Podcasts about dnas

In this episode of Nexus, I sat down with Emma Powers, my friend in ID that transferred from Drexel to RISD. We talk about the difference in a traditional college art program and how it compares to art school. We also dive deep into rowing as Emma was a coxswain in high school and college. This is Part 1 of the interview with Emma, please check out Part 2 for more interesting topics such as DNAs , philosophies, and much more.

Communication is about connection. But how can I connect if I am not mindful of the people on the other end? From their DNAs, their preferences to the state of their hearts, how much of my audience do I really know, meaning, “apprehend fully?” “Those who get along with you will go along with you,” Dr. John Maxwell reminds, so let's look at how to read the “receivers” more clearly.

Imagine if you could heal any virus in your body? And on top of it, you didn’t really have to do anything. Too good to be true? This episode is for you.Today I sat down with Tom Paladino. Tom is a researcher seeking to make a difference in the world by providing people with the education and tools to restore optimal health, and by helping enhance their quality of life. Tom began research with Scalar Energy during his undergraduate years following in the footsteps of Nikola Tesla. He was also able to study the work of Hieronymus’ which included unbinding the DNA bonds of microbes. Today we sat down to talk about how he’s using Scalar energy and developed instruments to heal people.MY 5 BIGGEST TAKEAWAY FROM THIS EPISODE1- Scalar Energy is the first energy of the universe, the primal energy of the sun and the stars. When you can tap into that fundamental energy, you can have fundamental control over nature.2- Scalar Energy allows you to create a molecule or break apart a molecule, assemble a vitamin or disassemble a virus. Scalar Energy allows you to have control over the molecular forms and when you can do that, you can control human health.3- This happens by way of photographs. The photograph serves as an energetic bridge to the person. It's put in an instrument that sends the necessary energy to your field to act in a certain way. It's a tool that allows us to control nature. It happens at the quantum level. It affects our nonphysical constitution.4- People can expect to experience a clearing of their sinuses, a clearing of bacterial plaque on their teeth, lesser symptoms of arthritis, better mobility, less inflammation, chakra balancing, deeper sleep, enhanced dream states, sense of peace and tranquility.5- Sign up for a free session and see how it feels. You don't have to do anything but send a photo of yourself.QUESTIONS HE ANSWERED DURING THIS EPISODEWhat is scalar light or scalar energy?How does the technology work?How do you control if it will create a molecule or break down a virus?In practice, what can we do with it?Does it work with all viruses?Are we affecting the DNA strands? Can we use scalar energy to change human DNAs and cure genetic diseases?What's missing for this to be accepted in western medicine?Let’s come back to the fact that you are using a photo to do that. How does that work, what does the instrument do exactly?How does it work? What are the steps people have to do?What are some of the effects people can experience? What can they look for?On your website you have different program offers ranging from addiction, fat metabolism to hormones, do you use a different instrument, a different technique, what changes the result?Have you tried with the covid's virus?What do you answer to “it’s too good to be true” kinda skeptic’s comment?How do you suggest people go about this to get the most out of it?What's coming next?GIVEAWAY!I have an extra special something for you today! Back in episode 57, we had Trina Altman on to talk about yoga deconstructed. Recently, Trina published a new book called Yoga Deconstructed: Movement Science Principles for Teaching. She has generously sent me a copy to give to you guys! All you have to do to enter the giveaway is to leave a review for the podcast in general or any episode you enjoyed on iTunes or iPhone podcast app. If you’re unsure how to do that check this article. And if you don’t win, you can still get 15% off just by being a listener today. Get the book here: http://bit.ly/yoga-deconstructed and use the coupon code altmaneb15. I’ll announce the winner on our next episode: 82!SUBSCRIBE, RATE & REVIEW! DONATE OR BECOME A PREMIUM MEMBER TODAYIf you like this podcast, you can continue to get inspired and learn even more with a Premium Subscription. As a member, get early access to regular episodes, a ton of exclusive audio and video content, and the ability to request the exact kind of episode you need to continue to deepen your practice. This subscription is on Patreon so you can also contribute to the community. Patreon is a crowdfunding platform that enables fans like you to support creators like me in sharing everything yoga offers with the world. Sounds good? Visit www.patreon.com/onandoffyourmat and become a PREMIUM member. At the same time, you support me in the creation and production of this podcast, so I really appreciate it.ABOUT OUR GUESTTom Paladino is a scalar energy researcher based in Florida. Scalar energy is the fundamental life force found everywhere in the world, space and universe. It originates from the sun and stars. Chi, prana, OM, mana, life force, pyramid energy or zero-point energy are synonymous terms for scalar energy.He theorized that all energy in the universe initiates as scalar energy; and that the sun of our solar system and the stars of the universe are the points of origin, “the storehouses,” for scalar energy. He further theorized that scalar energy is instructive energy, as the entire universe is instructed by this Divine Essence. Subsequently, all spiritual, cognitive, emotional and physical action in the universe is initiated and maintained by scalar energy instructions. Scalar energy provides order in the universe. Website: www.scalarlight.comFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/experiencescalar/Support this show http://supporter.acast.com/5a5fdec3a4d96aa520f89227. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Brian Requarth, Viva the Entrepreneur: Founding, Scaling and Raising Venture Capital in Latin America, Ep 133   Over a decade ago, Brian Requarth bought a one-way ticket to Colombia and never looked back. Since then, he’s become a seasoned entrepreneur and investor, having founded, scaled, merged, and exited VivaReal, a leading proptech startup in Brazil.   Well acquainted with the challenges that are unique to Latin America, Brian is now focusing on helping early-stage founders build the next generation of world-class tech companies through his newest project, Latitud.   In his second time around on the podcast, I sat down with Brian to talk about the growing pains of merging operations with Grupo Zap and why acquihiring is one of the most underutilized strategies of large tech companies in the region. We also discuss how the ecosystem has evolved since 2009 and what inspired him to write his book Viva the Entrepreneur: Founding, Scaling and Raising Venture Capital in Latin America. Merging with a competitor Brian explains that the VivaReal merger was particularly complicated because the DNAs of the companies were very different. While VivaReal was a relatively small company, Grupo Zap was much larger – so much so that telenovelas would organically mention them in their shows. This difference in size resulted in unbalanced power dynamics between the companies which became an obstacle for swift decision making.   Listen to this episode of Crossing Borders to learn more about Brian’s major takeaways from merging with Grupo Zap. Viva the Entrepreneur Inspired by how The Hard Thing About Hard Things made him feel at a low point in his life, Brian decided to write a book of his own. He had been named Entrepreneur of the Year in Brazil and had just raised money, but was really struggling as a founder. Ben Horowitz’s book provided him with the comfort he needed in what is often a lonely journey as an entrepreneur. Through Viva the Entrepreneur, Brian hopes to pass on his lessons learned and help other entrepreneurs in Latin America get through the tough times.   Learn more about Brian’s new book and his journey as an entrepreneur in Latin America in this episode of Crossing Borders. The Breakfast Club Brian knows how important it is to build a community when starting a company. Being able to connect with like-minded people over breakfast when building VivaReal was his way of creating his own community in Latin America when the ecosystem was still nascent. This experience inspired Brian to give back to the ecosystem through Latitud, where he is helping entrepreneurs build the next leading tech companies in the region.    Find out how Brian is empowering the next generation of Latin American entrepreneurs in this episode of Crossing Borders.   Brian’s mission is to help cultivate a healthy ecosystem for Latin American tech startups, where talented entrepreneurs can thrive and build value through iconic companies. Through Latitud, Brian aims to make mentorships and investment opportunities more accessible in Latin America’s ecosystem.   Outline of this episode: [1:40] - About Brian [3:58] - From merge to exit [7:45] - Merging with a competitor [12:11] - Advice for companies looking to buy instead of build [14:58] - How the ecosystem has evolved since 2009 [17:00] - Brian’s latest book [21:22] - Angel investing in Latam with Latitud [27:00] - Do’s and don’ts of investing in tech [34:00] - Where do you see the market going? [36:43] - Advice to Brian’s younger self [39:25] - Next steps for Brian   Resources & people mentioned: Brian Requarth Books: Viva the Entrepreneur: Founding, Scaling and Raising Venture Capital in Latin America, Hard Thing About Hard Things VivaReal Grupo Zap OLX Brasil Latitud Gina Gotthilf Yuri Danilchenko Ep 15 Brian Requarth, Building THE Online Portal for Real Estate in Brazil Monashees Kaszek Ventures Marcos Galperin Mercado Libre Gabriel Braga David Velez Nubank Thomaz Srougi Dr. Consulta Daniel Hatkoff Pitzi

