Podcasts about Io

# SEO-Friendly Podcast Episode Description## James Webb Space Telescope: Latest Discoveries from Spiral Galaxies to Icy Giants | Space News UpdateJoin the Space Cowboy for a comprehensive journey through the latest James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) discoveries in this captivating astronomy podcast episode. From distant spiral galaxies to our solar system's ice giants, explore the frontier of space science with your soft-spoken guide to the cosmos.**In This Episode:**

Abbonati a questo canale e accedi a diversi vantaggi: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_2OzUw2mnLmlqFEzNzzUjw/joinDopo tanto parlare di Io e non-io, è il momento di passare all'azione: qual è il compito dell'uomo secondo Fichte?Diventa un supporter di questo podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/dentro-alla-filosofia--4778244/support.

Ha capito che , in un tipo di teatro umano, la gente «ha fame di emozione» e che questo è molto più importante del “fatto bene”. In questa intervista con Malcom Pagani, Francesco Montanari racconta di essere cresciuto all'Alessandrino, «quartiere complesso», pieno di «contraddizioni» e di parrocchia, dove «sei ciò che fai». Studia senza fatica, sfida i professori leggendo Topolino dopo aver preso dieci e scopre presto di «non essere un genio» e che la disciplina è una forma di salvezza. Poi l'epifania della recitazione con Frate Remigio, l'Accademia fino al successo improvviso di Romanzo Criminale, con lo sguardo del Libanese nato da un «convincimi». E subito dopo il silenzio: i provini che non arrivano, il teatro come allenamento e sopravvivenza. E la domanda che resta è quella di un amico gesuita: «Io so chi sono. Tu lo sai chi sei?». Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On Sunday, Morningline.IO presents the China Doll Stakes at Santa Anita as the Race of the Day. Catch the analysis from Gino Buccola and Mike Beer here.

