecrated and served the elements according to the ancient Syriac formula, it was enough akin to the Mass that the participants were easily able to follow along, understanding not the words, but the meaning behind each movement of the ritual.And THAT – is simply remarkable!! Think of it. Though it's the close of the 13th C, and these two branches of The Church have been sundered from each other for 800 yrs, when adherents from the two groups engage in the focal point of their religious service, though they can't understand one another's speech, they DO understand what's happening, because the rite itself hasn't fundamentally changed. That's stunning, by anyone's reckoning.Once the service was finished, Edward threw a feast. It was his way to finalize and seal the agreement between England and Persia. Sauma didn't record what this royal feast served, but we have accounts of some of Edwards' other such feast. Let me just pass along the idea that you can go right ahead and picture the most raucous dining hall scene from any medieval movie with the ox spinning on a spit over a huge fire, chicken bones being thrown across the room in mass quantities, platers laden high with all kinds of bread and vegetables. And keg after keg of drink. Edward was known for these kinds of food & beverage extravaganzas.And once again, having achieved his official duties as Arghun's ambassador, Sauma turned to his personal mission; visiting the holy sites of Edwards' domains on the Continent. Edward not only provided guides, he paid all Sauma's expenses for this pilgrimage.When he returned, Edward did something curious. He took pains to make sure Sauma understood that European Christians believed in Christ alone. It seems someone may have gotten to the King and informed him of the ancient rift between the Nestorian and Western Church. For his part, Sauma wasn't going to throw over the much-needed alliance between East and West over nuances of theological wording that people who 800 years earlier had divided over – and THEY spoke the same language. A lengthy dissertation on the nature of the Trinity through translators just wasn't practical. So Sauma let it go.Late in 1287, with two-thirds of his mission accomplished, The Rabban decided it was time to head back to Rome and see if a new Pope had been selected. Two of Europe's most powerful armies were now committed to the cause. All they needed was permission from Rome's Bishop. By the end of the year, the obstinate cardinals still had not made a selection.Fleeing the cold of the French winter, he traveled to Genoa to await the election of the New Pope. Sauma's report of Genoa makes it clear it was maybe his favorite place in all his travels. The city was a beauty, the people warm and friendly.As much as he loved Genoa, Sauma's sense of responsibility began needling him. He wasn't, as they say, getting any younger. The trip back to Persia with his report to Arghun was going to be another major epic in a life FILLED with them. If the last months' long journey from Persia to the West had aged him years, the return trip would age the now sexagenarian a decade. He couldn't return to Persia by hopping aboard a 747. It meant another rickety ship across some of the most dangerous waters of the Med, to Constantinople, then across the Black Sea with its plethora of pirates, to the western end of the Silk Roads, then across Mesopotamia to Persia. [And we complain when we need to hop in the car and drive to the market down the street!]It's not difficult sympathizing with Sauma's rising guilt at enjoying Genoa when he knew how eager both his friend Mar Yaballaha and his ruler, Ilkhan Arghun was for his return and report. Sauma was a man with a profound sense of duty. What else could account for the multitude of manifest difficulties he'd endured over the previous decade? But Genoa had everything he'd been looking for in his pilgrimage. Duty won out over ease and Sauma began to chaff as he waited for the Cardinals in Rome to get it together.They finally did. In February 1288 they elected Jerome of Ascoli as Pope Nicholas IV. It was an auspicious choice for Sauma's mission. Some years before, Jerome had been Rome's ambassador to Constantinople to see about effecting a reconciliation between East & West. The effort proved unfruitful, but it made Jerome more aware of the needs and sensitives of the Eastern Church. If any Europeans can be said to be aware of the threat the Mamluks presented the Faith, Pope Nicholas IV was among them.It helped Sauma's cause that Nicholas was one of the people he'd spent considerable time conversing with when he'd before been in Rome. The two had hit it off, despite the language barrier.Nicholas sent