The story of Apple in Ireland began in 1980 with a single manufacturing facility and 60 employees. Fast-forward to today, and Ireland is home to more than 6,000 Apple employees and a sprawling campus in the city of Cork. As Apple celebrates its 40th anniversary in Ireland, the original manufacturing facility has expanded and is now part of a campus that includes AppleCare, Operations, Logistics, and a variety of other teams staffed by a diverse group of employees representing over 90 nationalities. Cork also serves as Apple’s European headquarters, supporting customers across the continent and beyond. Cathy Kearney is Apple’s vice president of European Operations and has been with the company in Cork for over 30 years. “The Cork campus is more than a place — we’re a family,” says Kearney. “And every day, we strive to uphold Apple’s collective values through our work, whether that’s protecting our planet, defending the right to privacy, or making sure education and technology are accessible to everyone. I’m so honoured to work with such a talented, diverse, and compassionate team every day.” One of those team members is Grainne Kenny, who started with Apple in Cork in 1990 when she was 18. “I’ve grown up here,” says Kenny, now 48. “I started working on the manufacturing floor, and now 30 years later, I manage a team of between 20 and 30 manufacturing trainers. It’s been a great journey, and I’ve loved the camaraderie and the community we’ve made together.” That sense of community is something Alvaro Porcel, 33, felt from the moment he started at Apple eight years ago. “It doesn’t matter where you’re coming from, or what your language or culture is,” says Porcel, who moved to Cork from Barcelona, Spain. “You’re welcomed right away at Apple. You’re encouraged to be yourself, and to embrace inclusion and diversity.” Porcel is a member of the Cork LGBTQ Diversity Network Association (DNA) and the soon-to-be-launched Cork Accessibility DNA, two of Apple’s many DNAs that connect employees with shared interests, backgrounds, and values. He also participates in Apple’s Giving programme, coordinating volunteer engagements for a local charity called Age Action, which provides free technology classes for senior citizens. “This is a charity that is very close to my heart,” says Porcel. “It’s not just about learning how to use your device. There’s a huge social aspect as well. Most of these elderly people are very isolated. Before COVID-19, there were weekly face-to-face events, but now we have phone calls instead, and when they tell you, ‘This is the only phone call I’m going to get today,’ you can feel how much it means to them.” Since 2015, Apple’s Giving programme in Cork has supported more than 400 registered charities in Ireland. For every hour a Cork employee volunteers, Apple matches their time with a monetary donation to the same charity. So far in 2020, a staggering 43 percent of all Cork employees have participated in volunteering activities. Apple employees have been volunteering weekly at Terence MacSwiney School in Cork for the past five years, helping to teach students coding, music, photography, and video. That has continued during the pandemic, with volunteers mentoring students through virtual sessions. Principal Phil O’Flynn has seen what the partnership has done for both her students and for Cork over time. “Apple brought an awful lot of hope to the whole Cork community,” says O’Flynn, whose school is also celebrating its 40th anniversary this year. “And I think that culture of hope has been sustained throughout the four decades that it’s been here.” Terence MacSwiney School also participates in Apple’s Transition Year experience, which has given more than 1,600 students throughout Ireland the opportunity to come to the Cork campus and learn about potential career paths, coding skills, and how they can make a positive difference in the world. O’Flynn believes the interactions her stud...

What is up EVERYBODY!!!!! This episode is one of many Charmanes 30-45 min catch up chats. Discussing new ventures, trending topics such as the election and story time. Quote: "Stay ready you aint gotta get ready so when I pull up to my drive way, I back in" - Kevallen  One thing we gone do is Talk about it!!!!!!  Thanks for your support.  ***Honorable Mentions in this episode include @officiallytoojuiced  Check out Sobre Mesa in Oakland and Cheff M. Woods  @DNas and The Streets is Talking Radio @stunnaman02 (Talk about it Ts) Grab you one! @bryancsimmons @kevinAllenMusic (Twitter)  Songs Played: Dangerous feat  Jane Handcock Mani Draper Kate Lamont Upper Room and Positive all from the Twice on Sunday Album!!!!!! 

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.10.376327v1?rss=1 Authors: Frank, F., Liu, X., Ortlund, E. A. Abstract: The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor (TF) that controls the tissue- and gene-specific transactivation and transrepression of thousands of target genes. Distinct GR DNA binding sequences with activating or repressive activities have been identified, but how they modulate transcription in opposite ways is not known. We show that GR forms phase-separated condensates that specifically concentrate known co-regulators via their intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in vitro. A combination of dynamic, multivalent (between IDRs) and specific, stable interactions (between LxxLL motifs and the GR ligand binding domain) control the degree of recruitment. Importantly, GR DNA-binding directs the selective partitioning of co-regulators within GR condensates such that activating DNAs cause enhanced recruitment of co-activators. Our work shows that condensation controls GR function by modulating co-regulator recruitment and provides a mechanism for the up- and down-regulation of GR target genes controlled by distinct DNA recognition elements. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.15.341305v1?rss=1 Authors: Gerguri, T., Fu, X., Kakui, Y., Khatri, B. S., Barrington, C., Bates, P. A., Uhlmann, F. Abstract: Underlying higher order chromatin organization are Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complexes, large protein rings that entrap DNA. The molecular mechanism by which SMC complexes organize chromatin is as yet incompletely understood. Two prominent models posit that SMC complexes actively extrude DNA loops (loop extrusion), or that they sequentially entrap two DNAs that come into proximity by Brownian motion (diffusion capture). To explore the implications of these two mechanisms, we perform biophysical simulations of a 3.76 Mb-long chromatin chain, the size of the long S. pombe chromosome I left arm. On it, the SMC complex condensin is modeled to perform loop extrusion or diffusion capture. We then compare computational to experimental observations of mitotic chromosome formation. Both loop extrusion and diffusion capture can result in native-like contact probability distributions. In addition, the diffusion capture model more readily recapitulates mitotic chromosome axis shortening and chromatin density enrichment. Diffusion capture can also explain why mitotic chromatin shows reduced, as well as more anisotropic, movements, features that lack support from loop extrusion. The condensin distribution within mitotic chromosomes, visualized by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), shows clustering predicted from diffusion capture. Our results inform the evaluation of current models of mitotic chromosome formation. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

With the advancement in Technology and Research, we are now able to study and understand our DNAs more better and how they pass the information from one generation to another. Scientists have been also working to cure genetically disorders in humans, by changing the patterns in Human-DNA. Relieving many from unbearable pain and hardshipWhich also raise the question, if we can also change the other aspects (like looks, color, height etc) in Humans and change the Society at our will? and if that is also possible, then where do we draw a line between Ethical and Non-Ethical practices?

