Podcasts about wellhausen

This week, Catriona tells us about exciting new developments in using chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells against all forms of blood cancer; and Chris shares what physics can tell us about hand clapping, particularly the best way to clap for measuring acoustics.Wellhausen et al. 2023 “Epitope base editing CD45 in hematopoietic cells enables universal blood cancer immune therapy”: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adi1145(See also https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2023/august/an-immunotherapy-strategy-against-all-blood-cancers)Papadakis & Stavroulakis 2020 "Handclap for Acoustic Measurements: Optimal Application and Limitations: https://doi.org/10.3390/acoustics2020015Fletcher 2013 “Shock waves and the sound of a hand-clap – A simple model”: http://www.acoustics.asn.au/journal/2013/2013_41_2_Fletcher_paper.pdfMann et al. 2013 “The dynamics of audience applause”: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0466

Jesus and the Apostles state that Moses is the author of the first five books of the Old Testament. However, most Old Testament scholars teach that the evidence clearly shows, Moses could not have written the Pentateuch and that it was written hundreds of years after Moses in the 8th century BC. If this is the case, it would put the credibility of the Jesus and the New Testament into question. At a recent conference hosted by the Waialae Baptist Church Pat addressed the challenges of the Wellhausen theory and presented the case for Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch.

Jesus and the Apostles state that Moses is the author of the first five books of the Old Testament. However, most Old Testament scholars teach that the evidence clearly shows, Moses could not have written the Pentateuch and that it was written hundreds of years after Moses in the 8th century BC. If this is the case, it would put the credibility of the Jesus and the New Testament into question. At a recent conference hosted by the Waialae Baptist Church Pat addressed the challenges of the Wellhausen theory and presented the case for Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch.

Cristãos não devem falar na rua da teologia com estranhos. O renomado filósofo (não só entre livros de autoajuda) Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) com certeza seria um deles. E o conhecido cientista bíblico Julius Wellhausen (1844-1918), para muitos, seria igualmente suspeito. Porém, querendo ou não, esses homens mudaram toda a civilização ocidental, seja mostrando uma versão totalmente oposta do que seria a vida e a moral humana sem o cristianismo, seja colocando em xeque como se contava a história do antigo Israel. Qual era a parte da Bíblia que ambos admiravam? E qual será o fim que essa rua da teologia alemã levou? Veja uma transcrição deste episódio no blog da Pilgrim. A Pilgrim oferece a seus assinantes tanto obras seculares de filosofia como a de Nietzsche quanto de estudiosos bíblicos importantes como Wellhausen. Acesse e descubra hoje mesmo! _____ PARA SE APROFUNDAR Rodrigo Rocha. “Sobre a história de Israel como história da desnaturação dos valores naturais em O Anticristo de Nietzsche: a propósito da influência de Julius Wellhausen”. Revista Trágica: estudos sobre Nietzsche. Collin Cornell. “A Sharp Break: Childs, Wellhausen, and Theo-referentiality”. Harvard Theological Review. Jaco Gericke. “The Hebrew Bible in Nietzsche's Philosophy of Religion”. Journal for Semitics. Stacy Davis. “Unapologetic Apologetics: Julius Wellhausen, Anti-Judaism, and Hebrew Bible Scholarship”. Religions. Julius Wellhausen. Prolegomena to the history of ancient Israel. Trad. J. Sutherland Black e Allan Menzies. Friedrich Nietzsche. O anticristo. Trad. Diego Trevisan. SCHMID, Konrad. A historical theology of the Hebrew Bible. Trad. Peter Altmann. _____ JÁ CONHECE A PILGRIM? A nossa plataforma oferece acesso a conteúdos cristãos de qualidade no formato que você preferir. Na Pilgrim você encontra audiolivros, ebooks, palestras, resumos, livros impressos e artigos para cada momento do seu dia e da sua vida: https://thepilgrim.com.br/ _____ SEJA PILGRIM PREMIUM Seja um assinante da Pilgrim e tenha acesso a mais de 9000 livros, cursos, artigos e muito mais em uma única assinatura mensal: https://thepilgrim.com.br/seja-um-assinante Quais as vantagens? Acesso aos originais Pilgrim + Download ilimitado para ouvir offline + Acesso a mais de 9.000 títulos! + Frete grátis na compra de livros impressos em nossa loja _____ SIGA A PILGRIM No Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/pilgrim.app/ no Twitter: https://twitter.com/AppPilgrim no TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@pilgrimapp e no YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy1lBN2eNOdL_dJtKnQZlCw Entre em contato através do contato@thepilgrim.com.br. Em suma é um podcast original Pilgrim. Todos os direitos reservados. O ponto de vista deste texto é de responsabilidade de seu(s) autor(es) e colaboradores diretos, não refletindo necessariamente a posição da Pilgrim ou de sua equipe de profissionais.

