Podcasts about Pathophysiology

Join us in this episode as we explore the evolving field of cardiovascular medicine with Michael S. Sacks, Professor and Director of the James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation at the University of Texas at Austin. As a leading expert in cardiovascular modeling, Professor Sacks focuses on developing patient-specific, simulation-based technologies that improve our understanding of heart and heart valve disease. What's his goal? To advance treatment strategies by helping physicians better predict outcomes and design therapies tailored to individual patients… Click play to learn about: The two major problems with valve therapy. How computational modeling is transforming the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. Why patient-specific simulations may improve surgical planning and clinical outcomes. The limitations of current valve replacement technologies. Professor Sacks has held numerous leadership roles throughout his distinguished career, including serving as Technical Editor of the Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. He is an inaugural Fellow of the Biomedical Engineering Society, a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering. His honors include the Van C. Mow Medal from the ASME Bioengineering Division, the University of Pittsburgh Chancellor's Distinguished Research Award, the Richard Skalak Distinguished Lectureship from Columbia University, and the SKT Lectureship from the City College of New York. In 2006, he was recognized as one of Scientific American's 50 Leaders in Science and Technology. Connect with Professor Sacks:  LinkedIn University of Texas Profile  Google Scholar Profile Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation Oden Institute for Computational Engineering & Sciences

On May 6th my son and I testified on the Colorado Senate floor (online) against HB26-1335 ("Concerning Access to Abortion Medication Services on Colorado College Campuses"). This law requires colleges and universities (without a religious exemption) to make abortion drugs available on campus to any student who asks for a prescription.I first cover Colorado abortion laws from 2022-2025 to show how we got to this point. Then, I play clips of our testimonies against the bill. Finally, I play a testimony from an unhinged guy in support of the bill.Sources Cited:Colorado HB22-1279 ("Reproductive Health Equity Act")Colorado SB23-188 ("Protections For Accessing Reproductive Health Care")Colorado SB23-189 ("Increasing Access To Reproductive Health Care")Colorado SB23-190 ("Deceptive Trade Practice Pregnancy-related Service")Colorado Amendment 79 ("Constitutional Right to Abortion")Colorado SB25-183 ("Coverage for Pregnancy-Related Services")Colorado SB25B-002 ("State-Only Funding for Certain Entities")Colorado HB26-1335 ("Abortion Medication Access on College Campuses")Colorado "Health & Human Services Committee, Wednesday, May 6, 2026"Alisa B Goldberg et al, "Mifepristone and Misoprostol for Undesired Pregnancy of Unknown Location"Ralph P Miech, "Pathophysiology of Mifepristone-Induced Septic Shock Due to Clostridium sordellii"We value your feedback!Have questions for Truthspresso? Contact us!

In this episode of *PICU Doc on Call*, Dr. Monica Gray and Dr. Pradip Kamat are joined by fellow Dr. Hope Vancleve to discuss a complex case of a 12-year-old with MRSA septic shock requiring VA ECMO. The conversation covers sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction, including its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. The hosts also explore differential hypoxia, or Harlequin syndrome, a serious VA ECMO complication causing upper body deoxygenation, and discuss monitoring strategies and circuit reconfiguration to prevent cerebral and myocardial ischemia.Show Highlights:Clinical case discussion of a 12-year-old male patient with MRSA septic shock.Complications of sepsis, including sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction and refractory shock.Management strategies for septic shock, including antibiotic therapy and fluid resuscitation.Use of venoarterial ECMO support in pediatric patients with severe cardiac dysfunction.Pathophysiology of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction and its impact on cardiac function.Differential hypoxia (North-South syndrome) in patients on femoral VA ECMO.Diagnostic approaches for sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction, including echocardiography and biomarkers.Importance of monitoring and managing end-organ function in septic patients.Strategies for addressing differential hypoxia in ECMO patients, including circuit reconfiguration.Discussion of the risks and benefits of various ECMO configurations and management techniques.References:Fuhrman & Zimmerman - Textbook of Pediatric Critical Care ChapterReference 1: Torre DE, Pirri C. Harlequin Syndrome in Venoarterial ECMO and ECPELLA: When ECMO and Native or Impella Circulations Collide - A Comprehensive Review. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2025 Aug 26;26(8):39992. doi: 10.31083/RCM39992. PMID: 40927093; PMCID: PMC12415751.Reference 2 : Cove ME. Disrupting differential hypoxia in peripheral veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care. 2015 Jul 22;19(1):280. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0997-3. PMID: 27391473; PMCID: PMC4511033.

Why does excessive yawning sometimes appear before a migraine attack even begins?In this episode of Migraine Heroes Podcast, host Diane Ducarme explores one of the most overlooked early warning signs of migraine: uncontrollable yawning. Far from being “just tiredness,” yawning can be a neurological signal that your brain is already shifting into a migraine state long before the pain arrives.Blending neuroscience with practical migraine awareness, this episode helps you understand what your body may be trying to tell you—and how to respond before the migraine escalates.You'll discover:

That perfume, scented candle, or cleaning spray you barely notice… could it be quietly triggering your migraines?In this episode of Migraine Heroes Podcast, host Diane Ducarme explores why fragrances and strong smells can overwhelm the migraine brain and overstimulate the nervous system.From perfumes and detergents to air fresheners and beauty products, we uncover how modern fragrances may impact your brain, hormones, and migraine threshold.You'll discover:

Diagnosis, workup, and the four-step treatment protocol for thyroid storm. Hosts: Annaliese Elam, MD Brian Gilberti, MD https://media.blubrry.com/coreem/content.blubrry.com/coreem/Thyroid_Storm.mp3 Download Leave a Comment Tags: Critica Care, Endocrine, Thyroid Storm Show Notes I. Pathophysiology & Diagnosis Definition: Life-threatening hypermetabolic state resulting from decompensated thyrotoxicosis. Hormonal Profile: Absolute levels of total T₄/T₃ often mirror uncomplicated thyrotoxicosis; storm is driven by rapid rate of rise, increased catecholamine sensitivity, or increased free T₄/T₃ concentrations. Clinical Presentation: Hyperpyrexia (e.g., 104.2°F) Tachycardia/Arrhythmias (e.g., 155 bpm) Altered Mentation: Agitation, delirium, or psychosis; often the primary differentiator between “storm” and “compensated” hyperthyroidism Warm, moist skin Precipitating Events: Infection, trauma, or surgery Parturition Abrupt cessation of antithyroid medications Burch-Wartofsky Point Scale (BWPS): ≥ 45: Highly suggestive of Thyroid Storm 25–44: Suggestive of impending storm < 25: Storm unlikely Note: High sensitivity but low specificity; can be skewed by unrelated febrile illness. II. Laboratory & Ancillary Findings Thyroid Panel: Characteristically low TSH with elevated free T₄ and T₃. Metabolic Abnormalities: Mild hyperglycemia (catecholamine-induced insulin inhibition) Mild hypercalcemia Elevated LFTs and leukocytosis Cardiovascular: EKG may show sinus tachycardia or atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response. III. Management: The Four-Step Blocking Strategy Step 1: Sympathetic Blockade (Beta Blockers) Agent of Choice: Propranolol Mechanism: Non-selective blockade; in high doses, inhibits peripheral conversion of T₄ to T₃. Dosing: PO: 60–80 mg every 4–6 hours IV: 0.5–1 mg over 10 minutes Critical Pitfall: Avoid in patients with acute decompensated heart failure with systolic dysfunction; risk of cardiovascular collapse. Step 2: Inhibition of Hormone Synthesis (Thionamides) Agent of Choice: Propylthiouracil (PTU) preferred over Methimazole in life-threatening storm. Mechanism: Blocks synthesis of new hormone and inhibits peripheral T₄-to-T₃ conversion (decreases T₃ by ~45% in 24 hours). Dosing: 200–250 mg PO every 4 hours Step 3: Inhibition of Hormone Release (Iodine) Agents: Potassium iodide (SSKI) or Lugol’s solution Critical Timing: Must wait at least 60 minutes AFTER thionamide administration. Rationale: Immediate iodine administration provides substrate for new hormone synthesis (Wolff-Chaikoff effect bypass), potentially worsening thyrotoxicosis. Step 4: Inhibition of Peripheral Conversion & Adrenal Support Agent: Glucocorticoids (Hydrocortisone) Mechanism: Inhibits peripheral T₄ to T₃ conversion and treats potential relative adrenal insufficiency. Dosing: 300 mg IV loading dose, followed by 100 mg IV every 8 hours IV. Supportive Care & Avoidance Measures Hyperpyrexia Management: Acetaminophen is the standard of care Avoid Aspirin: Salicylates displace thyroid hormone from thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), increasing free T₄/T₃ levels Volume Resuscitation: Aggressive IV fluids; patients are often profoundly dehydrated May require 3–5 liters of isotonic crystalloid per 24 hours Take Home Points I. Diagnostic Essentials Clinical Diagnosis: Based on hyperpyrexia, cardiovascular dysfunction, and altered mentation. Key Differentiator: Altered mentation (agitation, delirium, psychosis) is often the sole finding distinguishing “storm” from “compensated” thyrotoxicosis. Burch-Wartofsky Point Scale (BWPS): ≥ 45: Highly suggestive of storm. 25–44: Suggests impending storm. < 25: Storm unlikely. Note: High sensitivity, low specificity (e.g., hyperthyroid + flu can score > 45). Triggers: Infection, trauma, parturition, or abrupt cessation of antithyroid drugs. II. The Four-Step Blocking Strategy Beta Blockade (Propranolol): Dose: 60–80 mg PO q4–6h or 0.5–1 mg IV over 10 min. Action: Blocks symptoms and inhibits peripheral T4 to T3 conversion. Caution: Avoid in acute decompensated heart failure with systolic dysfunction. Thionamides (PTU): Dose: 200 to 250 mg every four hours. (note: some resources suggest a loading dose beforehand) Action: Preferred over methimazole; blocks new hormone synthesis and peripheral T4 to T3 conversion. Iodine (SSKI/Lugol’s): Timing: Must wait ≥ 60 minutes AFTER thionamide dose. Action: Blocks hormone release. Pitfall: Early iodine provides substrate for new hormone synthesis, worsening the condition. Glucocorticoids (Hydrocortisone): Dose: 300 mg IV load, then 100 mg IV q8h. Action: Blocks conversion and provides adrenal support. III. Critical Supportive Care Hyperpyrexia: Use Acetaminophen. NEVER Use Aspirin: Displaces thyroid hormone from binding proteins, acutely increasing free T4/T3 levels. Volume: Aggressive fluid resuscitation; patients may require 3–5 L/day due to profound dehydration. Read More

