Podcasts about protoplanetary disks

Hubble is down right now. JWST sees the first protoplanetary disk in another galaxy. Titan Dragonfly's delay. The first full image of the Chinese Space Station from orbit.

Hubble is down right now. JWST sees the first protoplanetary disk in another galaxy. Titan Dragonfly's delay. The first full image of the Chinese Space Station from orbit.

with Dr. Eugene Chiang (University of California, Berkeley)June 21, 2023We now know that our solar system is but one of countless others. Where did all these planets come from? What are their fates, and ours? Dr. Chiang describes the life cycle of planets, how they are born and die, and how they are born again. The story combines the latest observations from a wide range of telescope with our evolving theoretical understanding of the role planets play in the development of the cosmos.

Determining Dust Properties in Protoplanetary Disks: SED-derived Masses and Settling With ALMA by Anneliese Rilinger et al. on Wednesday 30 November We present spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling of 338 disks around T Tauri stars from eleven star-forming regions, ranging from $sim$0.5 to 10 Myr old. The disk masses we infer from our SED models are typically greater than those reported from (sub)mm surveys by a factor of 1.5-5, with the discrepancy being generally higher for the more massive disks. Masses derived from (sub)mm fluxes rely on the assumption that the disks are optically thin at all millimeter wavelengths, which may cause the disk masses to be underestimated since the observed flux is not sensitive to the whole mass in the disk; SED models do not make this assumption and thus yield higher masses. Disks with more absorbing material should be optically thicker at a given wavelength; which could lead to a larger discrepancy for disks around massive stars when the disk temperature is scaled by the stellar luminosity. We also compare the disk masses and degree of dust settling across the different star-forming regions and find that disks in younger regions have more massive disks than disks in older regions, but a similar degree of dust settling. Together, these results offer potential partial solutions to the "missing" mass problem: disks around T Tauri stars may indeed have enough material to form planetary systems, though previous studies have underestimated the mass by assuming the disks to be optically thin; these planetary systems may also form earlier than previously theorized since significant dust evolution (i.e., settling) is already apparent in young disks. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.16732v1

ISPY-NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars The demographics of forming planets embedded in protoplanetary disks by Gabriele Cugno et al. on Wednesday 30 November We present the statistical analysis of a subsample of 45 young stars surrounded by protoplanetary disks (PPDs). This is the largest imaging survey uniquely focused on PPDs to date. Our goal is to search for young forming companions embedded in the disk material and to constrain their occurrence rate in relation to the formation mechanism. We used principal component analysis based point spread function subtraction techniques to reveal young companions forming in the disks. We calculated detection limits for our datasets and adopted a black-body model to derive temperature upper limits of potential forming planets. We then used Monte Carlo simulations to constrain the population of forming gas giant companions and compare our results to different types of formation scenarios. Our data revealed a new binary system (HD38120) and a recently identified triple system with a brown dwarf companion orbiting a binary system (HD101412), in addition to 12 known companions. Furthermore, we detected signals from 17 disks, two of which (HD72106 and TCrA) were imaged for the first time. We reached median detection limits of L =15.4 mag at 2.0 arcsec, which were used to investigate the temperature of potentially embedded forming companions. We can constrain the occurrence of forming planets with semi-major axis a in [20 - 500] au and Teff in [600 - 3000] K, in line with the statistical results obtained for more evolved systems from other direct imaging surveys. The NaCo-ISPY data confirm that massive bright planets accreting at high rates are rare. More powerful instruments with better sensitivity in the near- to mid-infrared are likely required to unveil the wealth of forming planets sculpting the observed disk substructures. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15434v1

