Podcasts about mov disord

Un nouvel épisode du Pharmascope est disponible! Dans ce 145e épisode, Nicolas, Isabelle et Olivier essaient de ne pas trop vous faire trembler en revisitant une vieille littérature et un problème incommodant : le tremblement essentiel. Les objectifs pour cet épisode sont les suivants: Expliquer l'épidémiologie, la présentation clinique et l'évaluation du tremblement essentiel. Conseiller des mesures non-pharmacologiques pour aider les personnes avec un tremblement essentiel. Discuter des bénéfices et des désavantages associés aux principaux traitements pharmacologiques du tremblement essentiel. Ressources pertinentes en lien avec l'épisode  Shanker V. Essential tremor: diagnosis and management. BMJ. 2019 Aug 5;366:14485 Welton T, Cardoso F, Carr JA, Chan LL, Deuschl G, Jankovic J, Tan EK. Essential tremor. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021 Nov 11;7(1):83. Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Morgan JC. Drug-induced tremor, clinical features, diagnostic approach and management. J Neurol Sci. 2022 Apr 15;435:120192 Ferreira JJ et coll. MDS Task Force on Tremor and the MDS Evidence Based Medicine Committee. MDS evidence-based review of treatments for essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2019 Jul;34(7):950-958. Serrano-Dueñas M. Use of primidone in low doses (250 mg/day) versus high doses (750 mg/day) in the management of essential tremor. Double-blind comparative study with one-year follow-up. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2003 Oct;10(1):29-33. Bruno E, Nicoletti A, Quattrocchi G, Allegra R, Filippini G, Colosimo C, Zappia M. Topiramate for essential tremor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 14;4(4):CD009683. Ondo WG, Jankovic J, Connor GS, Pahwa R, Elble R, Stacy MA, Koller WC, Schwarzman L, Wu SC, Hulihan JF; Topiramate Essential Tremor Study Investigators. Topiramate in essential tremor: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2006 Mar 14;66(5):672-7. Bruno E, Nicoletti A, Quattrocchi G, Filippini G, Colosimo C, Zappia M. Pregabalin for essential tremor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 20;10(10):CD009682 Bruno E, Nicoletti A, Quattrocchi G, Filippini G, Zappia M, Colosimo C. Alprazolam for essential tremor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 6;2015(12):CD009681. Marques A et coll. Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or Essential Head Tremor. N Engl J Med. 2023 Nov 9;389(19):1753-1765. Yetimalar Y, Irtman G, Kurt T, Başoğlu M. Olanzapine versus propranolol in essential tremor. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005 Dec;108(1):32-5.

Un nouvel épisode du Pharmascope est maintenant disponible! Dans de ce 138ème épisode, Nicolas, Isabelle et Olivier discutent d'un problème pas reposant : le syndrome des jambes sans repos. Les objectifs pour cet épisode sont les suivants: Expliquer la présentation clinique, les critères diagnostics et les facteurs de risque du syndrome des jambes sans repos. Conseiller des mesures non-pharmacologiques pour aider les personnes avec un syndrome des jambes sans repos. Discuter des bénéfices et des désavantages associés aux principaux traitements pharmacologiques du syndrome des jambes sans repos Ressources pertinentes en lien avec l'épisode Manconi M, Garcia-Borreguero D, Schormair B, Videnovic A, Berger K, Ferri R, Dauvilliers Y. Restless legs syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021 Nov 3;7(1):80. Trotti LM, Becker LA. Iron for the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 4;1(1):CD007834. Earley CJ, García-Borreguero D, Falone M, Winkelman JW. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Ferric Carboxymaltose for Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome: A Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial. Sleep. 2024 Apr 16:zsae095. Short V, Allen R, Earley CJ, Bahrain H, Rineer S, Kashi K, Gerb J, Auerbach M. A randomized double-blind pilot study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of intravenous iron versus oral iron for the treatment of restless legs syndrome in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Am J Hematol. 2024 Jun;99(6):1077-1083. Wilt TJ, MacDonald R, Ouellette J, Khawaja IS, Rutks I, Butler M, Fink HA. Pharmacologic therapy for primary restless legs syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2013 Apr 8;173(7):496-505. Allen RP, Chen C, Garcia-Borreguero D, Polo O, DuBrava S, Miceli J, Knapp L, Winkelman JW. Comparison of pregabalin with pramipexole for restless legs syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2014 Feb 13;370(7):621-31. Trenkwalder C, Benes H, Grote L, Happe S, Högl B, Mathis J, Saletu-Zyhlarz GM, Kohnen R; CALDIR Study Group. Cabergoline compared to levodopa in the treatment of patients with severe restless legs syndrome: results from a multi-center, randomized, active controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2007 Apr 15;22(5):696-703. Trenkwalder C, Beneš H, Grote L, García-Borreguero D, Högl B, Hopp M, Bosse B, Oksche A, Reimer K, Winkelmann J, Allen RP, Kohnen R; RELOXYN Study Group. Prolonged release oxycodone-naloxone for treatment of severe restless legs syndrome after failure of previous treatment: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label extension. Lancet Neurol. 2013 Dec;12(12):1141-50. Carlos K, Prado GF, Teixeira CD, Conti C, de Oliveira MM, Prado LB, Carvalho LB. Benzodiazepines for restless legs syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 20;3(3):CD006939. Jadidi A, Rezaei Ashtiani A, Khanmohamadi Hezaveh A, Aghaepour SM. Therapeutic effects of magnesium and vitamin B6 in alleviating the symptoms of restless legs syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022 Dec 31;23(1):1. Wali SO, Abaalkhail B, Alhejaili F, Pandi-Perumal SR. Efficacy of vitamin D replacement therapy in restless legs syndrome: a randomized control trial. Sleep Breath. 2019 Jun;23(2):595-601.