La mano alien es uno de esos fenómenos neurológicos que obligan a replantearse qué significa realmente “controlar” una acción: pacientes cuya mano no está paralizada, pero tampoco les obedece, realizando movimientos con apariencia intencional que surgen fuera de su voluntad e incluso interfieren con la otra mano. En este episodio utilizamos este cuadro tan llamativo como clínicamente revelador para ir mucho más allá del síntoma y explorar cómo el cerebro construye la acción, integrando intención, ejecución y percepción dentro de una red compleja que, cuando se desorganiza, rompe la coherencia entre lo que queremos hacer y lo que finalmente ocurre. Desgranamos los distintos fenotipos —frontal, calloso y parietal— como expresiones de fallos en nodos específicos de esa red, analizamos su base neurofisiológica y aterrizamos todo esto en la clínica. Cómo reconocer la mano alien, cómo valorarla desde la fenomenología y la interacción con el entorno, y qué estrategias terapéuticas pueden tener sentido en función del mecanismo predominante. Un episodio que no solo explica un síndrome raro, sino que abre una ventana para entender que el movimiento no es simplemente contraer músculos, sino construir continuamente la experiencia de ser quien actúa. Referencias del episodio: 1.     Biran, I., Giovannetti, T., Buxbaum, L., & Chatterjee, A. (2006). The alien hand syndrome: What makes the alien hand alien?. Cognitive neuropsychology, 23(4), 563–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290500180282 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21049344/). 2.     Bru, I., Verhamme, L., de Neve, P., & Maebe, H. (2021). Rehabilitation of a Patient with Alien Hand Syndrome: a Case Report of a 61-Year Old Man. Journal of rehabilitation medicine. Clinical communications, 4, 1000050. https://doi.org/10.2340/20030711-1000050 (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8054745/). 3.     Di Pietro, M., Russo, M., Dono, F., Carrarini, C., Thomas, A., Di Stefano, V., Telese, R., Bonanni, L., Sensi, S. L., Onofrj, M., & Franciotti, R. (2021). A Critical Review of Alien Limb-Related Phenomena and Implications for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies. Frontiers in neurology, 12, 661130. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.661130 (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8458742/). 4.     Feinberg, T. E., Schindler, R. J., Flanagan, N. G., & Haber, L. D. (1992). Two alien hand syndromes. Neurology, 42(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.42.1.19 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1734302/). 5.     Graff-Radford, J., Rubin, M. N., Jones, D. T., Aksamit, A. J., Ahlskog, J. E., Knopman, D. S., Petersen, R. C., Boeve, B. F., & Josephs, K. A. (2013). The alien limb phenomenon. Journal of neurology, 260(7), 1880–1888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-013-6898-y (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23572346/). 6.     Haq, I. U., Malaty, I. A., Okun, M. S., Jacobson, C. E., Fernandez, H. H., & Rodriguez, R. R. (2010). Clonazepam and botulinum toxin for the treatment of alien limb phenomenon. The neurologist, 16(2), 106–108. https://doi.org/10.1097/NRL.0b013e3181a0d670 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20220444/). 7.     Hassan, A., & Josephs, K. A. (2016). Alien Hand Syndrome. Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 16(8), 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-016-0676-z (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27315251/). 8.     Lewis-Smith, D. J., Wolpe, N., Ghosh, B. C. P., & Rowe, J. B. (2020). Alien limb in the corticobasal syndrome: phenomenological characteristics and relationship to apraxia. Journal of neurology, 267(4), 1147–1157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09672-8 (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7109196/). 9.     Ma, Y., Liu, Y., Yan, X., & Ouyang, Y. (2023). Alien hand syndrome, a rare presentation of corpus callosum and cingulate infarction. Journal of the neurological sciences, 452, 120739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2023.120739 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37536055/). 10.  Mark V. W. (2025). Alien Hand: Current Research Trends. Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 25(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-025-01449-z (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12449344/). 11.  Park, Y. W., Kim, C. H., Kim, M. O., Jeong, H. J., & Jung, H. Y. (2012). Alien hand syndrome in stroke - case report & neurophysiologic study -. Annals of rehabilitation medicine, 36(4), 556–560. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2012.36.4.556 (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3438424/). 12.  Romano, D., Sedda, A., Dell'aquila, R., Dalla Costa, D., Beretta, G., Maravita, A., & Bottini, G. (2014). Controlling the alien hand through the mirror box. A single case study of alien hand syndrome. Neurocase, 20(3), 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2013.770882 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23557374/). 13.  Sarva, H., Deik, A., & Severt, W. L. (2014). Pathophysiology and treatment of alien hand syndrome. Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.), 4, 241. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8VX0F48 (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4261226/). 14.  Sellal, F., Cretin, B., Musacchio, M., Berthel, M. C., Carelli, G., & Michel, J. M. (2019). Long-lasting diagonistic dyspraxia suppressed by rTMS applied to the right motor cortex. Journal of neurology, 266(3), 631–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-09178-9 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30631917/). 15.  Wolpe, N., Moore, J. W., Rae, C. L., Rittman, T., Altena, E., Haggard, P., & Rowe, J. B. (2014). The medial frontal-prefrontal network for altered awareness and control of action in corticobasal syndrome. Brain : a journal of neurology, 137(Pt 1), 208–220. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awt302 (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3891444/). 16.  Wolpe, N., Hezemans, F. H., & Rowe, J. B. (2020). Alien limb syndrome: A Bayesian account of unwanted actions. Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, 127, 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.02.002 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32155475/).

This week, Aebhric is again joined by Zach Andrews, who leads the latest episode of CoROM Conversations, which explores the recognition and management of severe malaria in resource-limited and austere environments. Drawing on field-relevant clinical reasoning, the discussion focuses on the progression from uncomplicated to life-threatening disease, with emphasis on Plasmodium falciparum as the primary driver of severe pathology.The conversation highlights the diagnostic challenges faced by remote medics, where laboratory confirmation may be delayed or unavailable, and underscores the importance of clinical pattern recognition, early intervention, and ongoing reassessment. Particular attention is given to complications such as cerebral malaria, severe anaemia, metabolic acidosis, and hypoglycaemia—all of which significantly increase mortality if not rapidly addressed.From a prolonged field care perspective, the episode integrates pragmatic strategies for stabilisation, monitoring, and evacuation decision-making. It reinforces the need for structured patient assessment using frameworks such as CABCDEFGH, along with trending vital signs over time. The discussion ultimately bridges tropical medicine with austere critical care, offering actionable insights for medics operating far from definitive care.Key Learning PointsSevere malaria is a time-critical diagnosis, most commonly associated with Plasmodium falciparum, requiring immediate treatment even before confirmatory testing.Red flag features include altered mental status, respiratory distress, severe anaemia, hypoglycaemia, and shock.Hypoglycaemia is both a complication of malaria and a side effect of treatment (e.g., quinine), necessitating frequent glucose monitoring.In austere environments, clinical diagnosis often precedes laboratory confirmation, requiring high suspicion in febrile patients with travel or endemic exposure.Fluid management must be cautious, balancing the risks of hypovolaemia and pulmonary oedema.Prolonged care requires integration of nursing principles (HITMAN, SHEEP VOMIT) to prevent secondary deterioration.Early administration of parenteral antimalarials (e.g., artesunate where available) is critical to survival.Evacuation planning should be initiated early, but delays must not postpone life-saving interventions.Timestamps00:00 – IntroductionOverview of the case and relevance to austere medicine02:30 – Pathophysiology of Severe MalariaMechanisms of microvascular obstruction and organ dysfunction06:00 – Clinical PresentationRecognising early vs severe disease in the field10:30 – Assessment FrameworksApplying structured approaches (CABCDEFGH, CPRO, BEAST)15:00 – Management PrioritiesAntimalarials, glucose, fluids, and airway considerations20:30 – Complications and MonitoringCerebral malaria, acidosis, anaemia, and respiratory failure25:00 – Prolonged Field Care ConsiderationsNursing care, documentation, and trending30:00 – Evacuation and Decision-MakingWhen and how to move the patient33:00 – Key Takeaways and Closing ThoughtsClinical Pearls / Take-Home MessagesTreat first, confirm later: In suspected severe malaria, delays in treatment increase mortality.Check glucose early and often: Hypoglycaemia can be rapidly fatal and easily missed.Think beyond fever: Altered mental status or respiratory changes may be the first sign of severe disease.Your greatest tool is reassessment: Trends in vital signs are more valuable than single data points.Good nursing care saves lives: Positioning, hydration, hygiene, and monitoring are critical in prolonged care environments.Suggested ReferencesWorld Health Organization. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria (latest edition).Joint Trauma System Clinical Practice Guidelines: Prolonged Casualty Care.World Health Organization. Severe Malaria (Tropical Medicine reference standards).White NJ et al. Malaria. The Lancet.

