The Asianometry Podcast

Right now, TSMC Arizona's completed Fab 21 Phase 1 consumes about 18,000 cubic meters of water every day. That's about 4.75 million gallons of water, each day. And there are two more phases coming up. Semiconductor manufacturing is water intensive and that has made some people anxious about TSMC's arrival to the Arizona desert. More than a few people have asked, "Don't these fabs use a ton of water? Why are we building them in the desert?" The answer of course is that Phoenix offers TSMC certain things that are not easily found elsewhere. Water is scarce there, sure. But it is not impossible to find, the amounts are manageable, and it can be recycled. Some claim the facility is stealing water from farmers. Saying, “You can't eat chips!” (Technically you can) The implication being we can only have one or the other. I don't think that's true. Farms use way more water than TSMC. In today's video, I want to revisit the fab in the desert and take a dip into the water situation.

Singapore was once rated as one of the world's most food secure countries. Though 90% of their food is imported, it is imported from 170+ countries around the world. But in 2019 - climate change concerns led the government to try to produce 30% of its nutritional needs locally by 2030. Without greatly expanding farmland. They called it 30 by 30. But the policy struggled to find its footing and in November 2025, the government waved the white flag and dropped it. In today's video, Singapore's failed local agricultural aspirations. The right goal at the wrong time.

In 1991, three once-fierce enemies - Apple, IBM, and Motorola - formed an alliance. At the press conference, IBM president Jack Kuehler proclaimed that their partnership would launch a "renaissance in technological innovation". Apple CEO John Sculley added that it would be "the bridge over the great divide to a new object frontier". Whatever that means. The most visible product of this threesome was PowerPC. A super-fast chip architecture made to take on Intel's solidifying monopoly. In today's video, a story about hitting monopolies head-on, the original Apple Silicon: PowerPC.

All indications point to TSMC's N2 process node being a beautiful one. TSMC recently discussed their 2nm process node at IEDM 2024, calling it the "world's most advanced logic technology". N2's headlining feature is of course the Gate-All-Around transistor. Its first major transistor transition in nearly 15 years. But there is another new technology being inserted into the node: The Curvilinear mask, or masks with curved lines. TSMC's first node with curvy masks. Curves. Big whoop, right? It matters because these masks unlock the power of GPUs for semiconductor manufacturing. In this video, TSMC's curvy masks for its 2nm node.

In 1994, Apple began offering licenses to produce Macintosh clone computers. The move came nearly 10 years late. Windows already had 80% market share then, leaving Apple with just about 7%. Apple had hoped to sign a big company. Instead they got a small startup called Power Computing. But as Power quickly exploded from 0 to $130 million to nearly $400 million in annual revenue...Apple started to get second thoughts. In today's video, the explosive rise and collapse of the Mac Clone king.

For over 20 years until the end of the 1920s, the American catalog home boomed and busted. The whole business model was fascinating. Flip through this wonderfully illustrated catalog from Sears or Aladdin Homes, find a house, and then buy. Then they shipped you the house. Your house is now in the mail! How did this industry suddenly explode into being? And what eventually ended it? In this video, let us dive into the rise and fall of the kit houses in the catalogs.

I came across a super interesting article from 1988, titled "Australia's new world-standard IC foundry". It profiled a leading-edge silicon fab built by an Australian electronics company I had never heard of: Amalgamated Wireless Australasia, or AWA. In the 20th century, AWA produced radios, televisions, and other electronics. They were once Australia's largest electronics company. And in the 1980s, they built one of the world's most advanced semiconductor fabs. Sadly, it was torn down for reasons I scarcely believe. In today's video, we cover one of Australia's most iconic companies. Now forgotten.

Last week, I got on a plane and flew from Taipei to Phoenix, Arizona to visit SEMICON West. For the first time ever, the semiconductor industry's biggest show is in Phoenix. I spoke to a lot of people on the floor and attended as many presentations as I could. Everyone was amazing and I learned a lot. Five years after TSMC's fateful 2020 announcement, the Phoenix semiconductor industry has been on fire. Figuratively. In this video, a vibe check into America's semiconductor boom. Yes it's real.