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021. Originally released: December 6, 2018 You may be able to recognize chorea. But what does it make you think of besides Huntington disease? In this two-part series, we'll cover the clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and management of Huntington disease. In part 1, Dr. Travis Lewis (University of Pennsylvania) creates a framework for hyperkinetic movement disorders and Huntington disease. Part 2 will focus on the current and future therapeutics of this neurodegenerative condition. Produced by Travis Lewis and James E Siegler. Music by Azevedo Silva, Chris Zabriskie, Cullah, John Bartmann, and Nuno Adelaida. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast. REFERENCES Bates GP, Dorsey R, Gusella JF, et al. Huntington disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015;1:15005. PMID 27188817Ghosh R, Tabrizi SJ. Huntington disease. Handb Clin Neurol 2018;147:255-78. PMID 29325616Reilmann R, Leavitt BR, Ross CA. Diagnostic criteria for Huntington's disease based on natural history. Mov Disord 2014;29(11):1335-41. PMID 25164527Walker RH. Chorea. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2013;19(5 Movement Disorders):1242-63. PMID 24092289Wild EJ, Tabrizi SJ. The differential diagnosis of chorea. Pract Neurol 2007;7(6):360-73. PMID 18024776 We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode's original release date.

Marcela, Joca e José Marcos discutem conceitos essenciais sobre Doença de Parkinson em 4 clinicagens, do diagnóstico ao tratamento. 1. Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30(12):1591-1601. doi:10.1002/mds.26424 2. Foltynie T, Bruno V, Fox S, Kühn AA, Lindop F, Lees AJ. Medical, surgical, and physical treatments for Parkinson's disease. Lancet. 2024;403(10423):305-324. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01429-0

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021. Originally released: March 1, 2018 Dystonia refers to a complex spectrum of disturbances in movement, and the differential diagnosis is even more complicated, but Drs. Andres Deik and David Coughlin make it simple. In this week's episode of the BrainWaves podcast, we'll run through the basics of a dystonia differential and approach to managing patients with these complex symptoms. Produced by James E Siegler and David Coughlin. Music by Lee Rosevere, Rui, and the Freeharmonic Orchestra. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. REFERENCES Albanese A, Barnes MP, Bhatia KP, et al. A systematic review on the diagnosis and treatment of primary (idiopathic) dystonia and dystonia plus syndromes: report of an EFNS/MDS-ES Task Force. Eur J Neurol 2006;13(5):433-44. PMID 16722965Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Mov Disord 2013;28(7):863-73. PMID 23649720Skogseid IM. Dystonia--new advances in classification, genetics, pathophysiology and treatment. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2014;(198):13-9. PMID 24588501 DISCLOSURESAndres Deik eceived consulting royalties from Adamas therapeutics, Teva pharmaceuticals, ITF Pharma, and Cynapsus Therapeutics. His research has been funded in part by Cynapsus therapeutics and The Dystonia Coalition. David Coughlin, like Jim Siegler, has no competing financial interests to disclose.  We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode's original release date.  

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021. Originally released: July 18, 2017 Yes, we have harnessed the power of paralysis. Botulinum toxin, which is produced by a lethal bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, has been bottled and sold to neurologists for decades. And you know this because you've seen people who received Botox to relax their facial muscles. In this week's installment, Dr. Anh-Thu Vu discusses how neurologists utilize this neurotoxic agent. BrainWaves podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used to guide medical decision-making in routine clinical practice. The content in this episode was vetted and approved by Anh-Thu Vu. REFERENCES Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV, et al. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 2001;285(8):1059-70. Erratum in: JAMA 2001;285(16):2081. PMID 11209178Aurora SK, Winner P, Freeman MC, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: pooled analyses of the 56-week PREEMPT clinical program. Headache 2011;51(9):1358-73. PMID 21883197Dauer WT, Burke RE, Greene P, Fahn S. Current concepts on the clinical features, aetiology and management of idiopathic cervical dystonia. Brain. 1998 Apr;121 ( Pt 4):547-60. PMID 9577384Elia AE, Filippini G, Calandrella D, Albanese A. Botulinum neurotoxins for post-stroke spasticity in adults: a systematic review. Mov Disord 2009;24(6):801-12. PMID 19224614Karp BI. Botulinum toxin treatment of occupational and focal hand dystonia. Mov Disord 2004;19 Suppl 8:S116-9. PMID 15027063Lotia M, Jankovic J. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of tremor and tics. Semin Neurol 2016;36(1):54-63. PMID 26866497Naumann M, Dressler D, Hallett M, et al. Evidence-based review and assessment of botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of secretory disorders. Toxicon 2013;67:141-52. PMID 23178324Thenganatt MA, Fahn S. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of movement disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2012;12(4):399-409. PMID 22661378  We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode's original release date.