In this week's episode, Blood editor Dr. Laurie Sehn interviews Drs. Shengwen Calvin Li and Hrishi Krishna Srinagesh on their latest articles published in Blood. Dr. Li discusses "Single-cell profiling of ANKRD26 thrombocytopenia reveals progenitor expansion and polyploid apoptosis via JUNB-p21". The study identifies reproducible abnormalities in progenitor expansion and increased apoptosis of polyploid megakaryocytes, and they propose a novel mechanism in which centrosomal over-expression of ANKRD26 drives polyploid megakaryocyte apoptosis through JUNB-mediated induction of p21 transcription. Dr. Srinagesh discusses "Blinatumomab nonresponse correlates with poor survival after brexucabtagene autoleucel in B-cell ALL" in which data collected by the Real-World Outcomes Collaborative of CAR-T in Adult ALL consortium showed that prior nonresponse to blinatumomab was associated with inferior survival after brexucabtagene in comparison to blinatumomab-naïve patients. Early CAR-T responses were uniformly high regardless of prior exposure or response. This highlights that resistance to blinatumomab may identify patients at higher risk of post–CAR T relapse despite excellent initial responses.

We discuss this ominous complication of providing local anesthesia. Hosts: Elaine Jonas, MD Brian Gilberti, MD https://media.blubrry.com/coreem/content.blubrry.com/coreem/LAST.mp3 Download Leave a Comment Tags: Critical Care, Toxicology Show Notes I. Pathophysiology & Mechanisms Definition: Systemic toxicity secondary to local anesthetic (LA) via accidental intravascular injection or excessive systemic absorption. Threshold: Occurs when plasma concentration exceeds the safety threshold for cardiac and neural tissue. Agent Profile: Bupivacaine (High Risk) Highly lipophilic with high protein binding. “Fast-on, Slow-off” Kinetics: Strong Na+ channel binding with extremely slow dissociation during diastole. Myocardial Depression: Direct inhibition of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, impairing contractility. Low CC:CNS Ratio: The dose required for cardiac collapse is very close to the dose that triggers seizures (narrow safety margin). Contributing Factors: Acidosis/Hypercapnia: Increases the fraction of free drug and promotes ion trapping in the brain/heart; shifts the LA-binding curve toward higher toxicity. Hypoxemia: Exacerbates myocardial depression and lowers seizure threshold. II. Risk Assessment & Prevention Patient-Specific Risk Factors Extremes of Age: Neonates (low α-1-acid glycoprotein) and elderly (reduced clearance). Body Composition: Low muscle mass/frailty (decreased volume of distribution). Organ Dysfunction: Hepatic: Reduced metabolism of amide LAs. Renal: Accumulation of metabolites; risk of metabolic acidosis lowering seizure threshold. Cardiac: Reduced cardiac output slows hepatic delivery/clearance; heart failure patients are more sensitive to Na+ channel blockade. Pregnancy: Increased sensitivity to cardiotoxicity. Procedural Risk Factors Vascularity of Site (Highest to Lowest Risk): Intercostal blocks (highest absorption rate). Caudal/Epidural. Interfascial plane blocks (e.g., TAP block). Psoas compartment/Sciatic. Brachial plexus. Technique: Large volume infiltration, lack of ultrasound, lack of incremental injection. Prevention Mandates Weight-Based Dosing: Lidocaine (Plain): Max 4.5 mg/kg. Lidocaine (with Epi): Max 7 mg/kg. Bupivacaine: Max 2.5–3 mg/kg. Incremental Injection: 3–5 mL aliquots with frequent aspiration. Intravascular Marker: Use Epinephrine (1:200,000) to detect accidental IV placement (HR increase >10 bpmor SBP increase >15 mmHg). III. Clinical Presentation Neurologic Phase (Early to Late) Subjective: Metallic taste, tinnitus, circumoral numbness/tingling. Objective: Visual disturbances, agitation, confusion, tremors. Critical: Generalized tonic-clonic seizures, rapid progression to CNS depression, coma, and apnea. Note: Early phases are often masked in patients receiving midazolam or propofol. Cardiovascular Phase Initial: Hypertension and tachycardia (if epi used) or transient stimulatory phase. Conduction Defects: PR prolongation, QRS widening (classic sign), bundle branch blocks. Dysrhythmias: Bradycardia (most common), VT/VF, PEA, asystole. Contractility: Profound, refractory hypotension and cardiogenic shock. IV. Immediate Management Algorithm Goal: Prevent hypoxia/acidosis and sequester the toxin. 1. Initial Actions Stop Injection: Immediately halt all LA administration. Call for Help: Specify “LAST Protocol” and “Intralipid Kit.” Airway Management: 100% O2​. Hyperventilate slightly if needed to counter respiratory acidosis. Low threshold for intubation (hypoxia/acidosis rapidly worsen LAST). 2. Seizure Control First-line: Benzodiazepines (e.g., Midazolam). Avoid: Propofol if hemodynamically unstable (exacerbates cardiac depression). Neuromuscular Blockers: May be needed for ventilation, but remember they do not stop CNS seizure activity. 3. Lipid Emulsion Therapy 20% Indications: Start at first sign of serious toxicity (airway compromise, seizures, or CV instability). Bolus: 1.5 mL/kg IV over 1 minute. Infusion: 0.25 mL/kg/min immediately following bolus. If Instability Persists: Repeat bolus (up to 2 times). Increase infusion to 0.5 mL/kg/min. Upper Limit: ≈12 mL/kg total dose. 4. Modified ACLS Epinephrine: Use low doses (

Manoj Monga explores the evolving understanding of kidney stone pathophysiology, from metabolic drivers to recurrence risk. This episode unpacks how clinicians balance acute intervention with long-term prevention strategies. Timestamps: 00:00 – Monga's background 02:30 – Pathophysiology explained 05:10 – Recurrence risk factors 08:20 – Dietary management 11:00 – Prevention versus surgery

You've heard it before: “Stress triggers migraines.” But here's what most people don't realize , not all stress is created equal.In this episode of Migraine Heroes Podcast, host Diane Ducarme breaks down the five core faces of stress and reveals how each one activates a different pathway in your brain and body. Because the stress of pressure and performance does not impact your nervous system the same way as grief, overstimulation, or emotional tension.When you identify which stress pattern is driving your attacks, you move from vague advice to precise action.In this episode, you will learn:

Melanoma risk is not static. It is influenced by how Australians live, work, and expose their skin to ultraviolet radiation every day. In this webinar and Q&A session, Prof Pascale Guitera (Melanoma Institute Australia) unpacks the pathophysiology of melanoma, with a focus on UVA exposure, year-round photoprotection, and what this means for everyday general practice. Delivered in collaboration with La Roche Posay, this webinar teaches how to: Interpret UV index information and apply it to patient counselling Explain the role of UVA exposure in melanoma development and prevention Advise patients on appropriate sunscreen use, including formulation and quantity Distinguish between mineral and chemical sunscreens in clinical contexts Understand regulatory considerations affecting sunscreen availability Apply current Australian melanoma screening principles in general practice If you would like a clearer framework for discussing UV exposure, risk, and screening with your patients, watch the replay to get real-world guidance you can apply immediately in clinic. Prefer a visual format? Watch this podcast here. About Prof Pascale Guitera Prof Pascale Guitera is Director of the Sydney Melanoma Diagnostic Centre at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and faculty member of the Melanoma Institute Australia. She is holding her academic position at the University Of Sydney with a particular interest in new diagnosis tools for skin cancers.    Next steps in your learning journey

In this special edition on Obesity as a Chronic Disease our host, Dr. Neil Skolnik will discuss epidemiology, pathophysiology and screening for CKD in People with Diabetes. This special episode is supported by an independent educational grant from Bayer. Presented by: Neil Skolnik, M.D., Professor of Family and Community Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University; Associate Director, Family Medicine Residency Program, Abington Jefferson Health Holly Kramer, M.D., Professor of Public Health Sciences and Medicine in the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension at Loyola University Chicago, past-president of the National Kidney Foundation, Editor-in-Chief of the National Kidney Foundation's journal,  Advances in Kidney Disease and Health (AKDH).   Selected references: Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 . The American Diabetes Association's Standards of Care 2026, Diabetes Care 2026;49 (Supplement_1) :S246–S260  

Tired of hearing “it's just stress”?  IBS experts Drs. Laurie Keefer and Darren Brenner join Kate Scarlata and Dr. Megan Riehl to set the record straight on irritable bowel syndrome.IBS is a real, biologically based disorder involving the gut–brain axis, the microbiome, immune function, and nervous system signaling. Understanding how these systems interact reshapes how we diagnose, personalize treatment, and support long-term symptom relief.If you've felt dismissed, confused, or stuck in trial-and-error care, this episode will help you feel validated, informed, and empowered with a clearer, science-backed path forward.Together we break down:The value of a positive diagnosis (not endless testing)The impact of trauma and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on gut sensitivity Using diet to support symptom relief without unnecessary food restrictionHow to comprehensively match treatment to your triggersSupport & Professional ResourcesIf you've experienced ACEs or trauma and want support from a GI psychologist or trauma-informed provider, these directories can help: GI Psychology (virtual services available)Rome Foundation GastroPsych Provider DirectoryTrauma-Informed Mental Health Provider DirectoryPartnering with a clinician trained in gut–brain disorders and trauma-informed care can safely address both physical symptoms and nervous system patterns. Aggeletopoulou et al. Unraveling the Pathophysiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Mechanisms and Insights. Int J Mol Sci, 2025.Keefer L et al. The Role of Resilience in IBS and Other Chronic GI Conditions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021.Chang L et al. Sex, Anxiety, and Resilience in the Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and IBS. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2025.Dong et al (UCLA Church Lab). Experiences of discrimination are associated with microbiome and transcriptome alterations in the gut. Front Microbiol, 2024.Scarlata K et al. Utilization of Dietitians in the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome by Members of the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol, 2022. How Kate Does It: Low-FODMAP Diet (AJG)This episode is sponsored by Ardelyx. Learn more about Kate and Dr. Riehl:Website: www.katescarlata.com and www.drriehl.comInstagram: @katescarlata @drriehl and @theguthealthpodcastOrder Kate and Dr. Riehl's book, Mind Your Gut: The Science-Based, Whole-body Guide to Living Well with IBS. The information included in this podcast is not a substitute for professional medical advice, examination, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider before starting any new treatment or making changes to existing treatment.