ISPY-NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars The demographics of forming planets embedded in protoplanetary disks by Gabriele Cugno et al. on Wednesday 30 November We present the statistical analysis of a subsample of 45 young stars surrounded by protoplanetary disks (PPDs). This is the largest imaging survey uniquely focused on PPDs to date. Our goal is to search for young forming companions embedded in the disk material and to constrain their occurrence rate in relation to the formation mechanism. We used principal component analysis based point spread function subtraction techniques to reveal young companions forming in the disks. We calculated detection limits for our datasets and adopted a black-body model to derive temperature upper limits of potential forming planets. We then used Monte Carlo simulations to constrain the population of forming gas giant companions and compare our results to different types of formation scenarios. Our data revealed a new binary system (HD38120) and a recently identified triple system with a brown dwarf companion orbiting a binary system (HD101412), in addition to 12 known companions. Furthermore, we detected signals from 17 disks, two of which (HD72106 and TCrA) were imaged for the first time. We reached median detection limits of L =15.4 mag at 2.0 arcsec, which were used to investigate the temperature of potentially embedded forming companions. We can constrain the occurrence of forming planets with semi-major axis a in [20 - 500] au and Teff in [600 - 3000] K, in line with the statistical results obtained for more evolved systems from other direct imaging surveys. The NaCo-ISPY data confirm that massive bright planets accreting at high rates are rare. More powerful instruments with better sensitivity in the near- to mid-infrared are likely required to unveil the wealth of forming planets sculpting the observed disk substructures. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15434v1

ISPY-NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars The demographics of forming planets embedded in protoplanetary disks by Gabriele Cugno et al. on Tuesday 29 November We present the statistical analysis of a subsample of 45 young stars surrounded by protoplanetary disks (PPDs). This is the largest imaging survey uniquely focused on PPDs to date. Our goal is to search for young forming companions embedded in the disk material and to constrain their occurrence rate in relation to the formation mechanism. We used principal component analysis based point spread function subtraction techniques to reveal young companions forming in the disks. We calculated detection limits for our datasets and adopted a black-body model to derive temperature upper limits of potential forming planets. We then used Monte Carlo simulations to constrain the population of forming gas giant companions and compare our results to different types of formation scenarios. Our data revealed a new binary system (HD38120) and a recently identified triple system with a brown dwarf companion orbiting a binary system (HD101412), in addition to 12 known companions. Furthermore, we detected signals from 17 disks, two of which (HD72106 and TCrA) were imaged for the first time. We reached median detection limits of L =15.4 mag at 2.0 arcsec, which were used to investigate the temperature of potentially embedded forming companions. We can constrain the occurrence of forming planets with semi-major axis a in [20 - 500] au and Teff in [600 - 3000] K, in line with the statistical results obtained for more evolved systems from other direct imaging surveys. The NaCo-ISPY data confirm that massive bright planets accreting at high rates are rare. More powerful instruments with better sensitivity in the near- to mid-infrared are likely required to unveil the wealth of forming planets sculpting the observed disk substructures. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15434v1

ISPY-NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars The demographics of forming planets embedded in protoplanetary disks by Gabriele Cugno et al. on Tuesday 29 November We present the statistical analysis of a subsample of 45 young stars surrounded by protoplanetary disks (PPDs). This is the largest imaging survey uniquely focused on PPDs to date. Our goal is to search for young forming companions embedded in the disk material and to constrain their occurrence rate in relation to the formation mechanism. We used principal component analysis based point spread function subtraction techniques to reveal young companions forming in the disks. We calculated detection limits for our datasets and adopted a black-body model to derive temperature upper limits of potential forming planets. We then used Monte Carlo simulations to constrain the population of forming gas giant companions and compare our results to different types of formation scenarios. Our data revealed a new binary system (HD38120) and a recently identified triple system with a brown dwarf companion orbiting a binary system (HD101412), in addition to 12 known companions. Furthermore, we detected signals from 17 disks, two of which (HD72106 and TCrA) were imaged for the first time. We reached median detection limits of L =15.4 mag at 2.0 arcsec, which were used to investigate the temperature of potentially embedded forming companions. We can constrain the occurrence of forming planets with semi-major axis a in [20 - 500] au and Teff in [600 - 3000] K, in line with the statistical results obtained for more evolved systems from other direct imaging surveys. The NaCo-ISPY data confirm that massive bright planets accreting at high rates are rare. More powerful instruments with better sensitivity in the near- to mid-infrared are likely required to unveil the wealth of forming planets sculpting the observed disk substructures. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15434v1