Who dares to make predictions in the current landscape? We do!  Our Predictions are back. Will our track-record continue on a high or will we be fundamentally wrong? Listen in to our Predictions for 2026 Navigation: Intro What will 2026 be all about? AI, AI and … more AI The big Hardware movements Of Start-ups and VCs Regulatory & Geopolitical Headwinds… and the Wars Fintech, Crypto and Frontier Tech Conclusion Our co-hosts: Bertrand Schmitt, Entrepreneur in Residence at Red River West, co-founder of App Annie / Data.ai, business angel, advisor to startups and VC funds, @bschmitt Nuno Goncalves Pedro, Investor, Managing Partner, Founder at Chamaeleon, @ngpedro Our show:   Tech DECIPHERED brings you the Entrepreneur and Investor views on Big Tech, VC and Start-up news, opinion pieces and research. We decipher their meaning, and add inside knowledge and context. Being nerds, we also discuss the latest gadgets and pop culture news Subscribe To Our Podcast Bertrand Schmitt Introduction Welcome to Tech Deciphered Episode 74. That would be an episode about some predictions about 2026. What will be 2026 all about? I guess this year is probably starting with a bang. We saw the acquisition of xAI by SpaceX. We saw an acquisition from Grok by NVIDIA. What’s your take about what would be the big themes in 2026? I guess it would be for sure about AI and space. Nuno Goncalves Pedro What will 2026 be all about? Yeah. I predict a year that will be a little bit more of a year of reckoning in some way. There will be a lot of things that I think we’ll start seeing through. The fact that we are in the midst of an amazing transformational era for technology, the use of AI, but at the same time, obviously, a ridiculous bubble that is going alongside it as we’ve discussed in previous episodes. I think that we’ll start seeing some early reckonings of that, companies that might start failing, floundering, maybe a couple of frauds along the way, etc. I’ll tell you what I will not make many predictions about today, which is geopolitics. Geopolitics, I will not make predictions at all. Who the hell knows what’s going to happen to the world this year in 2026? I don’t dare making any predictions on that. Back to things where I would make predictions. I think on AI, we’ll have a little bit of reckoning. We’ll talk about it a little bit more in detail during this episode. Interesting elements around the hardware and physical space. Physical space, we just dedicated a full episode to it. We won’t go into a lot of details on that, but definitely on the hardware side, we’ll talk a little bit more about it. The VC landscape is going through an incredible transformation. We’ll talk about it today as well and some of our predictions for this year. What will happen to the asset class? It seems to be transforming itself dramatically. Obviously, that has a very direct impact on startups, so we’ll talk about that as well. And then to close a little bit the chapter on this, we will address some regulatory and geopolitical, let’s call it, headwinds without making maybe too many complex predictions. We shall see. Maybe by that time of the episode, we will be making some predictions. You guys should stay and listen to us, and maybe we will actually make some predictions about the geopolitical transformations that we will see this year in the world. Then last but not the least, we’ll talk about fintech, crypto, frontier tech, and a couple of other areas before concluding the episode. A classic predictions’ episode. We normally have a pretty good track record on some of these, but right now, the world is going a bit interesting, not to say insane. Bertrand Schmitt Yes, and going back to some news, Groq technically was not acquired, but, practically, it’s as if it got acquired. I’m talking about Groq, G-R-O-Q. The AI semiconductor company focused on inference AI, and it was late December. It was a way to end the year. This year, we started again with an acquisition of xAI by its sister company, SpaceX. I guess that’s where we are starting. AI, AI and … more AI We are going to start on AI. That’s definitely the big stuff. Everything these days, I guess, is about AI or has to have some connection with AI, or it doesn’t matter. I think every company in the world has seen that. You have to have the absolute minimum on AI strategy. You better execute on this strategy and show results, I would say. For the companies that were not AI native, you truly have to have a way to transform yourself. I guess at some point, the stretch might be too much, and it’s not really reasonable. Then you maybe better stay on what you are doing, especially if you’re in tech, you better be moving faster to AI. Nuno Goncalves Pedro Just to highlight, and I think throughout the episode, you’ll see that there’re obviously a lot of implications that would manifest themselves into capital markets. I mean, we’ll specifically talk about VCs and startups later on. But the fact that everything needs to be AI, the fact that there’s so much innovation happening right now, in my opinion, and this is maybe the first pre-topic to AI, is we’ll see a tremendous increase in M&A activity this year across the board. I mean, we’ve seen already some big acquihires we mentioned in some of our previous episodes, but we’ll see a lot more activity on M&A this year. Normally, that’s a precursor to the opening of capital markets. I predict also that there will be a reopening of the IPO market that never really reopened last year, to be honest. M&A, a lot more, reopening of the IPO market. Normally, it happens in the second or third quarter of the year. That’s what my M&A friends tell me. First quarter of year, everyone’s figuring out stuff. Then last quarter of the year, things should be more or less closed. Maybe the third quarter is the big quarter. We shall see. But definitely, as a precursor to our conversation today, I think we’ll see a lot of M&A, and we’ll see reopening of the IPO mark. Bertrand Schmitt I guess last year was not as big as you could expect on M&A given the tariff situation announced in April and May. I mean, it became quite tough to do IPO in such market conditions. Definitely, we can hope for something dramatically different in 2026. I guess talking about public markets and IPO, I guess the big one everyone is waiting for is SpaceX. SpaceX getting even more interesting with its xAI acquisition. Nuno Goncalves Pedro Do you think that because of the acquisition, it’s more likely that it will happen this year, or because of the acquisition, it’s less likely that it will happen this year? Bertrand Schmitt That’s a good question. My guess is the acquisition of xAI is all about xAI needing more financing and cheaper financing. This acquisition is a pathway to that. SpaceX being a much bigger company, a company that is also making much more revenues. I could bet that there is higher probability that, actually, SpaceX will go public in order to finance itself. At the same time, will it have enough time to prepare itself for the IPO given this acquisition just happened? Can they do that in 6 months? I mean, if anyone can do it, I guess it’s Elon Musk. It’s a strategy to present an even more attractive company with an even more interesting story, a story of vertical integration from AI to space. I guess the story as it’s presented itself right now, it’s one about having your AI data centers in space. Because in space, you have much better solar energy production with solar panels. You have a perfect cooling situation because you are in space. Thanks to Starlink, you have the mean to communicate between the satellites and with Earth itself. I think if someone can pull up a story like AI data center in space, I guess Elon Musk can. There is, of course, a lot of questions about is it practical? Is it economical? Yes. I certainly agree. I’m not clear on the mass, and can you make it work? Again, I mean, Elon Musk single-handedly, with SpaceX, managed to transform the space market on its head. I mean, they are the biggest satellite launching company in the world. They have the most satellites in the world. I mean, I’m not sure I would bet against him, and I guess I would probably believe that he could pull up something. Time frames, different story. The 2-3 years data center in space for AI as cheap as on Earth, I have more trouble with that one. I mean, it’s a usual suspect with Elon Musk. You promise something unachievable in a few years, but, ultimately, you still manage to reach it in 5 or 10. Again, I would not bet against the strategy. Nuno Goncalves Pedro Yeah. I’ve talked to a couple of space experts, people that have launched rockets, and have worked JPL, NASA, and a couple of other places, etc. For what it’s worth, their feedback is, “No way in hell, and we’re decades away.” We’ll see. I mean, to your point, Elon has pulled very dramatic stuff. Not as fast as he normally says he’s going to pull it, but within a time span that we all see it. Difficult to bet against him. In terms of actually the prediction, maybe to respond to the prediction as well, will SpaceX IPO? I’m going to make a prediction that has a very high likelihood of missing the mark, but I think Tesla’s going to buy and merge them both into it. It’s going to become a public company through Tesla. That’s my hypothesis. Bertrand Schmitt No. That’s supposed to be it. That’s how you solve that. Nuno Goncalves Pedro And Elon controls the whole universe. X, xAI, Tesla, SpaceX, all under one umbrella beautifully run. And SolarCity is well in there, of course, so wonderful. Bertrand Schmitt That’s possible. Certainly, you are not the only one thinking Tesla will acquire or merge with SpaceX. To remind everyone, Tesla is around 1.3, 1.5 trillion market cap. Depending on the day, SpaceX seems to be valued at similar range, 1.2, 1.3 trillion. It looks like it’s the most valued private company at this stage. These are companies of similar size, so that’s one piece of the puzzle. When you think about the combined company, we could be talking about a 3 trillion entity. Playing right here with the biggest companies in the marketplace today. Nuno Goncalves Pedro With a couple of tweets from Elon, it will rapidly get to 4 to 5 trillion. Bertrand Schmitt That’s so tricky. Nuno Goncalves Pedro Yes. On AI and back to AI, one thing I think that we’re about to see is this will probably be the year of agentic AI. Obviously, we predict a lot of growth on that side of the fence, in particular on the enterprise B2B side. We see a lot of opportunities coming through. From our perspective, at least at Chamaeleon, we generally believe that there’s going to be a lot of movements on agentic AI. It’s also going to be probably the year of the first big fails of agentic AI that will be newsworthy. There will be some elements about that loop and how it gets closed that will happen. I think we might see some scandals already. We’re already seeing the social network of bots talking to bots. We will see other scandals going on this year even in the consumer space and in the bot to bot space, which we now can talk about or in the AI agent to AI agent space. My prediction is we will see some move forwards. There’ll be some dramatic funding rounds along the way. We’ll see a couple of really cool things out of the gates coming out that are really impressive, but we’ll also see the first big misses of the technology stack. I don’t think we’ll go fully mainstream yet this year, so it’s probably maybe something more for 2027 along the way. That would be my prediction again. I think enterprise will lead the way. We’ll definitely see a lot of stuff on consumer as well that is cool. Then we’ll all have our own personal assistance in our hands, basically, literally in our phones. Bertrand Schmitt Going back to agentic AI, we also started the year with some pretty dramatic move. I mean, the launch of Clawdbot, renamed OpenClaw. I mean, this stuff took fire in like a week or 2. It was coded by just one person who actually didn’t even code the product but used AI to build the product, 100% used AI, proposing some new ways also to leverage AI to do coding. He has a pretty unique approach. It’s not vibe coding. I would say it’s a better way to do that. Then the surprising evolution with the launch of a social network for AI agents, Moltbook. I mean, this stuff, probably there is some fake in it. But at the same time, I think it’s quite impressive because it’s the first time we see truly 100,000 plus agents communicating directly to each other. Yeah. I mean, that’s the first time we see surfacing the possibility of some sort of hive mind on the Internet. It’s pretty surprising. Right now, all of this is a hack done in a few days. By end of year, by 2 years, 3 years, we might discover that, actually, the best approach to AI might not be the AI assistant like we are doing today, but a combination of hundreds of thousands of AI working closely together. We might be witnessing the first sign of new intelligence in a way. Nuno Goncalves Pedro Things like this social network might either be Skynet, the beginning of Skynet. They might be the beginning of Her, or they might just be a fad and nothing really happens. It’s just interesting to see what these agents are doing. Bertrand Schmitt Totally. Nuno Goncalves Pedro Obviously, there are real and clear and present dangers of some of the integrations of AI we’re seeing in the market. Interesting enough, and I’ll ask you for your prediction a bit, Bertrand. I think we’ll probably see the first big mishap of AI being used in some infrastructural decision in the age of AI. I mean, we’ve seen AI issues in the past and software issues in the past. We talked in previous episodes about that as well. Mishaps of software that have led to people dying. But I think probably the first big mishap will happen this year as well. Very public mishap of the use of AI and serve its interactions with infrastructure or something that’s very platform related, etc, that will have big impact that everyone will notice. That’s my prediction for the year as well. We’ll have the first big oops moment, as I would call it, for AI in this new age of full on AI. Bertrand Schmitt I would say first some perspective. I think today, people are not using AI directly for life and death decision, at least not that I’m aware. We’re not going to let AI fly a plane, for instance, tomorrow so you can be, reassured. At the same time, given there is such a race to AI, there definitely might be some mistakes. We were talking about the social network for AI agents, Moltbook. Apparently, all the keys used to secure the AI were shared by mistake because it was not properly locked down. We can see that indirectly, mistakes will be made for sure. Two, it’s highly probable that some people will trust AI too much to do some stuff, and this stuff might not work and might have some grave consequence. Hopefully, there is not so much of this. Hopefully, it’s mostly AI used for the good. But you’re right. I mean, at some point, the more we use the technology, the more there would be issue. I mean, it’s highly probable. Nuno Goncalves Pedro That will lead me to another prediction, which is, and we’ll talk about more of it later, but it probably will lead to the first significant movement in terms of regulatory environment certainly in the US at some point if it happens in the US in particular, where there will be some movement that will be like, “Hey, you guys can’t do this anymore.” Because this will probably emerge from mismanaged interfaces. From systems having access to stuff that they shouldn’t have access to in the first place. Talking a little bit more about what’s happening in AI. You’ve already mentioned some of the issues that relate actually to security and cybersecurity. We keep talking about AI. We keep talking about all these infrastructure pieces and platforms that are being built. I think we’ll have a lot more incidents like the one you just mentioned where things will be shared that shouldn’t have been shared, where people will break systems and get into it, etc. Let’s see where that takes us, which is a little bit ironic because, obviously, with AI, the promise is that cybersecurity becomes more robust as well because there’re agents working on our behalf on the cybersecurity side. There’s also agents working on the other side. Bertrand Schmitt It’s a constant race. It’s the attackers, defenders. Each time you have new technology, you have a new race to who is going to attack or defend the best. Each new wave of technology, it’s an opportunity to challenge the status quo. Nuno Goncalves Pedro The attackers have been winning, and I feel they’ll continue winning in 2026. I think it’s going to still be a year of attack. We’ll see more and more breaches, more and more stuff that will happen. Bertrand Schmitt I don’t know if they will win. I mean, it’s normal that they win once in a while. For sure, some infrastructure is not updated as it should. Some stuff are not managed as it should, so there will always be breaches. I don’t know if things are dramatically going to change because, again, everyone who cares who is going to update his infrastructure with AI for defense. There is no question that you have no choice. We will see. That I don’t know. For sure, AI will be used to attack directly with AI. Maybe you’re able to do bigger, larger scale attack. Or thanks to AI, you are simply able to create new type of attacks more easily. AI can be used behind the scene as a way to prepare and organise new type of attacks, even if it’s not used directly live in the battle. Nuno Goncalves Pedro One topic that we’ll come back to later is the geopolitics of everything, but maybe more broadly. On the geopolitics of AI, it’s very clear that we have an arms race going on. Obviously, the US on the one hand, China on the other hand is the two extremes, putting tremendous amount of capital into data centers just at the base of that infrastructure. Chipset development, chipset access, a huge theme in terms of the export restrictions, etc, that are being forced by the US. I think it will continue. From a European standpoint, obviously, they’re stuck between a rock and a hard place, to be very honest. Let’s see what happens on that side of the fence. My view of the world is that certainly from a US and China perspective, we’re going to see a lot more movements in 2026, like big movements. The Chinese movements we always see in delay.  It takes us a couple of months, sometimes even more than that to understand exactly what’s going on. I think we’re going to see some huge moves this year in terms of the States, the United States of America, and China really pouring capital into the creation of the next big winners around AI. I think the US is obviously more visible. We see a lot of these companies. We’ve just discussed xAI and its acquisition by SpaceX or merger. I don’t know what they’re calling it exactly. Effectively, on the China side, the movements I think are already very big. As I said, it will take a while to figure out exactly what those moves are. One thing that I propose is that at some point, China will have very little dependency on chipsets from the US. I’m not sure it’s going to happen this year, but I think the writing is on the wall. Irrespective of any other geopolitical issues that is coming to the fore at this moment in time. That’s one of the key areas or in arenas of fight. Bertrand Schmitt It makes sense. If you are China, you will look at what happened. You would think that you cannot just depend on the largest of one country. It makes rational sense, the same way it makes rational sense for the US to limit exports to China because there is value to delay some peer pressure that could use these technologies for good but also for bad. If you were an ally of the US, that would be one thing. But when you are not an ally of the US, that certainly should be a different perspective. Maybe one last point concerning agents, I think there will be a lot that will revolve around coding. We can see OpenAI with Codex. We can see Cloud with code. There was, of course, [inaudible 00:18:28] that was trying to be big on agentic coding. I think agentic coding was one of the big transformation in 2025 and is going to get bigger in 2026. I think for a lot of people who do coding, there was a radical transformation in terms of what you can achieve, what you can do, how much you can trust AI to help you code. I start to think we might see this year, the replacement of not just one AI replace one coder, but one AI replace a full team because of the new ability to manage that at scale. Coding might be a common activity where you are going to think about outcomes, think about objective, think about how you organise, but not really coding by itself anymore. A big change, like you used to code, directly your hand on the stuff, but step by step, everyone is going to become a manager of agent. I think in one year, we saw enough transformation to think that in the coming year, the transformation can be even more dramatic. Nuno Goncalves Pedro The big Hardware movements Now switching gears to hardware. Obviously, a lot of movements in 2025 and over the last few years. One piece of thesis that we’ve had long-standing at Chamaeleon is that we will see the emergence of AI devices. Some of them have been tremendous failures as we discussed in the past. I predict that we’ll have a couple of really interesting full stack AI devices in the market this year. Why does that matter? Because, as many of you know, obviously, there’s compute that can happen in data centers and cloud infrastructure all over the world, but also there’s compute that can happen at the edges. The more you can move to the edges and the more you can create devices that actually allow you to have user experiences that are very distinctive at the edge, the more powerful some of these devices might become. I predict Apple will not be the first to launch anything on this. I predict probably OpenAI, after the acquisition of IO, will maybe not launch something this year, but will announce something this year. I’ll step back on that prediction. They’ll announce something this year, but maybe not launch. But we’ll start seeing some devices that have some interesting value in the market, probably devices that are AI devices, but they are very focused on very specific user flows, and so very much adequate to specific activities. I won’t make a prediction on that, but I think areas that would make sense for that to happen would be obviously around fitness, health, et cetera, et cetera, where we already have the ascendancy of products like Oura Ring and others out there. Definitely, that’s one area that might have quite a lot of developments. I think AI-first devices, devices that are very focused on compute at the edges, providing user flows that are AI-enabled to end users, we’ll see a lot more of that and a lot more activity this year. Again, I don’t think Apple will be necessarily ahead of the game. Again, maybe OpenAI will give us something to at least think about and look forward to. Bertrand Schmitt First, I’m not sure it will be that transformational because if it’s not in your phone, in your pocket, there is only so much you can do with it, and there is only so much computing power you will have. I’m doubtful it would be really impactful this year. Nuno Goncalves Pedro I feel we’ve been discussing this shift of paradigm in input and output. For me, some of these devices could lead to that shift. Because, again, a mobile phone is not a great long-term paradigm for the usage that we have because it’s really constrained by the screen. The screen is really what takes most of the battery life away. If we didn’t have that screen, what could we do? If we have the block that is as big as a mobile phone, and it didn’t have a screen, it was just compute, that’s a mini computer, a microcomputer. Bertrand Schmitt That’s a fair point, but I don’t see that transformation this year. That’s really more my point. I can see that you can have AI-enabled smart glasses, and it’s clear there is a race to AI-enabled smart glasses. My point is more to go beyond the gadget, it would take quite a while. It would need to have cameras. It would need to analyse what you see. It would need to hear what you hear. Again, it might come, but then at some point, it would be okay, what do you do with it? We have the example of the movie Her. That’s showing Her what it could be. There are definitely possibilities. It’s clear that if you take the big VR headset like the Apple Vision Pro, there is a failure from that perspective in the sense that I think it’s a great, amazing device. The big problem is that it’s doing way more that makes sense. I think there will be a clearer separation between your smart AR glasses that has to be light, that has to be always unconnected, and that’s primarily there to help you make sense of the world around you. The true VR headset that doesn’t really require much in terms of AI, and it’s just there to immerse you in a different world. For this, we know, unfortunately, in some ways, that there is not a lot of demand for it. Maybe there is little demand because you are too hidden in your own world. The technology is not working well enough yet. There are a lot of reasons. But I think Apple trying to do both at the same time, AR and VR, with the Vision Pro, was a pretty grave structural mistake. I think we would see a clearer line of separation between the two. There is bigger market opportunity for AR glasses. That, I certainly agree. There is opportunity to connect that to a computing device. As you talk about, your glasses are your screen, your phone becomes something in your pocket connected to your glasses. Nuno Goncalves Pedro For me, Apple has their way of doing things. From the perspective of what you said, they normally really plan their devices. Even if it’s a big shift in terms of a new area, like they tried with the Vision Pro, and we criticised them for launching it as a device that should have been more of a dev device that they really launched as a full-on device, but that’s their playbook, classically. I think Apple needs to change how they put products out and how they experiment with those products, et cetera. I think they have enough money to be doing everything all the time and figuring it out. If they don’t want to put it out, then they need to do a lot more hell of testing internally with their silos, but they should be playing across all these arenas, VR, AR, everything. They just should put devices out that are either ready for prime time, or they should call it something else. They should call it like this is a dev device or whatever it is. Bertrand Schmitt I agree with you. My complaint is more that it was marketed as a consumer device when it was not. It was a true developer device. Two, they tried to mix the two at once, and it made no sense. No one is going to walk in their home or in the street with their Vision Pro on their head. You have to be deranged, quite frankly, to have use cases like this. I think that for me is a crazy mistake from a company like Apple that prides itself in pure UI, pure user interface, very well-designed device for one specific use case, not mixing the two use cases. We still don’t have Macs with a touchscreen, you know?  We still don’t have an iPad with a good OS that makes use of this great hardware. For some strange reason, they decided to mix everything in the Vision Pro with a device that weighs a ton on your head and is so uncomfortable. That’s why, for me, I’m like, “Guys, what is wrong? Why did you let this team run crazy?” I hope at some point, Apple will go back to the drawing board. My understanding is that that’s what they are doing. They are going to have two devices, one smart glasses, an evolution of the Vision Pro, just focus on VR. They might actually abandon the concept of the pure VR-oriented headset. Because, from a market size perspective, it might not be big enough for Apple, quite frankly. Nuno Goncalves Pedro I read on all of the above, and people at this point was like, “Why are then players like Samsung and others not doing it. LG, et cetera?” Because those players historically have not invented new categories. They’re amazing at catching up once the category is invented, and then they scale the hell out of it, and that’s what these companies have been exceptional at. I wouldn’t see a dramatic innovation, I think, in terms of devices coming from any of the big ones on that side of the fence. Not to disrespect them in any way, but I think that’s not been their playbook ever. Again, if the origination doesn’t come from a start-up or from an Apple, I don’t see those guys going after it. My bet is that we’ll see some start-up activity and, again, hopefully, some announcement from IO now within the OpenAI world. Bertrand Schmitt I would slightly disagree with you. I see where you are coming from. But take the Samsung Galaxy Note, that sudden much bigger headphone that no one was doing that was launched by Samsung, at some point, it forced Apple to launch an iPhone Max. Let’s look at the Z Fold that Samsung launched 7 years ago, copied by everyone. Now Samsung launching a trifold. Apple has still not launched their foldable phone. I think there is a mix, actually, of sometimes- Nuno Goncalves Pedro For me, that’s not a proper new category. It’s still a mobile phone. It just happens to have a screen that folds in half. Bertrand Schmitt The iPhone was still a mobile phone, you could argue.  Nuno Goncalves Pedro No. I think the iPhone was…  I could actually agree with you on that point. Maybe Apple is not as innovative in that case. I think what Steve Jobs was exceptionally good at in terms of his ability as this master product manager was to be an exceptional curator of user flows and user experiences, and creating incredible experiences from devices based on that. That was his secret sauce. Could you say, “Wasn’t all of this stuff already around?” It was. You just put it all together very neatly and very nicely. But if you’re talking about significant shifts in how a category is done, the iPhone was a significant shift in how the category was done. The Fold is still an interesting device. I actually have a Fold right now in front of me. The 7 that you highly recommended to me that we both got, the Z Fold 7. I think they do amazing devices. I don’t think they normally are the most innovative players. Then, when they come to innovation, it comes from technology edges. Obviously, they have Samsung Display, there’s a bunch of other things. They had the ability to do foldable screens in-house themselves. Bertrand Schmitt I don’t disagree with you. I think there is an interesting situation where some companies have some strengths, another one has some strengths. My worry with Apple is that this was not demonstrated with the Vision Pro. The Vision Pro was a hot pot of technologies barely integrated together, with use cases absolutely not well-defined and certainly not something that makes sense for most of us. There is a question of has Apple lost it? While Samsung actually keeps doing their own stuff, that, yes, might be more minor improvements, but at least they are doing it. Because it looks like Apple is missing the train on even the minor improvements. By the way, you might not be aware, but Samsung launched its Vision Pro competitor. Interestingly enough, it might be a better product in some ways, being much lighter and much more comfortable. Nuno Goncalves Pedro We should play around with that and report back to our listeners. Of Start-ups and VCs Moving to venture capital and the startup ecosystem and what’s happening there, I think it is very much a bifurcated environment, and it’s bifurcated for both VCs and for startups. If you’re a startup in the AI space, and you have the hottest team since sliced bread, and you can create FOMO at the speed of light, you can raise ridiculous rounds. Five hundred million at the $3 billion, or $4 billion, or $5 billion valuation, and you still haven’t really even started. First round, you can raise 500 million. That’s back to the whole discussion on Bubble and where are we, et cetera. Some of these companies might actually become huge, some of them might not. But definitely, we are seeing really the haves and have-nots on the startup ecosystem with incredible teams raising a lot of money very, very early on or mid-stage if they’ve already existed for a while, and then the rest not being able to raise. We see a lot of non-necessarily AI sectors, some of the areas of SaaS that don’t necessarily have AI in it, or fintech, or the consumer space that are really, really struggling. If you don’t have an AI story for your startup right now, it’s extremely difficult to raise money unless your numbers are just the best numbers ever. That’s, I think, the first part of the element of bifurcation that we’re seeing today. The second element of bifurcation that we’re seeing today in terms of fundraising is for VCs themselves, and really propelled by the large VC firms raising more and more capital in recent orbits, announcing 15 billion across funds raised. Lightspeed, I think, had made an announcement a couple of weeks ago as well. They’ve raised a bunch of money as well. The big guys are all raising a lot of money. At some point in time, the question some of you might ask is, “These VCs are redeploying more and more money if they have a couple of billion for a VC fund. How does that look like? Is that still VC?” My perspective, I’ve shared before in some of our previous episodes, is that that’s no longer venture capital. At that point in time, we’re talking about something else. Private equity hedge funds, if you want to call them, maybe funds that are really driven by growth investment or late-stage investment. If you have a couple of billion under management, you’re not going to make your returns by writing a $3 million check in a series seed and leading that round.  That has implications for everyone in the ecosystem. It has implications for smaller funds that obviously have a lot more difficulty in raising capital. It’s difficult to differentiate. Last but not least, also for startups that really continue searching for that capital that is out there. Andreessen Horowitz, for example, runs Speedrun, which is a great program for companies around consumer in particular. Initially, it was a lot for gaming. But at some point in time, Andreessen Horowitz could decide that they don’t want to invest more in you. They just put money from Speedrun, which is obviously a very small check compared to the very large checks they could write mid to late stage and that will have an effect on you as a startup. What happens at that point in time if Andreessen Horowitz is not backing you up in later stages? More than that, what happens if I can’t get these big funds interested in me? Are the small funds still valuable to me? Punchline, my view is yes. Obviously, we’re a smaller fund, so there’s parochial interest in what I’m saying. Small funds can still create a ton of value for you, also in terms of credibility, ability to accompany you in those first stages of investment, and the ability to bring other larger investors later down the road as well. There’s definitely a big movement happening in terms of the fundraising for VC funds, which we shouldn’t neglect, which is the big guys are raising a lot more capital and are therefore emptying the market to smaller funds that are having more and more difficult raising at this point in time. We had discussed that there would be a need for concentration in the industry, that micro funds would need to concentrate, and we didn’t have the space for so many micro funds as we had around. But the way it’s happening is extremely dramatic at this moment in time. I think it will continue through 2026. Bertrand Schmitt Remember a few years ago, with the rise of AI, there was more and more of the question about, “What’s the point of SaaS at this stage?” Because SaaS was around for 15 years. Basically, how do you come up with something new that was not already tested, validated by the market? How do you bring something new? We say this was reinforced to the power of 10. If your product is not clearly built from the ground up for a new use case enabled by AI, anyone could then might have built your product 5, 10 years ago, and therefore, why now has no clear answer, and it’s a big problem. I’m still surprised myself to still see some entrepreneurs where you talk to them about AI because you don’t see them in the deck, and they explain to you, “It’s not yet there,” and you’re like, “What’s wrong with you guys?” Fine. Do whatever you want. Do a small business and whatever, but don’t think you can come up pitch and raise without an AI story. The second category is people who come with an AI story, but you can feel very quickly, I guess you saw that many times, Nuno, where just a story layered on top with little credibility. It’s not better. It’s not enough to just have a story. Your business needs to be radically built differently or radically proposing some brand-new use cases that were impossible to solve 5 years ago. Nuno Goncalves Pedro To stack up on that, absolutely in agreement. If you’re just adding to the story, and it’s an afterthought, and you’re just trying to make the story somehow gel, once you go into one or two layers of due diligence, your investors will very quickly realise that you’re not really AI-first or dramatically AI-enabled or whatever. It’s just you’re sort of stacking something on top of another thesis. It needs to make sense from the product onwards. It’s not just, let’s just put it together with chewing gum, and magically, people will give you money. It was true also if we remember the good old crypto blockchain days, where everyone’s investing in crypto. A lot of stories that didn’t make much sense. In that sense, it’s not very different. I would go one step further. I think in the world of the VC winter that we’re a little bit in, where it’s more and more difficult if you’re a smaller fund to raise your fund at this moment in time, there’s a lot of sources of distinctiveness still talked about, like proprietary networks, access to deal flow, fast track record, all that stuff that really, really matters. But our bet continues at Chamaeleon continues being that you need to be AI-first as a VC fund yourself. You need to have core advantages in using not only readily-available AI tools or third-party available AI tools, data sources, technology stacks, but actually building your own stack over time, which is what we did with Mantis at Chamaeleon. Again, just to reinforce that, I think we’re at the beginning of that stage. We, Chamaeleon, are ahead of the game, but we think that the rest of the market will have to move towards that as well. Still, to be honest, very surprising to me to see that many significant large players are doing very little still around some of these spaces. They have data scientists. They’re running some tools. They’re running some analysis and all that stuff, but it’s still, again, back to the point I was making for startups, all glued up with chewing gum. It doesn’t all come together nicely, which it does need to from a platform standpoint. Bertrand Schmitt It’s quite surprising. I agree with you that some VC funds might think that they can do business as usual in that brand-new world. It’s difficult to believe. Nuno Goncalves Pedro Maybe moving a little bit toward the capital formation piece. We already discussed the M&A space really accelerating. We’ve also discussed the IPO market and some predictions on that. Secondaries, there’s obviously a lot of liquidity coming from secondaries from mid to late stage. I think it will continue throughout the rest of 2026. A lot of activity in buying, selling in secondaries as some asset managers are becoming more distressed, as some very high net worth individuals and family offices are becoming more distressed as well, at the same time, where there’s a lot of opportunities to potentially arbitrage around some investments. I believe a lot of money will be made and lost this year by decisions made this year, just to be very, very clear in terms of equity, purchases, et cetera. Exciting year ahead of us. Definitely a very, very interesting market ahead of us. Secondaries, M&A, growth, and late-stage investing, also, early-stage investing will continue just for those that were wondering. Last but not least, the public markets, the IPO market as well. Bertrand Schmitt One of the big questions for the IPO market would be, will SpaceX go public? Would it be good for the startup ecosystem? Because suddenly that they go public, it would be to raise money. If they raise money, will there be any money left for anybody else? That would be an interesting test of the market. For sure, it would be proof that market are risk on financing a new IPO like this one. Or as you said, maybe there is no IPO, and it’s a merger with Tesla. Time will tell. Nuno Goncalves Pedro Regulatory & Geopolitical Headwinds… and the Wars Moving maybe to our topic of regulation and geopolitical headwinds, as we’re seeing … definitely not tailwinds. The Google antitrust verdict and, obviously, the remedies are expected to come forward now, and a lot of people are saying, “There are some risks of structural separation.” What do you think? Is it cool, but nothing will happen in the end dramatically? Alphabet or Google? I’m not sure, actually. It’s Google LLC. I think that’s the case. It’s The United States versus Google LLC. Bertrand Schmitt I’m not sure. Personally, I’m not a big fan. I think there needs to be a better way to manage some anticompetitive behavior. I’m not a big fan. There was this temptation to do that for Microsoft 25 years ago. Look at what happened. No one needed to buy Microsoft to leave space for others. I see the same with Google, and I guess they are happy to not be the number 1 in AI today, but to have an open AI in front of them. Even if they are doing a great job, by the way, to move forward and go faster and faster. Personally, quite impressed now with some of what they have released. Gemini 3 is doing great from my perspective. I’m not a big fan of this. I think to be clear, it’s important that bigger companies don’t behave anticompetitively, but at the same time, we need to find the right approach where it’s not about breaking these companies, and it’s also not about forbidding them to do acquisitions. Because then you end up with what NVIDIA just did with a $20 billion acquihire IP licensing type of acquisition, because they didn’t want to have the uncertainties. They didn’t want to wait 1–2 years in order to acquire the people and the technology, so they organised it in a different way. But I don’t like that. I think they should be able to acquire companies without facing so much uncertainty. To be clear, it’s not new. Uncertainty when you are Google, NVIDIA, or others, it happens. It has happened for a decade plus, 2 decades. I think there needs to be, for sure, some safety valves. At the same time, we want an efficient capital market. An efficient capital market need companies that can acquire other companies. If you don’t do that efficiently, it will be worse for the entrepreneurs, it will be worse for the investors, it will be worse for everybody. I think we have not reached a good equilibrium from my perspective. We need more efficient acquisition process. And at the same time, we need to also enforce faster anticompetitive behavior. Because what you talk about concerning Google, this is a case that was what? That is 10 years old. You see what I mean? This is way too long. If you’re a startup, you are dead by then. It’s like the story of Netscape facing Microsoft. They were dead long after the fact. I think we need a different approach. I’m not sure the best answer. I’m not sure we’ll get a better approach. There are probably too many vested interest. My hope is that it will get better with this current administration because, certainly, the past administration was very anti acquisition and efficient markets. Nuno Goncalves Pedro We’ve talked about the European Union AI Act a bunch of times, so I don’t want to spend too many cycles on that. The only effect that I would say is we are seeing in very slow motion the splitting of the Internet. I once had Tim Berners-Lee, by the way, shouting at me that we were going to break the Internet when we were applying for the .mobi top-level domain. I was part of that consortium that eventually did get the .mobi top-level domain, and I had him shouting at us. But, apparently, this is going to split the Internet, Tim. So in case you’re listening. Because it will create all these different rules. If your data is relating to consumers there, then it’s treated in a different way, and The US is… Well, obviously, we have the case of California with its own rules and laws. I don’t know. I feel we’re having a moment of siloing that goes beyond economic and geopolitical siloing. It will also apply to the digital world, and we’ll start having different landscapes around it. We’ll see how this affects global expansion of services, for example, around AI, particularly for consumer, but I don’t foresee anything dramatically positive. Recently, we had the whole deal around TikTok finally having a solution for their US problem where there’s now a US conglomerate magically that owns it. The conglomerate doesn’t magically own it, they just straight up own it for the US. But it was driven by many of these concerns around data ownership. Where’s the data? Where is it based? I think a lot of other concerns that have to do with the geopolitics of China, obviously, being the basis of ByteDance, the owner of TikTok, that still is a significant owner, by the way, in TikTok in US. Then also the interest in the economics of making money out of something as powerful as TikTok, to be honest, in The US. Just to be clear, I don’t think this was all about the best interests of consumers. It was also about money. Just follow the money. Bertrand Schmitt There are for sure, some powerful interest at play. But let’s be clear. I think one is data, as you rightfully said, but the other one is algorithm. It’s not as if China is authorising any competitor on its territory. They have blocked access to most of the Internet platforms from the US, either finding new rules or just trade blocking them. So I don’t think it’s fair competition. You don’t want some of that data in China about the US or European consumer. Three, it’s about the algorithm. If suddenly, you are a foreign power, and you can as we know in China, you better follow what’s required of you from the Chinese Communist Party. You cannot take a chance with influencing other stuff like elections in other countries. It’s fair from the US perspective. One could even argue it’s fair from a Chinese perspective to want that. I think the only one in the middle who doesn’t really know what they want is Europe because on one side, they want to benefit from American platforms, on the other end, they want to have some controls. On the other end, they don’t create the environment for startups to flourish. So in that weird situation where they have to accept some control by the big US providers and either provider of underlying infrastructure or provider of consumer business facing services. Then they try to regulate them. But I think they are misunderstanding the power relationship, and I think some of this regulation would get some blowback, at least by the current administration. Just, I believe, this morning, there was some news around X being under a criminal investigation in France. This is not going to end well for the French startup and VC ecosystem. This is not going to end well for France and Europe when you depend so much from your American friends. Nuno Goncalves Pedro Regulation will be weaponised. Regulation constraints around exports, all of this will be weaponised geopolitically, and the bigger guys will normally win. I think that’s normally what we’ve seen. Just on TikTok just to… And you guys, if you’re listening to us, just see if you see a pattern here, but obviously, 19.9% still owned by ByteDance of the TikTok entity in the US. It was initially said that 80% of the TikTok entity is owned by non-Chinese investors. Initially, people were saying US investors, and then they changed it to non-Chinese because MGX, I think, has 15% of it. MGX is based in the UAE, connected obviously to Mubadala, the Abu Dhabi sovereign wealth fund. Silver Lake is in there, I think, with 15% as well. Oracle as well with 15%. Those three are the big bucket owners together, 45%. Silver Lake having collaborated with MGX before, and I’m sure a lot of connectivity there. Then you still see a pattern in this in terms of shareholders. If you don’t, then just Google it. Dell Family Office, Vastmir Strategic Investments, which is owned by billionaire Jeff Yass, Alpha Wave Partners, obviously involved with a bunch of things like SpaceX and Klarna, Virgoli, Revolution, which is Steve Case’s, a former founder of AOL, is also in there. Meritway, which is managed by partners, I think, of Dragonair. Vinova from General Atlantic, an affiliate of General Atlantic. Also, NJJ Capital, which I believe is Xavier Nil, the French billionaire that founded Iliad. Mostly American, I think, if the math is correct. 80% non-Chinese, which was what mattered, I think, in many cases. But do see if you saw a pattern in most of those investors. I won’t say anything more than that. Maybe moving to other topics, maybe just to finalise on regulation and geopolitics. In geopolitics, we should talk about wars if we predict anything. Not that we are nasty and one want to be negative, but what the hell is going on? Will we have ending to the wars we already have ongoing or not? But before that, the struggles on the App Stores, I think, will continue both for Apple and for Google Play Store. The writing’s on the wall, the EU keeps pushing it dramatically and Apple keeps just doing stuff. I’m on the board of an App Store company. Apple just creates all these things that basically make you not really… It doesn’t work. You can’t provision then an App Store on Apple devices. On iPhones, et cetera. We’ll see how that will continue going, but I feel the writing’s on the wall. Both Apple and Google will have to open up a bit more of their platforms. I’m not sure it will have a huge impact in the medium to long term, but definitely we need to see more openness in access to apps as given by the two big platform owners, Apple and Google, out there. Bertrand Schmitt Let’s be clear. Google is way more open than Apple. We both have Android devices. You can install alternative app stores. It’s a different ballgame by very far. Nuno Goncalves Pedro Google does other nasty stuff. It’s public. You can check which board I’m a part of. You can see what that company has done towards Google over time. But to your point, yes. It is true that Google has been more open than Apple, but Google has done their own things. Just to be very clear, so I’ll just leave that caveat bracketed there for people to think about it and maybe read a little bit about it as well. Bertrand Schmitt I can say that, me, from my perspective, that path of total control that Apple has been going through on all their devices, that includes macOS, pushed me to, over the past 2, 3 years, to completely live and abandon the Apple ecosystem. I just couldn’t accept that level of control, that golden handcuff approach of the Apple ecosystem, each their own obviously, they are golden, their handcuffs, but they are still handcuffs. Personally, that pushed me way more to Linux, Android, Windows, back to Windows after all these years. I just couldn’t stand it anymore. I want to pick my devices. I want to pick what I install on them, and I don’t want to be controlled like this by just one entity for all my tech devices. For me, at some point, it was just not acceptable anymore. It’s still very warm, very golden handcuffs, but for me, they were just handcuffs at this stage. Yes, what they are doing with the App Store is very typical of that mindset. I think it’s quite sad because I think it started with good intention in some ways. “We need a new computing paradigm, we need to make things smoother and safer,” but it has really become a way to control your clients. For me, it has reached a point where it’s just way too much. Nuno Goncalves Pedro There’s obviously the great power comes great responsibility that uncle Ben told Spider-Man or Peter Parker. But there’s also with great power comes shitload of money, and control. So it’s like, “Yeah. Should we open the server? Do we want to delay opening it up?” “Yeah.” Anyway, it is what it is. Maybe let’s end on the more difficult note of the episode, which is going to be around wars. What’s our prediction? Will we have an end to the Gaza situation with Israel? Will we have an end to Ukraine and, obviously, Russia? What will happen in Iran? Those are the three big, big conflicts right now. Then, obviously, if we want to add just bonus points, what’s going to happen to Greenland, and what’s going to happen to Taiwan, and what’s going to happen to Venezuela? Let’s throw the whole basket in there. We’ve never had like… Let’s talk about all these territories and all these countries. At some point in time, I’m saying this in a light manner, but it’s obviously more tragic than it should be light, and people are dying, and there’s a lot of implications of all of that that is happening right now. Do you have any predictions, Bertrand, for this year? Bertrand Schmitt No. It’s tough to predict on an individual basis. I think on a more bigger picture basis is on one side, obviously, the rise of China on one side. You have also the rise of other countries like India, while very indirectly connected to some of these conflicts are still part of the game, buying oil from Russia, for instance. At the same time, I think overall, the US is more clear about with the sheriff in town. I think it’s good because in some ways, you cannot pay for the goods, you cannot have such a massive advantage versus nearly every other country on earth and just not be clear about who is the boss in some ways. As a result, what are the rules of the game and how it should be played? The US is not alone, obviously, you have China, you have Russia, you have India, you have Europe. You have different other countries. But at some point, it’s not good when countries are not rational and are not clear. I think I prefer the current situation where things are more clear and where you have to assume responsibilities about what you are doing. It’s time to be rational again about how the world behave. Yes, the concept of power and balance of power. I think there has been that dream, maybe mostly coming from Europe, about the end of history. I think that’s simply not the case. It’s not the end of history. It’s still about the balance of power. It has always been about the balance of power. If you are dumb enough to think it was not about that anymore, I just have a bridge to nowhere to sell you. I don’t have specific prediction, but I think it’s clear there is a new sheriff in town. There is a new doctrine about the Western Hemisphere that has been in some ways resurrected on the [inaudible 00:51:35] train, and I think we’ll see more of it. I think at this point, the biggest question is for the Europeans. What do they want to do? Because right now, their position of being a dwarf militarily while being a pretty big giant economically, I don’t think it works. Nuno Goncalves Pedro I agreed on everything that you said. I do have predictions. I’ll stick a flag on the ground just with my predictions. Bertrand Schmitt Good luck. Nuno Goncalves Pedro They are mostly positive. I do think we’ll see an end or, for the most, end to the two big conflicts, the one in Gaza and the one in Ukraine. I think Ukraine will end up in readjustment of territory and splitting between Russia and the Ukraine, but the end of hostilities, I think that we will see an end to the conflict in Gaza also with a readjustment on what that will mean for the Palestinian territories and the Palestinians in general. That I’m not sure, but I feel that there will be an end to those two big conflicts. Iran, I have no clue. I will not put a stick on the ground that I have no clue. There are so many things that could go wrong there. I’ve been reading some really interesting thoughts about even some aggressive thoughts that this might be the time to really change regimes in Iran and for the US to have a bit more of an aggressive stance. I really don’t have a perspective. Obviously, there’s a lot at stake there. Then, if we talk about the other parts, Greenland, I will not opine too much on. Maybe we’re done for now. Maybe there’ll be some other concessions to the US that weren’t already there in the ’50s. Taiwan, I won’t bet either. I’m sad to say I think it might happen at some point in time, but I’m not sure when and what would drive it. Last but not the least, Venezuela is my only really negative prediction. I feel it will continue to be a significant dictatorship as it was before managed enough by other people with the difference now that it has a tax to be paid to the US in the form of oil of some sort, etcetera, and maybe gas, maybe other things as well that it didn’t have before. That’s probably my most negative prediction for the coming year on the geopolitical side. Bertrand Schmitt Without going into detail, I would mostly agree with what you shared. At least that makes sense. But as we know, it’s not always what makes sense, but what might happen. I can tell you 100% I would not have guessed this operation against Maduro. This was so well done, well executed, and shocking at the same time that it’s… I think it shows that it’s hard to guess some of this stuff because there are certainly some new ways to wage limited war, for instance. So it’s certainly interesting, and we certainly need to get used to pretty bombastic statements. But for Venezuela, I don’t think it can be worse than what it was before. I’m probably more optimistic that gradually it can get better. Nuno Goncalves Pedro Just to put perspective on why we’re not making predictions on some of these elements, I think this is a funny story, but I was in Madeira. Actually, first time I was in Madeira, although I’m originally from Portugal. I’ve never been to the islands. Obviously, as you guys know, or some of you might know, there’s a lot of connection between Madeira and Venezuela. There’s a lot of immigration from Madeira Islands to Venezuela. One of my Uber or Bolt drivers there in Madeira was Venezuelan. Was born in Venezuela, but Portuguese descent, et cetera. He was telling me this was still last year. Late last year. Because I told him I lived in US, et cetera, and he was like, “Oh, hopefully, Trump will get Maduro out of there.” In my mind, I was like, “Dude.” No disrespect to the gentleman, but it’s like, “Okay. Mike, your perspective on geopolitics is maybe a little bit exaggerated.” And a couple of days later, we know what happened. When geopolitical decisions are better predicted by some probably very astute Uber drivers, you’re like, “Maybe I shouldn’t make a bet. I have no clue what’s going to happen, no clue what’s going to happen in Greenland, et cetera.” Anyway, a couple of predictions on that element. Bertrand Schmitt That’s why it’s so right. You have to be careful with the prediction, but it doesn’t remove the fact that I think nations and companies that have to play a global game have to understand in some ways what is the game, what are the powers in place, what could happen potentially, but also be realistic. Not be about wish and dreams, but more about, what’s the power relationship? Who has the money? Who has the means? Who has the capacity to do this or that? Because if you start that way, at least the scope of what’s possible, what’s reasonable is more and more clear more quickly. Some stuff like happened with Maduro, I would never have predicted, but for sure, if there’s one country that can do this sort of stuff, it’s the US. I’m not sure anyone has a technology and the means in terms of support infrastructure to do something like this. It’s tough to predict what will happen a year from now for any specific country, but I think that even trying to get a better understanding about the forces in play and their capacity and understanding and accepting that at some point, it’s all about real politic and relationship of power, the more your eyes would be wide open about what’s possible versus simple, wishful thinking. Nuno Goncalves Pedro Fintech, Crypto and Frontier Tech Moving maybe to our last section around fintech, crypto, and frontier tech. For me, just two very quick predictions, views of the world. I think on the frontier tech side, I won’t make a prediction. I will just tell you all to go and listen to our episodes, the one on infrastructure, which is immediately prior to this one, and the episodes that we’ve had around a couple of other topics including AI, what’s the future of your children, because I think they illustrate a lot of the points that we’re seeing and manifesting themselves over the next year and over the next 2 or 3 years as well beyond that. I feel those tomes are complete in and out of themselves, so you can just go and listen to them. Then my second comment is on crypto. I feel crypto has become of the essence, particularly under the current administration in the US, very favored. Obviously, we are now in a world where crypto is just part of the economic system, and I think we’ll see more and more of that emerging, and in some ways, crypto is becoming mainstream. Question is what blockchains will be the blockchains of the future? Obviously, there’s a bunch of bets put out there. We, ourselves, as Chamaeleon, have one investment in one of the significant bets in the space. But besides that, who’s going to win or not, we feel that we’re past the crypto winter. It’s now mainstream days, and we’ll see a lot more activity in there. Bertrand Schmitt I must say with crypto, I’m a bit confused. As you say, we are past the crypto winter. There is much less uncertainty in regul