In the beginning, people stored addresses, telephone numbers, and dates in little books. Sometimes called organizers. These paper books were popular and some became fashion statements. A particularly famous one was the luxurious, leather-bound Filofax. In the 1980s, new technologies enabled the rise of a new category of electronic tools to replace those books. Those devices' innovations take us right into the modern era of smartphones. In this sprawling, globe-spanning video, we look at the Personal Digital Assistant, the PDA.

As of this writing in summer 2025, parts of the United Kingdom are experiencing drought conditions. Which is strange to me because I figured that it is always raining in the British Isles. But here we are. Turns out that droughts do indeed happen in England. And they aren't too uncommon either. Which makes a strong water supply system essential. Over thirty years ago in 1989, England and Wales privatized its water industry, selling them into the public markets. Today, several of those companies - including the largest - teeter from excessive debt and huge infrastructure bills. How did this happen? In today's video, a brief history of the momentous 1989 water privatization and the debt crisis it created.

In April 1978, a Marxist-Leninist party overthrew the government of Afghanistan. They then established a new country: the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. The news shocked the world. Over history, conquerors from Alexander the Great to Genghis Khan to Babur of the Mughal Empire to Nadir Shah of Iran have all carved their ways through Afghanistan - inflicting untold damage. But in the 1950s and 1960s, the country - led by several strongmen - seemed to be on a modernizing path. So how did the Communists pull off such a shocking takeover? In this video, we look at how the Communists took Afghanistan.

Can AI help find the next breakthrough material? One of my side quests on this long world trip has been chasing the answer to this question. AI-accelerated materials discovery is fascinating to me because the right material at the right time can revolutionize economy and society. Yet the process of material discovery has little changed from the 20th century: Sweaty, repetitive trial-and-error or dumb serendipity. In a prior video, I mentioned Periodic Labs, which raised $200 million from A16Z at a billion dollar valuation. But they are not alone in the space. In the United States, we have Orbital Materials and Radical AI. As well as Dunia Innovations and RARA Factory in Europe. I know there might be two or so more I haven't heard of. Not to mention DeepMind and Google doing work here as well. Are all of these guys chasing ghosts? Over the past few months, I have read some things and spoke to some people. In today's video, some scattered thoughts on AI-accelerated material discovery. Is it real?

My first thought when I heard about Manna was that drone delivery didn't work. Just look at the tech giants Amazon and Google. In 2013, then-CEO Jeff Bezos announced on the CBS TV show 60 Minutes that Amazon was testing deliveries with drones. A year later, Google/Alphabet subsidiary Wing started up their drone work too. Yet after a decade, delivery especially in the US is still done by a guy in a truck. And nothing about that seemed to be changing anytime soon. But then I listened to Ben Thompson's interview with Manna's CEO and founder Bobby Healy. Bobby sounded like he knew the business rather well. And so, I decided to make some time to come to Dublin to do a visit. After five long years in Europe, the drone delivery industry is starting to take off. In today's video, I flew to Ireland to visit a drone delivery startup, and they answered every question I had.

It is 1982. And word in the United States is that the Japanese have made a sushi robot. The newspaper headlines had a blast. "You can have sushi robot for a mere $1.6 million yen", or "Japanese shops resist tide of automation" or "Sushi shop owners at sea over robot in Japan". And when the machine first obtained export clearance to the US, we got the gem "Sushi Robot invasion slices into West Coast". My initial impression of the first Sushi Robot was that it did something with the fish. Cutting it or something. I was wrong. The first Sushi Robot was a rice machine. In today's video, we go back yet again to my favorite carb. And discuss the machine that industrialized the art of sushi.

In the beginning, 2D NAND had only one way to scale. Making the cells smaller. That eventually hit a technical wall. Now what? It is all over, right? WRONG! We go UP, baby! The results are astonishing. 3D NAND is perhaps the most scalable semiconductor product ever mass produced. In today's video, we talk 3D NAND.

I visited the Bay Area again after a year for another round of talks and visits. The AI boom is entering its third year. In some ways, that is young. To compare, the mobile boom at three years had yet to see the iPhone 4. The App Store was just taking off. Year three for the AI Boom feels different. It feels like things are becoming for sure. Certain assumptions and feelings are locking in. At the same time, the OpenAI dream has fired up a new generation of builders. And for that reason, I think Silicon Valley is more exciting than it has been for many years. As always, this write-up is all about vibes. No data. But the thing to realize is that we must embrace the vibes. Since that's how things seem to operate nowadays.