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021. Originally released: July 18, 2017 Idiopathic Parkinson disease is the second most common cause of neurodegenerative disease following Alzheimer disease. The risk of Parkinson disease increases to nearly 1 in 100 in the elderly, and although we have been pharmacologically treating this disorder since the early nineteenth century, we have no cure and no definite therapy to delay disease progression. In this episode of BrainWaves, Dr. David Coughlin illustrates how some of these therapies have evolved and which classes of medications to choose when managing a patient's symptoms--from tremor to dystonia. BrainWaves podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used to guide medical decision-making in routine clinical practice. Any cases discussed in this episode are fictional and do not contain any patient health-identifying information. The content in this episode was vetted and approved by Andres Deik. REFERENCES Anonymous. A randomized controlled trial comparing pramipexole with levodopa in early Parkinson's disease: design and methods of the CALM-PD Study. Parkinson Study Group. Clin Neuropharmacol 2000;23(1):34-44. PMID 10682229Elias WJ, Lipsman N, Ondo WG, et al. A randomized trial of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. N Engl J Med 2016;375(8):730-9. PMID 27557301Fahn S, Oakes D, Shoulson I, et al. Levodopa and the progression of Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351(24):2498-508. PMID 15590952Hely MA, Reid WG, Adena MA, Halliday GM, Morris JG. The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson's disease: the inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord 2008;23(6):837-44. PMID 18307261Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: onset, progression, and mortality. 1967. Neurology 1998;50(2):318-34. PMID 9484345McIntyre CC, Savasta M, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Vitek JL. Uncovering the mechanism(s) of action of deep brain stimulation: activation, inhibition, or both. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;115(6):1239-48. PMID 15134690Olanow CW. Levodopa: effect on cell death and the natural history of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2015;30(1):37-44. PMID 25502620PD Med Collaborative Group; Gray R, Ives N, et al. Long-term effectiveness of dopamine agonists and monoamine oxidase B inhibitors compared with levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD MED): a large, open-label, pragmatic randomised trial. Lancet 2014;384(9949):1196-205. Erratum in: Lancet 2014;384(9949):1186. PMID 24928805Weaver FM, Follett K, Stern M, et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation vs best medical therapy for patients with advanced Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301(1):63-73. PMID 19126811 We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode's original release date.

Welcome back to the second installment of the Well Nurtured Brains series on the MIND diet. In our first episode we discussed some of the research and science behind this diet slowing neurodegenerative disease. The MIND Diet is a dietary plan that has gained significant attention for its potential to promote brain health and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.   In this episode Dr. Pamela Hutchison will help us to understand what the MIND diet is and theories underlying the MIND Diet's effectiveness. Dr. Pamela will dive into the broader implications of the MIND Diet, examining how it can be integrated into everyday life and discussing the potential benefits for individuals of all ages. Whether you're seeking to optimize brain health, maintain cognitive vitality, or simply make mindful dietary choices, this podcast equips you with the knowledge and inspiration needed to embark on your own MIND Diet journey.   Connect with Dr Pamela Hutchison: Pamela's Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dr_pamela_hutchison_nd The Well Nurtured Brain's Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the_well_nurtured_brain/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100089475401521&mibextid=LQQJ4d Website: www.TheWellNurturedBrain.com Email: thewellnurturedbrain@gmail.com   Episode References:   Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, Sacks FM, Bennett DA, Aggarwal NT. MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2015 Sep;11(9):1007-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.11.009. Epub 2015 Feb 11. PMID: 25681666; PMCID: PMC4532650.   MIND diet effect on cognitive performance and brain structure in healthy obese women Arjmand, G., Abbas-Zadeh, M., & Eftekhari, M. H. (2022). Effect of MIND diet intervention on cognitive performance and brain structure in healthy obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific reports, 12(1), 2871. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04258-9   Cherian L, Wang Y, Fakuda K, Leurgans S, Aggarwal N, Morris M. Mediterranean-Dash Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diet Slows Cognitive Decline After Stroke. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2019;6(4):267-273. doi: 10.14283/jpad.2019.28. PMID: 31686099; PMCID: PMC7199507.   Metcalfe-Roach A, Yu AC, Golz E, Cirstea M, Sundvick K, Kliger D, Foulger LH, Mackenzie M, Finlay BB, Appel-Cresswell S. MIND and Mediterranean Diets Associated with Later Onset of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 2021 Apr;36(4):977-984. doi: 10.1002/mds.28464. Epub 2021 Jan 6. PMID: 33404118; PMCID: PMC8248352.   Liu, X., Morris, M. C., Dhana, K., Ventrelle, J., Johnson, K., Bishop, L., Hollings, C. S., Boulin, A., Laranjo, N., Stubbs, B. J., Reilly, X., Carey, V. J., Wang, Y., Furtado, J. D., Marcovina, S. M., Tangney, C., Aggarwal, N. T., Arfanakis, K., Sacks, F. M., & Barnes, L. L. (2021). Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) study: Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of a randomized control trial of the MIND diet on cognitive decline. Contemporary clinical trials, 102, 106270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2021.106270   Devranis, P., Vassilopoulou, Ε., Tsironis, V., Sotiriadis, P. M., Chourdakis, M., Aivaliotis, M., & Tsolaki, M. (2023). Mediterranean Diet, Ketogenic Diet or MIND Diet for Aging Populations with Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review. Life (Basel, Switzerland), 13(1), 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010173 Agarwal, P., Wang, Y., Buchman, A. S., Holland, T. M., Bennett, D. A., & Morris, M. C. (2018). MIND Diet Associated with Reduced Incidence and Delayed Progression of ParkinsonismA in Old Age. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 22(10), 1211–1215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1094-5