Bully #119 Mit 22 Jahren das Karriereende? Mitnichten! Unser Gast startet jetzt erst richtig durch. Henry Wellhausen hat mit dem aktiven Eishockey aufgehört und ist von nun an als Trainer im Nachwuchsbereich in seiner Heimatstadt bei den Löwen Frankfurt aktiv. Wie kommt man dazu? Frank erzählt Helmut, das er am Wochenende in Dinslaken beim Eishockey war. Mitten im Sommer. Hockey is Diversity haben zu ihrem dritten Hockey meets Punk-Spiel eingeladen. Ausgabe 119 ist ready!

Chris Wellhausen was the final photo editor for both SNOWBOARDER Magazine and Transworld Snowboarding before taking a role as photo editor of the Men's Journal. From his start as a dedicated East Coast snowboarder to the pilgrimage to the west, Chris followed the same path as any core riders, befo0re picking g up a camera and finding his calling. The rest, as some salt is history.      Today's episode brought to you by Artilect http://artilect.studio Cardiff Snowcraft http://cardiffsnow.com Tow Pro Lifts http://towpro-lifts.com Owner Operator HTTP://owneroperator.us United Shapes  http://unitedshapes.us 686 Outerwear http://686.com Electrovoice Microphones http://electrovoice.com  Oakley Snowboarding http://oakley.com The Baldface Lodge http://baldface.com     Help support The Snowboard Project: http://patreon.com/thesnowboardproject  

Baylee Wellhausen played hockey at the University of Wisconsin from 2014-2018 and went to 4 straight Frozen Fours.  She talks about growing up in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, being a Badgers fan, how she got into hockey, and her family ties to the sport.  Baylee describes playing hockey with the boys when she was younger, choosing to attend the Minnesota boarding school Shattuck-St. Mary's for high school, her outstanding hockey career there, and playing for U-18 Women's National Team.  She then details her recruiting process, why she chose Wisconsin, her relationship with Head Coach Mark Johnson, playing in the competitive WCHA, scoring a ton of great goals, making it to 4 consecutive Frozen Fours, and loving her overall college experience.  Baylee discusses leaving hockey after graduation, but recently getting back into it and playing professionally in the PWHPA, coaching youth boys hockey, working, and getting her Masters degree.

How were the books of the Bible selected? What should we do if we have a hard time reading the Bible? How does the Bible apply to daily life? In this episode, Tim, Jon, and Carissa respond to your questions from the Paradigm series so far. Thanks to our audience for all your incredible questions!View full show notes from this episode →Timestamps Do Christians Need To Have a Daily Quiet Time? (0:38)What's the Difference Between Inspired and Inerrant? (9:57)What Bible Did Jesus Use? (31:09)Should We Call the Bible the Word of God? (37:14)Should the Apocryphal Books Be in the Protestant Bible? (45:40)What About the JEDP Theory? (55:52)How Should We Apply Scripture to Our Lives? (1:03:30)What Do You Do if the Bible Was Used Against You? (1:09:20)Referenced ResourcesThe Chicago Statement on Biblical InerrancyFive Views on Biblical Inerrancy (Counterpoints: Bible and Theology), J. MerrickThe Pentateuch: International Perspectives on Current Research, Thomas DozemanParadigm Change in Pentateuchal Research, Matthias Armgart“Was the Documentary Hypothesis Tainted by Wellhausen's Antisemitism?,” Alan T. LevensonInterested in more? Check out Tim's library here.Show Music “Defender (Instrumental)” by TENTSShow produced by Cooper Peltz. Edited by Dan Gummel and Zach McKinley. Show notes by Lindsey Ponder. Powered and distributed by Simplecast.