In the early 1970s, a small agency of about 81 people backed by some of Washington state's local utilities decided to build five nuclear power plants. Simultaneously. And it went about as well as you might think. With the country's biggest municipal bond bankruptcy up until then. And four abandoned power stations. The story of Washington Public Power Supply System's attempt to pull off America's most complicated construction project is a fascinating mix of civil service, bad estimates, nuclear immaturity, and just plain mismanagement. In this video, a good old-fashioned American nuclear energy debacle.

I have always found it amusing that the canonical story of technology disruption had nothing to do with silicon, PCs, SaaS, or AI. It involved steel. The late great Clayton Christensen mentioned the minimills in his 1997 book, the Innovator's Dilemma. He wrote that minimill steelmaking was a disruptive technology, one that emerged like the Mongols to take down a complacent empire. Was that what really happened? The whole thing has always fascinated me. In today's video, the conquest of the minimills. A story of pure disruption.

In August 2025, the Wall Street Journal reported that the United States Government is considering to take a financial stake in Intel. A bit later, Bloomberg reported that the US Government is looking to take a 10% stake via CHIPS Act money. The Intel situation is fluid. And my style of work is not suited for these strange, 24-second news cycle. Things change on a dime. But I have an idea that I want to write about. One of Intel's problems is that its old monopoly is dying. So to revive it, I think Intel should get access to Nvidia's crown jewels. In today's video, a modest proposal regarding Intel.

Is it a database software? An operating system? It's both. Produced by Richard Pick, nicknamed "Dick", (Yes, I know) Pick OS is older than SQL, UNIX, or CP/M. I have never seen anything like it, and the people who use it tend to love it to death. In today's video, we explore a unique database software plus operating system.

Back in 1987, flash memory cost about $80,000 per gigabyte. Twenty years later in 2007, prices had fallen to just $10 per gigabyte. By 2014, just 27 cents. And then as of this writing, spot prices were quoting just about two cents per gigabyte. That is some insane scaling. Moore's Law might have faltered...in the logic world. But it is still alive and well in flash memory, particularly the variant known as NAND. In fact, one can argue that flash memory - first NOR and then NAND - has been one of the most successful semiconductor products ever made. In this video, the 60-year evolution of flash memory.

Nongfu Spring emerged out of China's Thousand Island Lake to become the country's largest water seller. Today, its founder is China's richest man, more or less, with a fortune valued at nearly $60 billion. The history of Mainland China's bottled water industry is wild with episodes of scandal, health pseudoscience, and random bouts of cancel culture. How much drama can a water company twist open? You might be surprised. In this video, a Chinese water business.

Over the past two decades, the semiconductor industry has successfully pushed the limits to deliver more raw compute. A wild success, really. A 2025 Nvidia B200 GPU has 178,000 times more Floating Point Operations Per Second, or FLOPs than a top-of-the-line Intel CPU in the late 1990s. Unfortunately, we don't fully benefit thanks to limits - or "walls", so to say - that keep us from taking full advantage of all that new raw power. One such wall is the memory wall - where semiconductor memories like DRAM have not scaled as fast as the compute has. I have covered this before. But in recent years, another bottleneck has presented itself: One relating to IO bandwidth. In response, the industry has been working on a silicon photonic solution. In today's video, we talk about a technology trend that has been over a decade in the making: Co-packaged optics.

Visa Inc is synonymous with the credit card. But for all the oomph that Visa has there, they have the debit card market in an even tighter grip. Depending on what source you use, Visa facilitates 60-75% of debit card transactions in the US. In comparison, they processed "just" 50-60% of credit card transactions. It was not always like this. Visa first entered the debit card industry in the 1970s, but resoundingly failed. But when the late 1980s saw the rise of a potential threat to its formidable US credit card business, Visa adjusted its strategy and swiped into action. In this video, the rise of Visa's debit card monopoly, specifically in the United States.

At the 2024 SPIE Advanced Lithography and Patterning Symposium, Ann Kelleher, a top Intel manufacturing executive, mentioned something called Directed Self-Assembly or DSA. In that presentation, she called DSA a key innovation for cost-effective scaling, and said it had to be brought to High Volume Manufacturing. Intel later presented results of a DSA workflow that can "heal" errors in EUV lithography - potentially cutting costs by a dramatic amount. But what is DSA? DSA has been around for over 30 years. It was once positioned to be a replacement for photolithography, but now is seen as a complement to it. But will the fabs adopt it? In today's video, a bottoms-up way to pattern the ever-shrinking lines of our semiconductors: Directed Self Assembly, or DSA.