In part 1 of our special two-part series of the Well Nurtured Brain, Dr Pamela Hutchison will dive deep into the fascinating world of the MIND diet and its remarkable impact on slowing down neurodegenerative decline. In this episode Dr. Pamela will explore 4 different studies that show the profound impact of this diet on brain health. Prepare to have your neurons fired up and gain insights that will forever change your approach to nourishing your brain.   Mark your calendars for July 11th for the second installment of this series where Dr Pamela will explain what the diet is and the theories around why it works!   Connect with Dr Pamela Hutchison: Pamela's Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dr_pamela_hutchison_nd The Well Nurtured Brain's Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the_well_nurtured_brain/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100089475401521&mibextid=LQQJ4d Website: www.TheWellNurturedBrain.com Email: thewellnurturedbrain@gmail.com   References used in this Episode:   Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, Sacks FM, Bennett DA, Aggarwal NT. MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2015 Sep;11(9):1007-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.11.009. Epub 2015 Feb 11. PMID: 25681666; PMCID: PMC4532650.   MIND diet effect on cognitive performance and brain structure in healthy obese women Arjmand, G., Abbas-Zadeh, M., & Eftekhari, M. H. (2022). Effect of MIND diet intervention on cognitive performance and brain structure in healthy obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific reports, 12(1), 2871. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04258-9   Cherian L, Wang Y, Fakuda K, Leurgans S, Aggarwal N, Morris M. Mediterranean-Dash Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diet Slows Cognitive Decline After Stroke. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2019;6(4):267-273. doi: 10.14283/jpad.2019.28. PMID: 31686099; PMCID: PMC7199507.   Metcalfe-Roach A, Yu AC, Golz E, Cirstea M, Sundvick K, Kliger D, Foulger LH, Mackenzie M, Finlay BB, Appel-Cresswell S. MIND and Mediterranean Diets Associated with Later Onset of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 2021 Apr;36(4):977-984. doi: 10.1002/mds.28464. Epub 2021 Jan 6. PMID: 33404118; PMCID: PMC8248352.   Liu, X., Morris, M. C., Dhana, K., Ventrelle, J., Johnson, K., Bishop, L., Hollings, C. S., Boulin, A., Laranjo, N., Stubbs, B. J., Reilly, X., Carey, V. J., Wang, Y., Furtado, J. D., Marcovina, S. M., Tangney, C., Aggarwal, N. T., Arfanakis, K., Sacks, F. M., & Barnes, L. L. (2021). Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) study: Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of a randomized control trial of the MIND diet on cognitive decline. Contemporary clinical trials, 102, 106270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2021.106270   Devranis, P., Vassilopoulou, Ε., Tsironis, V., Sotiriadis, P. M., Chourdakis, M., Aivaliotis, M., & Tsolaki, M. (2023). Mediterranean Diet, Ketogenic Diet or MIND Diet for Aging Populations with Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review. Life (Basel, Switzerland), 13(1), 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010173   Agarwal, P., Wang, Y., Buchman, A. S., Holland, T. M., Bennett, D. A., & Morris, M. C. (2018). MIND Diet Associated with Reduced Incidence and Delayed Progression of ParkinsonismA in Old Age. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 22(10), 1211–1215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1094-5  

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021. Originally released: April 5, 2018 Machado-Joseph disease, or spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, is one of the few eponyms in medicine whereby the disease is named after the patient and not the physician who originally described it. But someone else's name is missing from the eponym: Thomas. And the alternative title for the condition, "spinocerebellar ataxia," also happens to be a bit of a misnomer. In this week's installment of BrainWaves, we review the history and clinical manifestations of this movement disorder. Produced by James E Siegler. Music by Ian Southerland, Mike Durek, and Ondrosik. Voiceover by Erika Mejia. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. REFERENCES Ashizawa T, Xia G. Ataxia. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2016;22(4 Movement Disorders):1208-26. PMID 27495205 Matilla T, McCall A, Subramony SH, Zoghbi HY. Molecular and clinical correlations in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 and Machado-Joseph disease. Ann Neurol 1995;38(1):68-72. PMID 7611728 Paulson HL. Dominantly inherited ataxias: lessons learned from Machado-Joseph disease/spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Semin Neurol 2007;27(2):133-42. PMID 17390258 Pedroso JL, França MC Jr, Braga-Neto P, et al. Nonmotor and extracerebellar features in Machado-Joseph disease: a review. Mov Disord 2013;28(9):1200-8. PMID 23775899 Rosenberg RN. Machado-Joseph disease: an autosomal dominant motor system degeneration. Mov Disord 1992;7(3):193-203. PMID 1620135 Shakkottai VG, Fogel BL. Clinical neurogenetics: autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia. Neurol Clin 2013;31(4):987-1007. PMID 24176420  We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode's original release date.