Dr. Bud Steadman continues his series -Seven Men Who Rule the World From the Grave- with a study on Julius Wellhausen-...

What Do We Know About International Investment? What allows countries to borrow and to attract investment? Often the answer emphasizes the ability to make credible commitments, and this is often supposed to be easier for countries with democratic institutions. For some countries—often supposed to be those with weaker domestic institutions—agreeing to submit disputes to international investment arbitration is thought to be a way to make promises credible. Many in the civil society arena absolutely hate investment arbitration, thinking it is unfair to borrower countries. The rejoinder, of course, is that it is necessary to enable investment. As it turns out, we actually know relatively little about the factors that enable governments to make credible promises. Rachel Wellhausen (Texas) is one of the foremost experts in the political economy of international investment and finance. Her work spans the investment arbitration system, the relevance of the so-called “democratic advantage,” and other fundamental questions. She joins us to talk about the ability of governments to attract investment. Producer: Leanna Doty

In the 3rd episode of the Red Thread Podcast, Neil and Harry take us on a fairly brisk but in depth look through some key moments in the creation stories, and thoughts about what this means for our ideas of Scripture.Things we mentioned that you might want to look up: Genesis - the first book of the BibleCreationism - Belief that the universe was created in 6 or 7 days. This comes in a variety of flavours, with people thinking ‘day’ means either a literal day or just ‘a period of time’. What all Creationists share is a commitment to the ‘literal’ truth of Genesis 1-2:4.Documentary Hypothesis - The theory that the first five books of the Bible are made up of earlier written documents. The editors of the Torah took these documents and wove them into a single text. The theory was introduced in the 19th century by Julius Wellhausen. Though the theory has started to be picked apart by scholars, the basic insight remains that the Torah is made up of earlier stories, passed on in songs, liturgy, written sources and oral traditions. There’s a lot of discussion about all of this at the moment, so when I talk about it in the podcast, I’m mostly giving one version.Priestly source - When Wellhausen came up with the Documentary Hypothesis he said there were 4 written documents from which the Torah was made. The Priestly source is one of them. Even though people doubt the existence of all 4 of these sources now, they still think the Priestly source might have existed.Jahwist - Another of the 4 sources Wellhausen talked about (the other 2 where the Elohist and the Deuteronomist, usually shortened to their first letters, so JEPD).‘Seams’ - The bits in the Bible where two of the ‘sources’ are joined. Sometimes an editor will have added a sentence or a few words to smooth the transition. Worth looking for, I think we’re supposed to notice the seams.Myths from Mesopotamian by Stephanie Dalley - a book I mentioned which has all these older stories we’ve been talking about. There are easier versions. For a start, to get into this material, I’d go for the Penguin version of the Gilgamesh Epic. Enuna Elish - A Babylonian poem about the rise of the god Marduk to being the top god at Babylon. It contains a section describing how Marduk created the universe, and Genesis 1 echoes it at several points. It’s in the Dalley book just recommended.Tiamat - A goddess in Babylonian mythology. The ‘baddy’ in Enuma ElishQingu - Tiamat’s main general. His blood, mixed with clay, is used to make humanity in Enuma Elish.Canaanite - the people just to the north of the Israelites. The poems/stories of the Canaanites can be read in Ugaritic Narrative Poetry by Simon B. ParkerBaal - a god in Canaanite mythology. A storm god.King James Version - An older translation of the Bible, from the 16th century. Was the standard translation for several hundred years.