an envoy to Genoa requesting Sauma's return to the Eternal City. Two weeks later, as Sauma's party reached Rome's outskirts, they were met by a delegation of church officials welcoming him to the City.Ushered into Nicholas' presence, Sauma showed him the highest form of obeisance he could by bowing on hands and knees, kissing the Pope's hands and feet, then rising to walk backward with arms crossed at the wrists before his chest; a Nestorian sign of the utmost honor. Sauma then delivered the last of his official letters and gifts from Arghun and Mar Yaballaha.Nicholas showed his ready acceptance of Sauma's embassy and person by requesting he stay and celebrate Easter with his Western brethren. Nicholas knew that Sauma, as a Nestorian Rabban, would feel the need to officiate at the events of Holy Week in some church setting. So rather than travel, we suggested he stay and plan on doing so there in Rome. Plush lodgings were secured for him and his attendants.Sauma then began preparations for Easter celebrations. He requested permission to conduct Mass so as to show Western Christians how it was done in the Nestorian tradition. The pope not only granted him permission, he showed great curiosity to witness the ritual. When the time came, a huge crowd was on hand. When all was said and done, the consensus was the same as in Bordeaux. While the language was different, the ritual was so similar as to make the differences inconsequential. So interesting was Sauma's conduct at the Mass, the Pope invited him to officiate at more services over the next few weeks. The Rabban asked in return of the Pope would favor him by serving him the Eucharist, which Nicholas heartily assented to. The day was Palm Sunday of 1288.Sauma reports that the crowds attending service that day were beyond anything his imagination could have conjured. People literally filled the streets, carrying branches of palms and olives.On Maunday Thursday of the next week, so many people packed the church where the Pope held Mass that when they said a united “Amen” the walls shook. The service over, the Pope then made the rounds of several locations in Rome where he bestowed blessing and favor on various people and artifacts. He ended by bringing his entire household staff together and washing their feet. Sauma was hugely impressed with this act of papal humility, describing it in depth. The day ended with a huge feast for some 2000.Good Friday began with a procession from the Church of the Holy Cross, where the Pope held aloft a piece of the Cross as massive crowds once again attended the scene. The rest of the day was spent in quiet meditation on the sacrifice of Christ.Saturday saw the Pope making the rounds to bestow more blessing on individual shrines and folk. Then Easter Sunday services were conducted in the ancient Church of Saint Maria Maggiore.Sauma knew his fellow Nestorians were curious about the practices of their Western Cousins, so he paid close attention to all that was happening around him., recording the events in as intimate detail as he could.Easter being complete and his mission now finished, Sauma asked permission to return home. Nicholas asked him to stay. Sauma struck for compromise He was more than pleased to stay, especially since it came from a sincere request on the part of the Pope with whom he was getting along well. BUT, a higher purpose was to be served in his return to Persia where he could share with the Mongol ruler the favorable reception he'd been shown across Europe. Certainly, that had to be a good harbinger of a future alliance. When word got out about the success of Sauma's mission, lingering tensions between East & West would subside. Such was the nature of medieval diplomacy.Then Sauma made a request that threatened to blow everything up.Picture that scene in a movie where two parties who are potential enemies, are in fact getting along and everyone's on pins and needles hoping for a new day of peace. Then there's a pause, and one of them says something that threatens to ruin it all. But the representative of the other aide at first just stares at them with a look of, well. That's the problem; no one knows what to think. And everyone starts moving their hand slowly toward their gun because they think, “Oh no. This is it. Get ready to start shooting.” But then the guy breaks out in a huge smile and starts laughing. The tension is immediately released.That's the scene when Sauma asked the Pope, for …  Ready? è Some sacred relics. At first, Nicholas was stunned at the boldness of Sauma's request. Nay; it was more than bold; it was brazen. He told the Rabban that if he were in the habit of giving relics to every foreign emissary who came to see