ISPY-NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars The demographics of forming planets embedded in protoplanetary disks by Gabriele Cugno et al. on Tuesday 29 November We present the statistical analysis of a subsample of 45 young stars surrounded by protoplanetary disks (PPDs). This is the largest imaging survey uniquely focused on PPDs to date. Our goal is to search for young forming companions embedded in the disk material and to constrain their occurrence rate in relation to the formation mechanism. We used principal component analysis based point spread function subtraction techniques to reveal young companions forming in the disks. We calculated detection limits for our datasets and adopted a black-body model to derive temperature upper limits of potential forming planets. We then used Monte Carlo simulations to constrain the population of forming gas giant companions and compare our results to different types of formation scenarios. Our data revealed a new binary system (HD38120) and a recently identified triple system with a brown dwarf companion orbiting a binary system (HD101412), in addition to 12 known companions. Furthermore, we detected signals from 17 disks, two of which (HD72106 and TCrA) were imaged for the first time. We reached median detection limits of L =15.4 mag at 2.0 arcsec, which were used to investigate the temperature of potentially embedded forming companions. We can constrain the occurrence of forming planets with semi-major axis a in [20 - 500] au and Teff in [600 - 3000] K, in line with the statistical results obtained for more evolved systems from other direct imaging surveys. The NaCo-ISPY data confirm that massive bright planets accreting at high rates are rare. More powerful instruments with better sensitivity in the near- to mid-infrared are likely required to unveil the wealth of forming planets sculpting the observed disk substructures. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15434v1

ISPY-NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars The demographics of forming planets embedded in protoplanetary disks by Gabriele Cugno et al. on Tuesday 29 November We present the statistical analysis of a subsample of 45 young stars surrounded by protoplanetary disks (PPDs). This is the largest imaging survey uniquely focused on PPDs to date. Our goal is to search for young forming companions embedded in the disk material and to constrain their occurrence rate in relation to the formation mechanism. We used principal component analysis based point spread function subtraction techniques to reveal young companions forming in the disks. We calculated detection limits for our datasets and adopted a black-body model to derive temperature upper limits of potential forming planets. We then used Monte Carlo simulations to constrain the population of forming gas giant companions and compare our results to different types of formation scenarios. Our data revealed a new binary system (HD38120) and a recently identified triple system with a brown dwarf companion orbiting a binary system (HD101412), in addition to 12 known companions. Furthermore, we detected signals from 17 disks, two of which (HD72106 and TCrA) were imaged for the first time. We reached median detection limits of L =15.4 mag at 2.0 arcsec, which were used to investigate the temperature of potentially embedded forming companions. We can constrain the occurrence of forming planets with semi-major axis a in [20 - 500] au and Teff in [600 - 3000] K, in line with the statistical results obtained for more evolved systems from other direct imaging surveys. The NaCo-ISPY data confirm that massive bright planets accreting at high rates are rare. More powerful instruments with better sensitivity in the near- to mid-infrared are likely required to unveil the wealth of forming planets sculpting the observed disk substructures. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15434v1

On the underestimation of dust mass in protoplanetary disks: Effects of disk structure and dust properties by Yao Liu et al. on Sunday 16 October The total amount of dust grains in protoplanetary disks is one of the key properties that characterize the potential for planet formation. With (sub-)millimeter flux measurements, literature studies usually derive the dust mass using an analytic form under the assumption of optically thin emission, which may lead to substantial underestimation. In this work, we conduct a parameter study with the goal of investigating the effects of disk structure and dust properties on the underestimation through self-consistent radiative transfer models. Different dust models, scattering modes and approaches for dust settling are considered and compared. The influences of disk substructures, such as rings and crescents, on the mass derivation are investigated as well. The results indicate that the traditional analytic method can underestimate the mass by a factor of a few to hundreds, depending on the optical depth along the line of sight set mainly by the true dust mass, disk size and inclination. As an application, we perform a detailed radiative transfer modeling of the spectral energy distribution of DoAr 33, one of the observed DSHARP disks. When the DSHARP dust opacities are adopted, the most probable dust mass returned from the Bayesian analysis is roughly 7 times higher than the value given by the analytic calculation. Our study demonstrates that estimating disk dust masses from radiative transfer modeling is one solution for alleviating the problem of insufficient mass for planet formation raised in the ALMA era. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07478v1