The WIAC announced sports were returning February first. That includes UWSP Pointers athletics.Noah Manderfeld talks with the track and field team's Brooke Wellhausen and Jared Schrang, as well as head coach Brett Witt. They talk about the 45 minute dance party Wellhausen had when she found out the news and how excited they are to get back on the track.If you have any episode ideas, feel free to email sports@wsaw.com. We'd love to hear from you.

La hipótesis documentaria, hipótesis documental (DH) o hipótesis de Wellhausen, propone que los primeros cinco escritos del Antiguo Testamento (Génesis, Éxodo, Levítico, Números y Deuteronomio, que juntos se conocen como la Torá o Pentateuco) son una combinación de documentos que provienen de cuatro fuentes de origen y narrativa originalmente independiente, que eran fuentes paralelas, y que se combinaron posteriormente por una serie de redactores (editores) y dieron origen al Pentateuco como lo conocemos en la actualidad. El creyente necesita saber que Yahshua acreditó que Moisés escribió la torah

Sunday Morning 6/21/2020

Based on the book Seven Men Who Rule the World from the Grave this episode looks at the contribution Julius Wellhausen made to biblical studies. If you have a concern about the purity and power of Scripture in people's lives you'll want to hear this episode. 

Biblical scholarship has grown a lot over the centuries but there are some ideas that are just so good they never go away! On this episode of the podcast, Pete looks at one of those foundational ideas: Julius Wellhausen’s documentary hypothesis. Wellhausen and others saw inconsistencies in the Old Testament and their discoveries shaped how we understand the historicity of the Bible.  Show Notes →

Host Abhishek Mukund is joined by Rachel Wellhausen to discuss President Trump’s incoherent trade policy, his shift toward bilateral deals, and a compare and contrast of how this President is similar to prior Presidents. Professor Wellhausen makes a prediction of President Trump’s trade policies will be heading into his final two years of his first term, as well as a look at what it could be should President Trump get re-elected.

Mustnâ??t God be condemned for crimes against humanity, e.g., the murder of the Egyptian firstborn in Exodus? In the Garden of Eden did animals have the ability to achieve immortality if they had access to the Tree of Life? Why were they punished with death due to the misdeeds of Adam and Eve? In the flood stories, why did Yahweh cause so much death and suffering among animals? Since animals are incapable of sin, why were they punished along with humans? Is the Wellhausen thesis still used today? Did the gospel writers know of the epistles? What did Simon Magus claim for himself?

Continuamos con nuestra serie de la era patriarcal. La vida de Isaac nos ofrece muchas coordenadas históricas, pistas, retos de interpretación dada la concurrencia de múltiples anacronismos que para gusto de muchos evidencian distintas capas compositivas del relato y apoyan fuertemente la hipótesis documental de Wellhausen. Un interesante, rico y denso capítulo.

Continue to explore the history of biblical theology. In the 17th Century and Post-Reformation Period we have J.P. Gabler who held that we must classify and study each particular text, compare various parts of the Canon to determine where it converges and diverges from the rest of Scripture, and look for universal truths. G. L. Bauer separates Old and New Testament theologies into distinct camps. For J. Semler, the Old and New Testaments are different religions and his agenda is what is operative today in the academy. For H. Gunkel, ". . . the spirit of historical investigation has now taken the place of a traditional doctrine of inspiration." Consider doing theology from the Old Testament. Ebeling states, "We must be after the inner unity of the manifold testimony of the Bible." In the 19th Century we have Wellhausen and the Document Hypothesis. In the early 20th Century the Church and Academy united against national socialism. 1930-1960 is known as the "Golden Age of Old Testament Theology". Old Testament theology was not a history of religions' approach nor did it say that the historical critical method was totally bankrupt. Renewed theological interests exerted a pressure back on to the exegesis.

Julius Wellhausen (Book Study, Author Dave Breese) from 7 Men Who Rule the World from the Grave by Dr. Randy White. Released: 2017. Track 3. Genre: Speech. Additional Materials: ( Outline | Video | Website | YouTubeChannel | ZoHo ) The post Julius Wellhausen (Book Study, Author Dave Breese) appeared first on RWM Podcasts.