Allora!, il giornale degli italiani in Australia.Io sono Emanuele Esposito e questa è l'anteprima del nuovo numero del giornale.In pochi minuti vi accompagnamo tra le notizie principali della settimana:
dalla comunità italiana in Australia alla politica italiana,
dagli eventi culturali fino agli scenari internazionali.Partiamo subito dalla prima pagina.Diventa un supporter di questo podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/ventunesima-regione--4532453/support.

Vorresti ricevere notizie, saluti, auguri dalle Apostole della Vita Interiore?Lasciaci i tuoi contatti cliccando il link qui sotto e con la nostra nuova rubrica digitale potremo raggiungerti.https://www.it.apostlesofil.com/database/- Premi il tasto PLAY per ascoltare la catechesi del giorno e condividi con altri se vuoi -+ Dal libro del profeta Geremia +Così dice il Signore:«Maledetto l'uomo che confida nell'uomo,e pone nella carne il suo sostegno,allontanando il suo cuore dal Signore.Sarà come un tamerisco nella steppa;non vedrà venire il bene,dimorerà in luoghi aridi nel deserto,in una terra di salsedine, dove nessuno può vivere.Benedetto l'uomo che confida nel Signoree il Signore è la sua fiducia.È come un albero piantato lungo un corso d'acqua,verso la corrente stende le radici;non teme quando viene il caldo,le sue foglie rimangono verdi,nell'anno della siccità non si dà pena,non smette di produrre frutti.Niente è più infido del cuoree difficilmente guarisce!Chi lo può conoscere?Io, il Signore, scruto la mentee saggio i cuori,per dare a ciascuno secondo la sua condotta,secondo il frutto delle sue azioni».Parola del Signore.

In this episode, we welcome legendary sound mixer and CAS President Peter Kurland, CAS. Peter is a BAFTA-winning, Grammy-winning, 4x Oscar-nominated, and 3x CAS Award-winning Sound Mixer who's worked on films such as Blood Simple, Hoosiers, Raising Arizona, Barton Fink, Fargo, Men in Black, The Big Lebowski, O Brother Where Are Thou, The Man Who Wasn't There, Walk The Line, No Country for Old Men, A Serious Man, True Grit, Inside Llewan Davis, and The Tragedy of Macbeth. In our conversation, Peter shares his origin story, about his decades-long collaboration with the Coen Brothers, and stories from capturing sound on set. He also offers insights and advice for the next generation of artists and storytellers today. “The Making Of” is presented by AJA:Butcher Bird Studios solves common video routing and I/O challenges with AJAStep inside Butcher Bird Studios' hybrid production environment with Technical Director Brian Druckman and Executive Producer MeeRa Kim. They explain how KUMO SDI routers and Io 4K Plus help their team deliver flexible routing, low-latency monitoring, and streamlined I/O inside and outside the studio. Read the full interview.Kodak Celebrates Kristen Stewart, Autumn Durald Arkapaw, Joachim Trier and Patricia Keighley at the 8th Annual Kodak Film AwardsChristopher Nolan Presents Inaugural Keighley Award at ASC Clubhouse CeremonyOn March 2, Kodak hosted the 8th Annual Kodak Film Awards at the American Society of Cinematographers (ASC) Clubhouse in Hollywood, honoring filmmakers and artists whose work continues to advance cinematic storytelling on film. 2026 Honorees included: Debut Feature Award: Kristen Stewart (presented by Corey C. Waters, Director of Photography), Lumière Award: Autumn Durald Arkapaw (presented by Vanessa Bendetti, VP and Head of Motion Picture, Kodak), Auteur Award: Joachim Trier (presented by Jason Reitman, Director), Keighley Award: Patricia Keighley of IMAX (presented by Christopher Nolan, Director, Producer and Screenwriter), Music & Commercial Film Director Award: Salomon Ligthelm (presented by Ali Brown, PRETTYBIRD President/Executive Producer), Television Series of the Year: Fallout (presented by Vanessa Bendetti, VP and Head of Motion Picture, Kodak). Read more hereLos Angeles Event: ZEISS Aatma Lenses - A Conversation with Pascale Marin, AFCTuesday, March 10th | Los AngelesJoin ZEISS Cinema at the Showroom for an in-depth discussion and demo of the new ZEISS Aatma cinema lenses. Director Helene de Roux and cinematographer Pascale Marin, AFC will be on hand to discuss their experience using the lenses to craft the short film Welcoming Grace. Join us from 6pm-9pm on March 10th to be one of the first to experience this unique lens family from ZEISS!RSVP for free hereAttendees will receive free parking validation.Now with Massive 8TB Capacity—Thunderbolt 5 SpeedThe OWC Envoy Pro Ultra now comes in a new 8TB capacity, pairing enormous space with next‑generation Thunderbolt 5 performance. With real‑world speeds over 6000 MB/s and a rugged, bus‑powered design, it's perfect for 4K/8K workflows, on‑location shoots, and fast media offloads. High‑speed, high‑capacity, and ready for serious creative work. Browse hereA New Solution from Atomos:The Atomos Shogun AV-19 Rack-Mounted 4K HDR Monitor/Recorder/Switcher is your all-in-one solution for professional live production, combining a stunning 19” 4K HDR DCI-P3 display with quad-channel switching, real-time ISO recording of up to four camera feeds plus program out, and support for 10-bit Apple ProRes, ProRes RAW, and Avid DNx recording to CFexpress or USB-C media. Perfect for studios, video village, and broadcast environments, it delivers the monitoring accuracy and workflow efficiency your production demands. The Atomos Shogun AV-19 is available for pre-order now for $2,099.00. Learn more at Videoguys.com or call our production experts at 800-323-2325 today!Advertise in The Making Of:Feature your products or solutions in The Making Of and reach over 250,000 film and TV industry each week.To explore a partnership, please email mvalinsky@me.comPodcast Rewind:Feb. 2026 - Ep. 122. Get full access to The Making Of at themakingof.substack.com/subscribe

Don Italo Uberti

Io sono Francesco Cecchetti, consulente paesaggistico e agronomico e aiuto le persone a fiorire insieme al proprio giardino. Stai ascoltando Giardino Rivelato, dal 2019 il podcast per chi crede fermamente che tutte le persone hanno bisogno di un giardino. Le piante non hanno passaporto. Attribuiamo loro nazionalità, funzioni domestiche e ruoli urbani, dimenticando che la loro vera appartenenza è solo a climi, habitat e storie evolutive che ignorano i nostri confini.Sostieni e finanzia Giardino Rivelato: https://www.patreon.com/francescocecchetti Vieni a trovarmi su giardinorivelato.it

We explore how to refine and optimize care in the vital minutes following ROSC. Hosts: Jonathan Elmer, MD, MS Brian Gilberti, MD https://media.blubrry.com/coreem/content.blubrry.com/coreem/Post-ROSC_care.mp3 Download Leave a Comment Show Notes Core EM Modular CME Course Maximize your commute with the new Core EM Modular CME Course, featuring the most essential content distilled from our top-rated podcast episodes. This course offers 12 audio-based modules packed with pearls! Information and link below.  Course Highlights: Credit: 12.5 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™ Curriculum: Comprehensive coverage of Core Emergency Medicine,  with 12 modules spanning from Critical Care to Pediatrics. Cost: Free for NYU Learners $250 for Non-NYU Learners Click Here to Register and Begin Module 1 I. Phase 1: Stabilization (Minutes 0–10) The “Rearrest” Window & Pathophysiology High-Risk Period: Rearrest rates reach 30% within the first minutes post-ROSC. Shock Incidence: Two-thirds of patients develop profound hypotension/shock as initial resuscitative efforts subside. Catecholamine Washout: Super-physiologic “code-dose” epinephrine (1mg IV) typically wears off within ~3 minutes post-ROSC, leading to predictable hemodynamic collapse. Secondary Injuries: Evaluate for “CPR-induced trauma” (blunt thoracic trauma, rib fractures, pneumothorax, liver/splenic lacerations). Immediate Resuscitative Actions Vascular Access: Transition rapidly from IO to reliable IV access within 1–2 minutes. Prioritize Intraosseous (IO) placement within 5 minutes if IV attempts fail; intra-arrest data suggests no significant difference in early outcomes. Vasoactive “Bridge”: Maintain a “bolus-dose” pressor at the bedside for immediate push-dose titration. Options: Phenylephrine, dilute Epinephrine, or dilute Norepinephrine (titrated to effect rather than rigid dosing). Physician-Specific Task: Arterial Line: Goal: Placement within 5 minutes of ROSC. Preferred Site: Femoral (by landmarks/blind if necessary) for speed; should be a 80 mmHg. The BOX Trial Nuance: While the BOX trial showed no difference between MAP 63 vs. 77, its cohort (Denmark) had exceptionally high survival rates (70% back to work) and short response times, which may not generalize to North American populations with lower shockable rhythm incidence. Permissive Hypertension: If the patient is “self-driving” to higher pressures, do not aggressively lower them, as this may be a physiologic demand for cerebral blood flow. Ventilation and Oxygenation PaCO2 Management: Target: High-normal to slightly hypercarbic (45–55 mmHg). Rationale: Avoid accidental hyperventilation (PaCO2

Presented by Morningline.IO, Friday's Race of the Day is Gulfstream Park's tenth race. Ashley Mailloux and Mike Beer analyze here.