A phone with flashy bright lights and eight speakers. A phone with a massive battery. Falsely labeled of course. Olympics-branded phones. Cigarette pack phones. And of course, the "Motorpola". The mid-2000s saw the wild and wooly rise of a bandit phone industry in the People's Republic of China. Fueled by incredible consumer demand for mobile phones, a faulty regulatory system and a Taiwanese chipmaker. Whatever happened to those companies? Why couldn't they compete? In today's video, the mid-2000s and the wave of Chinese bandit phones.

Saudi Arabia had long known that it had a weakness: Food. Seeking to end its dependency on food imports, Saudi Arabia in 1980 embarked on a massive self-sufficiency program fueled by oil money and fossil water. That program eventually focused on a single water thirsty crop: Wheat. Things got a bit out of control. In the mid-1980s and early 1990s, Saudi Arabia pumped more groundwater than oil. And 5% of the entire 1991 Saudi budget was being spent on growing more wheat than anyone can eat. In today's video, a noble policy with long-running water consequences.

The 787 is a fascinating machine. Conceived for a changing, rapidly digitizing world, it leveraged new materials and emerging computational methods to produce unprecedented gains. In today's video, an techno-economic exploration of what brought about the 787 and its challenging design. And how the computer helped it soar.

It was going to be the year of the UNIX desktop. On March 27th 1984, the telephone giant AT&T announced that they will make computers and compete with IBM. At the centerpiece of AT&T's market strategy was the legendary operating system, UNIX. Powerful and “open”, AT&T saw UNIX as key to beating Big Blue. A year later, they released their first UNIX PC. Guess what happened next? In today's video, that time AT&T attempted to use UNIX to become a computer company.

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a computer in possession of a hot chip, must be in want of a good cooling system. The problem of cooling has been an issue for as long as computers existed, and tightly intertwines with semiconductor history. To riff off a very famous computer designer who shall appear later, it begins with scientists and ends with plumbers. In today's video, a whirlwind tour of the many methods we have employed over the years to keep our computers cool.

In the early 2000s, the Japanese press referred to Sony, Sanyo and Sharp as the 3S. Sanyo has this fascinating history. A ubiquitous Japanese electronics brand I saw all the time growing up. The company rode a wave of economic growth and globalization. But like other Japanese companies of this first generation, they failed to adapt. In today's video, the life and times of Sanyo.

In June 2025, Nippon Steel acquired US Steel, with the US government retaining a "Golden Share". Nippon Steel first announced the $14.9 billion acquisition back in December 2023. And the Japanese steel giant has pursued the deal despite competing American bids, union disapproval, and seemingly insurmountable political opposition. US Steel was once the world's biggest steel company and remains America's third largest steelmaker. They now face considerable challenges. Nippon Steel was also once the world's largest steel company. And they now face substantial challenges. The two are now together. In this video, Nippon Steel's historic acquisition of US Steel.

Unlike other state-owned oil giants like Saudi Arabia's Saudi Aramco or Norway's Equinor...Brazil's Petrobras was founded without meaningful oil reserves. Bit strange isn't it? But for decades, Brazilians believed that their country had oil. And they persisted in that belief despite words and data saying otherwise. And their faith was rewarded! Turns out there was oil in Brazil. It just wasn't on land. In this video, how Brazil learned to drill its deepwater oil.

Before smartphones, there was little interest in mobile wireless broadband. Mobile operators only had to carry voice signals and a low data rate of 8-10 kilobits per second was more than enough for that. So from 1G to 3G, operators focused instead on improving their economics, by increasing how many calls can be made within a particular cell with the same amount of spectrum. Then in the mid-2000s came the smartphone, which turned wireless broadband into a real customer demand. Which meant drastically raising data transfer rates. But how are operators going to do that without buying vast sums of bandwidth? Or pumping huge amounts of power into the signal? What the industry devised and adopted was deviously clever. In this video, the story of Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output or MIMO.