With the advancement in Technology and Research, we are now able to study and understand our DNAs more better and how they pass the information from one generation to another. Scientists have been also working to cure genetically disorders in humans, by changing the patterns in Human-DNA. Relieving many from unbearable pain and hardshipWhich also raise the question, if we can also change the other aspects (like looks, color, height etc) in Humans and change the Society at our will? and if that is also possible, then where do we draw a line between Ethical and Non-Ethical practices?

Minu seekordseks vestluskaaslaseks on elektriseadmete ja -tarvikute tootja Ensto Ensek’i tegevjuht Kaarel Suuk. (Lisan ääremärkusena juurde, et Kaarliga salvestasime vestluse enne eriolukorra kehtestamist.) Ensto Grupp oli Kaarli jaoks esimene töökoht, kus ta tänaseks on töötanud erinevatel ametikohtadel juba 15 aastat. 2018. aastal sai temast Ensto Eesti tegevjuht. Märkimisväärne on, et käesoleva aasta alguses andis Tallinna Direktorite Klubi Kaarlile üle 2019. aasta noore juhi tiitli. Mind hakkas huvitama, mis mees see Kaarel selline on. Nii istusimegi Kaarliga maha ja põrgatasime mõtteid, kuidas tema tippjuhiks kujunemise teekond on lahti rullunud ning mida ta oma kogemuste põhjal juhtimise juures kõige olulisemaks peab. “Juba mõnda aega tagasi sain väga selgelt aru, et juhtimine oma olemuselt ongi kommunikatsioon. Ma arvan, et selle põhimõtte omaksvõtmine on hästi oluline. Minuni jõudis see arusaamine läbi tagasiside. Nii nagu paljud edumeelsed ettevõtted, nii viime ka meie aeg-ajalt töötajate seas läbi tagasiside- ja rahuloluküsitlusi. Mäletan, et omal ajal koorus sealt ühe top teemana välja kuulujuttude temaatika. Täna meil seda teemat küll enam laual ei ole, kuid siis aitas see meil teadvustada sellise laiema avatuse ja läbipaistvuse olulisust ettevõtte toimimises. Kui me täna näiteks planeerime mingeid muudatusi organisatsioonis, siis me teavitame inimesi sellistest asjadest pikalt ette, kaasame neid oma otsustusprotsessidesse, küsime neilt ideid ja mõtteid muudatuste paremaks läbiviimiseks jne. Niisamuti ei pane keegi pahaks, kui töötajad toovad otsekoheselt tegevjuhi lauale kõikvõimalikke olmeprobleeme. Meil ei ole sellist piiri vahel, et kellele ma tohin või ei tohi asju avaldada või et on mingeid teemasid, mida ei puudutata. Avatus on meie DNAs sees – kõik teemad on lauale oodatud ja kõigi arvamused on olulised. Kui meil see avatuse ja kommunikatsiooni teema üles kerkis, siis ühe lahendusvariandina oli meil laual, et võtame tööle kommunikatsioonispetsialisti, kes siis hakkab meil seda valdkonda parandama. Teine, alternatiivne lähenemine, oli aga see, et me juhtidena peame ise oma tegevuses ja käitumises midagi muutma; et kommunikatsioon ongi meie töö juhtidena. Minu töö juhina on võimalikult selgelt kommunikeerida, olla ise juhina selge oma sõnumites ja anda ka teistele inimestele üle ettevõtte head tööriistad kommunikatsiooni läbiviimiseks. Ja loomulikult on meil ka abiks kommunikatsioonitiim, nad on erinevad inimesed üle organisatsiooni, kes siis vabatahtlikena kirjutavad lugusid sisekommunikatsioonikanalitesse. Sellisest mõtteviisist lähtuvalt, kus juhid vastutavad ise kommunikatsiooniselguse eest, sai kogu teemavaldkond väga hea edasise tõuke. Ma usun, et see on meile võrratult kasu toonud.” – Kaarel Suuk Kuulake ikka ...

There are so many insights that we could get from understanding how behaviors, as hard-wired in our DNAs, tend to dictate how we react in different situations. Chairman and CEO of DNA Behavior, Hugh Massie, sheds light on the truth about this and how it is so. Covering our financial decisions in the way we handle pressure and emotions, he points to the unknown behaviors we took on from when we were born that seem to derail our performance. Hugh puts that in the context of how we manage money, build businesses, develop relationships with clients, and lead better. Take a deep dive into this interesting topic and use the behavioral insights and wisdom to take control and empower yourself even more.

Eu me importo - Wesley Lucas 15: 1-32 Jesus conta essas três parábolas par publicanos, pecadores e os mestres da lei. As três parábolas falam sobre a mesma coisa: o homem está perdido. Mas o que é estar perdido? Não amar a Deus acima de tudo. Mas o que concluímos com essas 3 parábolas é que mesmo o homem estando perdido, Deus vai até o encontro dele; Deus nos ama! Mas esse amor não é como os de Hollywood, Jesus não ama só com afetos, Ele nos ama por completo. O pastor carrega a ovelha até a casa pois era comum que o pastor ao encontrar uma ovelha desgarrada batesse com o cajado em sua pata, e então a levava embora carregada. A verdade do evangelho fere mas por amor. Precisamos desesperadamente desse amor. Mas e agora, qual é o próximo passo? Entendendo e recebendo esse amor, é responsabilidade nossa reproduzi-lo. Existem 3 tipos de perdidos: 1- Ovelha: não sabe que está perdido; Passos práticos: Não medir esforços Pregar o evangelho 2- Dracma: se perdeu dentro de casa, não sabe que está perdido; Passos práticos: Conversas profundas Pequenos grupos (DNAs) 3- Filho Pródigo: se afastou do Pai e sabia que estava perdido Passos práticos: Lembra-lo, pois se esqueceu como é ser filho Ao retornar para casa, o Filho Pródigo recebe algumas coisas de seu pai que podem ser entendidas como: Roupas novas: tirar a vergonha; o Pai aceita seu filho novamente Anel e sapato: incluindo novamente na família; a Igreja o abraça Festa: celebrar o que antes estava morto e agora voltou a vida Só quem foi achado por Deus pode procurar os perdidos.

A Biologia Molecular é a área da Biologia que estuda os organismos do ponto de vista molecular, focando principalmente nos ácidos nucleicos que são os RNAs e os DNAs. Nascidos da junção dos ramos da Genética, da Bioquímica e da Biologia Molecular, a Biomol (como também é chamada) é um campo que visa compreender e estudar os processos de replicação, transcrição, tradução do material genético, assim como as regulações desses processos e seus possíveis erros e características.

Let's talk about black people from California...what's the first thing that comes to mind?A WHOLE LOTTA LIES!!!Lol, jk. But in all seriousness, as California natives we've heard alllll the stereotypes about Black people from California: from hippie hoteps to gangbangers to bougie tech people who only date interracially, we've heard it all. And on today's episode, we're going to get into these (whack) stereotypes with two of our friends. DNas from Oakland and host of StreetsIzTalking Radio and Faith, an Oakland-based Educator who is originally from LA.Shoutout to San Jose!  You can find DNas here: @dnasteeFaith - @winfortheculture And us @wokelandpodcastPlease subscribe to our show on Spotify, iTunes, and  Google Play. 