Die 15. Io.Co-Show: Unterhalter Gianluca Iocolano entlockt der Schriftstellerin Maddalena Fingerle noch nie Gesagtes

Il professore Vincenzo Schettini è stato ospite in Degiornalist - Gli Spaccanotizie con Fabiana e Claudio Chiari, per rispondere alle recenti polemiche riguardanti il suo metodo d'insegnamento digitale. Schettini sostiene l'importanza di utilizzare piattaforme come YouTube per offrire agli studenti opportunità di approfondimento pomeridiano, contrastando le distrazioni dei videogiochi: «Io ho iniziato dieci anni fa in rete innamorandomi del fatto che ai ragazzi si dovesse, soprattutto in un orario in cui magari non studiano, offrire un'opportunità di poter continuare a studiare. Perché diciamoci la verità: purtroppo i ragazzi stanno prendendo abitudini che sono lontane dallo studio, questa cosa aumenterà sempre di più». Schettini difende la sua visione di una scuola moderna basata sulla condivisione online del sapere, nonostante le critiche ricevute da alcuni media. Secondo il docente, il suo approccio anticipava la didattica digitale diventata poi comune durante la pandemia: «Io in fondo quello ho fatto, l'ho fatto però su cosa? Su una piattaforma super moderna che i ragazzi conoscevano perfettamente che si chiama YouTube. I ragazzi andavano lì a guardare ragazzi che giocavano ai videogiochi e - perdonatemi - a perdere ore che invece sarebbero state utili per lo studio». L'obiettivo finale resta quello di ispirare i giovani e catturare il loro interesse verso lo studio in un mondo in continua evoluzione tecnologica. I Prof. Schettini conclude sottolineando come la rete debba diventare uno spazio prioritario per la diffusione della conoscenza.

Questa settimana dal 2 al 6 marzo il governo cerca di arruolarvi tra i finanziatori pazienti che decidono di acquistare il BTP Valore. Io vorrei che foste risparmiatori bene informati e vi offro qualche strumento per decidere in modo consapevole cosa è meglio per voi. La scorsa settimana abbiamo visto quanto e come investire in obbligazioni , questa settimana parliamo di come valorizzare la liquidità. Se la rubrica vi piace potete lasciare un saluto su YouTube e Spotify oppure scrivere a mfamularoblog@gmail.com per approfondire i miei corsi personalizzati https://lafinanzainsoldoni.substack.com/p/alternative-al-btp-valore I contenuti del podcast e della newsletter non vanno intesi in nessun caso come raccomandazioni di investimento o consulenza finanziaria. La finanza in Soldoni è un progetto di informazione ed educazione finanziaria che si sviluppa attraverso un podcast, newsletter, una serie di video sul canale youtube di Massimo Famularo, like e commenti su YouTube e Spotify aiutano la rubrica a continuare (c’ è anche un Canale Telegram). Spunti per i prossimi episodi Meglio il conto deposito o la gestione in ETF? Fino a quale scadenza temporale possiamo investire la liquidità senza correre troppi rischi? Se vi interessano le risposte a queste domande potete iscrivervi gratuitamente a questa newsletter, seguire il canale Yotube e il podcast e lasciare nei commenti, domande, spunti e suggerimenti che potete inviare anche all’indirizzo email mfamularoblog@gmail.com a cui potete chiedere dettagli sul programma Financial Coach See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Io qua dentro ho già parlato a più riprese della zona 2… Ma di recente c'è stata un sacco di “polemica” a riguardo, nata da un reel che diceva che zona 2 fosse una cazzatona. Reel che mi avete girato in tanti, chiedendomi un'opinione a riguardo. Di base non voglio intervenire su queste polemiche. Ma in tantissimi mi avete chiesto di dire la mia. Ci ho pensato un po' su, ho atteso sulla riva del fiume che passassero i cadaveri e poi, una volta terminato il grosso della discussione ho deciso di dire la mia cavolata a riguardo. Per cui, eccoci qui!Link per seguire la puntata 500 in diretta su Youtube: https://youtube.com/live/e5_N8LpS8g8----------------------Supporta questo progetto tramite un contributo mensile su Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/da0a42In alternativa, puoi fare una donazione "una-tantum".PayPal: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/lorenzomaggianiBuymeacoffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/da0a42Acquista il materiale ufficiale del podcast: https://da0a42.home.blog/shop/Iscriviti a "30 giorni da runner": https://da0a42.home.blog/30-giorni-da-runner/Seguimi!Canale Telegram: https://t.me/da0a42Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/da0a42/Profilo Strava: https://www.strava.com/athletes/37970087Club Strava: https://www.strava.com/clubs/da0a42Sito: https://da0a42.home.blogOppure contattami!https://da0a42.home.blog/contatti/I miei microfoni:- HyperX Quadcast: https://amzn.to/3bs06wC- Rode NT-USB: https://amzn.to/4cTfaAu----------------------Un grazie a tutti i miei sostenitori:Matteo Bombelli, Antonio Palma, George Caldarescu, Dorothea Cuccini, Alessandro Rizzo, Calogero Augusta, Mauro Del Quondam, Claudio Pittarello, Luca Felicetti, Andrea Borsetto, Massimo Ferretti, Andrea Pompini, Joseph Djeke, Luca Demartino, Laura Bernacca, Vincenzo Iannotta, Patty Bellia, Pasquale Castrilli, Laura Ravani, Xavier Fallico, Nicola Monachello, Gabriele Orazi, Matilde Bisighini, Carmine Cuccuru, Letizia Beoni, Giulia Rosaia, Marco Allaria, Gregorio Maggiani, Fabrizio Carbonara.----------------------Music credits: Feeling of Sunlight by Danosongs - https://danosongs.comDiventa un supporter di questo podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/da-0-a-42-il-mio-podcast-sul-running--4063195/support.

Presented by Morningline.IO, Wednesday's Race of the Day is Tampa Bay Downs' seventh race. David Aragona and Mike Beer analyze here.

The Race of the Day for Thursday is the eighth at Oaklawn Park presented by Morningline.IO. Check out the analysis from David Aragona and Mike Beer.

Trent Fleskens and award-winning WA mortgage broker Sam Carello discuss Perth's tight housing market, with stock still under 3,000 listings and weekly transactions in the 700s driven by limited supply. They cover the recent 0.25% rate rise that banks passed on, the jump in fixed rates since early December, and current pricing (owner-occupier variable P&I about 5.54–5.65%, two-year fixed about 5.69%, investment IO variable about 6.00–6.15%). Sam explains how buyers are using fast finance clauses supported by strong pre-approvals, and why flexibility on settlement is critical in competitive conditions with 6–8 offers per property. They also discuss increased use of bridging loans, downsizer “no end debt” bridging, the first home buyer 5% scheme pricing some buyers out, and parents buying or gifting deposits to help children.

Crash GMs Cypher System for Beth, Ellie, Io, & Jen. This session: The party meet The Boss and gear up before gaining some probationary missions. Follow this series on… RSS: https://aaronbsmith.com/cogwheel/tag/cogworld-s1/feed/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/cogwheelgaming Mastodon: https://is.aaronbsmith.com/@cogwheel Not on Mastodon? Consider these instances: gamepad.club dice.camp mastodon.art chirp.enworld.org tabletop.vip MP3 Download: Cogworld S1 Ep 10: Interview (Cypher System) Music Used: “Christofori’s Dream” by christofori is Public Domain and can be downloaded from http://modarchive.org Keep us ad free by supporting us on Patreon! Thanks to our current Patreon Patrons (as of this upload…): Ellie, Liv Dromen, Paul, ShanShen, Walter, & Patron Emeritus Cindy!

Abbonati a questo canale e accedi a diversi vantaggi: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_2OzUw2mnLmlqFEzNzzUjw/joinAnalizziamo un esempio fichtiano per capire i rapporti tra Io assoluto, non-io e io finito.Diventa un supporter di questo podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/dentro-alla-filosofia--4778244/support.

10.814 ore.  È il tempo reale che ho passato seduta, in silenzio, a respirare.  A scappare da me. E poi – piano – a tornare. La mia vita non è cambiata perché sono diventata più "zen". È cambiata perché ho smesso di combattermi. Se pensi che dopo tutte queste ore io viva in uno stato permanente di calma, ti fermo subito: non funziona così. La meditazione non ti salva la vita. Ti insegna a starci dentro. In questo episodio condivido 5 lezioni che non ho imparato leggendo libri motivazionali, ma vivendo nel corpo, nel silenzio, nelle cadute e nei ritorni. Non sono verità comode. Sono verità che restano quando la musica finisce e la vita ti chiama. E se mentre ascolti senti qualcosa muoversi, non è ispirazione passeggera. È il tuo corpo che riconosce una verità. Ed è proprio da qui che nasce Equilibrio. Ho riaperto, dopo un anno, e solo per pochi giorni, le iscrizioni al mio percorso online premium più completo e guidato che abbia mai creato. Un metodo concreto, incarnato, che unisce meditazione, respiro, corpo e consapevolezza. Non per "capire di più". Ma per vivere meglio davvero. Equilibrio è aperto solo fino a lunedì 2 marzo alle ore 21, poi chiudiamo per altri 12 mesi. Non è un corso da fare quando hai tempo. È uno spazio in cui smetti di funzionare e inizi ad abitarti. Se senti che è il momento di non fare tutto da sola, iscriviti qui: https://giusivalentini.com/equilibrio/ Se senti il sì, ti aspetto dentro. Io ci sono. 03:49 L'obiettivo non è la calma 05:51 La motivazione arriva dopo 07:29 La verità del corpo 09:01 Amare senza perderti 10:39 Non devi guarire per vivere

PTF & JK sit down to analyze Kentucky Derby 2026 action with the 2026 Rebel Stakes upcoming at Oaklawn Park this Sunday (March 1)! The two sift through the major contenders for this year's running of the Rebel Stakes including 2026 Southwest Stakes winner Silent Tactic as well as Blackout Time, who makes his debut following his runner-up finish to early Kentucky Derby favorite Ted Noffey in the 2025 Breeders' Futurity last fall at Keeneland. Play in feeders or enter the TwinSpires Rebel Day KDBC Qualifier: https://www.twinspires.com/bet/tournaments Try MorningLine.IO: https://www.morningline.io/itm

PTF & JK sit down to analyze Kentucky Derby 2026 action with the 2026 Rebel Stakes upcoming at Oaklawn Park this Sunday (March 1)! The two sift through the major contenders for this year's running of the Rebel Stakes including 2026 Southwest Stakes winner Silent Tactic as well as Blackout Time, who makes his debut following his runner-up finish to early Kentucky Derby favorite Ted Noffey in the 2025 Breeders' Futurity last fall at Keeneland. Play in feeders or enter the TwinSpires Rebel Day KDBC Qualifier: https://www.twinspires.com/bet/tournaments Try MorningLine.IO: https://www.morningline.io/itm

ぬるぽ放送局おたより投稿フォーム https://forms.gle/6tbmBzK6wbyavJG47 2026年2月パワープレイ Nintendo Switchゲーム『QQQbeats!!!』より エンディング楽曲「Ready Set Q!!!／シイナ(CV:琴宮歩夢)＆アメ(CV:元吉有希子) with IOSYS」 作詞：夕野ヨシミ 作編曲：コバヤシユウヤ ベース：john=hive ギター：三浦公紀 https://www.taito.co.jp/QQQbeats https://www.taito.co.jp/qqqbeats/music 番組時間：79分52秒 出演者：夕野ヨシミ、たくや VOICEVOX:ずんだもん VOICEVOX:四国めたん ---- 2026/2/26に公開録音したものを配信いたします。 ラジオ記事はリスナーのEEチャンピオンさんが書いてくれているので楽してます。 ＜オープニング＞ ・226ですね ・ちょっとにゃんが多いな ・200年後も元気にやりましょう（相対指定） ・令和8年も早いな ・お風呂配信やってほしいですね ・世の中のお風呂配信は9割が嘘ってことォ！？ ・イオシスくんの最新情報 ・イオシスちほーオープンしてます ・Satisfactoryソロで2周目みっちりやってます ・満足中毒だ ・たくさんイベントも出てます ・作詞提供のお知らせ 　『ブルーアーカイブ』 「デカグラマトン」編 ED楽曲「憧れの残響」 　作編曲＆演奏：Mitsukiyo 　歌唱：DAZBEE 　作詞：夕野ヨシミ ・始めるなら今！（相対指定） ・この世のすべてのEDを作詞します ・イオシス活動1万日！ ・10万日で銀の盾 ・こんなに長く続くとはねー ・写メがなかった時代 ・なんの写真を見てるの？ ・ゼロックスする ・こんなにおじさんなのに ・おじさんの自我がﾎﾟﾛｰﾝ ・YouTube 200万再生！昨年末からずっと診療されています 　【東方MV】行列のできるえーりん診療所【IOSYS】 　歌編曲：D.watt 　音編曲：溝口ゆうま(Innocent Key) 　作詞：七条レタス 　ボーカル：3L 　MV：take 　収録アルバム：IO-0142 東方真華神祭 　Release　2008.5.25 ・何が流行るかわからない ・矢がたくさんだね ・半分近くが夕野ヨシミ ・EPとは ・3曲なのに「EP」にすると怒られる ・太陽の楽園の謎の実写MV ・チルパ18周年 ・全部はっきりは言えない ・合わせて2400万再生だぞ！ ・ホントはえ//っ///ちなんだよな ・あ、ちょっと喉がイガイガして ・試験には血糖値が大事 ・無事に試験会場にたどり着けば大丈夫 ＜Aパート＞ ・ふつおたです ・構成作家ついてる（ついていない） ・北海道のデパートの鉄板催事とは ・親戚の会食は寿司ですね ・とんでんでジャンボ茶碗蒸し食べたい！ ・北海道のデパートの人気の催事は北海道フェアです ・北海道民催事に行かない説 ・3万円のギフト券欲しい ・2月は最弱 ・雪がつらい ・北海道の雪解け水を本州にパイプで運んでもろて ・また工場の話してる ・令和に近鉄バッファローズの話してます？ ・デレマス98人分のソロ曲がフルサイズでサブスク解禁 ・のどちんこは人類全員に付いてる ・二股ののどちんこってフタナリってこと？ ・今日の放送でちんこって何回言ったかな？ ・秋田にも松屋が ・一口で胃もたれ ・油物は控えております ・その食生活は老人 ・イマドキの老人より老人っぽい ＜Bパート＞ ・EDの作詞ならまかせろ！（ﾊﾞﾘﾊﾞﾘ） ・Nintendo Switchゲーム『QQQbeats!!!』はセール中です ・みつをたです ・故・Satisfactory従業員 ・すぐリスポーンした従業員 ・HUNTER×HUNTERの新作は見れそうなのかい？ ・創作おとぎ話　赤穂忠臣蔵　第五夜 ・大奥が腐女子の巣窟 ・性癖の出島・長崎 ・ホロピックアップニュース ・みこちが1日消防署長 ・1週間でいろいろあり過ぎなんだよな ・オリンピックがおわって次はWBC ・じゃあ、違法ちゃうか ・麻生さんはカタログギフトで何をもらうんだろう ・あー、湯葉食べたい ・どうにか、お便り送ってください ＜エンディング＞ ・どうですか？ ・今日は口パク動いてますね ・あー！ ・耳は何に連動してるんですか？ ・耳が動いたら即配信終了 ・新しいものを作ろうという気はいつもあります ・コントCDは出ません ・18といえば ・オオタニの背番号は17 ・3月もがんばるぞい

Mi scusi come ha detto che si chiama quel pesce??!