This week, Aebhric is joined by Dr Harrison Steins, who is finishing his MSc in Austere Critical Care with CoROM. He also finished medical school and is starting his emergency medicine training. His master's thesis was on the complexities of swimming-induced pulmonary oedema (SIPE), a rare condition affecting athletes, particularly in high-altitude environments. The speaker, Harrison Steins, discusses the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management strategies for SIPE, emphasising the importance of context in medical practice. He shares case studies, research findings, and future directions for understanding and treating this condition, highlighting the role of ultrasound in diagnosis and the need for tailored prevention strategies.TakeawaysSwimming-induced pulmonary oedema is a rare condition with a prevalence of less than 1%.Understanding the context of patient presentation is crucial for diagnosis.Acute-onset cough and dyspnoea are key symptoms of SIPE.Diagnosis requires a broad differential, ruling out other conditions first.Management focuses on immediate life threats before addressing SIPE.Hydration strategies can prevent SIPE, especially in athletes.Sildenafil may be effective in preventing SIPE, but it is not widely recommended.Handheld ultrasound is a reliable tool for diagnosing pulmonary oedema in the field.Females may have a higher incidence of SIPE at lower elevations than males do.Knowledge of population-specific pathology is essential for effective treatment.Chapters00:00 Introduction to Swimming-Induced Pulmonary Oedema04:47 Understanding the Pathophysiology of Swimming-Induced Pulmonary Oedema09:18 Case Studies and Clinical Presentation13:48 Diagnosis and Imaging Techniques19:26 Management Strategies and Treatment24:17 Research Findings and Future Directions

On this episode, we define gout and describe its clinical presentations, etiologies, and underlying pathophysiology. We discuss current guidelines and evidence-based treatment strategies for managing gout. We also compare and contrast the efficacy, safety profiles, and appropriate use of acute and chronic gout therapies, lifestyle modifications, and patient monitoring strategies. Cole and I are happy to share that our listeners can claim ACPE-accredited continuing education for listening to this podcast episode! We have continued to partner with freeCE.com to provide listeners with the opportunity to claim 1-hour of continuing education credit for select episodes. For existing Unlimited (Gold) freeCE members, this CE option is included in your membership benefits at no additional cost! A password, which will be given at some point during this episode, is required to access the post-activity test. To earn credit for this episode, visit the following link below to go to freeCE's website: https://www.freece.com/ If you're not currently a freeCE member, we definitely suggest you explore all the benefits of their Unlimited Membership on their website and earn CE for listening to this podcast. Thanks for listening! If you want to support the podcast, check out our Patreon account. Subscribers will have access to all previous and new pharmacotherapy lectures as well as downloadable PowerPoint slides for each lecture. If you purchase an annual membership, you'll also get a free digital copy of High-Powered Medicine 3rd edition by Dr. Alex Poppen, PharmD. HPM is a book/website database of summaries for over 150 landmark clinical trials.You can visit our Patreon page at the website below:  www.patreon.com/corconsultrx We want to give a big thanks to Dr. Alex Poppen, PharmD and High-Powered Medicine for sponsoring the podcast..  You can get a copy of HPM at the links below:  Purchase a subscription or PDF copy - https://highpoweredmedicine.com/ Purchase the paperback and hardcover - Barnes and Noble website We want to say thank you to our sponsor, Pyrls. Try out their drug information app today. Visit the website below for a free trial: www.pyrls.com/corconsultrx We also want to thank our sponsor Freed AI. Freed is an AI scribe that listens, prepares your SOAP notes, and writes patient instructions. Charting is done before your patient walks out of the room. You can try 10 notes for free and after that it only costs $99/month. Visit the website below for more information: https://www.getfreed.ai/  If you have any questions for Cole or me, reach out to us via e-mail: Mike - mcorvino@corconsultrx.com Cole - cswanson@corconsultrx.com

On this episode, we discuss osteoarthritis and describe its clinical presentations, etiologies, and underlying pathophysiology.  We review current guidelines and evidence-based treatment strategies for managing osteoarthritis, including pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions. We also compare and contrast the efficacy, safety profiles, and appropriate use of pharmacologic therapies, physical modalities, and lifestyle interventions in the treatment of osteoarthritis.  Cole and I are happy to share that our listeners can claim ACPE-accredited continuing education for listening to this podcast episode! We have continued to partner with freeCE.com to provide listeners with the opportunity to claim 1-hour of continuing education credit for select episodes. For existing Unlimited (Gold) freeCE members, this CE option is included in your membership benefits at no additional cost! A password, which will be given at some point during this episode, is required to access the post-activity test. To earn credit for this episode, visit the following link below to go to freeCE's website: https://www.freece.com/ If you're not currently a freeCE member, we definitely suggest you explore all the benefits of their Unlimited Membership on their website and earn CE for listening to this podcast. Thanks for listening! If you want to support the podcast, check out our Patreon account. Subscribers will have access to all previous and new pharmacotherapy lectures as well as downloadable PowerPoint slides for each lecture. If you purchase an annual membership, you'll also get a free digital copy of High-Powered Medicine 3rd edition by Dr. Alex Poppen, PharmD. HPM is a book/website database of summaries for over 150 landmark clinical trials.You can visit our Patreon page at the website below:  www.patreon.com/corconsultrx We want to give a big thanks to Dr. Alex Poppen, PharmD and High-Powered Medicine for sponsoring the podcast..  You can get a copy of HPM at the links below:  Purchase a subscription or PDF copy - https://highpoweredmedicine.com/ Purchase the paperback and hardcover - Barnes and Noble website We want to say thank you to our sponsor, Pyrls. Try out their drug information app today. Visit the website below for a free trial: www.pyrls.com/corconsultrx We also want to thank our sponsor Freed AI. Freed is an AI scribe that listens, prepares your SOAP notes, and writes patient instructions. Charting is done before your patient walks out of the room. You can try 10 notes for free and after that it only costs $99/month. Visit the website below for more information: https://www.getfreed.ai/  If you have any questions for Cole or me, reach out to us via e-mail: Mike - mcorvino@corconsultrx.com Cole - cswanson@corconsultrx.com

In this episode, Sam Ashoo, MD and T.R. Eckler, MD discuss the Januray 2026 Emergency Medicine Practice article, Emergency Department Diagnosis and Management of Patients With SyphilisSyphilis cases have surged 42% in the US, making it critical for emergency physicians to recognize and treat this "great masquerader." In this episode, hosts Sam Ashoo and Dr. T.R. Eckler break down the January 2026 Emergency Medicine Practice article on syphilis diagnosis and management. They cover the rising prevalence in high-risk populations, the four clinical stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary), special presentations like neurosyphilis and congenital syphilis, and practical diagnostic approaches. With a national penicillin shortage, they discuss alternative treatment options including doxycycline and post-exposure prophylaxis. The conversation also addresses the dark history of the Tuskegee Study and its lasting impact on medical ethics. Whether you're seeing more cases in your ED or want to sharpen your diagnostic skills, this episode provides actionable insights for frontline providers.Timestamps[0:00] Opening/Introduction[0:11] Host Welcome & Resources[0:50] Episode Introduction[1:30] Epidemiology & Rising Cases[4:30] Risk Factors & Screening[6:30] Pathophysiology & Transmission[9:30] Primary Syphilis[12:30] Secondary Syphilis[15:30] Tertiary & Latent Syphilis[18:30] Neurosyphilis[22:30] Congenital Syphilis[25:30] Ocular & Otic Syphilis[28:30] Differential Diagnosis & Pre-hospital Care[31:30] History & Physical Examination[34:30] Diagnostic Testing Overview[38:30] Testing Details & Titers[41:30] Treatment: Penicillin & Alternatives[43:30] ClosingSubscribers, take the CME test here.Emergency Medicine Residents, get your free subscription by writing resident@ebmedicine.net