We examine the Documentary Hypothesis of the Pentateuch–the idea that the first five books of the Bible did not originate with Moses but were originally […]

Did the author of Acts have a copy of the Pauline and deutero-Pauline epistles in hand and use the (scant) biographical information in them to help him craft stories in his pseudo historical narrative so Acts would match the already extant letters? When I mentioned reading Wellhausen, my professor suggested his opinions, while correct on the sources of the OT, were in other areas considered generally anti-Semitic? Any basis for this? Do you consider terrorism an ancient phenomenon, and specifically one with biblical precedent? With Jesus taking the role of Sophia, what is the need for the Holy Spirit, and why does it become part of the Godhead? Shouldn't apologists drop the argument that, since Jews had no notion of a resurrection of a dead man before the Eschaton, only an actual case of it could have eventuated in belief in Jesus' resurrection? After all, Mark tells us that Jesus' contemporaries believed him to be John the Baptizer raised from the dead, so I guess they could conceive of it happening after all! Is the NT debate over faith vs works anachronistic for the period 40-60 AD? What do you think of apologists destroying mummy masks to hunt for gospel fragments? What books in the bible do we have a clear idea regarding their authorship?

In the Pre-modern tradition of Irenaeus and Calvin, there was understanding of the fundamental unity of the Old and New Testament. Irenaeus held that the fathers received and accepted revelation from the Son himself. Calvin held that the Old and New Testament converge on God’s revelation of himself in Jesus Christ. In modern times, recognition of the shared subject matter between the Old and New Testament has been lost. This lecture investigates the Critical approach and the loss of the figural or typological approach to reading the Old Testament. Explore how according to Wellhausen and Duhm, the prophets were creators of Israel's religion and its monotheistic claims. The Form-Critical approach or emphasis on the oral tradition of prophetic literature is also covered with its intention to isolate forms of speech from their literary context. Come to understand that the prophets speak in both a foretelling and forthtelling way.

Learn how Wellhausen's view of Israel's history is a move away from free and uninhibited worship to a stilted and lifeless religion based on written legislation. Wellhausen is remembered most for the idea of the Documentary Hypothesis or JEDP (Jahwist, Elohist, Deuteronomist, and Priestly) as the source critical understanding of the Old Testament. Wellhausen holds that the Penteteuch is an amalgamation of these four sources and it is up to the scholar to identify and sort the books into these categories. JEDP became an issue that sent a rip current into the life of the church and academe.

Nathan Gilmour moderates a conversation with David Grubbs and Michial Farmer about about the documentary hypothesis, a tool that Bible scholars have used, abused, and disputed for some hundred and thirty years. At stake are the character of Biblical inspiration and the operation of God in the world, and we have a good discussion not only about historical reactions to the theory but also regarding the theological ramifications. Among the writers and artifacts discussed are The Fundamentals, Prolegomenon to the History of Israel, and Biblical Scholarship.