DRAM has been the graveyard of semiconductor empires. Competing in this market is not for the faint of heart. After decades, the DRAM industry consolidated to just three big companies: Samsung, SK Hynix, and Micron. But now they are being challenged by a new kid on the block. A Chinese DRAM monster emerging out of Hefei: ChangXin Memory Technologies, or CXMT (長鑫存儲). In today's video, we profile the third of the People's Republic of China's semiconductor titans: CXMT.

Solar and wind are some of the fastest growing energy sources. One problem is that they are intermittent. It is not always windy and the sun sets. Seasons change, cutting daylight hours. So on. To deal with this, we need a way to store electricity for use during times of peak demand: Energy storage. In this video, a simple and reliable energy storage scheme that has been used for decades and is now somewhat back in vogue. A lake up on a hill.

Gene therapies are the most expensive drugs in the world. And that is because producing a viral vector for "in vivo" gene therapy is arguably the most complicated process ever attempted at scale in biopharmaceuticals. In a prior video, I talked about the Chinese hamster's revolutionary impact on scaling antibody manufacturing. Today, let's double-click on that (hate this phrase). In this video, we look at the history and complex manufacturing issues of viral vector gene therapy.

Stop me if you've heard this one before. A big computer costing hundreds of thousands of dollars. Running a special programming language fine-tuned for big AI programs...and these programs can replace human experts, process military information, and do advanced math. Sounds familiar, no? Except this all happened four decades ago. In the 1980s, a new industry of cult AI computers emerged amidst an AI boom. The largest of which generated millions of dollars, before it all came crashing down. For today's video...some say it is the finest programming environment ever created...and that its users only gave it up when PC silicon got 50,000 times faster...all we know is...it's called a LISP machine!

In May 2025, I rode along with the research firm SemiAnalysis on a datacenter information field trip in Malaysia and Singapore. They did not sponsor this video. I paid my own way. We drove out to actual data center sites. We went through some impressive security, and sat down with the operators to talk about their jobs and the industry. And to an extent, we went inside. I was allowed to photograph a few things. In other places, I can only do a quick and ugly sketch. The datacenter boom in Southeast Asia is hot. But challenges loom due to shortages in certain resources, as well as world geopolitics. In today's video, some first-hand notes and observations from the heart of the data center boom in Southeast Asia.

In May 2025, rice prices in Japan hit 4,233 yen or about $30 per five kilograms - about twice as high as they were a year ago. Prices have gone up for over 15 weeks in a row. In response, the Japanese government released 600,000 tons of rice from its emergency food stockpiles - usually stored for natural disasters like earthquakes. But prices remain high. Supermarkets in Japan are announcing they will sell rice from other countries like South Korea and...even gasp America! Yes, I am talking about that most blasphemous of rice strains: Calrose. Japan is nearly 100% self sufficient in rice. On the surface, that is something to be proud of. But not so much when you consider the system built around that number. In today's video, we return to my favorite carb, and dive into Japan's ongoing rice price crisis.

In January 2025, ESKOM, South Africa's electricity monopoly, announced its first round of load-shedding in over ten months. Load shedding basically meaning rolling blackouts to prevent the grid from collapsing. 2024 had been a good year (relatively). Just 83 days of load-shedding. Not too bad after 332 days in 2023, and over 200 days of power cuts in 2022. ESKOM is one of South Africa's biggest companies. It is also arguably its most important. And it is in shambles. In this video, the story of a state-owned electricity monopoly that triggered an energy crisis.

For decades, modern agriculture depended on fertilizing nitrates mined out of a South American desert. These mines were the world's only such sources of nitrates. So valuable that three countries went to war over them. These nitrate riches, monopolized by foreigners, were wiped away thanks to one of the most famous chemical processes in history. But it took longer than you think. In this video, the glorious nitrates mining boom, the countries who bled for it, the men who monopolized it, and the technologies that ended it.

For nearly forty years, Chemically Amplified Resists or CARs (say it separately) dominated the semiconductor industry. But technological changes present opportunities for major industrial shifts. And the introduction of EUV is perhaps the biggest technological change in the past 10 years. EUV's rise has opened the door to a perhaps-revolutionary new photoresist, and two very interesting new players supporting them. In this video, we talk about the new metal oxide and dry resists, developed for the EUV era and beyond.