Bryan Cantrill is the co-founder and CTO of Oxide Computer Company. We discuss why the biggest cloud providers don't use off the shelf hardware, how scaling data centers at samsung's scale exposed problems with hard drive firmware, how the values of NodeJS are in conflict with robust systems, choosing Rust, and the benefits of Oxide Computer's rack scale approach. This is an extended version of an interview posted on Software Engineering Radio. Related links Oxide Computer Oxide and Friends Illumos Platform as a Reflection of Values RFD 26 bhyve CockroachDB Heterogeneous Computing with Raja Koduri Transcript You can help correct transcripts on GitHub. Intro [00:00:00] Jeremy: Today I am talking to Bryan Cantrill. He's the co-founder and CTO of Oxide computer company, and he was previously the CTO of Joyent and he also co-authored the DTrace Tracing framework while he was at Sun Microsystems. [00:00:14] Jeremy: Bryan, welcome to Software Engineering radio. [00:00:17] Bryan: Uh, awesome. Thanks for having me. It's great to be here. [00:00:20] Jeremy: You're the CTO of a company that makes computers. But I think before we get into that, a lot of people who built software, now that the actual computer is abstracted away, they're using AWS or they're using some kind of cloud service. So I thought we could start by talking about, data centers. [00:00:41] Jeremy: 'cause you were. Previously working at Joyent, and I believe you got bought by Samsung and you've previously talked about how you had to figure out, how do I run things at Samsung's scale. So how, how, how was your experience with that? What, what were the challenges there? Samsung scale and migrating off the cloud [00:01:01] Bryan: Yeah, I mean, so at Joyent, and so Joyent was a cloud computing pioneer. Uh, we competed with the likes of AWS and then later GCP and Azure. Uh, and we, I mean, we were operating at a scale, right? We had a bunch of machines, a bunch of dcs, but ultimately we know we were a VC backed company and, you know, a small company by the standards of, certainly by Samsung standards. [00:01:25] Bryan: And so when, when Samsung bought the company, I mean, the reason by the way that Samsung bought Joyent is Samsung's. Cloud Bill was, uh, let's just say it was extremely large. They were spending an enormous amount of money every year on, on the public cloud. And they realized that in order to secure their fate economically, they had to be running on their own infrastructure. [00:01:51] Bryan: It did not make sense. And there's not, was not really a product that Samsung could go buy that would give them that on-prem cloud. Uh, I mean in that, in that regard, like the state of the market was really no different. And so they went looking for a company, uh, and bought, bought Joyent. And when we were on the inside of Samsung. [00:02:11] Bryan: That we learned about Samsung scale. And Samsung loves to talk about Samsung scale. And I gotta tell you, it is more than just chest thumping. Like Samsung Scale really is, I mean, just the, the sheer, the number of devices, the number of customers, just this absolute size. they really wanted to take us out to, to levels of scale, certainly that we had not seen. [00:02:31] Bryan: The reason for buying Joyent was to be able to stand up on their own infrastructure so that we were gonna go buy, we did go buy a bunch of hardware. Problems with server hardware at scale [00:02:40] Bryan: And I remember just thinking, God, I hope Dell is somehow magically better. I hope the problems that we have seen in the small, we just. You know, I just remember hoping and hope is hope. It was of course, a terrible strategy and it was a terrible strategy here too. Uh, and the we that the problems that we saw at the large were, and when you scale out the problems that you see kind of once or twice, you now see all the time and they become absolutely debilitating. [00:03:12] Bryan: And we saw a whole series of really debilitating problems. I mean, many ways, like comically debilitating, uh, in terms of, of showing just how bad the state-of-the-art. Yes. And we had, I mean, it should be said, we had great software and great software expertise, um, and we were controlling our own system software. [00:03:35] Bryan: But even controlling your own system software, your own host OS, your own control plane, which is what we had at Joyent, ultimately, you're pretty limited. You go, I mean, you got the problems that you can obviously solve, the ones that are in your own software, but the problems that are beneath you, the, the problems that are in the hardware platform, the problems that are in the componentry beneath you become the problems that are in the firmware. IO latency due to hard drive firmware [00:04:00] Bryan: Those problems become unresolvable and they are deeply, deeply frustrating. Um, and we just saw a bunch of 'em again, they were. Comical in retrospect, and I'll give you like a, a couple of concrete examples just to give, give you an idea of what kinda what you're looking at. one of the, our data centers had really pathological IO latency. [00:04:23] Bryan: we had a very, uh, database heavy workload. And this was kind of right at the period where you were still deploying on rotating media on hard drives. So this is like, so. An all flash buy did not make economic sense when we did this in, in 2016. This probably, it'd be interesting to know like when was the, the kind of the last time that that actual hard drives made sense? [00:04:50] Bryan: 'cause I feel this was close to it. So we had a, a bunch of, of a pathological IO problems, but we had one data center in which the outliers were actually quite a bit worse and there was so much going on in that system. It took us a long time to figure out like why. And because when, when you, when you're io when you're seeing worse io I mean you're naturally, you wanna understand like what's the workload doing? [00:05:14] Bryan: You're trying to take a first principles approach. What's the workload doing? So this is a very intensive database workload to support the, the object storage system that we had built called Manta. And that the, the metadata tier was stored and uh, was we were using Postgres for that. And that was just getting absolutely slaughtered. [00:05:34] Bryan: Um, and ultimately very IO bound with these kind of pathological IO latencies. Uh, and as we, you know, trying to like peel away the layers to figure out what was going on. And I finally had this thing. So it's like, okay, we are seeing at the, at the device layer, at the at, at the disc layer, we are seeing pathological outliers in this data center that we're not seeing anywhere else. [00:06:00] Bryan: And that does not make any sense. And the thought occurred to me. I'm like, well, maybe we are. Do we have like different. Different rev of firmware on our HGST drives, HGST. Now part of WD Western Digital were the drives that we had everywhere. And, um, so maybe we had a different, maybe I had a firmware bug. [00:06:20] Bryan: I, this would not be the first time in my life at all that I would have a drive firmware issue. Uh, and I went to go pull the firmware, rev, and I'm like, Toshiba makes hard drives? So we had, I mean. I had no idea that Toshiba even made hard drives, let alone that they were our, they were in our data center. [00:06:38] Bryan: I'm like, what is this? And as it turns out, and this is, you know, part of the, the challenge when you don't have an integrated system, which not to pick on them, but Dell doesn't, and what Dell would routinely put just sub make substitutes, and they make substitutes that they, you know, it's kind of like you're going to like, I don't know, Instacart or whatever, and they're out of the thing that you want. [00:07:03] Bryan: So, you know, you're, someone makes a substitute and like sometimes that's okay, but it's really not okay in a data center. And you really want to develop and validate a, an end-to-end integrated system. And in this case, like Toshiba doesn't, I mean, Toshiba does make hard drives, but they are a, or the data they did, uh, they basically were, uh, not competitive and they were not competitive in part for the reasons that we were discovering. [00:07:29] Bryan: They had really serious firmware issues. So the, these were drives that would just simply stop a, a stop acknowledging any reads from the order of 2,700 milliseconds. Long time, 2.7 seconds. Um. And that was a, it was a drive firmware issue, but it was highlighted like a much deeper issue, which was the simple lack of control that we had over our own destiny. [00:07:53] Bryan: Um, and it's an, it's, it's an example among many where Dell is making a decision. That lowers the cost of what they are providing you marginally, but it is then giving you a system that they shouldn't have any confidence in because it's not one that they've actually designed and they leave it to the customer, the end user, to make these discoveries. [00:08:18] Bryan: And these things happen up and down the stack. And for every, for whether it's, and, and not just to pick on Dell because it's, it's true for HPE, it's true for super micro, uh, it's true for your switch vendors. It's, it's true for storage vendors where the, the, the, the one that is left actually integrating these things and trying to make the the whole thing work is the end user sitting in their data center. AWS / Google are not buying off the shelf hardware but you can't use it [00:08:42] Bryan: There's not a product that they can buy that gives them elastic infrastructure, a cloud in their own DC The, the product that you buy is the public cloud. Like when you go in the public cloud, you don't worry about the stuff because that it's, it's AWS's issue or it's GCP's issue. And they are the ones that get this to ground. [00:09:02] Bryan: And they, and this was kind of, you know, the eye-opening moment. Not a surprise. Uh, they are not Dell customers. They're not HPE customers. They're not super micro customers. They have designed their own machines. And to varying degrees, depending on which one you're looking at. But they've taken the clean sheet of paper and the frustration that we had kind of at Joyent and beginning to wonder and then Samsung and kind of wondering what was next, uh, is that, that what they built was not available for purchase in the data center. [00:09:35] Bryan: You could only rent it in the public cloud. And our big belief is that public cloud computing is a really important revolution in infrastructure. Doesn't feel like a different, a deep thought, but cloud computing is a really important revolution. It shouldn't only be available to rent. You should be able to actually buy it. [00:09:53] Bryan: And there are a bunch of reasons for doing that. Uh, one in the one we we saw at Samsung is economics, which I think is still the dominant reason where it just does not make sense to rent all of your compute in perpetuity. But there are other reasons too. There's security, there's risk management, there's latency. [00:10:07] Bryan: There are a bunch of reasons why one might wanna to own one's own infrastructure. But, uh, that was very much the, the, so the, the genesis for oxide was coming out of this very painful experience and a painful experience that, because, I mean, a long answer to your question about like what was it like to be at Samsung scale? [00:10:27] Bryan: Those are the kinds of things that we, I mean, in our other data centers, we didn't have Toshiba drives. We only had the HDSC drives, but it's only when you get to this larger scale that you begin to see some of these pathologies. But these pathologies then are really debilitating in terms of those who are trying to develop a service on top of them. [00:10:45] Bryan: So it was, it was very educational in, in that regard. And you're very grateful for the experience at Samsung in terms of opening our eyes to the challenge of running at that kind of scale. [00:10:57] Jeremy: Yeah, because I, I think as software engineers, a lot of times we, we treat the hardware as a, as a given where, [00:11:08] Bryan: Yeah. [00:11:08] Bryan: Yeah. There's software in chard drives [00:11:09] Jeremy: It sounds like in, in this case, I mean, maybe the issue is not so much that. Dell or HP as a company doesn't own every single piece that they're providing you, but rather the fact that they're swapping pieces in and out without advertising them, and then when it becomes a problem, they're not necessarily willing to, to deal with the, the consequences of that. [00:11:34] Bryan: They just don't know. I mean, I think they just genuinely don't know. I mean, I think that they, it's not like they're making a deliberate decision to kind of ship garbage. It's just that they are making, I mean, I think it's exactly what you said about like, not thinking about the hardware. It's like, what's a hard drive? [00:11:47] Bryan: Like what's it, I mean, it's a hard drive. It's got the same specs as this other hard drive and Intel. You know, it's a little bit cheaper, so why not? It's like, well, like there's some reasons why not, and one of the reasons why not is like, uh, even a hard drive, whether it's rotating media or, or flash, like that's not just hardware. [00:12:05] Bryan: There's software in there. And that the software's like not the same. I mean, there are components where it's like, there's actually, whether, you know, if, if you're looking at like a resistor or a capacitor or something like this Yeah. If you've got two, two parts that are within the same tolerance. Yeah. [00:12:19] Bryan: Like sure. Maybe, although even the EEs I think would be, would be, uh, objecting that a little bit. But the, the, the more complicated you get, and certainly once you get to the, the, the, the kind of the hardware that we think of like a, a, a microprocessor, a a network interface card, a a, a hard driver, an NVME drive. [00:12:38] Bryan: Those things are super complicated and there's a whole bunch of software inside of those things, the firmware, and that's the stuff that, that you can't, I mean, you say that software engineers don't think about that. It's like you, no one can really think about that because it's proprietary that's kinda welded shut and you've got this abstraction into it. [00:12:55] Bryan: But the, the way that thing operates is very core to how the thing in aggregate will behave. And I think that you, the, the kind of, the, the fundamental difference between Oxide's approach and the approach that you get at a Dell HP Supermicro, wherever, is really thinking holistically in terms of hardware and software together in a system that, that ultimately delivers cloud computing to a user. [00:13:22] Bryan: And there's a lot of software at many, many, many, many different layers. And it's very important to think about, about that software and that hardware holistically as a single system. [00:13:34] Jeremy: And during that time at Joyent, when you experienced some of these issues, was it more of a case of you didn't have enough servers experiencing this? So if it would happen, you might say like, well, this one's not working, so maybe we'll just replace the hardware. What, what was the thought process when you were working at that smaller scale and, and how did these issues affect you? UEFI / Baseboard Management Controller [00:13:58] Bryan: Yeah, at the smaller scale, you, uh, you see fewer of them, right? You just see it's like, okay, we, you know, what you might see is like, that's weird. We kinda saw this in one machine versus seeing it in a hundred or a thousand or 10,000. Um, so you just, you just see them, uh, less frequently as a result, they are less debilitating. [00:14:16] Bryan: Um, I, I think that it's, when you go to that larger scale, those things that become, that were unusual now become routine and they become debilitating. Um, so it, it really is in many regards a function of scale. Uh, and then I think it was also, you know, it was a little bit dispiriting that kind of the substrate we were building on really had not improved. [00:14:39] Bryan: Um, and if you look at, you know, the, if you buy a computer server, buy an x86 server. There is a very low layer of firmware, the BIOS, the basic input output system, the UEFI BIOS, and this is like an abstraction layer that has, has existed since the eighties and hasn't really meaningfully improved. Um, the, the kind of the transition to UEFI happened with, I mean, I, I ironically with Itanium, um, you know, two decades ago. [00:15:08] Bryan: but beyond that, like this low layer, this lowest layer of platform enablement software is really only impeding the operability of the system. Um, you look at the baseboard management controller, which is the kind of the computer within the computer, there is a, uh, there is an element in the machine that needs to handle environmentals, that needs to handle, uh, operate the fans and so on. [00:15:31] Bryan: Uh, and that traditionally has this, the space board management controller, and that architecturally just hasn't improved in the last two decades. And, you know, that's, it's a proprietary piece of silicon. Generally from a company that no one's ever heard of called a Speed, uh, which has to be, is written all on caps, so I guess it needs to be screamed. [00:15:50] Bryan: Um, a speed has a proprietary part that has a, there is a root password infamously there, is there, the root password is encoded effectively in silicon. So, uh, which is just, and for, um, anyone who kind of goes deep into these things, like, oh my God, are you kidding me? Um, when we first started oxide, the wifi password was a fraction of the a speed root password for the bmc. [00:16:16] Bryan: It's kinda like a little, little BMC humor. Um, but those things, it was just dispiriting that, that the, the state-of-the-art was still basically personal computers running in the data center. Um, and that's part of what, what was the motivation for doing something new? [00:16:32] Jeremy: And for the people using these systems, whether it's the baseboard management controller or it's the The BIOS or UF UEFI component, what are the actual problems that people are seeing seen? Security vulnerabilities and poor practices in the BMC [00:16:51] Bryan: Oh man, I, the, you are going to have like some fraction of your listeners, maybe a big fraction where like, yeah, like what are the problems? That's a good question. And then you're gonna have the people that actually deal with these things who are, did like their heads already hit the desk being like, what are the problems? [00:17:06] Bryan: Like what are the non problems? Like what, what works? Actually, that's like a shorter answer. Um, I mean, there are so many problems and a lot of it is just like, I mean, there are problems just architecturally these things are just so, I mean, and you could, they're the problems spread to the horizon, so you can kind of start wherever you want. [00:17:24] Bryan: But I mean, as like, as a really concrete example. Okay, so the, the BMCs that, that the computer within the computer that needs to be on its own network. So you now have like not one network, you got two networks that, and that network, by the way, it, that's the network that you're gonna log into to like reset the machine when it's otherwise unresponsive. [00:17:44] Bryan: So that going into the BMC, you can are, you're able to control the entire machine. Well it's like, alright, so now I've got a second net network that I need to manage. What is running on the BMC? Well, it's running some. Ancient, ancient version of Linux it that you got. It's like, well how do I, how do I patch that? [00:18:02] Bryan: How do I like manage the vulnerabilities with that? Because if someone is able to root your BMC, they control the system. So it's like, this is not you've, and now you've gotta go deal with all of the operational hair around that. How do you upgrade that system updating the BMC? I mean, it's like you've got this like second shadow bad infrastructure that you have to go manage. [00:18:23] Bryan: Generally not open source. There's something called open BMC, um, which, um, you people use to varying degrees, but you're generally stuck with the proprietary BMC, so you're generally stuck with, with iLO from HPE or iDRAC from Dell or, or, uh, the, uh, su super micros, BMC, that H-P-B-M-C, and you are, uh, it is just excruciating pain. [00:18:49] Bryan: Um, and that this is assuming that by the way, that everything is behaving correctly. The, the problem is that these things often don't behave correctly, and then the consequence of them not behaving correctly. It's really dire because it's at that lowest layer of the system. So, I mean, I'll give you a concrete example. [00:19:07] Bryan: a customer of theirs reported to me, so I won't disclose the vendor, but let's just say that a well-known vendor had an issue with their, their temperature sensors were broken. Um, and the thing would always read basically the wrong value. So it was the BMC that had to like, invent its own ki a different kind of thermal control loop. [00:19:28] Bryan: And it would index on the, on the, the, the, the actual inrush current. It would, they would look at that at the current that's going into the CPU to adjust the fan speed. That's a great example of something like that's a, that's an interesting idea. That doesn't work. 'cause that's actually not the temperature. [00:19:45] Bryan: So like that software would crank the fans whenever you had an inrush of current and this customer had a workload that would spike the current and by it, when it would spike the current, the, the, the fans would kick up and then they would slowly degrade over time. Well, this workload was spiking the current faster than the fans would degrade, but not fast enough to actually heat up the part. [00:20:08] Bryan: And ultimately over a very long time, in a very painful investigation, it's customer determined that like my fans are cranked in my data center for no reason. We're blowing cold air. And it's like that, this is on the order of like a hundred watts, a server of, of energy that you shouldn't be spending and like that ultimately what that go comes down to this kind of broken software hardware interface at the lowest layer that has real meaningful consequence, uh, in terms of hundreds of kilowatts, um, across a data center. So this stuff has, has very, very, very real consequence and it's such a shadowy world. Part of the reason that, that your listeners that have dealt with this, that our heads will hit the desk is because it is really aggravating to deal with problems with this layer. [00:21:01] Bryan: You, you feel powerless. You don't control or really see the software that's on them. It's generally proprietary. You are relying on your vendor. Your vendor is telling you that like, boy, I don't know. You're the only customer seeing this. I mean, the number of times I have heard that for, and I, I have pledged that we're, we're not gonna say that at oxide because it's such an unaskable thing to say like, you're the only customer saying this. [00:21:25] Bryan: It's like, it feels like, are you blaming me for my problem? Feels like you're blaming me for my problem? Um, and what you begin to realize is that to a degree, these folks are speaking their own truth because the, the folks that are running at real scale at Hyperscale, those folks aren't Dell, HP super micro customers. [00:21:46] Bryan: They're actually, they've done their own thing. So it's like, yeah, Dell's not seeing that problem, um, because they're not running at the same scale. Um, but when you do run, you only have to run at modest scale before these things just become. Overwhelming in terms of the, the headwind that they present to people that wanna deploy infrastructure. The problem is felt with just a few racks [00:22:05] Jeremy: Yeah, so maybe to help people get some perspective at, at what point do you think that people start noticing or start feeling these problems? Because I imagine that if you're just have a few racks or [00:22:22] Bryan: do you have a couple racks or the, or do you wonder or just wondering because No, no, no. I would think, I think anyone who deploys any number of servers, especially now, especially if your experience is only in the cloud, you're gonna be like, what the hell is this? I mean, just again, just to get this thing working at all. [00:22:39] Bryan: It is so it, it's so hairy and so congealed, right? It's not designed. Um, and it, it, it, it's accreted it and it's so obviously accreted that you are, I mean, nobody who is setting up a rack of servers is gonna think to themselves like, yes, this is the right way to go do it. This all makes sense because it's, it's just not, it, I, it feels like the kit, I mean, kit car's almost too generous because it implies that there's like a set of plans to work to in the end. [00:23:08] Bryan: Uh, I mean, it, it, it's a bag of bolts. It's a bunch of parts that you're putting together. And so even at the smallest scales, that stuff is painful. Just architecturally, it's painful at the small scale then, but at least you can get it working. I think the stuff that then becomes debilitating at larger scale are the things that are, are worse than just like, I can't, like this thing is a mess to get working. [00:23:31] Bryan: It's like the, the, the fan issue that, um, where you are now seeing this over, you know, hundreds of machines or thousands of machines. Um, so I, it is painful at more or less all levels of scale. There's, there is no level at which the, the, the pc, which is really what this is, this is a, the, the personal computer architecture from the 1980s and there is really no level of scale where that's the right unit. Running elastic infrastructure is the hardware but also, hypervisor, distributed database, api, etc [00:23:57] Bryan: I mean, where that's the right thing to go deploy, especially if what you are trying to run. Is elastic infrastructure, a cloud. Because the other thing is like we, we've kinda been talking a lot about that hardware layer. Like hardware is, is just the start. Like you actually gotta go put software on that and actually run that as elastic infrastructure. [00:24:16] Bryan: So you need a hypervisor. Yes. But you need a lot more than that. You, you need to actually, you, you need a distributed database, you need web endpoints. You need, you need a CLI, you need all the stuff that you need to actually go run an actual service of compute or networking or storage. I mean, and for, for compute, even for compute, there's a ton of work to be done. [00:24:39] Bryan: And compute is by far, I would say the simplest of the, of the three. When you look at like networks, network services, storage services, there's a whole bunch of stuff that you need to go build in terms of distributed systems to actually offer that as a cloud. So it, I mean, it is painful at more or less every LE level if you are trying to deploy cloud computing on. What's a control plane? [00:25:00] Jeremy: And for someone who doesn't have experience building or working with this type of infrastructure, when you talk about a control plane, what, what does that do in the context of this system? [00:25:16] Bryan: So control plane is the thing that is, that is everything between your API request and that infrastructure actually being acted upon. So you go say, Hey, I, I want a provision, a vm. Okay, great. We've got a whole bunch of things we're gonna provision with that. We're gonna provision a vm, we're gonna get some storage that's gonna go along with that, that's got a network storage service that's gonna come out of, uh, we've got a virtual network that we're gonna either create or attach to. [00:25:39] Bryan: We've got a, a whole bunch of things we need to go do for that. For all of these things, there are metadata components that need, we need to keep track of this thing that, beyond the actual infrastructure that we create. And then we need to go actually, like act on the actual compute elements, the hostos, what have you, the switches, what have you, and actually go. [00:25:56] Bryan: Create these underlying things and then connect them. And there's of course, the challenge of just getting that working is a big challenge. Um, but getting that working robustly, getting that working is, you know, when you go to provision of vm, um, the, all the, the, the steps that need to happen and what happens if one of those steps fails along the way? [00:26:17] Bryan: What happens if, you know, one thing we're very mindful of is these kind of, you get these long tails of like, why, you know, generally our VM provisioning happened within this time, but we get these long tails where it takes much longer. What's going on? What, where in this process are we, are we actually spending time? [00:26:33] Bryan: Uh, and there's a whole lot of complexity that you need to go deal with that. There's a lot of complexity that you need to go deal with this effectively, this workflow that's gonna go create these things and manage them. Um, we use a, a pattern that we call, that are called sagas, actually is a, is a database pattern from the eighties. [00:26:51] Bryan: Uh, Katie McCaffrey is a, is a database reCrcher who, who, uh, I, I think, uh, reintroduce the idea of, of sagas, um, in the last kind of decade. Um, and this is something that we picked up, um, and I've done a lot of really interesting things with, um, to allow for, to this kind of, these workflows to be, to be managed and done so robustly in a way that you can restart them and so on. [00:27:16] Bryan: Uh, and then you guys, you get this whole distributed system that can do all this. That whole distributed system, that itself needs to be reliable and available. So if you, you know, you need to be able to, what happens if you, if you pull a sled or if a sled fails, how does the system deal with that? [00:27:33] Bryan: How does the system deal with getting an another sled added to the system? Like how do you actually grow this distributed system? And then how do you update it? How do you actually go from one version to the next? And all of that has to happen across an air gap where this is gonna run as part of the computer. [00:27:49] Bryan: So there are, it, it is fractally complicated. There, there is a lot of complexity here in, in software, in the software system and all of that. We kind of, we call the control plane. Um, and it, this is the what exists at AWS at GCP, at Azure. When you are hitting an endpoint that's provisioning an EC2 instance for you. [00:28:10] Bryan: There is an AWS control plane that is, is doing all of this and has, uh, some of these similar aspects and certainly some of these similar challenges. Are vSphere / Proxmox / Hyper-V in the same category? [00:28:20] Jeremy: And for people who have run their own servers with something like say VMware or Hyper V or Proxmox, are those in the same category? [00:28:32] Bryan: Yeah, I mean a little bit. I mean, it kind of like vSphere Yes. Via VMware. No. So it's like you, uh, VMware ESX is, is kind of a key building block upon which you can build something that is a more meaningful distributed system. When it's just like a machine that you're provisioning VMs on, it's like, okay, well that's actually, you as the human might be the control plane. [00:28:52] Bryan: Like, that's, that, that's, that's a much easier problem. Um, but when you've got, you know, tens, hundreds, thousands of machines, you need to do it robustly. You need something to coordinate that activity and you know, you need to pick which sled you land on. You need to be able to move these things. You need to be able to update that whole system. [00:29:06] Bryan: That's when you're getting into a control plane. So, you know, some of these things have kind of edged into a control plane, certainly VMware. Um, now Broadcom, um, has delivered something that's kind of cloudish. Um, I think that for folks that are truly born on the cloud, it, it still feels somewhat, uh, like you're going backwards in time when you, when you look at these kind of on-prem offerings. [00:29:29] Bryan: Um, but, but it, it, it's got these aspects to it for sure. Um, and I think that we're, um, some of these other things when you're just looking at KVM or just looks looking at Proxmox you kind of need to, to connect it to other broader things to turn it into something that really looks like manageable infrastructure. [00:29:47] Bryan: And then many of those projects are really, they're