In this 127th episode of CS, titled “Then Away,” we give a brief account of the rise of Theological Liberalism.In the previous episodes, we charted the revivals that marked the 18th and 19th centuries. Social transformation is a mark of such revivals. But not all those engaged in the betterment of society were motivated by a passion to serve God by serving their fellow Man. At the same time that revival swept though many churches, others stood aloof and held back from being carried away into what they deemed as “religious fanaticism.”As Enlightenment ideas moved into and through the religious community, some theologians shifted to accommodate what had become the darling ideas of academia. Instead of becoming outright agnostics, they sought to wed rationalism with theology and arrived at an amalgam we'll call Theological Liberalism.Not to be outdone by Revivalists transforming culture through the power of The Gospel and a conviction they were to be salt and light in a dark and decaying world, Liberalism developed what came to be called The Social Gospel; a faith that emphasized doing as much, if not more than, believing.The name most associated with the Social Gospel is Walter Rauschenbusch. He began pastoring a Baptist church in New York in 1886. It was there that he came face to face with the desperate condition of the poor.  He joined the faculty of Colgate-Rochester Theological Seminary, where over the course of 10 years he wrote 3 books that were hugely influential in promoting the Social Gospel.Someone might say at this point >> You've used that phrase a couple of times now. What's ‘The Social Gospel'?”The Social Gospel was a movement among Protestant denominations in the early 20th century, mainly in the United States and Canada, but a limited expression in Europe. It addressed social problems with Christian ethics. Its main targets were issues of social justice like poverty, addiction, crime, racism, pollution, child labor, and war. Advocates of the Social Gospel sought to implement that line in the Lord's Prayer that says, “Your Kingdom Come, Your will be done, on Earth as it is in Heaven.”Advocates of the Social Gospel were usually post-millennialists who believed the Second Coming would not occur unless humanity rid itself of injustice and vice. The leaders of the movement were largely connected to the liberal wing of the Progressive Movement.The Social Gospel movement peaked in the early 20th century. It began to decline due to the trauma brought about by WWI, when the ideals of the movement were so badly abused by world events. A couple of under-pinnings of theological liberalism are the Brotherhood of Man and the innate goodness of human beings. WWI conspired to prove the lie to both assumptions and create doubt in the minds of millions that humans are good or could be a brotherhood.Though Rauschenbusch's early theology included a belief in original sin and the need for personal salvation, by the time he'd written his last tome, he regarded sin as an impersonal social ill and taught that reform would arrive with the demise of capitalism, the advance of socialism, and the establishment of the Kingdom of God by human effort. His views were accepted by such prominent spokesmen as Shailer Matthews and Shirley Jackson Case of the University of Chicago.Rauschenbusch's impact was combined with other developments in liberalism during the 19th century. Unitarianism had made deep inroads into mainline denominations under the leadership of William Ellery Channing and Theodore Parker. Channing's sermon “Unitarian Christianity” in 1819, deserves credit for launching the Unitarianism movement.Another influential figure of the 19th C was Horace Bushnell. He published Christian Nurture in 1847, arguing that a child ought to grow up in covenant with God, never knowing he was anything but a Christian. This was contrary to the Pietist emphasis on having a datable conversion experience. Bushnell's ideas of growing a child up from birth in a covenant of grace had a huge impact on Christian educators for generations.In addition to Theodore Parker's support of Unitarianism, he introduced German biblical criticism into American Christianity. By doing so, the way was opened for Darwinian evolution and the ideas of Julius Wellhausen. Wellhausen was one of the originators of the Documentary Hypothesis, which forms the core of much of modern liberal scholarship on the Bible to this day.These influences led to a creeping theological liberalism based on the twin postulates of the evolution of religion and a denial of the supernatural. In their place emerged the idea of the Fatherhood of God, the Brotherhood of Man, and the establishment of God's Kingdom as a natural outcome of evolution.Three German scholars were also central to the development of Theological liberalism: Schleiermacher, Ritschl, and Harnack.Friedrich Schleiermacher adapted the ideas of Existentialism to Christianity and said that the core of faith wasn't what one believed so much as what one FELT, what we experience. Religion, he urged, involved a feeling of absolute dependence on God. For Schleiermacher, doctrine hung on experience, not the other way around. Today, a mature Christian might counsel a neophyte, saying something like, “Don't let feelings control you.” Or, “We need to evaluate our experiences by God's Word, not the other way around.” Schleiermacher would disagree with that. In his