On the underestimation of dust mass in protoplanetary disks: Effects of disk structure and dust properties by Yao Liu et al. on Sunday 16 October The total amount of dust grains in protoplanetary disks is one of the key properties that characterize the potential for planet formation. With (sub-)millimeter flux measurements, literature studies usually derive the dust mass using an analytic form under the assumption of optically thin emission, which may lead to substantial underestimation. In this work, we conduct a parameter study with the goal of investigating the effects of disk structure and dust properties on the underestimation through self-consistent radiative transfer models. Different dust models, scattering modes and approaches for dust settling are considered and compared. The influences of disk substructures, such as rings and crescents, on the mass derivation are investigated as well. The results indicate that the traditional analytic method can underestimate the mass by a factor of a few to hundreds, depending on the optical depth along the line of sight set mainly by the true dust mass, disk size and inclination. As an application, we perform a detailed radiative transfer modeling of the spectral energy distribution of DoAr 33, one of the observed DSHARP disks. When the DSHARP dust opacities are adopted, the most probable dust mass returned from the Bayesian analysis is roughly 7 times higher than the value given by the analytic calculation. Our study demonstrates that estimating disk dust masses from radiative transfer modeling is one solution for alleviating the problem of insufficient mass for planet formation raised in the ALMA era. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07478v1

Chemical Diversity in Protoplanetary Disks and Its Impact on the Formation History of Giant Planets by Elenia Pacetti et al. on Thursday 22 September Giant planets can interact with multiple and chemically diverse environments in protoplanetary discs while they form and migrate to their final orbits. The way this interaction affects the accretion of gas and solids shapes the chemical composition of the planets and of their atmospheres. Here we investigate the effects of different chemical structures of the host protoplanetary disc on the planetary composition. We consider both scenarios of molecular (inheritance from the pre-stellar cloud) and atomic (complete chemical reset) initial abundances in the disc. We focus on four elemental tracers of different volatility: C, O, N, and S. We explore the entire extension of possible formation regions suggested by observations by coupling the disc chemical scenarios with N-body simulations of forming and migrating giant planets. The planet formation process produces giant planets with chemical compositions significantly deviating from that of the host disc. We find that the C/N, N/O, and S/N ratios follow monotonic trends with the extent of migration. The C/O ratio shows a more complex behaviour, dependent on the planet accretion history and on the chemical structure of the formation environment. The comparison between S/N* and C/N* (where * indicates normalisation to the stellar value), constrains the relative contribution of gas and solids to the total metallicity. Giant planets whose metallicity is dominated by the contribution of the gas are characterised by N/O* > C/O* > C/N* and allow for constraining the disc chemical scenario. When the planetary metallicity is instead dominated by the contribution of the solids we find that C/N* > C/O* > N/O*. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.14685v2

Turbulence in outer protoplanetary disks: MRI or VSI? by Can Cui et al. on Monday 19 September The outer protoplanetary disks (PPDs) can be subject to the magnetorotational instability (MRI) and the vertical shear instability (VSI). While both processes can drive turbulence in the disk, existing numerical simulations have studied them separately. In this paper, we conduct global 3D non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations for outer PPDs with ambipolar diffusion and instantaneous cooling, and hence conductive to both instabilities. Given the range of ambipolar Els"{a}sser numbers ($Am$) explored, it is found that the VSI turbulence dominates over the MRI when ambipolar diffusion is strong ($Am=0.1$); the VSI and MRI can co-exist for $Am=1$; and the VSI is overwhelmed by the MRI when ambipolar diffusion is weak ($Am=10$). Angular momentum transport process is primarily driven by MHD winds, while viscous accretion due to MRI and/or VSI turbulence makes a moderate contribution in most cases. Spontaneous magnetic flux concentration and formation of annular substructures remain robust in strong ambipolar diffusion dominated disks ($Amleq1$) with the presence of the VSI. Ambipolar diffusion is the major contributor to the magnetic flux concentration phenomenon rather than advection. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.02897v2

Turbulence in outer protoplanetary disks: MRI or VSI? by Can Cui et al. on Monday 19 September The outer protoplanetary disks (PPDs) can be subject to the magnetorotational instability (MRI) and the vertical shear instability (VSI). While both processes can drive turbulence in the disk, existing numerical simulations have studied them separately. In this paper, we conduct global 3D non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations for outer PPDs with ambipolar diffusion and instantaneous cooling, and hence conductive to both instabilities. Given the range of ambipolar Els"{a}sser numbers ($Am$) explored, it is found that the VSI turbulence dominates over the MRI when ambipolar diffusion is strong ($Am=0.1$); the VSI and MRI can co-exist for $Am=1$; and the VSI is overwhelmed by the MRI when ambipolar diffusion is weak ($Am=10$). Angular momentum transport process is primarily driven by MHD winds, while viscous accretion due to MRI and/or VSI turbulence makes a moderate contribution in most cases. Spontaneous magnetic flux concentration and formation of annular substructures remain robust in strong ambipolar diffusion dominated disks ($Amleq1$) with the presence of the VSI. Ambipolar diffusion is the major contributor to the magnetic flux concentration phenomenon rather than advection. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.02897v2