Per Bloomberg, in 2024 lithium-ion battery pack prices fell 20% to $115 per kilowatt-hour. It is the biggest price cut since 2017. At these prices, it is cheaper to buy Chinese even with tariffs of 25%, 35% and perhaps 120%. Central to this trend are the price and technology developments going on in a specific type of battery: Lithium Ion Iron Phosphate or LFP. LFP batteries were once seen as cheap and low-end, suffering fundamental chemistry weaknesses. Leave it to China to engineer their way around such limits. In this video, one of the most revolutionary cost curves in energy history. China and the LFP.

A femtosecond is one quadrillionth of a second. Or to put it another way. A femtosecond is one millionth of one billionth of a second. A femtosecond is to a second what a second is to 32 million years. There are more femtoseconds in a single second than there are hours passed since the Big Bang. Fact, eight times more. In a femtosecond, light travels just 300 nanometers. The femtosecond laser shoots pulses at femtosecond intervals. And that lets us observe fast-moving phenomena in physics, chemistry and more as they happen. And out in the real world, the femtosecond laser has been used in things as varied as nuclear fusion to semiconductors to LASIK. It sounds impossible. In today's video, the femtosecond laser breakthrough.

In March 1974, the French government unveiled the Messmer plan. It called for a massive nuclear energy construction spree to raise nuclear's share of electricity generation in France from 8% to over 70% by 1985. The relevant phrase was "all nuclear" (le tout-nucléaire). The results were undeniable. Amidst an oil crisis in 1973, France relied on imported oil for 67% of its total energy needs. And nuclear delivered. By 2000, nuclear supplied nearly 80% of France's electricity and nearly 40% of its total energy. In this video, one of the greatest runs of nuclear energy construction in world history.

For decades, semiconductor fabs tolerated—and even expected—bad yields. Less than 50%, sometimes as low as 10%. Credible die yield data is rare, but here's a market analysis from the late 1980s for the US Trade Representative during the US-Japan semiconductor dispute. It implies that when American and Japanese firms began 16K DRAM in 1978, yields were about 2%. Laughably low, but expected. And they stayed low. By 1984, US 16K DRAM yield hit 36%. Japan: 48%—better, still bad. Six years later! Now look at TSMC's N5/N4 node, about 4–5 years old. Trade secrets, but N4 yields are around 80%. What's going on? 6-micron process vs. 4-nanometer. The latter is far harder. Yet we're hitting 80–90% yields. Is it a conspiracy? No—the fabs opened their third eyes. With new tools, they began inspecting and improving. In this video: how automated inspection tools revolutionized chip fabrication.

While attending an ASML presentation at SEMICON Korea, I noticed a tidbit on one of the slides. A key part of their future EUV roadmap has been growing the power source to 800 watts or more. But it had not been super clear to me how they were going to do that, other than maybe raising the speed of the tin pellets. Then I saw the slide and it showed something new, at least to me. Three laser pulses rather than two. Now how about that? No, this is not an Onion article. This looks to be real. In this video, I want to talk about lasers and EUV light sources. And how three is better than two.

Last year during my trip to Silicon Valley, I was invited to visit a company called PsiQuantum. When you think about quantum computing, your mind might conjure up those chandeliers. Qubits plunged to super cold temperatures. PsiQuantum is working on something a little different. Quantum computing using photons. In this video, a form of quantum compute with intriguing possibilities. Does it “work” like silicon does today? Is quantum compute really here? I can't really answer those questions in this video. But we can explore the ideas and the ideas are certainly mind-bending.

What was the world's top selling drug in 2023? Maybe the magic weight losing drug semaglutide, better known as Ozempic? Or the COVID vaccine perchance? Nope. 2023's top selling drug was an antibody, Keytruda, with about $25 billion in sales. $27 billion projected for 2024. In fact, five of the top ten best selling drugs in 2023 were antibodies. Antibody therapies revolutionized medicine. We have long known they can. The problem has always been how to make them the right way and at industrial scale. Today it is done with the help of a hamster. Or rather its cells. In this video, the incredible story of the hamster that revolutionized medicine. This is one of my favorite videos of the year.

Vitamins are organic molecules that we need to survive. You do not need a lot of them, but if you go without them for too long then deficiencies result. And then you are going to be in for a bad time. Science helped us discover the magical life-saving properties of these vitamins. Engineering helped us scale and bring them everywhere. And cartels helped a few shadowy companies monopolize them for profit. This really happened. In this video, we look at vitamins and the secret, international cabal manipulating their prices for almost a decade.