him, there'd soon be nothing left in Rome to give.Still, in light of Sauma's perilous and long journey, he was pleased to give Sauma some treasures to take home. He gave him some scraps of cloth from clothes that were said to have belonged to Jesus and Mary, as well as various relics of different saints and special vestments for Mar Yaballaha. Maybe the most significant gift Nicholas bestowed was a letter patent authorizing Mar Yaballaha and his Nestorian Catholicus successors as the authority over the Church of the East. He gave Rabban Sauma a letter patent naming him Visitor General for all churches of the East, not just China, as the previous Nestorian Patriarch had done.Implied in Nicholas' issuing of these letter-patents was that HE, as the Roman Pope, had jurisdiction over the East. Sauma might like to have contested that. But what point? It's not like he was going to get Nicholas to back down. For goodness sake, the question of prime ecclesiastical authority had been going on for hundreds of years. Sauma was under no illusion he was going to set things right now. Rather, all he could do was blow up the alliance that seemed to be a done deal.After giving Sauma a large gift of gold to help pay his expenses, Sauma began preparations to return home.Nicholas gave Sauma a letter for Arghun, thanking the Mongol ruler for his beneficent rule of the Christians of his realm and thanking him for his offer of an alliance against the Mamluks. A copy resides in the Vatican museum. Then Nicholas launched into an appeal for both Mongols and Nestorians to submit to papal authority. He urged Arghun to convert to Christianity post haste and be baptized under the authority of Rome.Then he indicated while Sauma had indeed faithfully transmitted the Ilkhan's desire for an alliance, he and he alone could call a Crusade. The secular rulers of Europe might be gung-ho but they had no authority to approve a Crusade. Only he, as the head of the Church, possessed that right. AND, knowing the mindset of the rest of Europe, besides the monarchs of England and France, a Crusade wasn't in the cards at that time. So he adroitly side-stepped making a commitment, while at the same time, encouraging the Mongols to do their best against the common enemy.Arghun had indicated a willingness in his letter to the Pope to convert and be baptized IF that baptism could be done in a reclaimed Jerusalem, one free of the Mamluk scourge. Nicholas said Arghun had it backward. He ought to convert and be baptized NOW. That would assure him of heaven's favor in any campaign he undertook. His example would surely lead to mass conversions, furthering the promise of divine favor.So the Pope didn't out-right turn down an alliance not forbid a Crusade. He just shifted the emphasis of his letter onto the need for Arghun to trust God and surrender to him, which of course would be done by accepting the Roman Church's hegemony over his realm.Nicholas wasn't done with his letter writing. He penned one to Mar Yaballaha as well. This one began by praising the Nestorian Catholicus for his wise leadership of a challenged Church. But then it went into a long lecture on “proper” Christian doctrine, something the Nestorian Patriarch wasn't at all likely to look kindly on. The last paragraph was a blatant and tactless statement of the supremacy of the Roman church.Since these letters were open, Sauma read them both. He was deeply disappointed at the tone they took with the two men he reported to. Their condescending tone was sure to dishearten and alienate their recipients. The Pope refusal to sanction a Crusade or give any support to the proposed alliance seemed to make his entire trip West pointless.No doubt disappointed, Sauma managed to tamp down any expression of it in his concluding meeting with the Pope. He was probably just glad to be quitting the West & the prospect of going home.We'll wrap up Bar Sauma's magnificent tale in our next episode.

This episode of CS is part 3 of our series on The Crusades.A major result of the First Crusade was a further alienation of the Eastern and Western Churches. The help provided Byzantium by the crusaders were not what The Eastern Emperor Alexius was hoping for.It also resulted in an even greater alienation of the Muslims than had been in place before. 