Podcasts about gipsa

Hèlène Gateau, vétérinaire animatrice, chroniqueuse et écrivain (ENVN-Oniris, 2003) au

Hèlène Gateau, vétérinaire animatrice, chroniqueuse et écrivain (ENVN-Oniris, 2003) au

Cindy Bouquemont, ASV résiliente et persévérante (BTA option soins aux animaux puis VAE) au

Alexandra Mercier, ASV passionnée (CNFA de Maisons Alfort, 2001) au

Lina Thomsgårds livsregler! Zlatans småprat! Drinkluder? Vi skiter i forskning - och en av oss gråter... Kateter eller gips? Dessutom: Vi lär oss att säga ett FETT ja. Och Cecilias viktiga uppmaning!

The USDA recently proposed new competition and market integrity rules under the Packers and Stockyards Act. Collectively referred to by the agriculture industry as the GIPSA rules, Senior Farm and Ranch Broadcaster, Ron Hays, is featuring comments from National Cattlemen’s Beef Association CEO Colin Woodall talking about these regulations.

To say that we live in interesting times, from an agricultural policy standpoint, might border on understatement. The regulatory, political, and trade environment in the animal agriculture space has rarely been more fraught. What does that mean for the feed and livestock industries? We'll find out in this edition of Feedstuffs In Focus. Earlier this week as part of The Virtual BEEF Experience, an online event hosted by our sister publication BEEF, Feedstuffs editor Sarah Muirhead sat down with Farm Progress policy editor Jacqui Fatka for a rundown of some of the biggest topics facing livestock producers today in the policy arena. Here's Sarah.You can read Jacqui's Inside Washington column each month in the new dynamic digital edition of Feedstuffs; the May issue is now available by clicking HERE.

On July 9th, President Biden signed a raft of Executive Orders targeted at strengthening the U.S. economy by aiming to, quoting from the press release, “reduce the trend of corporate consolidation, increase competition, and deliver concrete benefits to America's consumers, workers, farmers, and small businesses.”The President's directives had several issues specific to agriculture, including the livestock and animal feed industries.In this episode we talk with Feedstuffs and Farm Progress policy editor Jacqui Fatka about what the President's orders hold for the animal protein and animal food sectors. We'll discuss the Packers & Stockyards Act, rules related to “Product of the USA” labeling for meat, and getting the Federal Maritime Commission to enforce rules on competitiveness in shipping goods and services in and out of the U.S.

Quand on vous dit « science » le premier mot qui vous vient n’est peut être pas « linguistique » ou encore « dialectologie ». Et pourtant, ces sciences qui étudient le langage humain et les différents dialectes sont passionnantes et nous permettent d’en apprendre un peu plus sur nous, notre langage et sur notre histoire. Ce podcast vous propose de découvrir ou redécouvrir ces sciences, en compagnie de plusieurs intervenants.Qu'allez-vous entendre dans ce podcast ?● Les audacieuses : Portrait d’Henriette Walter une linguiste renommée.● L’entretien : Carole Chauvin Payan, ingénieure au GipsaLab, nous parlera de la linguistique en général à travers des faits historiques et ses propres recherches. ● L’éprouvette : Pascal Perrier, un enseignant-chercheur à l’université Grenoble Alpes et au Gipsa lab, nous présentera le système physique de production de la parole et fera le lien entre le son que nous produisons et notre anatomie.● A la découverte d’une structure : Rendez-vous à Vinay pour un reportage sur l’association "Quand le patois revit".● Capsule Imaginasciences 2020 : Cyril Trimaille, chercheur en sociolinguistique à LIDILEM (laboratoire de linguistique et didactique des langues étrangères et maternelles), ainsi que professeur à l’Université Grenoble Alpes réagira à la planche de BD du dessinateur Jim Jourdane “La linguistique en confinement”A propos des auteur-esLola Iannuzzi, Alicia Perino, Léa Lahmar, Flavien Etheve, Clara Perissat et Émilie Demeure sont étudiant-es en Master 2 de Communication, culture scientifiques et techniques à l’Université Grenoble Alpes. Toutes et tous issus d’une formation scientifique axée sur la biologie, ils/elles ont choisi de s’orienter vers le métier de communicant et médiateur scientifique afin de faire découvrir et aimer la science à tout un chacun. Voir Acast.com/privacy pour les informations sur la vie privée et l'opt-out.