This marks the beginning of 3 back-to-back episodes featuring female founders. All 3 of these upcoming guests succeeded in an industry with many curve-balls that is hard to make it in: the food industry. And out of sheer co-incidence, 2 of these founders happen to be Brazilian women taking the US food market by storm.We kick it off with Raquel Tavares, the founder & CEO of Fourth & Heart, who migrated at age six to Northern California with her mother and brother in the early 80’s. She currently lives in Los Angeles and is a mother of two young boys.  Raquel is the principal creator of Tava Organics, the parent company of 4th & Heart, which also happens to currently be the 4th fastest growing Food & Bev company in the country.If this quote by Eckhart Tolle, which appears on the Fourth + Heart web site, speaks to you (as much as it inspired me), then make sure to not miss this episode: "Life isn't as serious as the mind makes it out to be."Links mentioned:Fourth & HeartFourth & Heart on InstagramHitting The Mark Patreon PageFINIEN Brand ConsultancyHappiness Won____Full Transcript:F Geyrhalter:                 Welcome to episode 23 of Hitting the Mark. This is also the beginning of three back-to-back episodes featuring female founders. The only exception will be a very special episode, that I will sneak in between, which will mark the one year anniversary of this very show. All three of these upcoming guests succeeded in an industry with many curve balls, that is hard to make it in, the food industry. And out of sheer coincidence, two of these founders happen to be Brazilian women taking the US food market by storm. We kick it off today with Raquel Tavares, the founder and CEO of Fourth and Heart, an artisanal food brands based in Los Angeles, set on a mission to modernize ancient pantry food staples starting with a line of grass fed flavored, pure spreadable butters, known as ghee. Raquel a devout Ashtanga Yogini, snowboarder, lover of all things food was born in Brazil and later migrated at age six to Northern California with her mother and brother in the early eighties.She currently lives in LA with her family and is a mother of two young boys. She is the principal creator of Tava Organics, the parent company of Fourth and Heart, which also happens to currently be the fourth fastest growing food and beverage company in the country. She prides herself on the ability to tackle family, work, self and play. She wants to milk each minute of each day. And that being said, I'll make the most of each minute while I have her on the show.Welcome to Hitting The Mark Raquel.R Tavares:                     Thank you for having me.F Geyrhalter:                 Absolutely. I rarely have locals on the show, so this is fun. My company actually started out of a garage in Venice Beach on Rose Avenue, which I believe is also your stomping grounds and we don't even know each other. So I read about you in Forbes, I believe, but ever since I reached out, you also made it onto the Inc. 5,000 list on number 70 with a three year growth rate of 4,279 percent. So first off, congratulations on your tremendous success.R Tavares:                     Thank you. Thank you so much.F Geyrhalter:                 You're one of those few startups that must have found it so much harder to launch since you're not only introducing your brand, but you also had to educate a fair amount of your potential customers about ghee, what it is, its benefits. So please share the power of ghee with our listeners. What is it, what makes it so good and what makes it so good for you?R Tavares:                     Well, when I was thinking of what I wanted to do, and eventually came to me and what I thought of ghee or what I thought ghee could do is basically do what coconut oil has done as an ingredient. Meaning all of a sudden coconut oil went from being something that we've put topically on her skin and then all of a sudden you see it as an ingredient in chocolate. Then people are popping popcorn with coconut oil and then came MCT oil. So, so on and so forth. And then of course it went into beauty as well. So I loved ghee because it's shelf stable and lactose free and dairy free. And I really just thought of it as a shelf stable butter, which is what it is.And some of the other benefits, the health benefits are that it's easier for your body to digest because it doesn't have the lactose in the dairy. It has a unique fatty acid in it called butyrate, which is something that's found in the lining of your gut and helps your body to assimilate nutrients. And over time what happens is people eat a lot of processed foods and that starts to kind of deteriorate in the lining of your gut. And therefore this replaces that. And really, I just call it the golden ingredient, the gift that keeps on giving really.F Geyrhalter:                 Yeah, we're actually using it at home. It's a very smart choice, but how much education about ghee did you have to include in your launch? Did you launch locally here in LA where obviously the thirst for wellbeing is pretty unquenchable or how did it all start off?R Tavares:                     Yeah. So I started drafting the business plan in 2012 and it really took a while to get through the iterations of the different flavors that I wanted to do. Eventually in 2014 is when I sold it for the first time at the Echo Park Craft Fair and it was in Christmas and that was the first time I had it in front of consumers. I was able to hear what they had to say about it. And it's always important to see it live because you know if it's authentic, then at that that weekend we sold about 3,000 dollars in ghee.F Geyrhalter:                 Oh my God.R Tavares:                     Which was so much money at the time and it really blew my mind. So that kind of gave me the beginning feeling. I had a proof of concept. So then after that I sold it into different stores in Los Angeles. So yes, I launched it locally, initially selling everything myself. And then it was in, later in 2015 where we got our first distribution, national distribution.F Geyrhalter:                 And when you sold it yourself, was it just basically in jars and just hand labeled or like laser printed or how did you sell it? I mean it must've been very, very low key at that point, right?R Tavares:                     No, actually, yeah, it wasn't. If you know me, I don't like to take anything for granted when it comes to aesthetic.F Geyrhalter:                 There you go.R Tavares:                     Pretty much holds true and if you come to my home, everything is merchandised effectively. Same thing with the product. I really wanted to bring forth something that would be marketable at a grocery store level because I did not intend on selling it at farmer's markets. I intended to go directly to buyers because I felt buyers of grocery stores would know if that, if it had legs to stand on. So it was branded and in the jar, the same jar that it is today and they were Italian jars that I sourced, beautiful packaging. It was a different variation of the packaging, but nonetheless, it was still beautiful under the brand name Tava which was the first brand name. But I had to change it to Fourth and Heart after getting a cease and desist.F Geyrhalter:                 I was curious about that. Is that how it happened? Okay, interesting. Very interesting. Well that's a curve ball you didn't necessarily expect.R Tavares:                     No, not at all. But the branding was so important because ghee, it does have the education curve. So when you have that beautiful packaging and branding, at the very least it piques the curiosity and it increases the odds of someone wanting to try something as what can seem like a very obscure ingredient. So that was just so important to have beautiful packaging.F Geyrhalter:                 And it's interesting because even when you were still, working on the Tava brand name, your packaging already won awards. I saw it on Dieline, which is a pretty big, packaging design website. So you were very, as you said, you were very, very design focused. But then with Fourth and Heart, you also did a complete redesign of the entire branding, right?R Tavares:                     Yeah, I did. Originally, when I first founded the company at my yoga studio, there was a young guy that I met there and we started talking about packaging. He was starting a beverage company. He then said that he really loved this agency in Boulder, Colorado called Moxie Sozo. And I called them and they were out of my price range at the time, but I made a note and I said, okay, we'll go back to that. So when I got the cease and desist, we had just done a small friends and family round and I was able to afford a rebrand. So at that point I thought, you know what, let's take advantage of this situation rather than fight a cease and desist and create something even better than we have now, that would be even more marketable to the masses. So that's how Fourth and Heart came to life.F Geyrhalter:                 I see. And let me read some of your brand's copy on your website. Fourth and Heart is an ode to the heart chakra. It's the intersection where most of us get stuck. We think through everything and we really feel our way through it. Our intellect gets in the way. I find the most lasting decisions are heart choices, not hard choices. Fourth and Heart hopes to inspire others through the passion we put into our product and to inspire heart decisions, not hard decisions. We move forward with bold intention and with your hearts in our hearts in mind, we want what we put into our product to move you, motivate you, inspire you.So the brand name is rooted, I suppose in Hindu yogic and chakra, Buddhist tantric traditions. You also ran a successful yoga studio as you mentioned, which you sold in 2008 was the Yogi tribe also your first audience? And was it kind of inspirational to a lot of, not only the language that you use in the name, but also some of the design aspects of your brand?R Tavares:                     Yeah, I think it just comes natural to me that I think that way because I've done yoga for such a long time. I've been practicing yoga for going on 25 years now and so it's kind of in my veins, in my bones, if you will. So it wasn't that the yoga community was my first audience really. It was just that the art and science of yoga is kind of part of my fabric and therefore it just spills over into the brand because the brand is very much a part of me. And I effectively, I wrote that copy for the website.F Geyrhalter:                 Oh great. That's awesome. I love to hear that.R Tavares:                     Yeah. I'm a writer. I love writing too as well. So I thrive on writing and I thrive on creating and it just so happens I'm lucky enough to be able to put all of my favorite things to do into Fourth and Heart.F Geyrhalter:                 And you have a marketing background, correct?R Tavares:                     I do. Yeah, I well, I was a marketing director of marketing at a telecom company way back, well, way back now in San Francisco. And I ran a partner marketing department there.F Geyrhalter:                 Which doesn't sound quite as inspiring as Fourth and Heart.R Tavares:                     It was a great, amazing job actually. I love marketing but, and gave me a good of flexibility. So it was great. But no, of course Fourth and Heart is for sure my passion and one of those things that I'm fortunate to be obsessed with because they say you have to be obsessed with what you do in order to really be able to do it well and every day.F Geyrhalter:                 Oh absolutely. And I have a lot of respect and admiration for people who actually quit their careers and you were at a good point in your career, but you quit it to launch a brand and then especially I have a lot of respect for those who actually go into retail. And then even more so who are not afraid to deal with the FDA and go into food and beverage, which is really, really difficult. But on top of it, you're a woman, you're a mom to two boys. You recently though closed a successful series C round, raising 7.6 million. How do you do it? Like your brand has health and self care at its heart, no pun intended, but do you sometimes feel overwhelmed by it all and suffer some minor anxiety attacks like so many founders do or do you have a trick? Do you have a trick on how you balance mind and body while running your brand and your life and I guess the life of two others? Right.R Tavares:                     I wish I had a trick that was a one size fits all.F Geyrhalter:                 Yes. That's what we need. That's what everyone needs.R Tavares:                     I wish there was an answer for that. I absolutely have bouts of anxiety and it is definitely one of the hardest things I've ever done. I'd say it's as hard as being a parent is because it's something you create so it's like an emotional piece of your person, but at the same time you have to be able to run it like a business. And you can't, you have to actually be able to remove yourself out of that attachment, so to speak. But I would say the way I handle stress and anxiety and balance, everything is with a lot of help. So like I have people helping at home, I have people helping me in the office. It's not a one woman show by any means.So I would say it's me leaning on people and listening to