view, experience VALIDATES doctrine. Feels are key. A Faith that isn't felt is no faith at all, he maintained.Albert Ritschl claimed Christ's death had nothing to do with the payment of a penalty for sin. He said it resulted from loyalty to His calling of bringing about the Kingdom of God on Earth, and that it was by His death that He could share his experience of Sonship with all people, who would then become the vehicle and means by which the Kingdom could be constructed. The practice of a communal religion was of vital importance to Ritschl because Christ best shared Himself through the community of the Church. Ritschl's impact on other scholars was great.Probably the most affected by Ritschl's works was Adolf Harnack. Harnack regarded the contributions of the Apostle Paul to the Gospel as a Greek intrusion on the Christian Faith. His goal was to get back to a more primitive and Jewish emphasis that centered on ethical imperatives as opposed to doctrine. As a professor in Berlin in 1901 he published his influential What Is Christianity? This focused on Jesus' human qualities, who preached not about Himself but about the Father; the Kingdom and the Fatherhood of God; a higher righteousness; and the command to love.The views of these three German scholars came ashore in America to further the liberal ideas already underway.If Theological Liberalism with its Social Gospel were a reaction to the Revivals of the 18th and 19th centuries, those who'd been revived were not going to sit idly by as that liberalism grew. They responded with a movement of their own.Charles Briggs, a professor at Union Theological Seminary in New York, was put on trial before the Presbytery of New York and suspended from ministry in 1893 for promulgating liberal ideas. Henry Smith of Lane Seminary in Cincinnati was likewise defrocked that same year, as was AC McGiffert for holding and teaching similar views. Other denominations had heresy trials and dismissed or disciplined offenders. The most famous conflict of the 20th century concerned Harry Emerson Fosdick, who in 1925 was removed as pastor of First Presbyterian Church of New York City to became an influential spokesman for liberalism as the pastor of Riverside Church.Roman Catholicism wasn't immune to the impact of theological liberalism and reacted strongly against it. Alfred Loisy, founded Roman Catholic Modernism in France, but was dismissed in 1893 from his professorship at the Institut Catholique in Paris. He was further excommunicated in 1908. The English Jesuit George Tyrrell was demoted in 1899 and died out of fellowship with the church. Liberalism invaded American Roman Catholicism. To silence the threat, Pope Pius X issued the decree Lamentabili in 1907, and in 1910 he imposed an anti-modernist oath on the clergy.In contest with Liberalism, Evangelicals had a number of able scholars during the latter part of the 19th and early part of the 20th centuries. Charles Hodge defended a supernaturally-inspired and inerrant Bible during his long tenure as professor of biblical literature and theology at Princeton. AA Hodge carried on his father's work. In 1887, BB Warfield followed Hodges as professor of theology. Fluent in Hebrew, Greek, modern languages, theology, and biblical criticism, Warfield staunchly defended the inerrancy of Scripture and basic evangelical doctrines in a score of books and numerous pamphlets. In 1900, the scholarly Robert Dick Wilson joined the Princeton faculty, and J Gresham Machen [Mah khen] arrived shortly after. In 1929, when a liberal realignment occurred at Princeton, Machen and Wilson joined Oswald Allis, Cornelius Van Til, and others in founding Westminster Theological Seminary. Other scholars could be mentioned, but these were some of the most prestigious.This movement came to be known as Fundamentalism; a word with a largely negative connotation today as it conjures up the idea of wild-eyed religious fanatics who advocate violence as a means of defending and promulgating their beliefs. Christian Fundamentalism was simply a theologically conservative movement that sought to preserve and articulate classic, orthodox beliefs on the essentials of the Christians Faith. They were called Fundamentals because they were regarded as those doctrines essential to the integrity of the Gospel message; things that had to be believed in order to be saved.Fundamentalism was largely a reaction to Theological Liberalism which appeared to many Evangelicals to be taking over the colleges and seminaries. Liberalism wasn't popular with the average church-goer. It founds it's base among academics and those training clergy. But evangelical leaders knew what began in classrooms would soon be preached in pulpits, then practiced in pews. So they began the counter-movement called Fundamentalism.Since Theological Liberals had already managed to co-opt the chairs of many institutions of higher learning, they cast their Fundamentalist opponents as uneducated and unsophisticated nincompoops. Knuckle-dragging theological Neanderthals who couldn't comprehend the complexities of higher criticism and the latest in theological research. That image has, for many, become part and parcel of the connotative meaning of the word Fundamentalist today. And it's grossly unfair since those early Evangelical scholars who shaped the Fundamentalist movement were some of the brightest, best-educated, and most erudite people of the day.