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021. Originally released: January 17, 2019 For such a thrilling time in a woman's life, pregnancy can be a frightening experience for some. As a physician, I'm always a little more on edge when dealing with these patients. This week on BrainWaves, Dr. Jonathan Edlow (Emergency Medicine) of Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center shares his experience in treating neuromedical complications in this unique patient population. Produced by Jonathan Edlow and James E Siegler. Music by Daniel Birch, Ian Southerland, Kevin McLeod, and John Bartmann. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @BrainWavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast. REFERENCES Chen MM, Coakley FV, Kaimal A, Laros RK Jr. Guidelines for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging use during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol 2008;112(2 Pt 1):333-40. PMID 18669732Edlow AG, Edlow BL, Edlow JA. Diagnosis of acute neurologic emergencies in pregnant and postpartum women. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2016;34(4):943-65. PMID 27741996Edlow JA, Caplan LR, O'Brien K, Tibbles CD. Diagnosis of acute neurological emergencies in pregnant and post-partum women. Lancet Neurol 2013;12(2):175-85. PMID 23332362Kranick SM, Mowry EM, Colcher A, Horn S, Golbe LI. Movement disorders and pregnancy: a review of the literature. Mov Disord 2010;25(6):665-71. PMID 20437535Ray JG, Vermeulen MJ, Bharatha A, Montanera WJ, Park AL. Association between MRI exposure during pregnancy and fetal and childhood outcomes. JAMA 2016;316(9):952-61. PMID 27599330We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode's original release date.

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021.Originally released: November 16, 2017Everything doesn't always add up when you're evaluating a patient with a complex array of symptoms. Or maybe it does. Dr. LaFaver (University of Louisville) walks us through this week's Teaching through Clinical Cases.Produced by James E Siegler & Kathrin LaFaver. Music by Lee Rosevere, Montplaisir, and Coldnoise. Voiceover by Erika Mejia. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for routine clinical decision-making.REFERENCESCarson A, Hallett M, Stone J. Assessment of patients with functional neurologic disorders. Handb Clin Neurol 2016;139:169-88. PMID 27719837Carson A, Lehn A, Ludwig L, Stone J. Explaining functional disorders in the neurology clinic: a photo story. Pract Neurol 2016;16(1):56-61. PMID 26769761Czarnecki K, Thompson JM, Seime R, Geda YE, Duffy JR, Ahlskog JE. Functional movement disorders: successful treatment with a physical therapy rehabilitation protocol. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012;18(3):247-51. PMID 22113131Edwards MJ, Stone J, Lang AE. From psychogenic movement disorder to functional movement disorder: it's time to change the name. Mov Disord 2014;29(7):849-52. PMID 23843209Gelauff J, Stone J, Edwards M, Carson A. The prognosis of functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014;85(2):220-6. PMID 24029543Stone J. Functional neurological disorders: the neurological assessment as treatment. Pract Neurol 2016;16(1):7-17. PMID 26715762ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSDrs. LaFaver and Siegler would like to thank Jason Lindsley for sharing his story on the BrainWaves podcast.We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode's original release date.

In this episode, we highlight one of the winners of our poster awards at CSM 2022. Jason Longhurst talks to Katy McGraw about his research on gait characteristics in people with PD. His research looks at data from people without freezing, people with freezing on initiation, and people with non-initiation-type freezing. He discusses the role of gait variability in clinical presentation and expands on how this research might inform PT intervention and make interventions more specific to patients with different presentations in the future.  The Degenerative Disease Special Interest Group is part of the Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy – www.neuropt.org  Guest information:  Jason Longhurst Ph.D., PT, DPT, NCS  Assistant Professor St. Louis University  Related Articles   Ziegler K, Schroeteler F, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Fietzek UM. A new rating instrument to assess festination and freezing gait in Parkinsonian patients. Mov Disord. 2010 Jun 15;25(8):1012-8. doi: 10.1002/mds.22993. PMID: 20310009. 

Brought to US Healthcare professionals by Acorda Therapeutics  Dr. Jennifer Durphy, Movement Disorders Specialist and Associate Professor of Neurology at Albany Medical Center, discusses treatment for the return of symptoms in Parkinson's disease.  Ahlskog JE et al. Mov Disord. 2001;16(3):448-458., Brown RG et al. J Psychosom Res. 2015;78(2):143-148., Chou KL et al. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018;51:9-16., Hechtner MC et al. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(9):969-974. Stacy M et al. Mov Disord. 2005;20(6):726-733., Stocchi F. et al. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(2):204-211., Vijiaratnam N, Foltynie T. Drugs. 2020;80: 775-796 

Brought to US Healthcare professionals by Acorda Therapeutics  Dr. Salima Brillman, Director of the Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center of Silicon Valley, discusses the under treatment of OFF episodes in patients with Parkinson's disease.    Ahlskog JE, et al. Mov Disord. 2001;16(3):448-458., Armstrong MJ, et al. PLoS One.  2019;14(4):e0215384., Chou KL, et al. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018;51:9-16., Connolly BS, et al. JAMA. 2014;311(16):1670-1683., Levit A, et al. Res Rev Parkinsonism. 2019;9:3-8., Olanow CW, et al. Neurology. 2009;72(21 Suppl 4):S1-136., Pahwa R, et al. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25(4):841-849., Rastgardani T, et al. Front. Neurol. 2019;10:892., Rastgardani T, et al. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2018;5(5):461-470., Stacy M, et al. Mov Disord. 2005;20(6):726-733., Suarez-Cedeno G, et al. Parkinsons Dis. 2017;2017:9358153. 