A lot of us aren't just tired—we're worn down. In a world that keeps demanding more attention, more productivity, and more endurance, our nervous systems are struggling to keep up. This episode kicks off our season on wellness by starting at the most basic place recovery happens: sleep.You can also watch the very first Brain Blown Podcast episode on video on our YouTube channel!>> Support the Brain Blown on Patreon>> Have questions, stories, or topics you want us to cover? Email us at info@brainblownpodcast.com.>> Learn more at www.brainblownpodcast.comREFERENCES:Falup‑Pecurariu, C., Diaconu, Ș., Țînț, D., & Falup‑Pecurariu, O. — Neurobiology of Sleep (Review)National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeLee, A. E., Ancoli-Israel, S., Eyler, L. T., Tu, X. M., Palmer, B. W., Irwin, M. R., & Jeste, D. V. — Sleep Disturbances and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Schizophrenia: Focus on Sex DifferencesPocivavsek, A., & Rowland, L. M. — Basic Neuroscience Illuminates Causal Relationship Between Sleep and Memory: Translating to SchizophreniaPeever, J., & Fuller, P. M. — Neuroscience: A Distributed Neural Network Controls REM SleepAulsebrook, A. E., Jones, T. M., Rattenborg, N. C., Roth II, T. C., & Lesku, J. A. — Sleep Ecophysiology: Integrating Neuroscience and EcologySimon, K. C., Nadel, L., & Payne, J. D. — The Functions of Sleep: A Cognitive Neuroscience PerspectiveUrry, E., & Landolt, H.-P. — Adenosine, Caffeine, and Performance: From Cognitive Neuroscience of Sleep to Sleep PharmacogeneticsKay, D. B., & Buysse, D. J. — Hyperarousal and Beyond: New Insights into the Pathophysiology of Insomnia Disorder through Functional Neuroimaging StudiesZielinski, M. R., McKenna, J. T., & McCarle, R. W. — Functions and Mechanisms of SleepMarques, D. R., Gomes, A. A., Caetano, G., & Castelo-Branco, M. — Insomnia Disorder and Brain's Default-Mode Network

This content has been developed for healthcare professionals only. Patients who seek health information should consult with their physician or relevant patient advocacy groups.For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, slides, and complete CME/NCPD/CPE/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at PeerView.com/TCA865. CME/NCPD/CPE/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until January 11, 2027.Frameworks for Identifying Systemic Sclerosis and Its Complications: From Pathophysiology to Personalized Care In support of improving patient care, PVI, PeerView Institute for Medical Education, is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team.SupportThis activity is supported by an independent educational grant from Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Disclosure information is available at the beginning of the video presentation.

This content has been developed for healthcare professionals only. Patients who seek health information should consult with their physician or relevant patient advocacy groups.For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, slides, and complete CME/NCPD/CPE/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at PeerView.com/TCA865. CME/NCPD/CPE/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until January 11, 2027.Frameworks for Identifying Systemic Sclerosis and Its Complications: From Pathophysiology to Personalized Care In support of improving patient care, PVI, PeerView Institute for Medical Education, is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team.SupportThis activity is supported by an independent educational grant from Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Disclosure information is available at the beginning of the video presentation.

This content has been developed for healthcare professionals only. Patients who seek health information should consult with their physician or relevant patient advocacy groups.For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, slides, and complete CME/NCPD/CPE/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at PeerView.com/TCA865. CME/NCPD/CPE/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until January 11, 2027.Frameworks for Identifying Systemic Sclerosis and Its Complications: From Pathophysiology to Personalized Care In support of improving patient care, PVI, PeerView Institute for Medical Education, is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team.SupportThis activity is supported by an independent educational grant from Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Disclosure information is available at the beginning of the video presentation.

This content has been developed for healthcare professionals only. Patients who seek health information should consult with their physician or relevant patient advocacy groups.For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, slides, and complete CME/NCPD/CPE/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at PeerView.com/TCA865. CME/NCPD/CPE/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until January 11, 2027.Frameworks for Identifying Systemic Sclerosis and Its Complications: From Pathophysiology to Personalized Care In support of improving patient care, PVI, PeerView Institute for Medical Education, is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team.SupportThis activity is supported by an independent educational grant from Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Disclosure information is available at the beginning of the video presentation.

CME credits: 1.00 Valid until: 05-01-2027 Claim your CME credit at https://reachmd.com/programs/cme/spotlight-on-systemic-sclerosis-pathophysiology-presentation-emerging-evidence/48716/ Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is complex and often diagnosed late. Explore the vasculopathy-fibrosis axis as a key driver of disease progression and clinical manifestations. Learn to recognize phenotypic red flags for ILD, PAH, and renal crisis, and apply risk stratification strategies to guide earlier intervention. Check out the evolving evidence on treatment selection and serious complications, emphasizing multidisciplinary care models and the role of patient-reported outcomes.=

A complete look at asthma, including asthma pathophysiology, causes, as well as asthma signs and symptoms. Also includes how asthma is diagnosed as well as asthma treatment.PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/respiratoryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Asthma / Asthma Definition0:22 Asthma Pathophysiology - Anatomy1:09 Asthma Molecular Pathology  (Early v Late Phase) 3:12 Airway Remodelling3:40 Asthma Causes & Risk Factors4:40 Asthma Symptoms 5:38 Asthma Diagnosis (Chronic - Includes Spirometry)7:15 Acute Exacerbation of Asthma (Mnemonic)8:00 Asthma Treatment - Stepwise ApproachLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2018. Asthma. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6157154/. PubMed CentralWiley Online Library, 2023. Allergic disease article. Allergy [online] Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/all.14607. (Exact article title assumed – if you want the full title, provide the page text).National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Pathophysiology of Asthma. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551579/. NCBIMoore, V.C., 2025. Spirometry: step by step. Breathe, 8(3), pp.232-240. [online] Available at: https://publications.ersnet.org/content/breathe/8/3/232. ERS PublicationsReddel, H.K. et al., 2021. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Strategy 2021 – Executive summary and rationale for key changes. European Respiratory Journal, 59(1):2102730. [online] Available at: https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/59/1/2102730. ERS PublicationsBMJ Best Practice, 2025. BMJ Best Practice: Info. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/.Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Depression, also known as major depressive disorder, is projected to be the number 1 cause of disease burden by 2030. We look at the causes and risk factors, the DSM 5 diagnostic criteria, and the treatment of depression.PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Major Depressive Disorder0:23 DSM 5 Criteria - Major Depressive Disorder 1:58 Depression Causes & Risk Factors 3:10 Depression Pathophysiology 4:28 Depression Epidemiology 4:59 Depression Diagnosis 5:39 Depression Treatment LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/Reference:Bains, N. & Abdijadid, S., 2023. Major Depressive Disorder. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/. NCBIPsycom, 2025. DSM-5 depression criteria – Major Depressive Disorder. [online] Available at: https://www.psycom.net/depression/major-depressive-disorder/dsm-5-depression-criteria.Wikipedia, 2025. Major depressive disorder. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder.National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 2025. Depression. [online] Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression.Bondy, B., 2002. Pathophysiology of depression and mechanisms of treatment. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 4(1), pp.7–20. [online] Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.31887/DCNS.2002.4.1/bbondy. Taylor & Francis OnlineDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

We cover Parkinson's Disease, including pathophysiology, symptoms, causes and Parkinson's Disease treatment. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/neurologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=10:00 What is Parkinson's Disease? 0:30 Parkinson's Disease Pathophysiology 3:56 Parkinson's Disease Symptoms6:05 Parkinson's Disease Causes & Risk Factors7:18 Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis 8:47 Parkinson's Disease Treatment10:08 Parkinson's Disease On/Off Phenomenon ReferencesZafar, S. & Yaddanapudi, S.S. (2023). Parkinson Disease. Publishing. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470193/Parkinson's Foundation. (2018). Statistics | Parkinson's Foundation.  Available at: https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/statistics Kenhub. (2023). Basal ganglia: Gross anatomy and function.  Available at: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/basal-gangliaBahners, B.H. et al. (2022). Electrophysiological characterization of the hyperdirect pathway and its functional relevance for subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014488622000565Ohio State University. (2017). Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation | Parkinson's Disease Case Study. Available at: https://u.osu.edu/parkinsonsdisease/pathophysiology-and-clinical-presentation/ (U.OSU)Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Parkinson's Disease Risk Factors and Causes.  Available at: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/parkinsons-disease(2024.). Parkinsonism vs. Parkinson's Disease: What's The Difference?.  Available at: https://parkinsonsdisease.net/answers/parkinsonism-vs-pdPostuma, R.B. et al. (2018). New Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's Disease: MDS-PD Criteria. Movement Disorders. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29433115/(2018). MDS Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's Disease (PD). Available at: http://medicalcriteria.com/web/mds-parkinson-disease/(n.d.). Parkinson's Disease Side Effects of Medication. Available at: https://www.parkinsonsdaily.com/parkinsons-disease-side-effects-of-medication/(2020). Neuroscience Online: Chapter “Basal Ganglia”. Available at: https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s3/chapter04.htmlDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Mehlman Qbanks: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://qbanks.mehlmanmedical.com/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠IG: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.instagram.com/mehlman_medical/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Telegram: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://mehlmanmedical.com/subscribe/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠

In this episode, Sam Ashoo, MD and T.R. Eckler, MD discuss the November 2025 Emergency Medicine Practice article, Diagnosis and Management of Emergency Department Patients With Alcohol Withdrawal SyndromeEpidemiology & Background Rising ED visits related to alcohol use. Mortality rates and spectrum of patient presentations. Importance of high suspicion and complexity of cases.Pathophysiology & Mechanisms Alcohol metabolism and neurochemical changes. Differential diagnosis: Conditions that mimic alcohol withdrawal.Prehospital & EMS Considerations Role of EMS in triage and initial management. Use of sobering centers vs. ED transport. Prehospital administration of benzodiazepines (IM midazolam).History & Risk Assessment Key questions to assess risk for alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Importance of patient history, medication use, and comorbidities. Discussion on patient honesty and rapport.Physical Exam & Scoring Systems DSM-5 criteria for alcohol withdrawal. Use of CIWA-AR, BAWS, and PAWSS scoring systems. Importance of objective measurement for monitoring and disposition.Complications & Special PresentationsComplicated alcohol withdrawal: Hallucinosis, seizures, delirium tremens. Diagnostic workup: Labs, imaging, and co-ingestions. Special populations: End-stage liver disease, pregnancy, intubated patients.Treatment Strategies Mainstay: Benzodiazepines (types, dosing, and protocols). Phenobarbital: Indications, dosing, and evidence. Adjunctive therapies: Thiamine, glucose, magnesium. Alternative/adjunct medications: Gabapentin, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, baclofen.Clinical Pearls & Practice Changes Early, aggressive therapy to prevent complications. Symptom-based vs. fixed-schedule treatment. Gabapentin as an alternative or adjunct. Anti-craving medications for relapse prevention.Disposition & Protocols Use of scoring systems for safe discharge, observation, or admission. Importance of protocolized approaches and community resources.Summary & Take-Home Points Five key practice-changing points. Clinical pathway.Emergency Medicine Residents, get your free subscription by writing resident@ebmedicine.net