200 years of crusading rampages across the Eastern Mediterranean permanently poisoned Muslim-Christian relations and ended the spirit of moderate tolerance for Christians living under Muslim rule across a wide swath of territory. The only people who welcomed the Crusaders were a handful of Christian minorities who'd suffered under Byzantine and Muslim rule; the Armenians and Maronites living in Lebanon. The Copts in Egypt saw the Crusades as a calamity. They were now suspected by Muslims of holding Western sympathies while being treated as schismatics by the Western Church. Once the Crusaders took Jerusalem, they banned Copts from making pilgrimage there.Things really went sour between East and West when the Roman church installed Latin patriarchates in historically Eastern centers at Antioch and Jerusalem. Then, during the 4th Crusade, a Latin patriarch was appointed to the church in Constantinople itself.To give you an idea of what this would have felt like to the Christian of Constantinople; imagine how Southern Baptists would feel if a Mormon bishop was installed as the President of the Southern Baptist Convention. You get the picture = No Bueno.Another long-lasting effect of the Crusades was that they weakened the Byzantine Empire and hastened its fall to the Ottoman Turks a couple centuries later. Arab governments were also destabilized leaving them susceptible to invasion by Turks and Mongols.A significant new development in monastic history was made at this time in the rise of the knightly monastic orders. The first of these was the Knights Templar, founded in 1118 under Hugh de Payens. King Baldwin gave the Templars their name, and from them the idea of fighting for the Temple passed to other orders. Bernard of Clairvaux, although not the author of the Templar rule, as legend has it, did write an influential piece called In Praise of the New Militia of Christ which lauded the new orders of knights.The Templars were imitated by the Hospitallers, who had an earlier origin as a charitable order. They'd organized in 1050 by merchants from Amalfi living in Jerusalem to protect pilgrims. They provided hospitality and care of the sick, and helped morph the word “hospitality” into “hospital.” Under Gerard in 1120, the Hospitallers gained papal sanction. Gerard's successor was Raymond de Provence who reorganized the Hospitallers as a military order on the pattern of the Knights Templar. The Hospitallers, also known as the Knights of St. John eventually moved to the islands of Rhodes, then Malta, where they held out in 1565 in a protracted siege against the Turks in one of history's most significant battles.Another important military order, the Teutonic Knights arose in 1199, during the 3rd Crusade.The knightly monastic orders had certain features in common. They viewed warfare as a devotional way of life. The old monastic idea of fighting demons, as seen in the ancient Egyptian desert hermits, evolved into actual combat with people cast as agents of evil. Spiritual warfare became actual battle. Knights and their attendants took the vows similar to other monks. They professed poverty, chastity, and obedience, along with a pledge to defend others by force of arms. While personal poverty was vowed, using violence to secure wealth was deemed proper so it could be used to benefit others, including the order itself. The Templars became an object of envy for their immense wealth.In studying the relations between Christianity and Islam during the Middle Ages, we should remember there were many peaceful interchanges. Some Christians advocated peaceful missions to Muslims. These peaceful encounters can be seen in the exchange of art. Christians highly valued Muslim metalwork and textiles. Church vestments were often made by Muslim weavers. Such a vestment is located today at Canterbury. It contains Arabic script saying, “Great is Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet.”On the positive side, if there was anything positive to be gleaned from the Crusades, it did promote a greater sense of unity in Western Europe. Remember that one of the reasons Pope Urban sparked the Crusade was to vent the violent habits of the European nobles who were constantly at each other's throats. Instead of warring with each other back and forth across Europe, watering its fields with blood, they united to go against infidels “way over there.”The Crusades also led to increased prestige for the papacy as they were able to mobilize huge numbers of people.  The Crusades also stimulated an intellectual revival in Europe as Crusaders returned with new experiences and knowledge from another part of the world.After the 1st Crusade, over the next 60 years, Jerusalem saw a succession of weak rulers while the Muslims from Damascus to Egypt united under a new dynasty of competent and charismatic leaders. The last of these was Saladin, or, more properly, Salah ad-Din. Founder of the Ayyubid dynasty of Islam, he became caliph in 1174 and set out to retake Jerusalem.The king of Jerusalem at the time was (and warning: I'm going to butcher this poor guy's name) Guy de Lusignan. Let's just call him “Guy.” He led the Crusaders out to a hill on the West of the Sea of Galilee called the Horns of Hattin. Both the Templars and Hospitallers were there in force, and the much vaunted “true cross” was carried by the bishop of Acre, who himself was clad in armor. On July 5, 1187, the decisive battle was fought. The Crusaders were completely routed. 