Brought to US Healthcare professionals by Acorda Therapeutics  Dr. Ron Pfeiffer, Professor, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, discusses gastrointestinal complications in patients with Parkinson's disease.     Brudek T, et al. J Parkinsons Dis. 2019;9(s2):S331-S344., Camci G, et al. J clin neurol. 2016;12(2):147-150., Chaing HL, et al. J Mov Disord. 2019;12(2):67-83., Chandra R, et al. JCI Insight. 2017;2(12)., Chou KL, et al. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018;51:9-16., Deleu D, et al. Clin Pharmacokinet.  2002;41(4):261-309., Dutta SK, et al. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019;25(3):363-376., Fasano A, et al. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(6):625-639., Goetze O, et al. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18(5):369-375., Keshavarzian A, et al. Prog Brain Res. 2020;252:357-450., Killinger B, et al. J Parkinsons Dis 2019;  9(Suppl 2): S345–S358., Liddle RA, et al. Brain Res. 2018;1693(Pt B):201-206., Maini Rekdal V, et al. Science. 2019;364(6445)., Marsden CD, et al. Lancet. 1976;1(7954):292-296., McGee DJ, et al. J Parkinsons Dis. 2018;8(3):367-374., Miraglia F, et al. Cells. 2019;8(3)., Nyholm D, et al. Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008;4(2):193-203., Pfeiffer RF, et al. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;S1353- 8020(20)30110-3., Pfeiffer RF, et al. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2018;20(12):54., Rietdijk CD, et al. Front Neurol. 2017;8(37)., Safirstein BE, et al. Clin Ther. 2020;42(6):1034-1046., Svensson E, et al. Mov Disord. 2016;31(12):1918-1922., Unger MM, et al. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;32:66-72.  

Who doesn’t enjoy their sleep? For most of us, it can be the most relaxing escape. And for others, a disturbance of sleep may be the first clue to a neurodenerative condition. Produced by James E. Siegler. Dr. Avidan reports that he receives royalties from Elsevier, is a consultant for Merck, and is a speaker for Eisai and Harmony. Music for our program today was by Andy Cohen, Purple Planet Music, Steve Combs, Yan Terrien, and Shane Ivers, whose music can be found at silvermansound.com. Our theme song was composed by Jimothy Dalton. Voiceover was courtesy of Taryn Hester. The opening theme was composed by Jimothy Dalton. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. Unless otherwise mentioned in the podcast, no competing financial interests exist in the content of this episode. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast. REFERENCES Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ, Lucas JA and Parisi JE. Association of REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegenerative disease may reflect an underlying synucleinopathy. Mov Disord. 2001;16:622-30. Gilat M, Coeytaux Jackson A, Marshall NS, Hammond D, Mullins AE, Hall JM, Fang BAM, Yee BJ, Wong KKH, Grunstein RR and Lewis SJG. Melatonin for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease: A randomised controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2020;35:344-349. Lloyd R, Tippmann-Peikert M, Slocumb N and Kotagal S. Characteristics of REM sleep behavior disorder in childhood. J Clin Sleep Med. 2012;8:127-31. Malhotra R and Avidan AY. Neurodegenerative Disease and REM Behavior Disorder. Current treatment options in neurology. 2012;14:474-92. McGrane IR, Leung JG, St Louis EK and Boeve BF. Melatonin therapy for REM sleep behavior disorder: a critical review of evidence. Sleep Med. 2015;16:19-26. Porter VR and Avidan AY. Clinical Overview of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder. Semin Neurol. 2017;37:461-470. Shin C, Park H, Lee WW, Kim HJ, Kim HJ and Jeon B. Clonazepam for probable REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2019;401:81-86. St Louis EK, Boeve AR and Boeve BF. REM Sleep Behavior Disorder in Parkinson's Disease and Other Synucleinopathies. Mov Disord. 2017;32:645-658. St Louis EK and Boeve BF. REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: Diagnosis, Clinical Implications, and Future Directions. Mayo Clinic proceedings. 2017;92:1723-1736. Teigen LN, Sharp RR, Hirsch JR, Campbell E, Timm PC, Sandness DJ, Feemster JC, Gossard TR, Faber SM, Steele TA, Rivera S, Junna MR, Lipford MC, Tippmann-Peikert M, Kotagal S, Ju YE, Howell M, Schenck CH, Videnovic A, Jennum P, Hogl B, Stefani A, Arnulf I, Heidbreder A, Lewis S, McCarter SJ, Boeve BF, Silber MH and St Louis EK. Specialist approaches to prognostic counseling in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med. 2021;79:107-112.