people, sometimes taking advice, sometimes not taking advice, and it's usually, it comes in a wave. So it'll be full throttle, running a thousand miles. And then you know, I always say it's like you're running through the forest and then boom you hit a tree and then you have to sit down and probably just take a beat and then get back to it. Because sometimes there's like a lull and it's calm and everything's going well, and those times I have to sit down and really appreciate those times. Because cause I know the other uphill is just around the corner and there's a lot of unforeseens in food. So it's important to have that downtime where you really meditate and do yoga and take care of yourself. I would say that's the foundation of being able to deal with the accompanying anxiety.F Geyrhalter:                 Absolutely. And it's beautiful that it's part of your entire brand messaging, right? So even when you work, you can kind of be reminded by those thoughts. One of those beautiful quotes you have on your website, which you didn't write it's by Eckhart Tolle, who I'm also a fan of myself. He said life isn't as serious as the mind makes it out to be. And I think that's kind of a nice summary of what we have just talked about. Your tagline is fuel happy. How did it come about? I mean obviously it sounds like most probably you came up with it, but how did it come about? What made it the guiding light for the brand, fuel happy?R Tavares:                     So full disclosure, I did not come up with it.F Geyrhalter:                 Yeah, perfect.R Tavares:                     My branding agents actually did come up with it, but it was definitely a team effort and a lot of brainstorming involved. But I liked it because it was really just about, I always believe that food should be first fuel for your body, and that basically what you put in is what you get out and effectively, pardon the cliche you are what you eat. It's true. So I felt like that embodied all of that messaging, which I find to be very true.F Geyrhalter:                 And it's great. It's punny, right? The idea of feel happy, fuel happy, and there's a lot in there in two words and as a brand strategist, I can appreciate how much you can get out of two words. It's really great.R Tavares:                     Yeah. Not easy to do. Right. We have to appreciate that work, that's for sure.F Geyrhalter:                 Absolutely. Yeah. Talking about one or two words, and I know you knew that this is coming because I usually warn my guests of this one, but what is one word or two words that can describe your brand? I call it the brand DNAs. So Everlane would be transparency. For SAPOs, it would be customer service, or Tony Hsieh would call it most probably happiness. What would it be? What would Fourth and Hearts one word or two word be that could actually describe the brand in its entirety?R Tavares:                     I guess at this current stage where the brand is now it would be wanderlust.F Geyrhalter:                 Huh.R Tavares:                     Or wonder or wonderer, because the brand, we really want the brand to evoke a sense of curiosity and following your bliss. But who's to say where the brand will go?F Geyrhalter:                 Right, right. But I like that. I think that's really interesting. And I think it's interesting because A, the way that the company is currently the brand is expanding into a lot of different, sub product, and I saw a lot more products on the website yesterday than I did a couple of months ago. And I also liked that idea of you actually having to be someone with an open mind to try those type of products and actually exchange some kitchen staples for something totally new. It's a great brand mantra and I agree it doesn't need to stick around forever. Right.What was the big breakthrough moment? Obviously we talked about when you tried out your product at basically at the market, which you didn't really try it out as in like here it isn't in a self made jar, but you already had it designed, it was ready, you just needed to get feedback. But what was that one big breakthrough moments where you just figured, you know what? This is turning into a real thing into real brand, into a major player. When was that moment where you just patted yourself on the back and said, you know what, I think I just made it now?R Tavares:                     Well, I don't know that I feel like I've just made it because I feel like if I embody the feeling of making it, then it will potentially trigger something. It's like if you repeat something over and over again or if you tell something to someone that something has happened that you start to think it did happen and then you won't make it happen. I don't know. It's like this weird theory. So there was a moment where I thought I feel like this has legs and it was probably after 2000 and or a full year of revenue in 2016 and we were in all Whole Foods. So I feel like after we completed a full year of revenue and I knew that the product kept moving, that's when I knew that it had legs.But I always like to feel that there's so much more to grow into then not disguise the possibility for the brand. So it's kind of like a... I think of it in two ways, but sometimes I have to actually remind myself to think of how much we've done and where we've gone and how incredible it is. Because sometimes you get lost in the weeds of the work day. So it's important to sit down and remind yourself of the accomplishments.F Geyrhalter:                 Absolutely. Sometimes you should listen to the intro that I say on the podcast for instance, and actually let it sink in rather than, oh, that's the staple. That's always like that. I mean, seven million dollar funding, you're in Whole Foods, all kinds of stories. It's remarkable and it's especially remarkable while you still have two boys and there's a lot going on. So I'm very, very impressed. Food and beverage founders that I talked to when they know, when they get through the Whole Foods challenge basically, and when they see that after a couple of months at Whole Foods that it's actually picking up and people are repeat customers. That's pretty much it. So it sounded like it's a lot. It's that that was very, very much how it was with you as well. What does branding mean to you? It means a lot, I know, but what does it mean to you?R Tavares:                     Well, it means identity. It means communication, education. There's so much that, inspiration effectively with our brand. That's what I want to do is the, to inspire, to educate, to build the brand identity and so people can also identify back with the brand, and form a connection with the brand as well. And I feel like we've accomplished that so far with existing group of consumers that we have and fans and family and all of that the next phase is going into not, away from the low hanging fruit, so to speak. But I feel like we still have a lot of work to do with our existing community as well. So, yeah, I would say the brand means those four pillars. Educate, inspire, communicate and build identity.F Geyrhalter:                 I love that. And how do you engage with your tribe, so to speak? I know you're doing recipe videos, which are like unscripted, fun, quirky and I know you're extremely active in on Instagram. What are some ways where you feel like there's a really good dialogue going on between you and the people who actually appreciate your product?R Tavares:                     I would say social media would be number one. I will go in myself typically on weekends and just start responding to people, correspond with people there and I'll just usually let them know that is me, if it's me speaking. So I would say there, sometimes I'll go to live speaking engagements at the consumer trade shows as well. I'm communicating often with the consumer. And I would say those would probably be probably be the three times. And then, if it's just an external dialogue wherein I'm just speaking, it's typically on podcasts.F Geyrhalter:                 Right. I see that. I hear that.R Tavares:                     Well, yeah, we do do videos as well. It's just that we paused last year a little bit on the marketing front because we had to focus a bit internally. However, next year we'll be kicking that up again. And my goal is to create eight potentially an IGTV show where I'm doing interviews myself, short interviews with some of our investors or fans or influencers, something that would just be quarterly, to keep it manageable. But we're going to be kicking that, taking that off next year, early next year.F Geyrhalter:                 That's fantastic. That's really cool. What is a piece of brand advice, if you have anything like on top of your mind for founders that might be following your footsteps that might go into a category like food and beverage or just brand advice for any founder as a takeaway? What have you learned in the last years of making your brand into a reality?R Tavares:                     So advice I would give to new new entrepreneurs, I would say that if you're a creative and you have a feeling that you know what you want, that I would be very authentic in your voice and go with your intuition and try to get the message across of what you want to see with a really great professional who can design what you have in your mind and put it on paper. I often actually just sketch it and then I give it to a designer to bring to life.And then if you can also, if you can afford it, I would recommend doing a small consumer study to understand what messaging is important to the consumer to see on the front of the packaging, the back of the packaging. If not, it's not that important. You can probably Google it and then if you're not, if you're a finance operational type, I would find your favorite brands out there and pulled them all together and figure out who did their design, and go to that agency and tell them what you like and what you don't like and get your vision through that way.So I feel like it really depends on what kind of founder you are and lean into that where you can and get support where you need it.F Geyrhalter:                 Great advice. When you talked about consumer studies, do you actually hire a company to do consumer studies or is it something where you basically just say, like you go out there and you just interview people?R Tavares:                     No, we do, we have, it's kind of like a hybrid situation. But yes, we have done consumer studies now that we have more at stake. So, and now we're really curious as to what the consumers are thinking.F Geyrhalter:                 For sure.R Tavares:                     For example, we have a chocolate spread called Chocti, right. And on the packaging, I wanted it to be a hybrid between adult-like and child-like. But at the same time, I didn't really think about how is the consumer going to use this? How are they going to see it? Is it going to be a family, is it going to be a single person? And what we found out after we after the fact, is that probably should have done something more fun and bright and white. And there was probably some hiccups that I could of solved for if I didn't just go with my own wish. Right. So that's kind of an example where I could've probably used some more pragmatic research in the design of the Chocti. But we were still pretty young when that came to life. So, it's just kind of growing pains, but if you can hit it on the front end, that's what I would say to do. Even if it's just like your own, 12 of your best friends in a room with 10 good questions. That could work.F Geyrhalter:                 Totally. Yeah. If you have to bootstrap it, bootstrap it, but if you can afford it, the more information you can get upfront, the more success you will have quickly. Absolutely. Where can me, myself and I find that the chocolate spread and more important, where can our listeners find your products?R Tavares:                     Well, you can find everything in Sprouts. And Whole Foods has all of our products as well. Kroger or Gelson's and Wegmans if you're in the East coast, Publix and then Amazon, of course. Amazon has everything.F Geyrhalter:                 Perfect. Very good. Excellent. Well, thank you Raquel, for making the time to swing by the show. I really appreciate your thoughts on branding and marketing and the entrepreneurial advice that you shared with my listeners.R Tavares:                     Well, thank you so much. I'm honored and flattered to be here and I love what you've done as well, so thank you so much for your time.F Geyrhalter:                 Oh, thank you. And thanks to everyone for listening. Head on over to patreon.com/hittingthemark to show your support. Just like Florian Felipe of Los Angeles who joined this community on the Brandster level, and Devroni Liasoi Lumandan from Malaysia for upgrading to the Co-Brander level. Join the group and learn about the many perks you receive for supporting the show at patreon.com/hittingthemark.This podcast is currently brought to you by Finien, a brand consultancy, creating strategic, verbal and visual brand clarity. You can learn more at Finien and also dive into an assortment of my brand insights while you're there. The Hitting the Mark theme music was written and produced by Happiness Won. I will see you next time when we, once again, we'll be Hitting that Mark. 