30,000 perished. King Guy, the leaders of the Templars and Hospitallers along with a few other nobles were taken prisoner. Saladin gave them clemency. The fate of the Holy Land was decided.On Oct. 2, 1187, Saladin entered Jerusalem after it made brave resistance. The generous conditions of surrender were mostly creditable to the chivalry of the Muslim commander. There were no scenes of savage butchery as followed the entry of the Crusaders 90 years before. The people of Jerusalem were given their liberty if they paid a ransom. Europeans and anyone else who wanted to, were allowed to leave. For 40 days the procession of the departing continued. Relics stored in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher were redeemed for the sum of 50,000 bezants. Named after Byzantium where they were the medium of exchange, the bezant was a gold coin of 5 grams.Thus ended the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem. Since then the worship of Islam has continued on Mount Moriah without interruption. The other European conquests of the 1st Crusade were then in danger from the unending feuds of the Crusaders themselves, and, in spite of the constant flow of recruits and treasure from Europe, they fell easily before Saladin.He allowed a merely ceremonial Latin ruler to hold the title King of Jerusalem but the last real king was Guy, who was released, then travelled around claiming the title of king but without a court or capital. He eventually settled in Cyprus.We'll go into less detail for the rest of the Crusades as we finish them off over the next episode .The 2nd Crusade was sparked by 2 events; the Fall of the Crusader state of Edessa in Syria and the preaching of Bernard of Clairvaux. And note that the 2nd Crusade took place BEFORE the arrival of Saladin on the scene.Edessa fell to the Turks in Dec., 1144.  They built a fire in a large breach they'd made in the city wall. The fire was so hot it cracked a section of the wall a hundred yards long. When the wall collapsed, the Turks rushed in and unleashed the same kind of brutality the Crusaders had when they conquered Jerusalem.Pope Eugenius III saw the Turk victory at Edessa as a threat to the continuance of the Crusaders in Palestine and called upon the king of France to march to their relief. The forgiveness of all sins and immediate entrance into heaven were promised to all embarking on a new Crusade. Eugenius summoned Bernard of Clairvaux to leave his abbey and preach the crusade. Bernard was the most famous person of his time and this call by the Pope came at the zenith of his fame. He regarded the Pope's summons as a call from God.On Easter in 1146, King Louis of France vowed to lead the Crusade. The Pope's promise of the remission of sins was dear to him as he was stricken with guilt for having burned a church with 1300 inside. How grand to be able to gain forgiveness by killing more! He assembled a council at Vézelai at which Bernard made such an overpowering impression by his message that all present pressed forward to take up the crusading cause. Bernard was obliged to cut his own robe into small fragments, to give away to all who wanted something of his they could carry to the East. He wrote to Pope Eugenius that the enthusiasm was so great “castles and towns were emptied of their inmates. One man could hardly be found for 7 women, and the women were being everywhere widowed while their husbands were still alive.” Meaning most of the men set off on the Crusade, leaving the population of France with 7 women to every man. Hey – lucky them!From France, Bernard went to Basel, in modern day Switzerland, then up thru the cities along the Rhine as far as Cologne. As in the 1st Crusade, persecution broke out against the Jews in this area when a monk named Radulph questioned why they needed to go to the Middle East to get rid of God-haters and Christ-killers. There were plenty of them in Europe.  