The impact of dynamic pressure bumps on the observational properties of protoplanetary disks by Jochen Stadler et al. on Sunday 18 September Over the last years, large (sub-)millimetre surveys of protoplanetary disks have well constrained the demographics of disks, such as their millimetre luminosities, spectral indices, and disk radii. Additionally, several high-resolution observations have revealed an abundance of substructures in the disks dust continuum. The most prominent are ring like structures, likely due to pressure bumps trapping dust particles. The origins and characteristics of these bumps, nevertheless, need to be further investigated. The purpose of this work is to study how dynamic pressure bumps affect observational properties of protoplanetary disks. We further aim to differentiate between the planetary- versus zonal flow-origin of pressure bumps. We perform one-dimensional gas and dust evolution simulations, setting up models with varying pressure bump features. We subsequently run radiative transfer calculations to obtain synthetic images and the different quantities of observations. We find that the outermost pressure bump determines the disks dust size across different millimetre wavelengths. Our modelled dust traps need to form early (< 0.1 Myr), fast (on viscous timescales), and must be long lived (> Myr) to obtain the observed high millimetre luminosities and low spectral indices of disks. While the planetary bump models can reproduce these observables irrespectively of the opacity prescription, the highest opacities are needed for the zonal flow bump model to be in line with observations. Our findings favour the planetary- over the zonal flow-origin of pressure bumps and support the idea that planet formation already occurs in early class 0-1 stages of circumstellar disks. The determination of the disks effective size through its outermost pressure bump also delivers a possible answer to why disks in recent low-resolution surveys appear to have the same sizes across different millimetre wavelengths. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07931v1

Different degrees of nitrogen and carbon depletion in the warm molecular layers of protoplanetary disks by Kenji Furuya et al. on Sunday 18 September Observations have revealed that the elemental abundances of carbon and oxygen in the warm molecular layers of some protoplanetary disks are depleted compared to those is the interstellar medium by a factor of ~10-100. Meanwhile, little is known about nitrogen. To investigate the time evolution of nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen elemental abundances in disks, we develop a one-dimensional model that incorporates dust settling, turbulent diffusion of dust and ices, as well as gas-ice chemistry including the chemistry driven by stellar UV/X-rays and the galactic cosmic rays. We find that gaseous CO in the warm molecular layer is converted to CO2 ice and locked up near the midplane via the combination of turbulent mixing (i.e., the vertical cold finger effect) and ice chemistry driven by stellar UV photons. On the other hand, gaseous N2, the main nitrogen reservoir in the warm molecular layer, is less processed by ice chemistry, and exists as it is. Then the nitrogen depletion occurs solely by the vertical cold finger effect of N2. As the binding energy of N2 is lower than that of CO and CO2, the degree of nitrogen depletion is smaller than that of carbon and oxygen depletion, leading to higher elemental abundance of nitrogen than that of carbon and oxygen. This evolution occurs within 1 Myr and proceeds further, when the $alpha$ parameter for the diffusion coefficient is ~0.001. Consequently, the N2H+/CO column density ratio increases with time. How the vertical transport affects the midplane ice composition is briefly discussed. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07197v2