either proprietary projects, uh, proprietary products like vSphere, um, or you are really dealing with open source projects that are. Not necessarily aimed at the same level of scale. Um, you know, you look at a, again, Proxmox or, uh, um, you'll get an OpenStack. [00:30:05] Bryan: Um, and you know, OpenStack is just a lot of things, right? I mean, OpenStack has got so many, the OpenStack was kind of a, a free for all, for every infrastructure vendor. Um, and I, you know, there was a time people were like, don't you, aren't you worried about all these companies together that, you know, are coming together for OpenStack? [00:30:24] Bryan: I'm like, haven't you ever worked for like a company? Like, companies don't get along. By the way, it's like having multiple companies work together on a thing that's bad news, not good news. And I think, you know, one of the things that OpenStack has definitely struggled with, kind of with what, actually the, the, there's so many different kind of vendor elements in there that it's, it's very much not a product, it's a project that you're trying to run. [00:30:47] Bryan: But that's, but that very much is in, I mean, that's, that's similar certainly in spirit. [00:30:53] Jeremy: And so I think this is kind of like you're alluding to earlier, the piece that allows you to allocate, compute, storage, manage networking, gives you that experience of I can go to a web console or I can use an API and I can spin up machines, get them all connected. At the end of the day, the control plane. Is allowing you to do that in hopefully a user-friendly way. [00:31:21] Bryan: That's right. Yep. And in the, I mean, in order to do that in a modern way, it's not just like a user-friendly way. You really need to have a CLI and a web UI and an API. Those all need to be drawn from the same kind of single ground truth. Like you don't wanna have any of those be an afterthought for the other. [00:31:39] Bryan: You wanna have the same way of generating all of those different endpoints and, and entries into the system. Building a control plane now has better tools (Rust, CockroachDB) [00:31:46] Jeremy: And if you take your time at Joyent as an example. What kind of tools existed for that versus how much did you have to build in-house for as far as the hypervisor and managing the compute and all that? [00:32:02] Bryan: Yeah, so we built more or less everything in house. I mean, what you have is, um, and I think, you know, over time we've gotten slightly better tools. Um, I think, and, and maybe it's a little bit easier to talk about the, kind of the tools we started at Oxide because we kind of started with a, with a clean sheet of paper at oxide. [00:32:16] Bryan: We wanted to, knew we wanted to go build a control plane, but we were able to kind of go revisit some of the components. So actually, and maybe I'll, I'll talk about some of those changes. So when we, at, For example, at Joyent, when we were building a cloud at Joyent, there wasn't really a good distributed database. [00:32:34] Bryan: Um, so we were using Postgres as our database for metadata and there were a lot of challenges. And Postgres is not a distributed database. It's running. With a primary secondary architecture, and there's a bunch of issues there, many of which we discovered the hard way. Um, when we were coming to oxide, you have much better options to pick from in terms of distributed databases. [00:32:57] Bryan: You know, we, there was a period that now seems maybe potentially brief in hindsight, but of a really high quality open source distributed databases. So there were really some good ones to, to pick from. Um, we, we built on CockroachDB on CRDB. Um, so that was a really important component. That we had at oxide that we didn't have at Joyent. [00:33:19] Bryan: Um, so we were, I wouldn't say we were rolling our own distributed database, we were just using Postgres and uh, and, and dealing with an enormous amount of pain there in terms of the surround. Um, on top of that, and, and, you know, a, a control plane is much more than a database, obviously. Uh, and you've gotta deal with, uh, there's a whole bunch of software that you need to go, right. [00:33:40] Bryan: Um, to be able to, to transform these kind of API requests into something that is reliable infrastructure, right? And there, there's a lot to that. Uh, especially when networking gets in the mix, when storage gets in the mix, uh, there are a whole bunch of like complicated steps that need to be done, um, at Joyent. [00:33:59] Bryan: Um, we, in part because of the history of the company and like, look. This, this just is not gonna sound good, but it just is what it is and I'm just gonna own it. We did it all in Node, um, at Joyent, which I, I, I know it sounds really right now, just sounds like, well, you, you built it with Tinker Toys. You Okay. [00:34:18] Bryan: Uh, did, did you think it was, you built the skyscraper with Tinker Toys? Uh, it's like, well, okay. We actually, we had greater aspirations for the Tinker Toys once upon a time, and it was better than, you know, than Twisted Python and Event Machine from Ruby, and we weren't gonna do it in Java. All right. [00:34:32] Bryan: So, but let's just say that that experiment, uh, that experiment did ultimately end in a predictable fashion. Um, and, uh, we, we decided that maybe Node was not gonna be the best decision long term. Um, Joyent was the company behind node js. Uh, back in the day, Ryan Dahl worked for Joyent. Uh, and then, uh, then we, we, we. [00:34:53] Bryan: Uh, landed that in a foundation in about, uh, what, 2015, something like that. Um, and began to consider our world beyond, uh, beyond Node. Rust at Oxide [00:35:04] Bryan: A big tool that we had in the arsenal when we started Oxide is Rust. Um, and so indeed the name of the company is, is a tip of the hat to the language that we were pretty sure we were gonna be building a lot of stuff in. [00:35:16] Bryan: Namely Rust. And, uh, rust is, uh, has been huge for us, a very important revolution in programming languages. you know, there, there, there have been different people kind of coming in at different times and I kinda came to Rust in what I, I think is like this big kind of second expansion of rust in 2018 when a lot of technologists were think, uh, sick of Node and also sick of Go. [00:35:43] Bryan: And, uh, also sick of C++. And wondering is there gonna be something that gives me the, the, the performance, of that I get outta C. The, the robustness that I can get out of a C program but is is often difficult to achieve. but can I get that with kind of some, some of the velocity of development, although I hate that term, some of the speed of development that you get out of a more interpreted language. [00:36:08] Bryan: Um, and then by the way, can I actually have types, I think types would be a good idea? Uh, and rust obviously hits the sweet spot of all of that. Um, it has been absolutely huge for us. I mean, we knew when we started the company again, oxide, uh, we were gonna be using rust in, in quite a, quite a. Few places, but we weren't doing it by fiat. [00:36:27] Bryan: Um, we wanted to actually make sure we're making the right decision, um, at, at every different, at every layer. Uh, I think what has been surprising is the sheer number of layers at which we use rust in terms of, we've done our own embedded firmware in rust. We've done, um, in, in the host operating system, which is still largely in C, but very big components are in rust. [00:36:47] Bryan: The hypervisor Propolis is all in rust. Uh, and then of course the control plane, that distributed system on that is all in rust. So that was a very important thing that we very much did not need to build ourselves. We were able to really leverage, uh, a terrific community. Um. We were able to use, uh, and we've done this at Joyent as well, but at Oxide, we've used Illumos as a hostos component, which, uh, our variant is called Helios. [00:37:11] Bryan: Um, we've used, uh, bhyve um, as a, as as that kind of internal hypervisor component. we've made use of a bunch of different open source components to build this thing, um, which has been really, really important for us. Uh, and open source components that didn't exist even like five years prior. [00:37:28] Bryan: That's part of why we felt that 2019 was the right time to start the company. And so we started Oxide. The problems building a control plane in Node [00:37:34] Jeremy: You had mentioned that at Joyent, you had tried to build this in, in Node. What were the, what were the, the issues or the, the challenges that you had doing that? [00:37:46] Bryan: Oh boy. Yeah. again, we, I kind of had higher hopes in 2010, I would say. When we, we set on this, um, the, the, the problem that we had just writ large, um. JavaScript is really designed to allow as many people on earth to write a program as possible, which is good. I mean, I, I, that's a, that's a laudable goal. [00:38:09] Bryan: That is the goal ultimately of such as it is of JavaScript. It's actually hard to know what the goal of JavaScript is, unfortunately, because Brendan Ike never actually wrote a book. so that there is not a canonical, you've got kind of Doug Crockford and other people who've written things on JavaScript, but it's hard to know kind of what the original intent of JavaScript is. [00:38:27] Bryan: The name doesn't even express original intent, right? It was called Live Script, and it was kind of renamed to JavaScript during the Java Frenzy of the late nineties. A name that makes no sense. There is no Java in JavaScript. that is kind of, I think, revealing to kind of the, uh, the unprincipled mess that is JavaScript. [00:38:47] Bryan: It, it, it's very pragmatic at some level, um, and allows anyone to, it makes it very easy to write software. The problem is it's much more difficult to write really rigorous software. So, uh, and this is what I should differentiate JavaScript from TypeScript. This is really what TypeScript is trying to solve. [00:39:07] Bryan: TypeScript is like. How can, I think TypeScript is a, is a great step forward because TypeScript is like, how can we bring some rigor to this? Like, yes, it's great that it's easy to write JavaScript, but that's not, we, we don't wanna do that for Absolutely. I mean that, that's not the only problem we solve. [00:39:23] Bryan: We actually wanna be able to write rigorous software and it's actually okay if it's a little harder to write rigorous software that's actually okay if it gets leads to, to more rigorous artifacts. Um, but in JavaScript, I mean, just a concrete example. You know, there's nothing to prevent you from referencing a property that doesn't actually exist in JavaScript. [00:39:43] Bryan: So if you fat finger a property name, you are relying on something to tell you. By the way, I think you've misspelled this because there is no type definition for this thing. And I don't know that you've got one that's spelled correctly, one that's spelled incorrectly, that's often undefined. And then the, when you actually go, you say you've got this typo that is lurking in your what you want to be rigorous software. [00:40:07] Bryan: And if you don't execute that code, like you won't know that's there. And then you do execute that code. And now you've got a, you've got an undefined object. And now that's either gonna be an exception or it can, again, depends on how that's handled. It can be really difficult to determine the origin of that, of, of that error, of that programming. [00:40:26] Bryan: And that is a programmer error. And one of the big challenges that we had with Node is that programmer errors and operational errors, like, you know, I'm out of disk space as an operational error. Those get conflated and it becomes really hard. And in fact, I think the, the language wanted to make it easier to just kind of, uh, drive on in the event of all errors. [00:40:53] Bryan: And it's like, actually not what you wanna do if you're trying to build a reliable, robust system. So we had. No end of issues. [00:41:01] Bryan: We've got a lot of experience developing rigorous systems, um, again coming out of operating systems development and so on. And we want, we brought some of that rigor, if strangely, to JavaScript. So one of the things that we did is we brought a lot of postmortem, diagnos ability and observability to node. [00:41:18] Bryan: And so if, if one of our node processes. Died in production, we would actually get a core dump from that process, a core dump that we could actually meaningfully process. So we did a bunch of kind of wild stuff. I mean, actually wild stuff where we could actually make sense of the JavaScript objects in a binary core dump. JavaScript values ease of getting started over robustness [00:41:41] Bryan: Um, and things that we thought were really important, and this is the, the rest of the world just looks at this being like, what the hell is this? I mean, it's so out of step with it. The problem is that we were trying to bridge two disconnected cultures of one developing really. Rigorous software and really designing it for production, diagnosability and the other, really designing it to software to run in the browser and for anyone to be able to like, you know, kind of liven up a webpage, right? [00:42:10] Bryan: Is kinda the origin of, of live script and then JavaScript. And we were kind of the only ones sitting at the intersection of that. And you begin when you are the only ones sitting at that kind of intersection. You just are, you're, you're kind of fighting a community all the time. And we just realized that we are, there were so many things that the community wanted to do that we felt are like, no, no, this is gonna make software less diagnosable. It's gonna make it less robust. The NodeJS split and why people left [00:42:36] Bryan: And then you realize like, I'm, we're the only voice in the room because we have got, we have got desires for this language that it doesn't have for itself. And this is when you realize you're in a bad relationship with software. It's time to actually move on. And in fact, actually several years after, we'd already kind of broken up with node. [00:42:55] Bryan: Um, and it was like, it was a bit of an acrimonious breakup. there was a, uh, famous slash infamous fork of node called IoJS Um, and this was viewed because people, the community, thought that Joyent was being what was not being an appropriate steward of node js and was, uh, not allowing more things to come into to, to node. [00:43:19] Bryan: And of course, the reason that we of course, felt that we were being a careful steward and we were actively resisting those things that would cut against its fitness for a production system. But it's some way the community saw it and they, and forked, um, and, and I think the, we knew before the fork that's like, this is not working and we need to get this thing out of our hands. Platform is a reflection of values node summit talk [00:43:43] Bryan: And we're are the wrong hands for this? This needs to be in a foundation. Uh, and so we kind of gone through that breakup, uh, and maybe it was two years after that. That, uh, friend of mine who was um, was running the, uh, the node summit was actually, it's unfortunately now passed away. Charles er, um, but Charles' venture capitalist great guy, and Charles was running Node Summit and came to me in 2017. [00:44:07] Bryan: He is like, I really want you to keynote Node Summit. And I'm like, Charles, I'm not gonna do that. I've got nothing nice to say. Like, this is the, the, you don't want, I'm the last person you wanna keynote. He's like, oh, if you have nothing nice to say, you should definitely keynote. You're like, oh God, okay, here we go. [00:44:22] Bryan: He's like, no, I really want you to talk about, like, you should talk about the Joyent breakup with NodeJS. I'm like, oh man. [00:44:29] Bryan: And that led to a talk that I'm really happy that I gave, 'cause it was a very important talk for me personally. Uh, called Platform is a reflection of values and really looking at the values that we had for Node and the values that Node had for itself. And they didn't line up. [00:44:49] Bryan: And the problem is that the values that Node had for itself and the values that we had for Node are all kind of positives, right? Like there's nobody in the node community who's like, I don't want rigor, I hate rigor. It's just that if they had the choose between rigor and making the language approachable. [00:45:09] Bryan: They would choose approachability every single time. They would never choose rigor. And, you know, that was a, that was a big eye-opener. I do, I would say, if you watch this talk. [00:45:20] Bryan: because I knew that there's, like, the audience was gonna be filled with, with people who, had been a part of the fork in 2014, I think was the, the, the, the fork, the IOJS fork. And I knew that there, there were, there were some, you know, some people that were, um, had been there for the fork and. [00:45:41] Bryan: I said a little bit of a trap for the audience. But the, and the trap, I said, you know what, I, I kind of talked about the values that we had and the aspirations we had for Node, the aspirations that Node had for itself and how they were different. [00:45:53] Bryan: And, you know, and I'm like, look in, in, in hindsight, like a fracture was inevitable. And in 2014 there was finally a fracture. And do people know what happened in 2014? And if you, if you, you could listen to that talk, everyone almost says in unison, like IOJS. I'm like, oh right. IOJS. Right. That's actually not what I was thinking of. [00:46:19] Bryan: And I go to the next slide and is a tweet from a guy named TJ Holloway, Chuck, who was the most prolific contributor to Node. And it was his tweet also in 2014 before the fork, before the IOJS fork explaining that he was leaving Node and that he was going to go. And you, if you turn the volume all the way up, you can hear the audience gasp. [00:46:41] Bryan: And it's just delicious because the community had never really come, had never really confronted why TJ left. Um, there. And I went through a couple folks, Felix, bunch of other folks, early Node folks. That were there in 2010, were leaving in 2014, and they were going to go primarily, and they were going to go because they were sick of the same things that we were sick of. [00:47:09] Bryan: They, they, they had hit the same things that we had hit and they were frustrated. I I really do believe this, that platforms do reflect their own values. And when you are making a software decision, you are selecting value. [00:47:26] Bryan: You should select values that align with the values that you have for that software. That is, those are, that's way more important than other things that people look at. I think people look at, for example, quote unquote community size way too frequently, community size is like. Eh, maybe it can be fine. [00:47:44] Bryan: I've been in very large communities, node. I've been in super small open source communities like AUMs and RAs, a bunch of others. there are strengths and weaknesses to both approaches just as like there's a strength to being in a big city versus a small town. Me personally, I'll take the small community more or less every time because the small community is almost always self-selecting based on values and just for the same reason that I like working at small companies or small teams. [00:48:11] Bryan: There's a lot of value to be had in a small community. It's not to say that large communities are valueless, but again, long answer to your question of kind of where did things go south with Joyent and node. They went south because the, the values that we had and the values the community had didn't line up and that was a very educational experience, as you might imagine. [00:48:33] Jeremy: Yeah. And, and given that you mentioned how, because of those values, some people moved from Node to go, and in the end for much of what oxide is building. You ended up using rust. What, what would you say are the, the values of go and and rust, and how did you end up choosing Rust given that. Go's decisions regarding generics, versioning, compilation speed priority [00:48:56] Bryan: Yeah, I mean, well, so the value for, yeah. And so go, I mean, I understand why people move from Node to Go, go to me was kind of a lateral move. Um, there were a bunch of things that I, uh, go was still garbage collected, um, which I didn't like. Um, go also is very strange in terms of there are these kind of like. [00:49:17] Bryan: These autocratic kind of decisions that are very bizarre. Um, there, I mean, generics is kind of a famous one, right? Where go kind of as a point of principle didn't have generics, even though go itself actually the innards of go did have generics. It's just that you a go user weren't allowed to have them. [00:49:35] Bryan: And you know, it's kind of, there was, there was an old cartoon years and years ago about like when a, when a technologist is telling you that something is technically impossible, that actually means I don't feel like it. Uh, and there was a certain degree of like, generics are technically impossible and go, it's like, Hey, actually there are. [00:49:51] Bryan: And so there was, and I just think that the arguments against generics were kind of disingenuous. Um, and indeed, like they ended up adopting generics and then there's like some super weird stuff around like, they're very anti-assertion, which is like, what, how are you? Why are you, how is someone against assertions, it doesn't even make any sense, but it's like, oh, nope. [00:50:10] Bryan: Okay. There's a whole scree on it. Nope, we're against assertions and the, you know, against versioning. There was another thing like, you know, the Rob Pike has kind of famously been like, you should always just run on the way to commit. And you're like, does that, is that, does that make sense? I mean this, we actually built it. [00:50:26] Bryan: And so there are a bunch of things like that. You're just like, okay, this is just exhausting and. I mean, there's some things about Go that are great and, uh, plenty of other things that I just, I'm not a fan of. Um, I think that the, in the end, like Go cares a lot about like compile time. It's super important for Go Right? [00:50:44] Bryan: Is very quick, compile time. I'm like, okay. But that's like compile time is not like, it's not unimportant, it's doesn't have zero importance. But I've got other things that are like lots more important than that. Um, what I really care about is I want a high performing artifact. I wanted garbage collection outta my life. Don't think garbage collection has good trade offs [00:51:00] Bryan: I, I gotta tell you, I, I like garbage collection to me is an embodiment of this like, larger problem of where do you put cognitive load in the software development process. And what garbage collection is saying to me it is right for plenty of other people and the software that they wanna develop. [00:51:21] Bryan: But for me and the software that I wanna develop, infrastructure software, I don't want garbage collection because I can solve the memory allocation problem. I know when I'm like, done with something or not. I mean, it's like I, whether that's in, in C with, I mean it's actually like, it's really not that hard to not leak memory in, in a C base system. [00:51:44] Bryan: And you can. give yourself a lot of tooling that allows you to diagnose where memory leaks are coming from. So it's like that is a solvable problem. There are other challenges with that, but like, when you are developing a really sophisticated system that has garbage collection is using garbage collection. [00:51:59] Bryan: You spend as much time trying to dork with the garbage collector to convince it to collect the thing that you know is garbage. You are like, I've got this thing. I know it's garbage. Now I need to use these like tips and tricks to get the garbage collector. I mean, it's like, it feels like every Java performance issue goes to like minus xx call and use the other garbage collector, whatever one you're using, use a different one and using a different, a different approach. [00:52:23] Bryan: It's like, so you're, you're in this, to me, it's like you're in the worst of all worlds where. the reason that garbage collection is helpful is because the programmer doesn't have to think at all about this problem. But now you're actually dealing with these long pauses in production. [00:52:38] Bryan: You're dealing with all these other issues where actually you need to think a lot about it. And it's kind of, it, it it's witchcraft. It, it, it's this black box that you can't see into. So it's like, what problem have we solved exactly? And I mean, so the fact that go had garbage collection, it's like, eh, no, I, I do not want, like, and then you get all the other like weird fatwahs and you know, everything else. [00:52:57] Bryan: I'm like, no, thank you. Go is a no thank you for me, I, I get it why people like it or use it, but it's, it's just, that was not gonna be it. Choosing Rust [00:53:04] Bryan: I'm like, I want C. but I, there are things I didn't like about C too. I was looking for something that was gonna give me the deterministic kind of artifact that I got outta C. But I wanted library support and C is tough because there's, it's all convention. you know, there's just a bunch of other things that are just thorny. And I remember thinking vividly in 2018, I'm like, well, it's rust or bust. Ownership model, algebraic types, error handling [00:53:28] Bryan: I'm gonna go into rust. And, uh, I hope I like it because if it's not this, it's gonna like, I'm gonna go back to C I'm like literally trying to figure out what the language is for the back half of my career. Um, and when I, you know, did what a lot of people were doing at that time and people have been doing since of, you know, really getting into rust and really learning it, appreciating the difference in the, the model for sure, the ownership model people talk about. [00:53:54] Bryan: That's also obviously very important. It was the error handling that blew me away. And the idea of like algebraic types, I never really had algebraic types. Um, and the ability to, to have. And for error handling is one of these really, uh, you, you really appreciate these things where it's like, how do you deal with a, with a function that can either succeed and return something or it can fail, and the way c deals with that is bad with these kind of sentinels for errors. [00:54:27] Bryan: And, you know, does negative one mean success? Does negative one mean failure? Does zero mean failure? Some C functions, zero means failure. Traditionally in Unix, zero means success. And like, what if you wanna return a file descriptor, you know, it's like, oh. And then it's like, okay, then it'll be like zero through positive N will be a valid result. [00:54:44] Bryan: Negative numbers will be, and like, was it negative one and I said airo, or is it a negative number that did not, I mean, it's like, and that's all convention, right? People do all, all those different things and it's all convention and it's easy to get wrong, easy to have bugs, can't be statically checked and so on. Um, and then what Go says is like, well, you're gonna have like two return values and then you're gonna have to like, just like constantly check all of these all the time. Um, which is also kind of gross. Um, JavaScript is like, Hey, let's toss an exception. If, if we don't like something, if we see an error, we'll, we'll throw an exception. [00:55:15] Bryan: There are a bunch of reasons I don't like that. Um, and you look, you'll get what Rust does, where it's like, no, no, no. We're gonna have these algebra types, which is to say this thing can be a this thing or that thing, but it, but it has to be one of these. And by the way, you don't get to process this thing until you conditionally match on one of these things. [00:55:35] Bryan: You're gonna have to have a, a pattern match on this thing to determine if it's a this or a that, and if it in, in the result type that you, the result is a generic where it's like, it's gonna be either the thing that you wanna return. It's gonna be an okay that contains the thing you wanna return, or it's gonna be an error that contains your error and it forces your code to deal with that. [00:55:57] Bryan: And what that does is it shifts the cognitive load from the person that is operating this thing in production to the, the actual developer that is in development. And I think that that, that to me is like, I, I love that shift. Um, and that shift to me is really important. Um, and that's what I was missing, that that's what Rust gives you. [00:56:23] Bryan: Rust forces you to think about your code as you write it, but as a result, you have an artifact that is much more supportable, much more sustainable, and much faster. Prefer to frontload cognitive load during development instead of at runtime [00:56:34] Jeremy: Yeah, it sounds like you would rather take the time during the development to think about these issues because whether it's garbage collection or it's error handling at runtime when you're trying to solve a problem, then it's much more difficult than having dealt with it to start with. [00:56:57] Bryan: Yeah, absolutely. I, and I just think that like, why also, like if it's software, if it's, again, if it's infrastructure software, I mean the kinda the question that you, you should have when you're writing software is how long is this software gonna live? How many people are gonna use this software? Uh, and if you are writing an operating system, the answer for this thing that you're gonna write, it's gonna live for a long time. [00:57:18] Bryan: Like, if we just look at plenty of aspects of the system that have been around for a, for decades, it's gonna live for a long time and many, many, many people are gonna use it. Why would we not expect people writing that software to have more cognitive load when they're writing it to give us something that's gonna be a better artifact? [00:57:38] Bryan: Now conversely, you're like, Hey, I kind of don't care about this. And like, I don't know, I'm just like, I wanna see if this whole thing works. I've got, I like, I'm just stringing this together. I don't like, no, the software like will be lucky if it survives until tonight, but then like, who cares? Yeah. Yeah. [00:57:52] Bryan: Gar garbage clock. You know, if you're prototyping something, whatever. And this is why you really do get like, you know, different choices, different technology choices, depending on the way that you wanna solve the problem at hand. And for the software that I wanna write, I do like that cognitive load that is upfront. With LLMs maybe you can get the benefit of the robust artifact with less cognitive load [00:58:10] Bryan: Um, and although I think, I think the thing that is really wild that is the twist that I don't think anyone really saw coming is that in a, in an LLM age. That like the cognitive load upfront almost needs an asterisk on it because so much of that can be assisted by an LLM. And now, I mean, I would like to believe, and maybe this is me being optimistic, that the the, in the LLM age, we will see, I mean, rust is a great fit for the LLMH because the LLM itself can get a lot of feedback about whether the software that's written is correct or not. [00:58:44] Bryan: Much more so than you can for other environments. [00:58:48] Jeremy: Yeah, that is a interesting point in that I think when people first started trying out the LLMs to code, it was really good at these maybe looser languages like Python or JavaScript, and initially wasn't so good at something like Rust. But it sounds like as that improves, if. It can write it then because of the rigor or the memory management or the error handling that the language is forcing you to do, it might actually end up being a better choice for people using LLMs. [00:59:27] Bryan: absolutely. I, it, it gives you more certainty in the artifact that you've delivered. I mean, you know a lot about a Rust program that compiles correctly. I mean, th there are certain classes of errors that you don't have, um, that you actually don't know on a C program or a GO program or a, a JavaScript program. [00:59:46] Bryan: I think that's gonna be really important. I think we are on the cusp. Maybe we've already seen it, this kind of great bifurcation in the software that we writ