This episode is for the amplification, storytelling, and healing of Black men. Our panelists share their experiences at the intersection of Blackness and Masculinity. Our all black, male panel discuss many of the myths and stereotypes that plague Black men in everyday life. Our panelists -- Dr. Bedford Palmer II (MODERATOR) is a licensed counseling psychologist and Associate Professor in the Counseling Department at Saint Mary’s College of California. He also co-hosts the Naming It podcast, where he promotes social justice action and awareness through a psychological lens. (Contact @drbfpalmer) Denzel Herrera-Davis is a storyteller, life coach, and consultant living in Oakland, CA. He is the founder of Create The Space, a novel developmental wellness program for men of color that promotes healing, embraces healthy relationships, and challenges traditional notions of masculinity for men of color through shared vulnerability in community workshops and events. (Contact @create_the_space) Leon Sykes aka Dnas is a Oakland native, educator, On-Air host (Streets Is Talking Radio), founding memeber of #510Day, and community leader. All around champion of all things pertaining to Black Oakland.(Contact @dnastee) William Walker has worked in community organizing, secondary and higher public education, and in government administration roles. He currently works as a Capital Projects Intern with the San Francisco County Transportation Authority and lives in the Lakeview neighborhood of San Francisco. Jesse Byrd is an Award-Winning Children’s Book Author and Oakland Native. Besides his original work, Jesse is creating children’s books for ex-NBA players, Public Figures and Non-Profits. (Contact @b.y.r.d)