The impact of dynamic pressure bumps on the observational properties of protoplanetary disks by Jochen Stadler et al. on Sunday 18 September Over the last years, large (sub-)millimetre surveys of protoplanetary disks have well constrained the demographics of disks, such as their millimetre luminosities, spectral indices, and disk radii. Additionally, several high-resolution observations have revealed an abundance of substructures in the disks dust continuum. The most prominent are ring like structures, likely due to pressure bumps trapping dust particles. The origins and characteristics of these bumps, nevertheless, need to be further investigated. The purpose of this work is to study how dynamic pressure bumps affect observational properties of protoplanetary disks. We further aim to differentiate between the planetary- versus zonal flow-origin of pressure bumps. We perform one-dimensional gas and dust evolution simulations, setting up models with varying pressure bump features. We subsequently run radiative transfer calculations to obtain synthetic images and the different quantities of observations. We find that the outermost pressure bump determines the disks dust size across different millimetre wavelengths. Our modelled dust traps need to form early (< 0.1 Myr), fast (on viscous timescales), and must be long lived (> Myr) to obtain the observed high millimetre luminosities and low spectral indices of disks. While the planetary bump models can reproduce these observables irrespectively of the opacity prescription, the highest opacities are needed for the zonal flow bump model to be in line with observations. Our findings favour the planetary- over the zonal flow-origin of pressure bumps and support the idea that planet formation already occurs in early class 0-1 stages of circumstellar disks. The determination of the disks effective size through its outermost pressure bump also delivers a possible answer to why disks in recent low-resolution surveys appear to have the same sizes across different millimetre wavelengths. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07931v1

Different degrees of nitrogen and carbon depletion in the warm molecular layers of protoplanetary disks by Kenji Furuya et al. on Sunday 18 September Observations have revealed that the elemental abundances of carbon and oxygen in the warm molecular layers of some protoplanetary disks are depleted compared to those is the interstellar medium by a factor of ~10-100. Meanwhile, little is known about nitrogen. To investigate the time evolution of nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen elemental abundances in disks, we develop a one-dimensional model that incorporates dust settling, turbulent diffusion of dust and ices, as well as gas-ice chemistry including the chemistry driven by stellar UV/X-rays and the galactic cosmic rays. We find that gaseous CO in the warm molecular layer is converted to CO2 ice and locked up near the midplane via the combination of turbulent mixing (i.e., the vertical cold finger effect) and ice chemistry driven by stellar UV photons. On the other hand, gaseous N2, the main nitrogen reservoir in the warm molecular layer, is less processed by ice chemistry, and exists as it is. Then the nitrogen depletion occurs solely by the vertical cold finger effect of N2. As the binding energy of N2 is lower than that of CO and CO2, the degree of nitrogen depletion is smaller than that of carbon and oxygen depletion, leading to higher elemental abundance of nitrogen than that of carbon and oxygen. This evolution occurs within 1 Myr and proceeds further, when the $alpha$ parameter for the diffusion coefficient is ~0.001. Consequently, the N2H+/CO column density ratio increases with time. How the vertical transport affects the midplane ice composition is briefly discussed. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07197v2

Nonlinear evolution of streaming instabilities in accreting protoplanetary disks by Chun-Yen Hsu et al. on Thursday 15 September The streaming instability (SI) is one of the most promising candidates for triggering planetesimal formation by producing dense dust clumps that undergo gravitational collapse. Understanding how the SI operates in realistic protoplanetary disks (PPDs) is therefore crucial to assess the efficiency of planetesimal formation. Modern models of PPDs show that large-scale magnetic torques or winds can drive laminar gas accretion near the disk midplane. In a previous study, we identified a new linear dust-gas instability, the azimuthal drift SI (AdSI), applicable to such accreting disks and is powered by the relative azimuthal motion between dust and gas that results from the gas being torqued. In this work, we present the first nonlinear simulations of the AdSI. We show that it can destabilize an accreting, dusty disk even in the absence of a global radial pressure gradient, which is unlike the classic SI. We find the AdSI drives turbulence and the formation of vertically-extended dust filaments that undergo merging. In dust-rich disks, merged AdSI filaments reach maximum dust-to-gas ratios exceeding 100. Moreover, we find that even in dust-poor disks the AdSI can increase local dust densities by two orders of magnitude. We discuss the possible role of the AdSI in planetesimal formation, especially in regions of an accreting PPD with vanishing radial pressure gradients. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.06784v1