Hai mai pensato a quanto sarebbe noioso ripetere sempre gli stessi nomi? "Marco ha visto Maria. Marco ha salutato Maria." Ecco perché esistono i pronomi: strumenti linguistici essenziali che rendono il discorso fluido e naturale. In questa guida imparerai a usare tutti i tipi di pronomi italiani con esempi pratici e regole chiare! I PRONOMI ITALIANI: La Guida Completa 1. Pronomi Personali Soggetto I pronomi personali soggetto sostituiscono il nome della persona o della cosa che compie l'azione. Sono fondamentali per identificare chi sta facendo qualcosa e per dare struttura alle nostre frasi. In italiano, questi pronomi si dividono in singolari e plurali, e ognuno ha una funzione specifica nella comunicazione. Forma Singolare Io - prima persona singolare (parlo di me stesso/a). Questo pronome indica colui o colei che sta parlando, il centro della comunicazione. Esempi: Io mangio la pizza, Io studio italiano, Io lavoro a Milano. Tu - seconda persona singolare (parlo con te). Indica la persona con cui si sta parlando direttamente, l'interlocutore immediato. Esempi: Tu studi italiano, Tu parli bene, Tu sei simpatico. Lui/Lei/Egli/Ella/Esso/Essa - terza persona singolare (parlo di qualcun altro). Questi pronomi indicano una persona o cosa di cui si sta parlando, ma che non è presente nella conversazione diretta. Lui si usa per il maschile, Lei per il femminile. Esempi: Lui lavora a Roma, Lei studia medicina, Esso funziona bene (per oggetti). Forma Plurale Noi - prima persona plurale. Indica un gruppo di persone che include chi sta parlando. È il pronome della collettività e dell'inclusione. Esempi: Noi andiamo al cinema, Noi parliamo italiano, Noi abitiamo in Italia. Voi - seconda persona plurale. Indica un gruppo di persone a cui ci si sta rivolgendo direttamente. Esempi: Voi studiate molto, Voi siete italiani, Voi capite tutto. Loro/Essi/Esse - terza persona plurale. Indica un gruppo di persone o cose di cui si sta parlando. Loro è la forma più comune e moderna. Esempi: Loro lavorano insieme, Loro sono amici, Loro vivono a Firenze. Curiosità Importanti In italiano, spesso non usiamo i pronomi soggetto perché il verbo già ci dice chi compie l'azione! Questa è una caratteristica unica dell'italiano rispetto ad altre lingue. Per esempio, possiamo dire "Mangio la pizza" invece di "Io mangio la pizza".La desinenza del verbo (-o) indica chiaramente che il soggetto è "io". Usiamo il pronome soggetto solo quando vogliamo dare enfasi o evitare confusione. Esempi di enfasi: "Io pago il conto!" (sottolineo che sono proprio io a pagare), "Tu devi studiare!" (enfatizzo che è responsabilità tua). ATTENZIONE! Le forme "Egli, ella, essi, esse" sono forme formali e letterarie che appartengono principalmente alla lingua scritta formale e letteraria. Nella lingua parlata quotidiana usiamo sempre "lui, lei, loro". Se vuoi sembrare un libro di poesia dell'Ottocento, usa pure "egli"... ma i tuoi amici italiani ti guarderanno in modo strano! Queste forme si trovano ancora in documenti ufficiali, testi letterari classici e contesti molto formali, ma sono considerate arcaiche nella conversazione moderna. 2. Pronomi Personali Complemento Questi pronomi sostituiscono i complementi nelle frasi: oggetto diretto, oggetto indiretto e altri tipi di complementi. Qui la situazione diventa più complessa e articolata, ma non preoccuparti! Con un po' di pratica e attenzione, diventerà tutto naturale. I pronomi complemento sono essenziali per evitare ripetizioni e rendere il discorso più scorrevole ed elegante. A) Pronomi Diretti (Complemento Oggetto) I pronomi diretti rispondono alla domanda "chi?" o "che cosa?" e sostituiscono il complemento oggetto. Si usano quando l'azione del verbo passa direttamente sull'oggetto, senza bisogno di preposizioni. Forme atone (deboli - si usano prima del verbo coniugato): mi - me (prima persona singolare): Marco mi vede = Marco vede me ti - te (seconda persona singolare): Ti chiamo domani = Chiamo te domani lo - lui/esso (maschile singolare) o "ciò": Lo compro = Compro lui/quello/ciò la - lei/essa (femminile singolare): La vedo = Vedo lei/quella La - Lei (forma di cortesia): La ringrazio, signora = Ringrazio Lei ci - noi (prima persona plurale): Ci invitano = Invitano noi vi - voi (seconda persona plurale): Vi aspetto = Aspetto voi li - loro (maschile plurale): Li conosco = Conosco loro (maschi o gruppo misto) le - loro (femminile plurale): Le compro = Compro loro (cose femminili o donne) Esempi pratici con frasi complete: Vedi Marco? Sì, lo vedo. (lo = Marco) - Invece di ripetere "Sì, vedo Marco" Conosci Maria? Sì, la conosco. (la = Maria) - Invece di "Sì, conosco Maria" Mangi la pasta? Sì, la mangio. (la = la pasta) - Il pronome sostituisce l'intero oggetto Leggete i libri? Sì, li leggiamo. (li = i libri) - Plurale maschile Compri le scarpe? Sì, le compro. (le = le scarpe) - Plurale femminile Trucco da ricordare: "Lo" e "la" diventano "l'" davanti a vocale per ragioni di eufonia (suono piacevole): L'amo (amo lui/lei), L'ho visto (ho visto lui/lei/esso), L'ascolto (ascolto lui/lei). Questo rende la pronuncia più fluida e naturale. I Pronomi Diretti con il Passato Attenzione! Quando usi i pronomi diretti con il passato prossimo (e altri tempi composti), il participio passato deve accordarsi con il pronome in genere e numero. Ma c'è una regola importante da ricordare: Con la 3ª persona singolare (lo, la, l') e plurale (li, le) → l'accordo è OBBLIGATORIO: Hai visto Marco? Sì, l'ho visto. (visto = maschile singolare) Hai visto Maria? Sì, l'ho vista. (vista = femminile singolare) Hai mangiato le mele? Sì, le ho mangiate. (mangiate = femminile plurale) Hai letto i libri? Sì, li ho letti. (letti = maschile plurale) Con la 1ª e 2ª persona singolare e plurale (mi, ti, ci, vi) → l'accordo è FACOLTATIVO (ma sempre corretto se fatto): Marco mi ha chiamato/chiamata. (entrambi corretti!) Maria ci ha visto/visti/viste. (tutte le forme sono corrette!) Ti ho cercato/cercata stamattina. (entrambi corretti!) Curiosità con i Verbi Modali (dovere, potere, volere) Quando usi i pronomi diretti con i verbi modali al passato prossimo, succede una cosa interessante: è il pronome che decide se il participio passato si accorda o no! Se il pronome è PRIMA del verbo modale: Ci hanno voluti vedere. (voluti si accorda con "ci" = noi) Li ho dovuti chiamare. (dovuti si accorda con "li" = loro maschile) L'ho potuta incontrare. (potuta si accorda con "l'" = lei) Se il pronome è DOPO (attaccato all'infinito): Hanno voluto vederci. (NON si accorda: hanno voluto) Ho dovuto chiamarli. (NON si accorda: ho dovuto) B) Pronomi Indiretti (Complemento di Termine) I pronomi indiretti rispondono alla domanda "a chi?" e sostituiscono il complemento di termine. Si usano quando l'azione del verbo è diretta indirettamente verso qualcuno, tipicamente con verbi che richiedono la preposizione "a". Forme atone: mi - a me: Mi telefoni? = Telefoni a me? ti - a te: Ti scrivo = Scrivo a te gli - a lui: Gli parlo = Parlo a lui le - a lei: Le regalo fiori = Regalo fiori a lei Le - a Lei (forma di cortesia): Le chiedo scusa = Chiedo scusa a Lei ci - a noi: Ci scrivono = Scrivono a noi vi - a voi: Vi spiego = Spiego a voi gli/loro - a loro: Gli telefono / Telefono loro = Telefono a loro Esempi dettagliati: Telefoni a Marco? Sì, gli telefono. (gli = a Marco) - Il verbo "telefonare" richiede sempre "a" Scrivi a Maria? Sì, le scrivo. (le = a Maria) - Il verbo "scrivere a qualcuno" Parli ai tuoi genitori? Sì, gli parlo (o: parlo loro). - Terza persona plurale Dai un regalo a me? Sì, ti do un regalo. - Prima persona singolare indiretta Nota importante: "Loro" può essere usato al posto di "gli" per la terza persona plurale, ma presenta una differenza fondamentale di posizione: si mette DOPO il verbo invece che prima. Quindi diciamo: "Parlo loro" invece di "Gli parlo". Però nella lingua moderna e colloquiale, la forma "gli" sta vincendo questa battaglia ed è ormai la più usata, anche se "loro" rimane corretta e viene ancora utilizzata in contesti più formali o letterari. Verbi comuni che usano pronomi indiretti: telefonare, scrivere, parlare, chiedere, rispondere, regalare, dare, mandare, inviare, spedire, raccontare, spiegare, insegnare, prestare, mostrare. C) Pronomi Complemento - Forma Forte (Dopo Tutte le Preposizioni) Oltre alle forme atone (deboli), esistono anche le forme toniche (forti) dei pronomi complemento. Queste si usano DOPO le preposizioni e quando si vuole dare enfasi. Forme toniche: me - me te - te lui/lei/Lei - lui/lei/Lei noi - noi voi - voi loro - loro sé - sé stesso/stessa (forma riflessiva) Quando si usano? 1. DOPO TUTTE LE PREPOSIZIONI (a, di, da, con, per, su, tra, fra, senza...): Vengo con te. (NON: vengo con ti) Parlo di lui. (NON: parlo di lo) Questo regalo è per voi. (NON: questo regalo è per vi) Abito vicino a loro. (NON: abito vicino a gli) Senza di te, mi annoio. Pensano sempre a me. 2. PER DARE ENFASI: Amo te! (più forte di "Ti amo") Ha chiamato me, non te! Cercano proprio voi! 3. DOPO LE COMPARAZIONI (di, come, quanto): Sei più alto di me. Marco è intelligente come te. Lavora quanto noi. FORMA RIFLESSIVA "SÉ": La forma "sé" (con o senza accento, entrambi corretti: "sé" o "se") si usa per la terza persona quando l'azione ricade sul soggetto stesso: Pensa sempre a sé (stesso). Parla da sé. Conta solo su sé (stesso). ESEMPI COMPLETI: Questo libro è per te, non per lui. Viene da noi stasera? Abito lontano da loro. Escono sempre con voi? Pensa solo a sé. D) Pronomi Combinati