Since the first trading day of the year, the April live cattle futures contract is off 25% and the April feeder cattle contract is down 22%. All segments of cattle production have taken a significant market hit over the past several weeks, sending ripples up and down the beef value chain as the market reacts to the COVID-19 pandemic.In this episode, National Cattlemen’s Beef Assn. CEO Colin Woodall offers his insights into what the COVID-19 pandemic is doing to the beef business, including concerns over continued availability of USDA meat inspectors, securing emergency-type loans for producers, ensuring packers remain committed to keeping plants up and running, and conversations with the CME over market volatility. Drilling into the beef-specific effects of the pandemic, Feedstuffs policy editor Jacqui Fatka spoke with Woodall about the latest developments and how the industry is responding. The two also talked about the latest updates on a “Product of the USA” label for beef, USDA’s recently lifted ban on Brazilian beef and the GIPSA rule.For more information on this and other stories, visit Feedstuffs online.Follow Feedstuffs on Twitter @Feedstuffs, or join the conversation via Facebook.

Which Way to the Dawn of Speech?      (click for link to PowerPoint)Reanalyzing half a century of debates and data in light of speech scienceLouis-Jean Boë  & Thomas R. Sawallis 1 GIPSA-lab, CNRS, Grenoble Alpes University, France2 New College, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USAIn the weeks around New Years, 2017, two complementary articles discussing speech evolution appeared in respected general science journals: Fitch et al., 2016, in Science Advances and Boë et al., 2017, in PLOSOne. These two articles announced the final failure of a theory that had been widely propagated and broadly accepted for half a century, despite numerous critiques and partial falsifications: the laryngeal descent theory (LDT) of Lieberman and colleagues (Lieberman, 1968; Lieberman et al., 1969; Lieberman & Crelin, 1971). Taken together, those studies represented – and continue to represent – an extremely powerful research paradigm, drawn directly from the core understanding of speech science, that the acoustic speech signal transmits articulatory information. Specifically the authors: (i) used recorded calls of live primates to make anatomical inferences about vocal tracts (VTs), (ii) used either VT casts of extant primates or reconstructions of fossil species’ VTs to make acoustic inferences, and (iii) by appropriate comparisons of anatomy and acoustics, drew conclusions regarding both the ontogeny and the phylogeny of speech.Their conclusions, later termed LDT, were: that fully human speech, in particular the full human vowel inventory, was made possible by the large pharyngeal cavity resulting from laryngeal descent, which occurs over the lifespan of anatomically modern Homo sapiens (AMHS) only; that living primates, pre-modern humans (including Neanderthals), and modern human toddlers were restricted to schwa-like vowels; and that speech could only have developed after the emergence of AMHS some 200,000 years ago, and language more recently still.Controversy in speech evolution research is inevitable, due to lack of fossil evidence, difficulty of experimental design and data collection, absence of general paradigms, and especially, the need for multidisciplinary cooperation among otherwise compartmentalized fields. We will give some taste of that controversy as we trace 3 decades of difficult work showing that a large pharynx from laryngeal descent is not necessary to produce the full inventory of vowels. Theoretical arguments claimed that infants, Neanderthals, and primates were anatomically able to produce contrasting vowels, and recorded evidence accumulated that infants could as well, and finally, the articles noted above presented MRIs of macaque VTs and especially recorded calls from baboons showing both produce contrasting vowels, all without the large pharynx required by LDT. If we think of this evidence as in some sense “fossils” of early speech emergence, this pushes the “dawn of speech” 100 times further back in our history, to our last common ancestor with old world monkeys, over 20 million years ago.We will present new evidence we have recently developed further reinforcing that claim, and will outline certain implications for language evolution theory & research more generally. 

At this years Global Farmer roundtable, many participants echo many of the same concerns including trade. Bruce Gaarder has the story ... Bryce Doeschot talks with Krn Hellevang of NDSU Extension on storing grain in bins ... From G7 to GIPSA, USDA Sec. Perdue keeps American Ag in the forefront during his over seas trip and we have the conference call ... Bruce Gaarder from the Global Farmer Roundtable visiting with Maryland farmer Jennifer Schmidt This has also been already uploaded to the system via NWA1317.