Bernard objected vehemently to this. He called for the Church to attempt to win the Jews by discussion and respect, not killing them.Bernard was THE celebrity of the day and thousands flocked to hear him. Several notable miracles and healings were attributed to him. The German Emperor Konrad III was deeply moved by his preaching and convinced to throw his weight to the Crusade.Konrad raised an army of 70,000; a tenth of whom were knights. They assembled at Regensburg and proceeded thru Hungary to the Bosporus. All along their route they were less than welcome. Konrad and the Eastern Emperor Manuel where brothers-in-law, but that didn't keep Manuel from doing his best to wipe out the German force. The guides he provided led the Germans into ambushes and traps then abandoned them in the mountains. When they finally arrived at Nicea, famine, fever and attacks had reduced the force to a tenth is original size.King Louis set out in the Spring of 1147 and followed the same route Konrad had taken. His queen, Eleanor, famed for her beauty and skill as a leader, along with many other ladies of the French court, accompanied the army. The French met up with what was left of Konrad's force at Nicea.The forces then split up into different groups which all reached Acre in 1148. They met King Baldwin III of Jerusalem and pledged to unite their forces in an attempt to conquer Damascus before retaking Edessa. The siege of Damascus was a total failure. The European nobles fell to such in-fighting that their camp fragmented into warring groups. Konrad left for Germany in the Fall of 1148 and Louis returned to France a few months later.Bernard was humiliated by the failure of the Crusade. He assigned it to the judgment of God for the sins of the Crusaders and Christian world.A little more about King Louis's wife Eleanor. Eleanor of Aquitaine was really something. In a world dominated by men, Eleanor's career was something special. She was one of the wealthiest and most powerful people in Europe during the Middle Ages.Eleanor succeeded her father as the ruler of Aquitaine and Poitiers at the age of 15. She was then the most eligible bride in Europe. Three months after her accession, she married King Louis VII. As Queen of France, she went on the 2nd Crusade. Then, with it's defeat and back in France, she got an annulment from Louis on the basis that they were relatives, then married Henry Plantaget, Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou, who soon became King Henry II of England in 1154. This despite the fact that Henry was an even closer relative than Louis had been and 9 years younger than she. They were married just 8 weeks after her annulment. Over the next 13 years Eleanor bore Henry 8 children: 5 sons, 3 of whom would become king, and 3 daughters. However, Henry and Eleanor eventually became estranged. She was imprisoned between 1173 and 1189 for supporting her son's revolt against her husband.Eleanor was widowed in July 1189. Her husband was succeeded by their son, Richard I, known as the Lion-hearted. As soon as he ascended the thrown, Richard had his mother released from prison. Now the queen dowager, Eleanor acted as regent while Richard went on the 3rd Crusade. She survived Richard and lived well into the reign of her youngest son John, known as the worst king in England's long history. It's this King John who's cast as the chief villain in the story of Robin Hood.The 3rd Crusade is referred to as the Kings' Crusade due to the European monarchs who participated in it. It was an attempt to reconquer the Holy Land from the Muslims who, under Saladin, had reclaimed the lands the Crusaders took in the 1st Crusade. The 3rd was for the most part successful but fell short of its ultimate goal, the re-conquest of Jerusalem.When Saladin captured Jerusalem in 1187, the news rocked Europe. The story goes that Pope Urban III was so traumatized, he died of shock. Henry II of England and Philip II of France ended their dispute with each other to lead a new crusade. When Henry died 2 years later, Richard the Lionheart stepped in to lead the English. The elderly Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa also responded to the call to arms, and led a massive army across Turkey. Barbarossa drowned while crossing a river in June, 1190 before reaching the Holy Land. His death caused great grief among the German Crusaders. Most were so discouraged they returned home.After driving the Muslims from the port of Acre, Frederick's successor Leopold V of Austria and King Philip of France left the Holy Land in August 1191, leaving Richard to carry on by himself. Saladin failed to defeat Richard in any military engagements, and Richard secured several key coastal cities. But the English King realized a conquest of Jerusalem wasn't possible to his now weakened force and in September of 1192, made a treaty with Saladin by which Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, but allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims and merchants to visit the city. Richard departed the Holy Land a month later.The successes of the 3rd Crusade allowed the