In this episode Mark and Florian dive into Taschen, focussing on books, publishing and having the board and c-suite aligned on creating superlative designed experiences. It’s a special model that may not suit all businesses but demonstrates that we are not all built from the same ground up and that different models will apply for different business DNAs. Hosted by: Mark Bergin, Founder & CEO of DRIVENxDESIGN Guests: Florian Kobler, Managing Editor, Marketing & Sales at TASCHEN

Oakland's own, DNas, is the host of both the Streets is Talking radio show and the Thizzler's That's My Word talk show. He was also awarded "Best Model Citizen" by East Bay Express in 2017. Twitter: @Dnas IG: @Dnastee https://www.trapxart.com/

Dnas is the people's champ. Also the host of Streets is Talking Radio and Thizzler’s Thats My Word web show. @Dnastee @Beejus510

"To a canary, a cat is a monster. We are just used to being the cat."As a species that dominates our planet with superior intelligence, human beings often forget about the monster in ourselves and take for granted our hegemony in the food chain. Stories about beasts of sheer size and brutal strength, like Godzilla, sometimes take us by surprise, but for most of us the lumbering kaiju looks more amusing than seriously frightening.On the other hand, smart predators with cunning and resource equal to mankind are a different story, because we homo sapiens are vulnerable against enemies with fangs and claws that can't be outsmarted. That's why the raptor that opened door was scary in Jurassic Park, while the T-Rex couple in "The Lost World" sequel was not.14 years after the last entry to the franchise, the 2015 addition "Jurassic World" has plenty of lessons to draw from. This time they've got the formula right. Indominus Rex, a genetically enhanced predator the size of a Tyrannosaurus rex, is concocted in a research lab as a new attraction for the dinosaur theme park. The combination of DNAs from various unidentified species yields the most lethal killer, the fear of which keeps viewers thrilled despite a stale format.There really isn't anything fresh to see apart from the humongous predator at large. Once again, it is human arrogance and greed that lead to the creation of the beast, once again the dinosaur whisperer scientist with good conscience gives out warnings in vain and once again innocent children need to survive the jaws. Lead actor Chris Pratt tries to play alpha among a pack of raptors, but he is given no chance to cast his pelvic sorcery.In the battle of teeth, humans have no place. In a movie that aims for "bigger, louder and more teeth", character development can be problematic. Chris Pratt is not the only casualty. Also at fault is the park owner Simon Masrani played by Irfan Khan - initially posing as an adorable boss who cares about staff and dinosaur welfare but later reduced to an irresponsible playboy consumed by corporate greed. The worst slip-up, however, is when one of the small boys breaks down over their parent's divorce, despite no previous subtext leading up to this point, nor is the subject addressed ever again thereafter.So compared to the well-organised dinosaur storyline, the human related narrative is almost deliberately ignored. For those of you who merely wish to see more teeth, "Jurassic World" offers a brilliantly executed story, just don't expect it to be perfect.

Dr Ragin talks to ecancertv at the annual AACR congress, Washington DC, 6-10 April 2013, about disparities breast cancer biology by ancestry. European-American (EA) woman have a higher overall incidence of breast cancer than African American (AA) women, yet AA woman have poorer survival outcome, even after controlling for factors related to socioeconomic status. AA women are diagnosed at a younger age with aggressive breast tumours, more frequently ‘triple negative’ due to lack of estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER and PR) expression and negative for HER-2 amplification, as well as, high proliferative indices. These ‘triple negative’ breast cancers are most lethal since hormonal- or anti-HER2 therapy are not effective; therefore, fewer treatment options are available. Currently, the reason for racial disparities in breast cancer biology and early age of onset in AA women is largely unknown. Future analyses include screening a larger cohort of 1000 FFPE tumour DNAs to effectively compare differential methylation with age at onset, and a variety of tumour characteristics and risk factors. Funded by 1 R01 CA133264 to CBA, KD, and MJH, and by Cancer Center Support Grant CA16056 to RPCI.

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a powerful, innovative gene amplification technique which is emerging as an easy to perform and rapid diagnostic tool for detection and identification of microbial diseases. Early and accurate detection is of paramount importance concerning the diagnosis of the highly contagious bacteria Yersinia ruckeri and Renibacterium salmoninarum. An easy to perform diagnostic technique is also required if assays should be carried out in field inquiries. The method provides a single step, reaction tube assay only requiring a temperature-controlled water bath. In the experiments of the presented study, LAMP assays were conducted for Y. ruckeri (the pathogen causing Enteric Redmouth Disease, ERM) and R. salmoninarum (the pathogen causing Bacterial Kidney Disease, BKD). In the case of ERM, the amplified target was a sequence stretch of the gene yruI/yruR encoding the quorum sensing system which controls the expression of virulence genes. In the case of BKD, a sequence stretch of the gene encoding the major soluble antigen protein (p57) in R. salmoninarum was amplified. This protein indicates an active infection because it is the predominant cell surface-associated and secreted protein by the bacterium. The newly established LAMP assays for ERM and BKD enabled amplification of a stretch of each target gene at a temperature of 63°C in less than one hour, with no need of thermal cycling. Assays are carried out with a reaction mix containing four specific primers, the sample and Bst DNA polymerase. Amplification products were detected by visual inspection, agarose gel electrophoresis, and in real-time using a turbidimeter. Assays specificity were demonstrated using DNAs from other related bacteria yielding no amplification product, and by restriction analysis with HphI and EcoRV enzymes producing a specific bands´ pattern of the amplified products. Compared to regular PCR-based detection methods, the developed LAMP assays were consistently faster and ten-fold more sensitive. A safe detection of the specific sequence stretches with high specificity and efficiency was possible using DNA isolated both from bacterial extracts and from clinical fish specimens. These findings showed that LAMP assays are more sensitive than other detection methods such as time consuming culture methods and PCR assays. In conclusion, for the first time LAMP assays developed and optimised to detect Y. ruckeri and R. salmoninarum were introduced as diagnostic tools. In comparison with the performance of already established diagnostic methods, LAMP assays are superior in sensitivity, rapidness, specificity, and cost-efficiency. Both assays are highly appropriate for application in field inquiries to monitor the spread of ERM and BKD.

In maize the transposable elements Activator/Dissociation (Ac/Ds) transpose shortly after replication from one of the two resulting chromatids ("chromatid selectivity"). A model was suggested that explains this phenomenon as a consequence of different Ac transposase binding to holo-, hemi- and unmethylated transposon ends (Wang et al., 1996). It assumes that before replication the element is holomethylated and does not transpose because TPase can not bind to the transposon ends. Shortly after replication one of the two differentially hemimethylated daughter transposons should become transposition competent. However, DNA methylation-mediated replication dependence does not completely explain the behavior of Ac/Ds transposition. In several studies performed in monocot hosts, it was found that in a transient assay Ac/Ds element excision from extrachromosomal geminivirus vectors occurs only during vector replication, although the transfected DNAs were not Cmethylated. In this work the correlation between Ds transposition, DNA replication and DNA methylation in the dicot species Petunia hybrida was studied. Ds reporter vectors harboring TYLCV (Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus) geminivirus replicon sequences and replicating in transfected petunia cells were constructed. It has been shown that the transposition of a Ds element from an extrachromosomal vector in petunia cells is regulated by DNA replication in a methylation-dependent and -independent mode. Holomethylation completely inhibits Ds excision from a non-replicating plasmid, whereas Ds transposition is restored by replication. Moreover, Ds elements that are hemimethylated on one DNA strand transpose in the absence of replication, whereas methylation on the complementary DNA strand results in at least 6.3-fold reduced excision frequencies. These data strongly support the transposition model of Wang et al. (1996). Beyond that, Ds transposition is strongly promoted by replication also in the absence of methylation. It has been shown that in petunia cells, unlike monocot hosts, replication is not a prerequisite for Ds transposition, nevertheless it enhances Ds transposition by at least a factor of 7.5. Moreover, replication promotes the formation of a predominant excision footprint. Implications on the mechanism and regulation of Ac/Ds transposition are discussed.