At this years Global Farmer roundtable, many participants echo many of the same concerns including trade. Bruce Gaarder has the story ... Bryce Doeschot talks with Krn Hellevang of NDSU Extension on storing grain in bins ... From G7 to GIPSA, USDA Sec. Perdue keeps American Ag in the forefront during his over seas trip and we have the conference call ... Bruce Gaarder from the Global Farmer Roundtable visiting with Maryland farmer Jennifer Schmidt This has also been already uploaded to the system via NWA1317.

NCBA's Senior Vice President, Government Affairs, Colin Woodall discusses today's historic announcement that the controversial GIPSA marketing rule has been killed. He also discusses where to celebrate the decision with a top-quality steak in Washington, DC, or in his home state of Texas.

NCBA's Senior Vice President, Government Affairs, Colin Woodall discusses today's historic announcement that the controversial GIPSA marketing rule has been killed. He also discusses where to celebrate the decision with a top-quality steak in Washington, DC, or in his home state of Texas. (Music credit: "Turbo Tornado" by Admiral Bob, used via a Creative Commons license.)

Trump USDA withdraws interim GIPSA rule and reneges further action on Obama proposal... Tim Brhel of Water Street Solutions with Pt. 2 of "How to Beat Your Farm's Best" ... Rep. Roger Marshall (KS-1) speaks on immigration and rural America ... K-State's Megan Rolf details a beef genetics study at this week's "DNA Technology seminar at UNL

Trump USDA withdraws interim GIPSA rule and reneges further action on Obama proposal... Tim Brhel of Water Street Solutions with Pt. 2 of "How to Beat Your Farm's Best" ... Rep. Roger Marshall (KS-1) speaks on immigration and rural America ... K-State's Megan Rolf details a beef genetics study at this week's "DNA Technology seminar at UNL

A look at the news with Mike and Delaney includes more out of Brazil, nominations for the US Dairy Board, Farm Credit Administration's quarterly reports, GIPSA and NAFTA closing comments, and President Trump's speculated announcement of relations with Cuba. Commodity Markets started the week with a lot of red and Ted Seifried breaks them down for AND

Do you know the biggest challenges family farmers face when trying to bring their livestock to market? Join Food Sleuth Radio host and Registered Dietitian, Melinda Hemmelgarn, for her interview with Joe Maxwell, Political Director for the Humane Society Legislative Fund (http://www.hslf.org/), former MO State Representative, Senator and Lt. Governor, and family farmer. Maxwell explains farmers’ and ranchers’ difficulty in locating convenient, independent meat processing facilities, the consequences of vertical integration in the livestock industry, and how and why U.S. citizens lost “country of origin labeling” on meat packages. He offers suggestions on ways citizens and farmers can work together with legislators to improve food policy, our broader food system, rural economies, family farming, and the quality of food on our plates.

This week's guest on Open Mic is Mike Brown, president of the National Chicken Council. With much of U.S. agriculture struggling with low commodity prices, Brown says the poultry industry is beginning an upswing with good domestic and global consumer demand.  Brown is outspoken in opposition to the USDA's new GIPSA rules and expects litigation or legislation to thwart executive branch attempts to levy greater restrictions on the meat and livestock industry.  Global markets represent over a fifth of domestic poultry production. Brown says the broiler industry supports Donald Trump's call for fair trade and is ready to work with the new administration to grow markets for U.S. poultry.  Brown comments on the poultry industry's stake in the nation's immigration laws and looks for a resolution with the new congress and administration.Jeff NalleyMike Brown, President of National Chicken Council

This week's guest on Open Mic is Georgia farmer Zippy Duvall, President of the American Farm Bureau Federation. In this interview Duvall previews highlights of the group's 98th Convention coming January 6-11th in Phoenix, Arizona. Aside from contests, awards and keynote speakers, the AFBF's delegate session promises a thorough preview of potential policy proposals for a new farm bill. Duvall details last year's victories including biotech disclosure legislation and outlines where the fight against Obama WOTUS rules will continue this year. AFBF supports aggressive trade policy and is anxious to work with the Trump administration to maintain and grow access to global markets. Duvall also shares his thoughts on new GIPSA rules proposals from the USDA.Jeff NalleyZippy Duvall, President AFBF

Colin Woodall, Sr. Vice President of Government Affairs, discusses USDA’s final rulemaking on 2010 Grain Inspections, Packers and Stockyards Act. The GIPSA rulemaking is troubling to the cattle industry, jeopardizing Alternative Marketing Arrangements and allowing USDA to define what is fair in the marketplace.