We're just a week away from the first annual Fraudway Musical Improv Festival at Chicago's iO Theatre! In this all new episode of Chat Scene, festival creator and organizer Allen Lucas joins us to talk about the festival and his countless new musical improv endeavors at iO (including the amazing new show "Marquee"). We'll see you all at the Fraudway Musical Improv Festival, March 6-7. Tickets are on sale now at ioimprov.com. Cast: Lily Ludwig, Austin Packard, Allen Lucas Music Director: Sam Scheidler Drums: Chris Ditton Charm Scene is performed entirely by humans in sunny Chicago, IL. For more on the podcast, follow us @CharmScenePod on Instagram, visit us online at charmscenepod.podbean.com, or email us at CharmScenePod@gmail.com. In listening to this show, we hope you continue to support live human art wherever you find it. Stay charming!

Hai mai spruzzato qualcosa “per sicurezza” e dopo poco ti sei ritrovato con più problemi di prima?Ti è mai capitato di pensare: possibile che per tenere in vita due piante serva mezzo armadietto di prodotti?In questo episodio ti porto dentro una scena che vedo spesso, sia nei corsi sia dai clienti: qualcuno fa fuori tutto con lo spray “risolutivo” e, senza volerlo, crea un vuoto biologico.Cioè un posto dove non resta più nessuno a tenere a bada i fastidi.E quando arriva il primo insetto “furbo”, trova il tavolo apparecchiato: niente predatori, niente antagonisti, zero equilibrio.Risultato: ti ritrovi ospiti che prima nemmeno conoscevi… e fanno festa. Poi parliamo di una cosa che pesa davvero sul successo del tuo giardino: il progetto.Se scegli piante giuste per luce, suolo e acqua, ti togli un sacco di lavori e di spese.Se invece compri a caso perché “ti piace”, finisci per collezionare tentativi, delusioni e la solita frase: “Io ho il pollice nero”.Spoiler: spesso è solo un progetto assente.Entriamo anche nel tema terrazzi e vasi “vecchi”, quelli con zolle dure e stanche.Qui ti racconto due mosse concrete che uso spesso: leonardite e micorrize.Non come magia, come aiuto pratico per ridare struttura, aria e vita al substrato.E ti spiego pure perché un terrazzo, se lo imposti bene, può arrivare a un equilibrio vero in circa dieci anni, con manutenzione sensata e poche cure mirate.Chiudiamo con una riflessione schietta: non è lo spruzzo che ti salva, è la gestione.E quando ti viene voglia di “disinfettare” tutto, fermati un secondo.Forse stai solo preparando il terreno al prossimo problema.

Beth GMs for Ellie, Crash, and Io. This episode: The Logistics Trio go off to do exciting paperwork but instead find pirates. Follow this series on… RSS: https://aaronbsmith.com/cogwheel/tag/gurpswars/podcast Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/cogwheelgaming Mastodon: https://is.aaronbsmith.com/@cogwheel Not on Mastodon? Consider these instances: gamepad.club dice.camp mastodon.art chirp.enworld.org tabletop.vip MP3 Download: GURPS Wars S1 Ep 93: Ran Numbers Music Used: “Cabin Fever!” by Drozerix is Public Domain and can be downloaded from http://modarchive.org. Keep us ad free by supporting us on Patreon! Thanks to our current Patreon Patrons (as of this upload…): Ellie, Liv Dromen, Paul, ShanShen, Walter, & Patron Emeritus Cindy!

This week on the pod Lauren Frost is back to get her prov on!Lauren does shows all over Chicago including the famous Wednesday night free show at iO with Birdlady and Dumb John. She also co-hosts one of the hottest spots to get your indie team up to play at Open Stage Thursdays at The Western Bar and Kitchen. Starting March 19 you can check her out with her duo Lerin and 3 Actors Living in a Cave during their Thursday night run at LSI. Her stand-up and characters were recently featured in The Lincoln Lodge's Future of Comedy Festival. She's got a big laugh, big glasses, and has taken all the improv classes. The very funny improviser and comedian, Lauren Frost.!⁠Join our Patreon ⁠for $5 a month for bonus eps, back log eps, and exclusive premium content!Hosts:Hosts: ⁠Damian Anaya⁠, ⁠Tim Lyons⁠Sound by Tim

Torna il nostro appuntamento con il Festival della canzone italiana! Polemiche, musica leggera, aneddoti e riti collettivi da non perdere: nell'episodio ci sono tutte le istruzioni per seguire Sanremo come gli italiani.

Presented by Morningline.IO, this Sunday, don't miss the Race of the Day: Grade 2 Rebel Stakes at Oaklawn Park. David Aragona and Mike Beer share their expert perspectives.

Ethereum's next big leap might not look like a single “flip the switch” moment—but it could change how the chain verifies everything. In this episode, Ansgar Dietrichs comes back to unpack the ZK EVM: why “re-executing every block” has been Ethereum's hidden scaling tax, how real-time proofs finally make a different verification model viable, and what it would take to transition safely without sacrificing the verifiability that keeps Ethereum credibly neutral. They explore the three true bottlenecks of blockchain scaling (compute, IO, bandwidth), the roadmap from optional proofs to mandatory proofs, and why client diversity could look radically different in a ZK-native future. ---

The Race of the Day for Thursday is the the eighth at Oaklawn Park presented by Morningline.IO. Check out the analysis from David Aragona and Mike Beer.

Presented by Morningline.IO, this Friday, don't miss the Race of the Day: Trivista Overnight Stakes at Oaklawn Park. David Aragona and Mike Beer share their expert perspectives.

Presented by Morningline.IO, Wednesday's Race of the Day is Turfway Park's seventh race. David Aragona and Mike Beer analyze here.

“The rules haven't changed. The technology has — but the rules haven't.” — Nathan MondragonEpisode OverviewIn this episode, I'm joined by my old friend (and now co-worker!) Nathan Mondragon, an IO psychologist and long-time leader in creating the future at the intersection of assessment science, hiring technology, and applied AI.Nathan and I have lived through multiple waves of “this will change everything” technology — from early online testing to video interviewing, machine learning, and now generative AI. And the beat goes on!Nathan and I have recently joined forces at ProboTalent where we are creating defensible AI based assessment tools.We talk about where AI has genuinely moved the field forward, where it hasn't, and why so many of the debates we're having today are versions of conversations we've been having for decades. Along the way, we unpack Nathan's paradigm busting work at HireVue', and why the fundamentals of good measurement haven't changed — even as the tools have.Topics Discussed & Key Insights1. The Rules of Good Assessment Haven't Changed — We Just Keep Forgetting ThemNathan makes a point that anchors the entire episode: while technology has advanced dramatically, the core rules of good assessment — validity, relevance, interpretability, and fairness — are exactly the same.AI doesn't get a pass on methodology. If anything, it raises the bar for rigor, because mistakes scale faster.2. Early Hiring Tech Was Built to Solve Operational Problems, Not Measurement ProblemsWe talk about the early days of online hiring and assessment, where the primary goal was digitization, not insight. Systems were designed to move paper processes online, not to improve how well we understand people.That legacy still shapes today's platforms — and explains why so many tools feel efficient but shallow.3. HireVue Was a Real Paradigm Shift — and It Required Scientific CourageNathan reflects on the early days of HireVue and why it was genuinely revolutionary at the time. The breakthrough wasn't just video — it was the larger shift toward digitizing and scaling structured assessment experiences in a way the field hadn't seen before.What made this moment interesting from an IO psychology standpoint is that it required a different mindset as a scientist: being willing to engage with a new modality, even when the measurement implications weren't fully understood yet. Innovation in assessment has always involved tension — between rigor and experimentation, between what's proven and what's possible.Nathan shares what it was like to help lead through that transition, and why thoughtful scientists have to be able to sit with uncertainty long enough to shape new approaches responsibly, rather than rejecting them outright.4. AI Didn't Create Bad Measurement — It Made It Easier to ScaleA recurring theme: AI doesn't magically improve weak constructs. If you feed it noisy proxies, you just get faster, more confident noise.We discuss why generative AI and machine learning don't eliminate the need for careful construct definition — and why “it correlates” is not the same thing as “it measures something useful.”5. Interactivity Matters More Than ModalityOne of the most important takeaways: the future of assessment isn't about whether something is text, video, or simulation-based — it's about how interactive and information-rich the experience is.Nathan explains why dynamic interaction reveals far more about decision-making, reasoning, and capability than static prompts ever will.6. Native AI vs. Embedded AI Is a False DebateWe unpack the difference between “AI-native” products and traditional tools with AI layered on top — and why this distinction often misses the point.What matters isn't where AI lives in the stack, but whether it's being used to improve interpretation, not just automate scoring or classification.7. Skills and Knowledge Are Still Hard to Measure — and AI Has to Be Used CarefullyWe close by confronting a reality the market often underestimates: skills and knowledge testing have always been difficult to do well, and scaling them without losing rigor is even harder.We connect this directly to the work we're doing at Probo Talent, where the focus is on a more responsible alternative: using AI to scale the parts of assessment that have historically been hardest to scale, while staying within safe, established modalities and an explainable, scientifically grounded wrapper. The goal is not novelty for its own sake, but a practical example of how AI can be used carefully to solve long-standing problems in skills-based hiring without sacrificing defensibility or trustFinal TakeawayAI changes how we can build hiring and assessment systems — but it doesn't change what makes them good.If we ignore decades of psychological science in favor of speed, novelty, or convenience, AI will simply help us make the same mistakes faster. But if we use it to deepen interaction, improve interpretation, and stay disciplined about what we measure, it has the potential to finally move the field forward in meaningful ways. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit charleshandler.substack.com

Once again, FCC Commissioner Brendan Carr and his bad ideas about free speech have rankled a late night host. And once again, Nilay and David talk through what the equal-time rule actually means, why organizations keep caving, and why it's apparently up to people like Stephen Colbert and Jimmy Kimmel to fight back. After that, the hosts discuss the facial recognition feature Meta hopes to launch for its smart glasses, plus the gadgets we're likely to see Apple launch in the couple of weeks. In the lightning round, we get some bleak news on Tesla's self-driving skills, a robovac security disaster, and the future of Warner Bros. Further reading: Why CBS Didn't Broadcast Stephen Colbert's Interview With James Talarico Stephen Colbert says CBS banned him from airing this James Talarico interview  Why Everyone's Talking About Stephen Colbert, CBS, The FCC And James Talarico Meta reportedly wants to add face recognition to smart glasses while privacy advocates are distracted From the NYT: Meta Plans to Add Facial Recognition Technology to Its Smart Glasses Apple's doing something on March 4th  Apple is reportedly planning to launch AI-powered glasses, a pendant, and AirPods  Apple starts testing end-to-end encrypted RCS messages on iPhone  Apple's Podcasts app will let you ‘seamlessly' switch between audio and video shows  Looks like we can expect more AI from the Galaxy S26 camera. | The Verge Google announces dates for I/O 2026  Western Digital says it's “pretty much soldout” for 2026.  Valve's Steam Deck OLED will be ‘intermittently' out of stock because of the RAM crisis  Switch 2 pricing and next PlayStation release could be impacted by memory shortage  Tesla's robotaxis have crashed 14 times in 9 months.  Tesla won't use the term ‘Autopilot' in California anymore Why are Epstein's emails full of equals signs? 4chan's creator says ‘Epstein had nothing to do' with creating infamous far-right board /pol/ DJI's first robovac is an autonomous cleaning drone you can't trust The DJI Romo robovac had security so poor, this man remotely accessed thousands of them DJI says yes, it will fix its other Romo robovac security hole within weeks Samsung ad confirms rumors of a useful S26 ‘privacy display'  Warner Bros. Discovery gives Paramount one week to present its ‘best and final' offer  WordPress' new AI assistant will let users edit their sites with prompts  Subscribe to The Verge for unlimited access to theverge.com, subscriber-exclusive newsletters, and our ad-free podcast feed.We love hearing from you! Email your questions and thoughts to vergecast@theverge.com or call us at 866-VERGE11. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Microsoft might finally give power users what they've been demanding: the ability to move the Windows 11 taskbar wherever they want. Plus, 3 major new chapters in Paul's next book, and a strange pick that solves his big issue with Windows Spotlight. Windows 11 Potentially good news for the 13 people who want to move the Taskbar to a different screen side Beta (but not Dev) with one new "feature" Release Preview for 24H2/25H2 with emoji 16.0, QMR improvements, network speed test, pan and tilt controls for compatible cameras, widgets improvements, more Lenovo revenues up 18% to $22.2 billion AI/Dev Google announces 30-second audio generation Google sets a date for I/O 2026, but where in the Carmen Diego is Build 2026? Android 17 Beta is here with an even shorter runway With '26.3 out, Apple releases '26.4 Beta 1s Xbox and gaming Phil Spencer is always in the spotlight, but he's been on the down-low for months Some hints for the future coming GDC 2026 Kingdom Come Deliverance II, Witcher 3, more coming to Xbox Game Pass Avowed comes to the PlayStation 5 along with the Anniversary Update Microsoft is retiring user-created Xbox social clubs NVIDIA GeForce Now comes to Amazon Fire TV 4K Sticks Tips & picks Tip of the week: Major progress on De-Enshittify Windows 11, the book App pick of the week: Bing Wallpaper RunAs Radio this week: Hacking using AI with Erica Burgess Brown liquor pick of the week: Lot 40 100% Pot Still Rye Hosts: Leo Laporte, Paul Thurrott, and Richard Campbell Download or subscribe to Windows Weekly at https://twit.tv/shows/windows-weekly Check out Paul's blog at thurrott.com The Windows Weekly theme music is courtesy of Carl Franklin. Join Club TWiT for Ad-Free Podcasts! Support what you love and get ad-free audio and video feeds, a members-only Discord, and exclusive content. Join today: https://twit.tv/clubtwit

Microsoft might finally give power users what they've been demanding: the ability to move the Windows 11 taskbar wherever they want. Plus, 3 major new chapters in Paul's next book, and a strange pick that solves his big issue with Windows Spotlight. Windows 11 Potentially good news for the 13 people who want to move the Taskbar to a different screen side Beta (but not Dev) with one new "feature" Release Preview for 24H2/25H2 with emoji 16.0, QMR improvements, network speed test, pan and tilt controls for compatible cameras, widgets improvements, more Lenovo revenues up 18% to $22.2 billion AI/Dev Google announces 30-second audio generation Google sets a date for I/O 2026, but where in the Carmen Diego is Build 2026? Android 17 Beta is here with an even shorter runway With '26.3 out, Apple releases '26.4 Beta 1s Xbox and gaming Phil Spencer is always in the spotlight, but he's been on the down-low for months Some hints for the future coming GDC 2026 Kingdom Come Deliverance II, Witcher 3, more coming to Xbox Game Pass Avowed comes to the PlayStation 5 along with the Anniversary Update Microsoft is retiring user-created Xbox social clubs NVIDIA GeForce Now comes to Amazon Fire TV 4K Sticks Tips & picks Tip of the week: Major progress on De-Enshittify Windows 11, the book App pick of the week: Bing Wallpaper RunAs Radio this week: Hacking using AI with Erica Burgess Brown liquor pick of the week: Lot 40 100% Pot Still Rye Hosts: Leo Laporte, Paul Thurrott, and Richard Campbell Download or subscribe to Windows Weekly at https://twit.tv/shows/windows-weekly Check out Paul's blog at thurrott.com The Windows Weekly theme music is courtesy of Carl Franklin. Join Club TWiT for Ad-Free Podcasts! Support what you love and get ad-free audio and video feeds, a members-only Discord, and exclusive content. Join today: https://twit.tv/clubtwit

Microsoft might finally give power users what they've been demanding: the ability to move the Windows 11 taskbar wherever they want. Plus, 3 major new chapters in Paul's next book, and a strange pick that solves his big issue with Windows Spotlight. Windows 11 Potentially good news for the 13 people who want to move the Taskbar to a different screen side Beta (but not Dev) with one new "feature" Release Preview for 24H2/25H2 with emoji 16.0, QMR improvements, network speed test, pan and tilt controls for compatible cameras, widgets improvements, more Lenovo revenues up 18% to $22.2 billion AI/Dev Google announces 30-second audio generation Google sets a date for I/O 2026, but where in the Carmen Diego is Build 2026? Android 17 Beta is here with an even shorter runway With '26.3 out, Apple releases '26.4 Beta 1s Xbox and gaming Phil Spencer is always in the spotlight, but he's been on the down-low for months Some hints for the future coming GDC 2026 Kingdom Come Deliverance II, Witcher 3, more coming to Xbox Game Pass Avowed comes to the PlayStation 5 along with the Anniversary Update Microsoft is retiring user-created Xbox social clubs NVIDIA GeForce Now comes to Amazon Fire TV 4K Sticks Tips & picks Tip of the week: Major progress on De-Enshittify Windows 11, the book App pick of the week: Bing Wallpaper RunAs Radio this week: Hacking using AI with Erica Burgess Brown liquor pick of the week: Lot 40 100% Pot Still Rye Hosts: Leo Laporte, Paul Thurrott, and Richard Campbell Download or subscribe to Windows Weekly at https://twit.tv/shows/windows-weekly Check out Paul's blog at thurrott.com The Windows Weekly theme music is courtesy of Carl Franklin. Join Club TWiT for Ad-Free Podcasts! Support what you love and get ad-free audio and video feeds, a members-only Discord, and exclusive content. Join today: https://twit.tv/clubtwit

Presented by Morningline.IO, this Friday, don't miss the Race of the Day: Cincinnati Trophy at Turfway Park. David Aragona and Mike Beer share their expert perspectives.

On Saturday, Morningline.IO presents the John Battaglia Memorial Stakes at Turfway Park as the Race of the Day. Catch the analysis from David Aragona and Mike Beer here.

OH!! IO!!! In episode one of season... Ohio (The Artist Formerly Known as Season 10), we meet a lot of guys who look exactly alike. The women are WAY over-qualified (if not therapized). Daisy calls HR on Ellyn. And Emma wants to go deep, but not that deep, because everything gives her "THE ICK!"

This week we've got two folks making their pod debuts in a big way!Grace GozeGrace is a self proclaimed improv pervert and alumna of The Second City's 2024 Victor Wong Fellowship. She performs weekly with High Stakes Productions and currently her Harold team and first all-POC house team at iO, D.A.R.E. Dropouts Presents: After School Special is happening every Saturday at 9:30 pm. She also hosts, writes, and produces her very own late-night style talk show (that we had the privilege of being on) Good Graces Tonight.Cadence Messier Cadence is a comedian and improviser who hits all the major haunts in the city including but not limited to Annoyance, Second City, and Logan Square Improv. She performs with Jackie Bass as an iO House Team at The iO Theater.⁠Join our Patreon ⁠for $5 a month for bonus eps, back log eps, and exclusive premium content!Hosts:Hosts: ⁠Damian Anaya⁠, ⁠Tim Lyons⁠Sound by Nick

The Race of the Day for Thursday is the race 8 at Oaklawn Park presented by Morningline.IO. Check out the analysis from Ashley Mailloux and Mike Beer.

Presented by Morningline.IO, Wednesday's Race of the Day is the ninth at Turfway Park. Ashley Mailloux and Mike Beer analyze here.