Sara Henya would have you recognize her for her music, not her malady. While she may have Tourette Syndrome, she refuses to let it define her. In this week's episode of BrainWaves, we're launching a two part series featuring people who are living with a chronic neurologic illness--how they were diagnosed, how they cope with it, and of course, the neurobiology that underlies it. Produced by James E. Siegler with Dr. Michael Rubenstein and Sara Henya. Music courtesy of Sara Henya (find her music at www.sarahenya.com), Lee Rosevere, Loyalty Freak Music, Marco Trovatello, and Steve Combs. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast. REFERENCES Pringsheim T, Holler-Managan Y, Okun MS, Jankovic J, Piacentini J, Cavanna AE, Martino D, Muller-Vahl K, Woods DW, Robinson M, Jarvie E, Roessner V and Oskoui M. Comprehensive systematic review summary: Treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019;92:907-915. Pringsheim T, Okun MS, Muller-Vahl K, Martino D, Jankovic J, Cavanna AE, Woods DW, Robinson M, Jarvie E, Roessner V, Oskoui M, Holler-Managan Y and Piacentini J. Practice guideline recommendations summary: Treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019;92:896-906. Swain JE, Scahill L, Lombroso PJ, King RA and Leckman JF. Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: a decade of progress. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:947-68. Bruun RD. Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. An overview of clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1984;23:126-33. Robertson MM. Tourette syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment. Brain. 2000;123 Pt 3:425-62. Yael D, Vinner E and Bar-Gad I. Pathophysiology of tic disorders. Mov Disord. 2015;30:1171-8. Pauls DL and Leckman JF. The inheritance of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and associated behaviors. Evidence for autosomal dominant transmission. The New England journal of medicine. 1986;315:993-7. Jankovic J, Jimenez-Shahed J and Brown LW. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of topiramate in the treatment of Tourette syndrome. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2010;81:70-3.

In one of our previous Teaching through Clinical Cases, Dr. Sneha Mantri (formerly a movement disorders fellow at the Philadelphia VA, now an Assistant Professor of Neurology at Duke) took us through the case of a gentleman with gait instability and falls. We are re-releasing this show with an update on the 2017 revised diagnostic criteria for the neurologic condition experienced by this patient. Produced by James E. Siegler. Music courtesy of Julie Maxwell, Yan Terrien, Josh Woodward, Quantum Jazz, and Pachyderm. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast. REFERENCES Hess CW and Okun MS. Diagnosing Parkinson Disease. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016;22:1047-63. Garbutt S, Riley DE, Kumar AN, Han Y, Harwood MR and Leigh RJ. Abnormalities of optokinetic nystagmus in progressive supranuclear palsy. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2004;75:1386-94. McFarland NR. Diagnostic Approach to Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016;22:1117-42. Boxer AL, Yu JT, Golbe LI, Litvan I, Lang AE and Hoglinger GU. Advances in progressive supranuclear palsy: new diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and therapeutic approaches. The Lancet Neurology. 2017;16:552-563. Hoglinger GU, Respondek G, Stamelou M, Kurz C, Josephs KA, Lang AE, Mollenhauer B, Muller U, Nilsson C, Whitwell JL, Arzberger T, Englund E, Gelpi E, Giese A, Irwin DJ, Meissner WG, Pantelyat A, Rajput A, van Swieten JC, Troakes C, Antonini A, Bhatia KP, Bordelon Y, Compta Y, Corvol JC, Colosimo C, Dickson DW, Dodel R, Ferguson L, Grossman M, Kassubek J, Krismer F, Levin J, Lorenzl S, Morris HR, Nestor P, Oertel WH, Poewe W, Rabinovici G, Rowe JB, Schellenberg GD, Seppi K, van Eimeren T, Wenning GK, Boxer AL, Golbe LI, Litvan I and Movement Disorder Society-endorsed PSPSG. Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: The movement disorder society criteria. Mov Disord. 2017;32:853-864. PW Brazis, Masdeu JC, Biller J. Localization in Clinical Neurology, 6th 2011 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

For such an thrilling time in a woman's life, pregnancy can be a frightening experience for some. As a physician, I'm always a little more on edge when dealing with these patients. This week on BrainWaves, Dr. Jonathan Edlow (Emergency Medicine) of Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center shares his experience in treating neuromedical complications in this unique patient population. Produced by Jonathan Edlow and James E. Siegler. Music by Daniel Birch, Ian Southerland, Kevin McLeod, and John Bartmann. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast. REFERENCES Edlow JA, Caplan LR, O'Brien K and Tibbles CD. Diagnosis of acute neurological emergencies in pregnant and post-partum women. The Lancet Neurology. 2013;12:175-85. Edlow AG, Edlow BL and Edlow JA. Diagnosis of Acute Neurologic Emergencies in Pregnant and Postpartum Women. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2016;34:943-965. Ray JG, Vermeulen MJ, Bharatha A, Montanera WJ and Park AL. Association Between MRI Exposure During Pregnancy and Fetal and Childhood Outcomes. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 2016;316:952-61. Chen MM, Coakley FV, Kaimal A and Laros RK, Jr. Guidelines for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging use during pregnancy and lactation. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2008;112:333-40. Kranick SM, Mowry EM, Colcher A, Horn S and Golbe LI. Movement disorders and pregnancy: a review of the literature. Mov Disord. 2010;25:665-71.

You may be able to recognize chorea. But what does it make you think of besides Huntington Disease? In this two part series, we'll cover the clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and management of Huntington Disease. In part 1, Dr. Travis Lewis (University of Pennsylvania) creates a framework for hyperkinetic movement disorders and HD. Part 2 will focus on the current and future therapeutics of this neurodegenerative condition. Produced by Travis Lewis & James E. Siegler. Music by Azevedo Silva, Chris Zabriskie, Cullah, John Bartmann, and Nuno Adelaida. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast. REFERENCES Bates GP, Dorsey R, Gusella JF, Hayden MR, Kay C, Leavitt BR, Nance M, Ross CA, Scahill RI, Wetzel R, Wild EJ and Tabrizi SJ. Huntington disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15005. Wild EJ and Tabrizi SJ. The differential diagnosis of chorea. Pract Neurol. 2007;7:360-73. Walker RH. Chorea. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2013;19:1242-63. Reilmann R, Leavitt BR and Ross CA. Diagnostic criteria for Huntington's disease based on natural history. Mov Disord. 2014;29:1335-41. Ghosh R and Tabrizi SJ. Huntington disease. Handbook of clinical neurology. 2018;147:255-278.