Colin Woodall, Sr. Vice President of Government Affairs, discusses USDA’s final rulemaking on 2010 Grain Inspections, Packers and Stockyards Act. The GIPSA rulemaking is troubling to the cattle industry, jeopardizing Alternative Marketing Arrangements and allowing USDA to define what is fair in the marketplace.

This week's guest on Open Mic is U.S. Senate Agriculture Chairman Pat Roberts. In this year-end interview the Kansas Republican discusses the USDA's recently announced GIPSA rules and the challenges he sees the language presents for packers and livestock producers. Looking at Trump's trade agenda, he's concerned about what's ahead for farm exports and renewable fuels. Roberts also shares thoughts on a new farm bill, including suggestions for those who want to separate nutrition and farm programsJeff NalleyU.S. Senate Ag Chairman Pat Roberts

Colin Woodall, NCBA Vice President of Government Affairs, discusses the GIPSA rules that USDA released to OMB and what the implementation of these rules would mean for cattle marketing.

This week's guest on Open Mic is John Weber, President of the National Pork Producers Council.  In this interview, Weber speaks to opportunities and challenges on the horizon for the nation's swine industry.  While global demand for protein, especially pork, continues to grow, Weber and members of the NPPC adamantly support the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement to grant greater market access to growth markets. At home, Weber says pork producers face challenges from the USDA's pending GIPSA proposal, the EPA on WOTUS rules, the country's preparedness to infectious animal disease, the industry's effort to further reduce antibiotics in swine production and a domestic inventory that could soon meet or exceed the nation's slaughter capacity.Jeff NalleyJohn Weber, President NPPC