In this episode of The Atrium, host Dr. Alice Copperwheat speaks with Marc Moon, Chief of Adult Cardiac Surgery at Texas Heart Institute, Chief of the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Baylor College of Medicine, and Chief of Adult Cardiac Surgery section at Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, about aortic dissection. Chapters 00:00 Intro 00:33 About Dr. Moon 02:51 Overview 03:33 History 05:27 Pathophysiology & Clinical Presentation 12:14 Diagnosis 15:25 Management 15:36 Step-by-Step, Type A 41:29 Step-by-Step, Type B 44:25 Postop Management 46:51 Complications 51:49 Future of Aortic Dissection 54:38 Key Takeaways 55:16 Training Advice They begin with an overview of aortic dissection, including its history and pathophysiology. They explored imaging techniques and diagnostic approaches, as well as management options. Additionally, they provided the steps for performing aortic dissection for both Type A and Type B, addressing postoperative management and complications. The episode concludes with a look at the future of aortic dissection, and Dr. Moon provides advice to trainees.   The Atrium is a monthly podcast presenting clinical and career-focused topics for residents and early career professionals across all cardiothoracic surgery subspecialties. Watch for next month's episode on extended resection with Dr. Erinoangelo Rendina.    Disclaimer The information and views presented on CTSNet.org represent the views of the authors and contributors of the material and not of CTSNet. Please review our full disclaimer page here.

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In recognition of Stress Awareness Week, the NEI Podcast revisits a vital conversation with Dr. Joan Striebel about the syndrome of catatonia—a condition that can emerge from profound psychological or physiological stress. Dr. Andy Cutler and Dr. Striebel discuss its dynamic presentation, the importance of treating underlying causes, and why clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion when evaluating complex or unexplained psychiatric symptoms. This re-release highlights key insights to help clinicians recognize and manage catatonia more effectively in practice.  Never miss an episode!

This is part 2 of a 3 part series on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Part one with Joe Navarrete covered the baseline physiologic changes with pregnancy. In this episode, David Barksdale is going to walk us through the pathophysiology of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. And in the next episode, Isabella Sosa joins us to walk […]

Summary In this episode of the Future of Dermatology podcast, guest speaker Dr. Donna Culton, delves into the intricate science of skin diseases, focusing on the pathophysiology of conditions like pemphigoid. The discussion covers the roles of B cells, autoantibodies, and various cellular players in inflammation, as well as the mediators that contribute to symptoms like itch. The episode emphasizes the complexity of these diseases and the potential for new therapeutic targets, while also highlighting the challenges in conducting clinical trials for affected populations. Takeaways - Dr. Culton emphasizes the importance of understanding B cells in skin diseases. - Pemphigus and pemphigoid have distinct clinical presentations and treatments. - Autoantibodies play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of pemphigoid. - Mast cells and eosinophils are key players in the inflammatory response. - Cytokines like IL-4 and IL-5 are critical for B cell activation and eosinophil recruitment. - The itch associated with pemphigoid is complex and not solely due to histamine. - Clinical trials for skin diseases face unique challenges due to patient comorbidities. - Understanding the mediators of degradation can inform treatment strategies. - The complexity of skin diseases allows for multiple therapeutic targets. - This podcast serves as an educational resource for understanding dermatological science. Chapters 00:00 - Introduction to Dermatology and B Cells 02:51 - Understanding Pemphigus and Pemphigoid 05:25 - The Role of Autoantibodies in Skin Diseases 08:20 - Key Cellular Players in Inflammation 10:53 - Mediators of Inflammation and Itch 13:57 - Pathophysiology and Future Therapies

This week, Aebhric talks with Jason Jarvis, a former Special Forces medic and current PhD candidate, and discusses Chagas disease, a tropical disease transmitted by the kissing bug. He explains the life cycle of the bug, the transmission of the disease, its clinical presentation, and the challenges in diagnosis and treatment. The conversation emphasises the importance of awareness and preventive measures, especially as Chagas disease is spreading to new regions, including parts of the United States. The discussion concludes with key take-home messages for healthcare providers and the need for ongoing education in tropical medicine.TakeawaysChagas disease is transmitted by the kissing bug, primarily in Central and South America.The life cycle of the kissing bug involves several stages, including the transmission of the parasite through its faeces.Clinical diagnosis is essential, especially in endemic areas where the disease is prevalent.The acute phase of Chagas disease is easier to treat than the chronic phase, which can lead to severe complications.Preventive measures include avoiding exposure to kissing bugs and ensuring blood products are screened for the disease.Chagas disease can also be transmitted through blood transfusions and organ transplants.Healthcare providers should be aware of the symptoms and risk factors associated with Chagas disease.The disease is now spreading to parts of the continental US, raising public health concerns.Ongoing education and awareness of tropical diseases are crucial for healthcare providers.The conversation highlights the importance of understanding the global health implications of diseases like Chagas. Chapters00:00 Introduction to Chagas Disease and Its Relevance02:36 Life Cycle of the Kissing Bug and Transmission of Chagas Disease04:58 Understanding the Pathophysiology of Chagas Disease07:31 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Chagas Disease10:18 Chronic Phase and Long-term Effects of Chagas Disease12:41 Treatment Options and Challenges in Managing Chagas Disease14:51 Preventive Measures and Risk Factors for Chagas Disease17:39 Chagas Disease in the Context of Global Health19:42 Take-Home Messages for Healthcare Providers22:20 Future Considerations and Closing Thoughts

*Content Warning: distressing themes, self-harm, rape, substance abuse, substance use disorder, child abuse, verbal abuse, mental abuse, physical abuse, institutional abuse, childhood sexual abuse, sexual abuse, suicidal ideation, death, and suicide. *Free + Confidential Resources + Safety Tips:  somethingwaswrong.com/resources    Snag your ticket for the live Home for the Holidays event here: https://events.humanitix.com/swwxtgi  Check out our brand new SWW Sticker Shop!: https://brokencyclemedia.com/sticker-shop  *SWW S23 Theme Song & Artwork:  The S24 cover art is by the Amazing Sara Stewart Follow Something Was Wrong: Website: somethingwaswrong.com  IG: instagram.com/somethingwaswrongpodcast TikTok: tiktok.com/@somethingwaswrongpodcast  Follow Tiffany Reese: Website: tiffanyreese.me  IG: instagram.com/lookieboo *Sources  Deseret News, and Amy Joi Bryson. “Teen Facility Targets Suicide Prevention.” Deseret News, Deseret News, 14 Jan. 2024, www.deseret.com/2004/7/30/19842793/teen-facility-targets-suicide-prevention Fuchs, David. “Utah Has Seen Abuse in ‘troubled Teen' Programs for Decades. Now, Momentum Slowly Builds for Change.” KUER, KUER, 24 Mar. 2021, www.kuer.org/health-science-environment/2020-12-17/utah-has-seen-abuse-in-troubled-teen-programs-for-decades-now-momentum-slowly-builds-for-change Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Pathophysiology and Prevention of Adolescent and Adult Suicide; Goldsmith SK, Pellmar TC, Kleinman AM, et al., editors. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2002. 5, Childhood Trauma. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK220932/ Kubler, Katherine, creator and director. The Program: Cons, Cults and Kidnapping. Netflix, 2024 https://www.imdb.com/title/tt31183637/  Lopez-Castroman, Jorge et al. “Early childhood sexual abuse increases suicidal intent.” World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) vol. 12,2 (2013): 149-54. doi:10.1002/wps.20039 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3683267/ Myers et al v. Dr. Phil Organization et al, No. 1:2014CV00007 - Document 77 (D. Utah 2015) :: Justia, law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/utah/utdce/1:2014cv00007/91862/77/ Reavy, Pat. “Family Sues Dr. Phil, Utah Treatment Center.” Deseret News, Deseret News, 28 Dec. 2023, www.deseret.com/2014/1/29/20534024/family-sues-dr-phil-utah-treatment-center/

*Content Warning: distressing themes, suicide, death, substance use disorder, drug use, sexual assault of a child, institutional child abuse, violence, childhood abuse.  *Free + Confidential Resources + Safety Tips:  somethingwaswrong.com/resources    Snag your ticket for the live Home for the Holidays event here: https://events.humanitix.com/swwxtgi  Check out our brand new SWW Sticker Shop!: https://brokencyclemedia.com/sticker-shop  *SWW S23 Theme Song & Artwork:  The S24 cover art is by the Amazing Sara Stewart Follow Something Was Wrong: Website: somethingwaswrong.com  IG: instagram.com/somethingwaswrongpodcast TikTok: tiktok.com/@somethingwaswrongpodcast  Follow Tiffany Reese: Website: tiffanyreese.me  IG: instagram.com/lookieboo *Sources  Easton, Scott D et al. “Suicide attempts among men with histories of child sexual abuse: examining abuse severity, mental health, and masculine norms.” Child abuse & neglect vol. 37,6 (2013): 380-7. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.11.007 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23313078/ Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Pathophysiology and Prevention of Adolescent and Adult Suicide; Goldsmith SK, Pellmar TC, Kleinman AM, et al., editors. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2002. 5, Childhood Trauma. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK220932/ Kubler, Katherine, creator and director. The Program: Cons, Cults and Kidnapping. Netflix, 2024 https://www.imdb.com/title/tt31183637/  Lopez-Castroman, Jorge et al. “Early childhood sexual abuse increases suicidal intent.” World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) vol. 12,2 (2013): 149-54. doi:10.1002/wps.20039 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3683267/