The Machado-Joseph Disease, or spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, is one of the few eponyms in medicine whereby the disease is named after the patient and not the physician who originally described it. But someone else's name is missing from the eponym: Thomas. And the alternative title for the condition, "spinocerebellar ataxia," also happens to be a bit of a misnomer. In this week's installment of BrainWaves, we review the history and clinical manifestations of this movement disorder. Produced by James E. Siegler. Music by Ian Southerland, Mike Durek, and Ondrosik. Voiceover by Erika Mejia. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision making. REFERENCES Matilla T, McCall A, Subramony SH and Zoghbi HY. Molecular and clinical correlations in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 and Machado-Joseph disease. Annals of neurology. 1995;38:68-72. Pedroso JL, Franca MC, Braga-Neto P, D'Abreu A, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Saute JA, Teive HA, Caramelli P, Jardim LB, Lopes-Cendes I and Barsottini OGP. Nonmotor and extracerebellar features in Machado-Joseph disease: A review. Movement Disord. 2013;28:1200-1208. Shakkottai VG and Fogel BL. Clinical neurogenetics: autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia. Neurol Clin. 2013;31:987-1007. Paulson HL. Dominantly inherited ataxias: lessons learned from Machado-Joseph disease/spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Semin Neurol. 2007;27:133-42. Ashizawa T and Xia G. Ataxia. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016;22:1208-26. Rosenberg RN. Machado-Joseph disease: an autosomal dominant motor system degeneration. Mov Disord. 1992;7:193-203.

Did the famous composer Gustav Mahler work his fatal heart murmur into his final ninth symphony? To try and answer this question, I’m joined by Dr. Kevin Nordstrom of the Great Composers Podcast. We’ll delve into Mahler’s diseases, a history of heart sounds, musical theory, his obsession with mortality, and the unfortunate circumstances of his own death. Classical music and medicine, in one podcast! What more could you want? And included (at no extra charge!) is a new #AdamAnswers about the origins of respiratory therapy.   You can listen to Dr. Nordstrom’s Great Composers Podcast on iTunes or on his website.   Sources: Amenta C, “The Opening of Mahler's Ninth Symphony and the Bernstein "Heart-beat" Hypothesis by Charles Amenta,” Naturlaut 4(1): 17-18, 2005. Cardoso F and Leese AJ. “Did Gustav Mahler have Syndenham’s chorea?” Mov Disord. 2006 Mar;21(3):289-92. Christy NP et al, “Gustav Mahler and his illnesses,” Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 1971; 82: 200–217. Ferretti J et al, “History of Streptococcal Research.” Streptococcus pyogenes : Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations. Hannah IR and Silverman ME, “A history of cardiac auscultation and some of its contributors,” Am J Cardiol. 2002 Aug 1;90(3):259-67. Levy D, “Gustav Mahler and Emanuel Libman: bacterial endocarditis in 1911,” Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986 Dec 20-27;293(6562):1628-31. Mangione S, “Mahler at 100: a medical history,” Hektoen International. http://hekint.org/2017/01/30/mahler-at-100-a-medical-history/

Yes, we have harnessed the power of paralysis. Botulinum toxin, which is produced by a lethal bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, has been bottled and sold to neurologists for decades. And you know this because you've seen people who received Botox to relax their facial muscles. In this week's installment, Dr. Anh-Thu Vu discusses how neurologists utilize this neurotoxic agent. BrainWaves podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used to guide medical decision making in routine clinical practice. The content in this episode was vetted and approved by Anh-Thu Vu. REFERENCES 1. Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby T V, et al. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 2001;285(8):1059-1070. 2. Thenganatt MA, Fahn S. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of movement disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2012;12(4):399-409. doi:10.1007/s11910-012-0286-3. 3. Aurora SK, Winner P, Freeman MC, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: pooled analyses of the 56-week PREEMPT clinical program. Headache. 2011;51(9):1358-1373. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01990.x. 4. Dauer WT, Burke RE, Greene P, Fahn S. Current concepts on the clinical features, aetiology and management of idiopathic cervical dystonia. Brain. 1998;121 (Pt 4):547-560. 5. Karp BI. Botulinum toxin treatment of occupational and focal hand dystonia. Mov Disord. 2004;19 Suppl 8:S116-S119. doi:10.1002/mds.20025. 6. Elia AE, Filippini G, Calandrella D, Albanese A. Botulinum neurotoxins for post-stroke spasticity in adults: a systematic review. Mov Disord. 2009;24(6):801-812. doi:10.1002/mds.22452. 7. Naumann M, Dressler D, Hallett M, et al. Evidence-based review and assessment of botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of secretory disorders. Toxicon. 2013;67:141-152. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.020. 8. Lotia M, Jankovic J. Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Tremor and Tics. Semin Neurol. 2016;36(1):54-63. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1571217.