Part 1 of a two part series on the continuing resolution that will fund the government until the end of September. In this episode, we examine the funding for the Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce, Department of Justice, and science related appropriations. H.R. 933: Consolidated and Continuing Appropriations Act of 2013 B = billion M = million DIVISION A: AGRICULTURE, FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION Totals Grand total of division: 139 B for 2013 ($137 B in 2012) ($144 B requested) Food and Drug Administration (FDA): $4 B in 2013 Food Stamps: $77 B for 2013 ($80 B in 2013) ($82 B requested) All domestic food programs: $105 B for 3013 ($106 B in 2012) ($109 B requested) Subject to 2.513% sequester cut TITLE I - Agricultural Programs Extension Activities People eligible for taxpayer food: States, DC, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, Micronesia, the Northern Marianas, and American Samoa Food Safety & Inspection Must have at least 148 inspectors Hazardous Waste Management: LIMITED to $5 M for site investigations and cleanup expenses TITLE II- Conservation Programs $831 M: water & soil conservation including water management to prevent floods Title III—Rural Development Programs Rural Electrification and Telecommunications Loans Program Account $2 B limit: Loans for construction or purchase of fossil fuel burning electric plants that use carbon sequestration systems. TITLE IV—Domestic Food Programs Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) $7 B available until September 30, 2014 Commodity Assistance Program $1.3 M yearly until 2023: Planting and agricultural maintenance programs for Marshall islands because our nuclear test 'Castle Bravo' exposed them to radiation in 1954. TITLE V—Foreign Assistance and Related Programs Food for Peace Program $1.5 B grants available until whenever TITLE VI—Related Agency and Food and Drug Administration Food and Drug Administration $887 M for food safety inspectors TITLE VII—General provisions Section 721 Prohibits funding the salaries or expenses of people to carry out the Watershed Rehabilitation Program "The purpose of rehabilitation is to extend the service life of the dams and bring them into compliance with applicable safety and performance standards, or to decommission the dams so they no longer pose a threat to life and property." Section 725 Prohibits funding for the salary or expenses of a person who prepares or submits language into the President's budget proposal that assumes revenues or money from fees that have not been passed into law. The person would be paid if they submit, along with the revenue language, a corresponding cut that would go into effect if the suggested revenue is not enacted by the time the 2014 Appropriations conference begins. Section 732 No money can go towards a contract with a corporation that has been convicted of a felony in the previous 2 years, unless the contract officer says it's not necessary to protect the government. Section 733 No money can go towards a contract that hasn't paid all their Federal taxes, unless the agency says it's not necessary to protect the government. Section 735 Section 411 of the Plant Protection Act prohibits regulated plant "pests", like weeds, that are somehow considered harmful if allowed to be freely grown in the United States. Anyone is allowed to petition to have a plant removed from the regulated list. If the Secretary of Agriculture chooses to regulate a plant that was previously unregulated, this bill says the Secretary "shall" "immediately grant temporary permits" which will authorize the movement, introduction, continued cultivation, or commercialization, while the petition is evaluated. Section 736 No money will be allowed to pay for "mitigation" associated with removal of a dam on the White Salmon River in Washington state on October 26, 2011. "Mitigation" according to FEMA: "Mitigation is the effort to reduce loss of life and property by lessening the impact of disasters. Mitigation is taking action now- before the next disaster- to reduce human and financial consequences later… Without mitigation actions, we jeopardize our safety, financial security, and self-reliance." Section 742 Prohibits any money from going towards implementing proposed and some existing regulations in the poultry market. Regulations prohibited: Terms eliminated "Tournament system": Methods used by poultry dealers to calculate the payment rate to poultry farmers by comparing one one farmer's performance with another's. "Additional capital investment": $25,000 or more paid by the poultry or pig farmer beyond his initial investment for expanding facilities. "Competitive injury": When conduct distorts competition in the marketplace "Likelihood of competitive injury": When their's reason to believe a competitive injury is likely to occur. Examples: When a dealer kills competition through large-scale exclusive dealings When a poultry/pig dealer raises competitor's costs When a dealer lowers amounts paid to the farmers below market value When a dealer impairs a farmer's ability to compete with other farmers When a dealer impairs a farmer's ability to get their full payment from their sales in the marketplace Applicability of Regulations (these people would be exempted) Poultry dealers - buy and sell the poultry from farmers List of actions that would not be allowed by regulation Being deceitful in poultry market contracts Retaliatory actions -including intimidation or disadvantage- by a dealer against a farmer in response to anything said or written by that farmer A refusal to give farmer the statistical information & data used to determine the compensation paid to him by the dealer An action or attempt to limit a farmer's rights in a contract, including: Right to a trial by jury (arbitration ok if voluntarily agreed to) Right to damages Rights to attorney fees awards Right to fair trial location Paying a premium or applying a discount on the payment to a pig farmer without documenting the reason and cost justification Ending a contract with a poultry/pig farmer for no reason other than an allegation of wrong doing. The violation must be reported to the authorities for it to be grounds for termination. A business practice designed to mislead farmers A contract that causes a competitive injury Eliminated Rules Packers and dealers would have to submit a copy of their contracts to the Grain Inspection, Packers, & Stockyards Administration (GIPSA) within 10 days. Packers, purchasers, and dealers would have to tell GIPSA when their contracts are dead. The contracts would be available to the public on the internet. Trade secrets, confidential business