Crusaders to maintain a considerable kingdom based in Cyprus and along the Syrian coast. Its failure to recapture Jerusalem led to the call for a 4th Crusade 6 years later.The 3rd Crusade was yet another evidence of the European's inability to form an effective union against the Muslims. The leaders and nobility of Europe made great promises of unity when they embarked on a Crusade, but the rigors of the journey, along with the imminent prospect of victory saw them more often than not falling out with each other in incessant and petty squabbles.On Richard's journey back to England he was seized by the afore mentioned Leopold, duke of Austria, whose enmity he'd incurred in the battle for the city of Joppa. The duke turned his captive over to the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VI who also had a grudge to settle. The Lionheart was released on the humiliating terms of paying an enormous ransom and consenting to hold his kingdom as a fiefdom of the Empire.  It's this hostage taking of Richard the Lionhearted that forms the backdrop for the tale of Robin Hood.Saladin died in March, 1193, by far the most famous of the foes of the Crusaders. Christendom has joined with Arab writers in praise of his courage, culture, and the magnanimous manner in which he treated his foes.Historians debate how many Crusades there were. It wasn't as though Kings Henry and Philip said, “Hey, let's make nice and launch the 3rd Crusade.” They didn't number them as historians have since. History tends to ascribe 9 as the number of Crusades, but then add 2 more by assigning them with names instead of numbers; the Albigenian and the Children's Crusades, which took place between the 4th and 5th Crusades.Generally, the 5th thru 9th Crusades are considered lesser armed movements while the first 4 are called the Great Crusades.We'll finish with a quick review of the 4th Crusade.Innocent III became Pope in 1198.  He called for the 4th Crusade which was the final blow that forever sundered the Western and Eastern churches, though that was certainly never his aim. In fact, he warned the Crusaders against it.Pope Innocent's plan was simply to destroy a Muslim military base in Egypt. The merchants of Venice had promised to supply the Crusaders with ships at a huge discount; one the Crusaders couldn't pass up. So in the summer of 1202, they arrived in Venice expecting to sail to Egypt. But there was a problem: Only a third of the expected number of warriors showed. And they came up with a little more than half the required sailing fee.A prince from the East offered to finance the balance under one condition: That the Crusaders sail first to Constantinople, dethrone the current Emperor and hand it over to him. They could then sail on their merry way to Egypt. Pope Innocent forbade this diversion, but no one paid him any attention.On July 5th, 1203, the Crusaders arrived in the Eastern capital. The people of Constantinople were by now fed up with Europeans meddling in their affairs and formed a counter revolution that swept the current emperor off the throne, but only so they could install their own fiercely anti-Crusader ruler. Being now shut out of his hopes, the would-be emperor who'd paid the Crusaders way to Constantinople refused to pay their way to Egypt, leaving them stranded in increasingly hostile territory.They were furious. Their leaders decided to try and make the best of it and called for a quick plundering of Constantinople. One of the Crusade chaplains proclaimed; in complete disregard for the Pope's wishes, “If you rightly intend to conquer this land and bring it under Roman obedience, all who die will partake of the pope's indulgence.”  That was like letting a rabid dog off its chain. For many of the Crusaders, this was not only an excuse to get rich by taking loot, it meant a license to do whatever they pleased in Constantinople.On Good Friday, 1204, the Crusaders, with red crosses on their tunics, sacked Constantinople. For 3 days, they raped and killed fellow Christians. The city's statues were hacked to pieces and melted down. The Hagia Sophia was stripped of its golden vessels. A harlot performed sensual dances on the Lord's Table, singing vile drinking songs. One Eastern writer lamented, “Muslims are merciful compared with these men who bear Christ's cross on their shoulders.”Neither the Eastern Empire nor Church ever recovered from those 3 days. For the next 60 years Crusaders from the Roman church ruled what was once the Eastern Empire. The Eastern emperor established a court in exile at Nicaea. Rather than embrace Roman customs, many Eastern Christians fled there. There they remained until 1261, when an Eastern ruler retook Constantinople.