Sara dives into one of the most unforgettable parts of drinking → hangovers. From her worst-ever hangover in Punta Cana to the subtle shame-filled Sundays that followed too many nights out, Sara breaks down how hangovers evolved throughout her drinking years and how they became one of the biggest motivators for her sobriety. She doesn't stop at personal stories. Sara also explores the science of hangovers: what's actually happening inside your body and brain when you're feeling miserable the next day. You'll learn why alcohol leads to dehydration, inflammation, anxiety, and that 3 a.m. wake-up, plus why “hair of the dog” only keeps the cycle going. If you've ever wondered why hangovers hit so hard or need a vivid reminder of what you're leaving behind, this episode is your reality check and your motivation to keep choosing a hangover-free life. 00:00 Introduction to the Podcast and Today's Topic 02:28 The Worst Hangover Experience 09:00 Evolution of Hangovers Over the Years 15:34 The Science Behind Hangovers 25:06 Conclusion

In this solo episode, Darin pulls back the curtain on one of the most important parts of his life:  he prepares for travel. From the supplements that keep his immune system strong to hydration hacks, adaptogenic elixirs, and EMF protection, this episode is a masterclass in staying grounded and resilient on the road. Travel doesn't have to destroy your health — it can actually elevate it. With a few intentional rituals, smart packing, and awareness, you can turn every trip into an opportunity to deepen your energy, focus, and connection to yourself. What You'll Learn 00:00:00 – Why travel is stressful and how to transform it into an empowering, health-boosting experience 00:01:00 – Darin's supplement protocol: Vitamin D3/K2, probiotics, zinc, vitamin C, and glutathione for immune defense 00:03:00 – The antioxidant power of glutathione and why it's critical for long flights and radiation exposure 00:04:30 – How CBD and terpenes support stress resilience and circadian rhythm through the endocannabinoid system 00:05:20 – Why magnesium and NAD are the unsung heroes of travel recovery and energy 00:06:30 – Darin's morning elixir recipe: cacao, guarana, ashwagandha, chaga, ginseng, and monk fruit 00:08:00 – Hydration 101: how to use a manual RO filter, mineralize your water, and ditch plastic 00:10:00 – How to build nutrient density into travel days using chlorella, spirulina, Shakeology, and Barukas 00:12:00 – Travel nutrition sovereignty: packing your own snacks, fasting, and avoiding airline food 00:14:00 – Movement anywhere: Darin's “portable gym” using bungee cords and bodyweight routines 00:16:00 – The 3-hour morning ritual: NewCalm, Healing Codes, journaling, cacao, red light therapy, and breathwork 00:20:00 – How to avoid radiation scanners, mitigate EMFs, and use WaveGuard for energy field protection 00:22:00 – Why Darin microdoses nicotine for cognitive focus and immune modulation 00:23:00 – Breathing practices for immune strength: 3–4 rounds of 40 deep breaths, Wim Hof style 00:24:00 – How to pack fruit and salads in mason jars to stay hydrated and nourished on planes 00:26:00 – Grounding after flights: barefoot on the earth, morning sunlight, and re-aligning your circadian rhythm Thank You to Our Sponsors Manna Vitality: Go to mannavitality.com/ or use code DARIN20 for 20% off your order. Fatty15: Get an additional 15% off their 90-day subscription Starter Kit by going to fatty15.com/DARIN and using code DARIN at checkout. Find More from Darin Olien: Instagram: @darinolien Podcast: SuperLife Podcast Website: superlife.com Book: Fatal Conveniences Key Takeaway “Preparation is sovereignty. When you take responsibility for your nutrition, your hydration, and your energy before you travel, you're no longer surviving the trip — you're expanding through it.” Bibliography Martineau AR et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review. BMJ. 2017. Goldenberg JZ et al. Probiotics for prevention of respiratory infections. Cochrane Database. 2017. Hemilä H. Vitamin C and zinc in common cold. Nutrients. 2017. Blessing EM et al. Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders. Neurotherapeutics. 2015. Morris HJ et al. Spirulina and chlorella as functional foods. Nutrients. 2022. Longo VD, Panda S. Fasting, circadian rhythms, and time-restricted feeding. Cell Metabolism. 2016. Booth FW et al. Waging war on physical inactivity. J Physiol. 2017. Balmori A. Electromagnetic pollution from radiofrequency fields. Pathophysiology. 2015. Kox M et al. Voluntary activation of sympathetic nervous system and attenuation of the innate immune response. PNAS. 2014.

High Yield Antiarrhythmic Drugs Review:Class I (Sodium Channel Blockers)Class II (Beta Blockers)Class III (Potassium channel blockers)Class IV (Calcium Channel Blockers) for your PANCE, PANRE, Eor's and other Physician Assistant exams.Review for your PANCE, PANRE, Eor's, Physician Assistant exams, Medical, USMLE, Nursing Exams.►Paypal Donation Link: https://bit.ly/3dxmTql (Thank you!)Included in review: Pathophysiology of antiarrhythmics, cardiac action potential, phases 0–4, Phase 0 depolarization, Phase 1 initial repolarization, Phase 2 plateau, Phase 3 repolarization, resting membrane potential, cardiomyocytes, pacemaker cells, funny current (If), L-type calcium channels, T-type calcium channels, effective refractory period (ERP), conduction velocity, reentry, rate control, rhythm control, AV node, SA node, QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, post-MI arrhythmias, structural heart disease, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, ACLS, catecholamines, cAMP, PKA, beta-1 receptors, calcium influx, nodal blockade, non-dihydropyridine vs dihydropyridine, Disopyramide, Quinidine, Procainamide, Lidocaine, Mexiletine, Flecainide, Propafenone, Metoprolol, Atenolol, Bisoprolol, Betaxolol, Esmolol, Acebutolol, Propranolol, Carvedilol, Labetalol, Nadolol, Pindolol, Timolol, Sotalol, Amiodarone, Dronedarone, Ibutilide, Dofetilide, Verapamil, Diltiazem, Amlodipine, Nifedipine, Nicardipine, Amiodarone adverse effects, blue-gray skin discoloration, interstitial lung disease, thyroid dysfunction, corneal microdeposits, hepatotoxicity, beta-blocker contraindications, asthma caution, bradycardia, AV block, cardiogenic shock, diabetes caution, CCB adverse effects, constipation, AV block, bradycardia.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/cram-the-pance--5520744/support.

a focus on its acute presentations and the care we can deliver to improve outcomes for our patients. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a lifelong inherited blood disorder that affects over 15,000 people in the UK, and millions worldwide. It's caused by the production of abnormal haemoglobin molecules, which distort red blood cells into a crescent, or “sickle,” shape. These rigid cells can block small blood vessels, leading to painful vaso-occlusive crises and organ damage. While the condition has long been most prevalent in parts of Africa, the Middle East, the Mediterranean and India, today it's a global health issue, and one we encounter regularly in UK emergency care. Tragically, failings in care have too often led to avoidable harm. The 2021 parliamentary report “No One's Listening” laid bare some of these cases, highlighting missed opportunities, poor awareness, and systemic issues that cost lives, such as the death of Evan Nathan Smith. So why are we revisiting this now? In 2024, RCEM published new Best Practice Guidelines on managing sickle cell disease in the ED. These provide clear, evidence-based standards for recognition, triage, analgesia, infection control, and safe discharge. In this episode, we take you through the key elements; Pathophysiology – how a genetic mutation drives sickling, vaso-occlusion and inflammation. Clinical presentations – from painful crises and acute chest syndrome, to stroke, anaemia, infection, priapism and pregnancy-related complications. Recognition and triage – why timely pain control within 30 minutes is a must, and how to spot red flags. Investigations and treatment – including the role of reticulocytes, the importance of knowing a patient's baseline haemoglobin, and principles of analgesia, transfusion, oxygen, and supportive care. Discharge and ongoing care – ensuring safe, joined-up planning, and involving haematology and specialist pathways wherever possible. The take-home message? Every sickle cell crisis is a medical emergency. We need to listen to patients, escalate early, involve haematology, and deliver care that meets the standards they deserve. Once again we'd love to hear any thoughts or feedback either on the website or via X @TheResusRoom! Simon, Rob & James

Naturopath and nutritionist, Ananda Mahony and fx Medicine ambassador Emma Sutherland deep dive into the triggers and causes of rosacea, and the intricate connection of the gut-skin axis. Ananda helps to unravel the complex nature of this progressive inflammatory condition, the causes and risk factors of rosacea, and how the gut plays a pivotal role in symptom manifestation and progression. She stresses the importance of treating holistically, both internally and topically, and how as clinicians we can help our patients in down-regulating inflammation associated with rosacea through diet and lifestyle and targeted supplementation. This podcast is full of clinical pearls to support clinicians to identify, manage, and treat rosacea using a holistic approach. COVERED IN THIS EPISODE (00:33) Welcoming Ananda Mahony (03:24) Rosacea causes and presentation (06:06) Pathophysiology of rosacea (11:05) Rosacea as a comorbidity to autoimmune conditions (12:48) Key differentials between rosacea and other skin conditions (14:50) Key age and sex related risk factors (18:25) Common medical treatments (20:12) The skin-gut axis (24:10) Rosacea and Helicobacter pylori (27:03) Holistic goals for treatment (34:56) Dietary approach to rosacea treatment (38:25) The role of probiotics in treatment (40:10) Supplemental treatment for rosacea (42:22) Clinical mistakes when treating rosacea Find today's transcript and show notes here: https://www.bioceuticals.com.au/education/podcasts/a-naturopathic-approach-to-rosacea-with-emma-sutherland-ananda-mahony Sign up for our monthly newsletter for the latest exclusive clinical tools, articles, and infographics: www.bioceuticals.com.au/signup/ DISCLAIMER: The information provided on fx Medicine is for educational and informational purposes only. The information provided is not, nor is it intended to be, a substitute for professional advice or care. Please seek the advice of a qualified health care professional in the event something you learn here raises questions or concerns regarding your health.