information, & personal information would not be made public. Confidential business information of packers and dealers would have to be given to GIPSA. Tournament System: All farmers growing the same type and kind of poultry would have to paid at the same rate. There would be a minimum required payment. A dealer would have to notify the farmer of the cancellation of an order 90 days in advance. DIVISION B— COMMERCE, JUSTICE, SCIENCE TITLE I—Department of Commerce Subject to 1.877% sequester cut International Trade Administration $483 M: Promoting American corporations abroad NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration $3 B: Total funding $926 M: National Weather Service $1.8 B: Weather Satellite Systems, money spent between GOES-R (weather forecasting) and JPSS (replacement of dying satellites) projects GOES-R: $10.8 B estimated total cost JPSS: $11.9 B estimated total cost Pacific Coastal Salmon Recovery $65 M available until September 30, 2014: salmon conservation in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, California, and Alaska. States must match 33% of the Federal funds. Section 109 Orders monthly reports to Congress on the reason for all official travel to China by Commerce department employees. TITLE II—Department of Justice FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigations $8 B: Total funding ATF: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives $1 B: Total funding No money can go towards paying the salary or expenses of a government employee who works on implementing regulations that limit importation of "curios or relics" Original firearms that are over 50 years old Museum quality collector's items Bizarre, rare, or historical firearms No money will be allowed to implement a law requiring a physical inventory of any firearms manufacturer, dealer, or importer. Federal Prison System $6.8 B: Total funding Office on Violence Against Women $416 M: Total funding Juvenile Justice Programs $280 M: Total funding Section 202 No funds can pay for an abortion, unless the life of the mother is endangered If this is declared unconstitutional, this will be null and void Section 203 No funds can be used to force someone to perform or help someone get an abortion Section 204 An individual can refuse to do so, but the the prisons must provide "escort services" to a female inmate to an outside clinic where she can get an abortion. Section 209 No funds can be used to purchase recreational electronics for inmates Funds can be used to purchase electronics for inmate training, religious, or education programs. Section 212 No funds can be used to plan, implement, or finish a public-private contract competition for work performed by government prison employees Competitions would create detailed comparisons of the costs associated with either a private prison contract or a public prison contract Section 217: Response to Fast & the Furious No money can go towards giving firearms to members of drug cartels unless law enforcement personnel continuously monitor or control the firearm at all times TITLE III—Science NASA $18 B: Total funding $4 B: Space exploration $4 B: Space operations $5 B: Science National Science Foundation $6 B: Total funding Provides 20% of Federal research done in colleges & universities TITLE IV—Related agencies TITLE V—General provisions Section 501 No money can go towards "publicity or propaganda" Section 505 No more than $500,000 or 10% (whichever is less) can go towards privatizing functions currently performed by the government… unless Congress is notified Section 509 No money can go towards promoting tobacco products or to try to get a foreign country to loosen their regulations on the marketing of tobacco, unless the restrictions are unfairly applied. Section 516 No money can be used to buy information technology unless the FBI, or other appropriate agency, has assessed the risks of cyber-spying or sabotage, especially if parts of the system are produced by China. Section 517 No one is allowed to torture. Section 528 No money can go towards first class air travel, unless no coach fares are available or when a disability demands it Section 530 No money can be used to transfer or release Khalid Sheikh Mohammed or anyone else who has been held since June 24, 2009 in Guantanamo Bay Section 531 No money can be used to prepare a facility in the United States for the detention of Guantanamo Bay detainees. Upgrades can be made to Guantanamo Bay Section 532 No money can go to ACORN Section 533 Funds should go towards energy star light bulbs Section 535 NASA is not allowed to work with China or a Chinese owned company unless specifically authorized to do so in a future law. Exception if there is no risk of transfer of national security or economic security data, if the Chinese person has no involvement in civil rights abuses, and if NASA submits a written explanation to Congress. Section 536 No funds can go towards moving the census from the Department of Commerce to the Executive Office of the President Section 538 No funds can be used to pay the salaries of a person who denies or fails to act on a application to import a shotgun if the law was followed and the same model shotgun had not been denied importation prior to January 1, 2011. Ban was implemented because military shotguns including semi-automatics were being imported. Ban only allowed shotguns that were suitable for sporting purposes. Section 539 No funds can be used to create or maintain a computer network that doesn't have pornography blockers installed, unless the network is used for criminal investigations Section 540 No money can go towards a contract with a corporation convicted of a felony in the previous two year, unless the agency says that this isn't necessary to protect the government. Section 541 No money can go towards a corporation with unpaid Federal taxes, unless the agency says this is unnecessary to protect the government. Section 543 No money can go towards the political science program at the National Science Foundation, except for research projects that promote national security or the economic interests of the United States. Previous studies have been on collective bargaining, campaigns, elections, electoral choice, our electoral system, citizen involvement in democracy, lobbying, partisanship, etc… Next week: Department of Defense, Veterans Administration, Department of Homeland Security, and all other parts of government that will be continued at the 2012 funding levels.

Bill Bullard, Chief Executive Officer of the Ranchers-Cattlemen Action Legal Fund, United Stockgrowers of America (R-CALF USA) talks about the GIPSA rule.

GIPSA, An Explanation of Proposed Changes