Comparative genomic in situ hybridization (CGH) provides a new possibility for searching genomes for imbalanced genetic material. Labeled genomic test DNA, prepared from clinical or tumor specimens, is mixed with differently labeled control DNA prepared from cells with normal chromosome complements. The mixed probe is used for chromosomal in situ suppression (CISS) hybridization to normal metaphase spreads (CGH-metaphase spreads). Hybridized test and control DNA sequences are detected via different fluorochromes, e.g., fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and tetraethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC). The ratios of FITC/TRITC fluorescence intensities for each chromosome or chromosome segment should then reflect its relative copy number in the test genome compared with the control genome, e.g., 0.5 for monosomies, 1 for disomies, 1.5 for trisomies, etc. Initially, model experiments were designed to test the accuracy of fluorescence ratio measurements on single chromosomes. DNAs from up to five human chromosome-specific plasmid libraries were labeled with biotin and digoxigenin in different hapten proportions. Probe mixtures were used for CISS hybridization to normal human metaphase spreads and detected with FITC and TRITC. An epifluorescence microscope equipped with a cooled charge coupled device (CCD) camera was used for image acquisition. Procedures for fluorescence ratio measurements were developed on the basis of commercial image analysis software. For hapten ratios 4/1, 1/1 and 1/4, fluorescence ratio values measured for individual chromosomes could be used as a single reliable parameter for chromosome identification. Our findings indicate (1) a tight correlation of fluorescence ratio values with hapten ratios, and (2) the potential of fluorescence ratio measurements for multiple color chromosome painting. Subsequently, genomic test DNAs, prepared from a patient with Down syndrome, from blood of a patient with Tcell prolymphocytic leukemia, and from cultured cells of a renal papillary carcinoma cell line, were applied in CGH experiments. As expected, significant differences in the fluorescence ratios could be measured for chromosome types present in different copy numbers in these test genomes, including a trisomy of chromosome 21, the smallest autosome of the human complement. In addition, chromosome material involved in partial gains and losses of the different tumors could be mapped to their normal chromosome counterparts in CGH-metaphase spreads. An alternative and simpler evaluation procedure based on visual inspection of CCD images of CGH-metaphase spreads also yielded consistent results from several independent observers. Pitfalls, methodological improvements, and potential applications of CGH analyses are discussed.

A modification of reverse chromosome painting was carried out using genomic DNA from tumor cells as a complex probe for chromosomal in situ suppression hybridization to normal metaphase chromsome spreads. Amplified DNA sequences contained in such probes showed specific signals, revealing the normal chromosome positions from which these sequences were derived. As a model system, genomic DNAs were analyzed from three tumor cell lines with amplification units including the proto-oncogene c-myc. The smallest amplification unit was about 90 kb and was present in 16–24 copies; the largest unit was bigger than 600 kb and was present in 16–32 copies. Specific signals that co-localized with a differently labeled c-myc probe on chromosome band 8q24 were obtained with genomic DNA from each cell line. In further experiments, genomic DNA derived from primary tumor material was used in the case of a male patient with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Southern blot analysis using an epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) probe that maps to 7p13 indicated the amplification of sequences from this gene. Using reverse chromosome painting, signals were found both on band 7p13 and bands 12q13–q15. Notably, the signal on 12q13–q15 was consistently stronger. The weaker 7p13 signal showed co-localization with the major signal of the differently labeled EGFR probe. A minor signal of this probe was seen on 12q13, suggesting cross-hybridization to ERB3 sequences homologous to EGFR. The results indicate co-amplification of sequences from bands 12q13–q15, in addition to sequences from band 7p13. Several oncogenes map to 12q13–q15 providing candidate genes for a tumor-associated proto-oncogene amplification. Although the nature of the amplified sequences needs to be clarified, this experiment demonstrates the potential of reverse chromosome painting with genomic tumor DNA for rapidly mapping the normal chromosomal localization of the DNA from which the amplified sequences were derived. In addition, a weaker staining of chromosomes 10 and X was consistently observed indicating that these chromosomes were present in only one copy in the GBM genome. This rapid approach can be used to analyze cases where no metaphase spreads from the tumor material are available. It does not require any preknowledge of amplified sequences and can be applied to screen large numbers of tumors.

We have isolated and characterized four collagen-related c-DNA clones (N-COL 1, N-COL 2, N-COL 3, N-COL 4) that are highly expressed in developing nematocytes in hydra. All four c-DNAs as well as their corresponding transcripts are small in size (600-1,000 bp). The deduced amino acid sequences show that they contain a central region consisting of 14 to 16 Gly-X-Y triplets. This region is flanked amino-terminal by a stretch of 14-23 proline residues and carboxy-terminal by a stretch of 6-9 prolines. At the NH2- and COOH-termini are repeated patterns of cysteine residues that are highly conserved between the molecules. A model is proposed which consists of a central stable collagen triple helix of 12-14 nm length from which three 9-22 nm long polyproline II type helices emerge at both ends. Disulfide linkage between cysteine- rich segments in these helices could lead to the formation of oligomeric network structures. Electrophoretic characterization of nematocyst extracts allows resolution of small proline-rich polypeptides that correspond in size to the cloned sequences.

Various rodent and primate DNAs exhibit a stronger intra- than interspecies cross-hybridization with probes derived from the N-terminal domain exons of human and rat carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-like genes. Southern analyses also reveal that the human and rat CEA gene families are of similar complexity. We counted at least 10 different genes per human haploid genome. In the rat, approximately seven to nine different N-terminal domain exons that presumably represent different genes appear to be present. We were able to assign the corresponding genomic restriction endonuclease fragments to already isolated CEA gene family members of both human and rat. Highly similar subgroups, as found within the human CEA gene family, seem to be absent from the rat genome. Hybridization with an intron probe from the human nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) gene and analysis of DNA sequence data indicate the conservation of noncoding regions among CEA-like genes within primates, implicating that whole gene units may have been duplicated. With the help of a computer program and by calculating the rate of synonymous substitutions, evolutionary trees have been derived. From this, we propose that an independent parallel evolution, leading to different CEA gene families, must have taken place in, at least, the primate and rodent orders.

Chromosome aberrations in two glioma cell lines were analyzed using biotinylated DNA library probes that specifically decorate chromosomes 1, 4, 7, 18 and 22 from pter to qter. Numerical changes, deletions and rearrangements of these chromosomes were radily visualized in metaphase spreads, as well as in early prophase and interphase nuclei. Complete chromosomes, deleted chromosomes and segments of translocated chromosomes were rapidly delineated in very complex karyotypes. Simultaneous hybridizations with additional subregional probes were used to further define aberrant chromosomes. Digital image analysis was used to quantitate the total complement of specific chromosomal DNAs in individual metaphase and interphase cells of each cell line. In spite of the fact that both glioma lines have been passaged in vitro for many years, an under-representation of chromosome 22 and an over-representation of chromosome 7 (specifically 7p) were observed. These observations agree with previous studies on gliomas. In addition, sequences of chromosome 4 were also found to be under-represented, especially in TC 593. These analyses indicate the power of these methods for pinpointing chromosome segments that are altered in specific types of tumors.

The localization of chromosome 18 in human interphase nuclei is demonstrated by use of radioactive and nonradioactive in situ hybridization techniques with a DNA clone designated L1.84. This clone represents a distinct subpopulation of the repetitive human alphoid DNA family, located in the centric region of chromosome 18. Under stringent hybridization conditions hybridization of L1.84 is restricted to chromosome 18 and reflects the number of these chromosomes present in the nuclei, namely, two in normal diploid human cells and three in nuclei from cells with trisomy 18. Under conditions of low stringency, cross-hybridization with other subpopulations of the alphoid DNA family occurs in the centromeric regions of the whole chromosome complement, and numerous hybridization sites are detected over interphase nuclei. Detection of chromosome-specific target DNAs by non-radioactive in situ hybridization with appropriate DNA probes cloned from individual chromosomal subregions presents a rapid means of identifying directly numerical or even structural chromosome aberrations in the interphase nucleus. Present limitations and future applications of interphase cytogenetics are discussed.