In this episode of the PCOS Repair Podcast, the focus is on the intricate connection between stress and hormonal balance in women with PCOS. Drawing on insights from the research article Stress: Endocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology, this discussion explores how the body's stress response is designed to protect survival, and how that same system can disrupt metabolic health, fertility, and hormone regulation when stress becomes chronic. You will learn exactly what happens inside the body when the sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis are activated, why cortisol plays such a powerful role in blood sugar regulation, and how ongoing stress magnifies PCOS root causes.The Science Behind Stress and Hormonal ImbalanceYou will discover how stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol affect blood sugar, insulin sensitivity, and reproductive function. The episode explains how cortisol affects hormones to prepare the body for a perceived threat, whether it's physical or emotional, and why this process, when repeated too often, leads to insulin resistance. For women with PCOS, who are already predisposed to insulin imbalance, chronic stress compounds the problem by triggering more testosterone production, disrupting ovulation, increasing inflammation, and promoting weight gain, especially around the midsection.Identifying Stressors That Impact PCOSThe conversation highlights both obvious and hidden stressors that keep the stress response system activated. Even perceived stress, where the body feels threatened despite no immediate danger, can have lasting hormonal effects. You'll hear how these stressors contribute to HPA axis dysregulation, leading to symptoms like unrefreshing fatigue, cravings for sugar or salt, poor workout recovery, disrupted sleep patterns, low mood, and anxiety.Rather than relying on quick self-care fixes, this episode reframes stress management as an essential part of hormone therapy. You will learn how to build a lifestyle structure that reduces unnecessary stress and equips the body to handle inevitable challenges. Stress, a Missing Piece in PCOS HealingThe key takeaway from this episode is that the endocrine system is always listening. Whether stress is obvious or subtle, it sends chemical signals that shift the hormonal network, impacting insulin, cortisol, and reproductive hormones. For anyone struggling with stubborn PCOS symptoms despite making changes to diet and exercise, this discussion encourages a closer look at the body's perception of stress. Addressing and repairing the stress response can be a turning point in restoring hormonal balance, improving fertility, and feeling better in your body.You can take the quiz to discover your root cause hereREAD THE RESEARCH Stress: Endocrine Physiology and PathophysiologyLet's continue the conversation on Instagram! What did you find helpful in this episode and what follow-up questions do you have?The full list of Resources & References Mentioned can be found on the Episode webpage at: https://nourishedtohealthy.com/ep-162

Join us in this episode of PT Snacks podcast as we dive into Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS). This episode explores the causes, types, and diagnostic criteria of TOS. It includes an overview of provocation tests, symptom patterns, and potential treatment strategies, emphasizing the importance of ruling out other diagnoses. Additional resources and further reading options are provided for those wanting to expand their knowledge.00:00 Introduction to Thoracic Outlet Syndrome00:46 Understanding Thoracic Outlet Syndrome01:32 Types of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome02:35 Diagnosing Thoracic Outlet Syndrome03:51 Clinical Presentation and Symptoms05:06 Differential Diagnosis06:22 Physical Therapy Management08:04 When to Refer for Surgery08:53 Key Takeaways and ResourcesHock, G., Johnson, A., Barber, P., & Papa, C. (2022). Current Clinical Concepts: Rehabilitation of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.. Journal of athletic training. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-138-22.Jones, M., Prabhakar, A., Viswanath, O., Urits, I., Green, J., Kendrick, J., Brunk, A., Eng, M., Orhurhu, V., Cornett, E., & Kaye, A. (2019). Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Pain and Therapy, 8, 5 - 18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-019-0124-2.Support the showWhy PT Snacks Podcast?This podcast is your go-to for bite-sized, practical info designed for busy, overwhelmed Physical Therapists and students who want to build confidence in their foundational knowledge without sacrificing life's other priorities. Stay Connected! Never miss an episode—hit follow now! Got questions? Email me at ptsnackspodcast@gmail.com or leave feedback HERE. Join the email list HERE On Instagram? Find unique content at @dr.kasey.hankins! Need CEUs Fast?Time and resources short? Medbridge has you covered: Get over $100 off a subscription with code PTSNACKSPODCAST: Medbridge Students: Save $75 off a student subscription with code PTSNACKSPODCASTSTUDENT—a full year of unlimited access for less!(These are affiliate links, but I only recommend Medbridge because it's genuinely valuable.) Optimize Your Patient Care with Tindeq: Get 10% off with code PTSNACKS10: [Tindeq] ...

Angioedema – Recognition and Management in the ED Hosts: Maria Mulligan-Buckmiller, MD Brian Gilberti, MD https://media.blubrry.com/coreem/content.blubrry.com/coreem/Angioedema.mp3 Download Leave a Comment Tags: Airway Show Notes Definition & Pathophysiology Angioedema = localized swelling of mucous membranes and subcutaneous tissues due to increased vascular permeability. Triggers increased vascular permeability → fluid shifts into tissues. Etiologies Histamine-mediated (anaphylaxis) Associated with urticaria/hives, pruritus, and redness. Triggered by allergens (foods, insect stings, medications). Rapid onset (minutes to hours). Bradykinin-mediated Hereditary angioedema (HAE): C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency (autosomal dominant). Acquired angioedema: Associated with B-cell lymphoma, autoimmune disease, MGUS. Medication-induced: Most commonly ACE inhibitors; rarely ARBs. Typically lacks urticaria and itching. Gradual onset, can last days if untreated. Idiopathic angioedema Unknown cause; diagnosis of exclusion. Clinical Presentations Swelling Asymmetric, non-pitting, usually non-painful. May involve lips, tongue, face, extremities, GI tract. Respiratory compromise Upper airway swelling → stridor, dyspnea, sensation of throat closure. Airway obstruction is the most feared complication. Abdominal manifestations

Often, the first symptom of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is sudden death. But sometimes, we get a warning— and that's where clinical judgment at the bedside saves lives.Today, Sarah goes over the case of her patient Ben, a 20-year-old experiencing syncope and chest pain. As his condition quickly deteriorated, the team had to carefully manage the patient before reaching a diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hear what pointed them to this diagnosis, why some standard interventions can be dangerous in HCM cases, and the critical decisions made during his treatment.Listen now for a deep dive into the pathophysiology and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy!Topics discussed in this episode:Case presentation of a young patient with chest painHow we got to the patient's diagnosis Pathophysiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathyWhy the patient deteriorated and our treatment approachEmergency management of HCMOther types of cardiomyopathyKey takeaways for bedside nursesListen to episode 98, “Broken Heart Syndrome” aka Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, here: https://healthpodcastnetwork.com/episodes/rapid-response-rn/98-broken-heart-syndrome-aka-takotsubo-cardiomyopathy/Mentioned in this episode:Listen to the In The Heart of Care Podcasthttps://link.cohostpodcasting.com/6598429e-e927-45b0-9b57-7dd34a09d803?d=seASyqjs7

It's time to pour yourself some pickle juice and suck on a salt tab (or is it?) as we talk exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs) - one of the most complex, and common, afflictions facing athletes. Difficult to research and predict, the causes of EAMC's can be varied depending on the individual, as are the solutions to fix them. In this episode, Prof. Ross Tucker and Mike Finch break down the most common theories around causes and then discuss the best long-term, medium-term and immediate solutions (yes, there are some!) to preventing this painful condition.DiscourseJoin Discourse now, and become part of the growing community whose stories and testimonies inspired much of the content of this (and other) podcast! You do so by making a small donation here on Patreon, and then the world of sports science insight and opinion will be yours!SHOW NOTESThe cramping thread on Discourse - members onlyAn Evidence-Based Review of the Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Exercise-Associated Muscle CrampsSimilar review on crampsStudy showing how pickle juice works fast in low doses, via a neural reflexRon Maughan paper on muscle cramps, contrasting the hydration model with the neural theoryPeople who cramp have similar sodium and other electrolyte levels to those who don't crampIf you drink more, your sodium levels drop, even if you drink an electrolyte containing drinkA paper that compares the two leading hypotheses for cramps: Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

High Yield Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) ReviewReview for your PANCE, PANRE, Eor's, Physician Assistant exams, Medical, USMLE, Nursing Exams.Merchandise Link: https://cram-the-pance.creator-spring.com/►Paypal Donation Link: https://bit.ly/3dxmTql (Thank you!)Included in review: Pathophysiology, PCOS symptoms ,PCOS diagnosis, PCOS treatment, PCOS infertility, Rotterdam criteria, LH/FSH imbalance, Hyperandrogenism, Anovulation, Insulin resistance in PCOS, Letrozole, Clomiphene, PCOS vs NCCAH, PCOS ultrasound findings, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, PCOS and endometrial hyperplasia, Combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives, Medical mnemonics for examsBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/cram-the-pance--5520744/support.