Different degrees of nitrogen and carbon depletion in the warm molecular layers of protoplanetary disks by Kenji Furuya et al. on Thursday 15 September Observations have revealed that the elemental abundances of carbon and oxygen in the warm molecular layers of some protoplanetary disks are depleted compared to those is the interstellar medium by a factor of ~10-100. Meanwhile, little is known about nitrogen. To investigate the time evolution of nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen elemental abundances in disks, we develop a one-dimensional model that incorporates dust settling, turbulent diffusion of dust and ices, as well as gas-ice chemistry including the chemistry driven by stellar UV/X-rays and the galactic cosmic rays. We find that gaseous CO in the warm molecular layer is converted to CO2 ice and locked up near the midplane via the combination of turbulent mixing (i.e., the vertical cold finger effect) and ice chemistry driven by stellar UV photons. On the other hand, gaseous N2, the main nitrogen reservoir in the warm molecular layer, is less processed by ice chemistry, and exists as it is. Then the nitrogen depletion occurs solely by the vertical cold finger effect of N2. As the binding energy of N2 is lower than that of CO and CO2, the degree of nitrogen depletion is smaller than that of carbon and oxygen depletion, leading to higher elemental abundance of nitrogen than that of carbon and oxygen. This evolution occurs within 1 Myr and proceeds further, when the $alpha$ parameter for the diffusion coefficient is ~0.001. Consequently, the N2H+/CO column density ratio increases with time. How the vertical transport affects the midplane ice composition is briefly discussed. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07197v1

Cosmic-ray ionization rate in protoplanetary disks with sheared magnetic fields by Yuri I. Fujii et al. on Thursday 15 September We investigate the effects of magnetic field configurations on the ionization rate by cosmic rays in protoplanetary disks. First, we consider cosmic-ray propagation from the interstellar medium (ISM) to the protoplanetary disks and showed that the cosmic-ray density around the disk should be 2 times lower than the ISM value. Then, we compute the attenuation of cosmic rays in protoplanetary disks. The magnetic fields in the disk are stretched to the azimuthal directions, and cosmic rays need to detour while propagating to the midplane. Our results show that the detouring effectively enhances the column density by about two orders of magnitudes. We employ a typical ionization rate by cosmic rays in diffuse ISM, which is considered too high to be consistent with observations of protoplanetary disks, and find that the cosmic rays are significantly shielded at the midplane. In the case of the disk around IM Lup, the midplane ionization rate is very low for $rlesssim,100$ au, while the value is as large as a diffuse ISM in the outer radii. Our results are consistent with the recent ALMA observation that indicates the radial gradient in the cosmic-ray ionization rate. The high ionization rate in the outer radii of disks may activate the magnetorotational instability that was thought to be suppressed due to ambipolar diffusion. These results will have a strong influence on the dynamical and chemical evolutions of protoplanetary disks. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.02503v2

Nonlinear evolution of streaming instabilities in accreting protoplanetary disks by Chun-Yen Hsu et al. on Thursday 15 September The streaming instability (SI) is one of the most promising candidates for triggering planetesimal formation by producing dense dust clumps that undergo gravitational collapse. Understanding how the SI operates in realistic protoplanetary disks (PPDs) is therefore crucial to assess the efficiency of planetesimal formation. Modern models of PPDs show that large-scale magnetic torques or winds can drive laminar gas accretion near the disk midplane. In a previous study, we identified a new linear dust-gas instability, the azimuthal drift SI (AdSI), applicable to such accreting disks and is powered by the relative azimuthal motion between dust and gas that results from the gas being torqued. In this work, we present the first nonlinear simulations of the AdSI. We show that it can destabilize an accreting, dusty disk even in the absence of a global radial pressure gradient, which is unlike the classic SI. We find the AdSI drives turbulence and the formation of vertically-extended dust filaments that undergo merging. In dust-rich disks, merged AdSI filaments reach maximum dust-to-gas ratios exceeding 100. Moreover, we find that even in dust-poor disks the AdSI can increase local dust densities by two orders of magnitude. We discuss the possible role of the AdSI in planetesimal formation, especially in regions of an accreting PPD with vanishing radial pressure gradients. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.06784v1

Different degrees of nitrogen and carbon depletion in the warm molecular layers of protoplanetary disks by Kenji Furuya et al. on Thursday 15 September Observations have revealed that the elemental abundances of carbon and oxygen in the warm molecular layers of some protoplanetary disks are depleted compared to those is the interstellar medium by a factor of ~10-100. Meanwhile, little is known about nitrogen. To investigate the time evolution of nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen elemental abundances in disks, we develop a one-dimensional model that incorporates dust settling, turbulent diffusion of dust and ices, as well as gas-ice chemistry including the chemistry driven by stellar UV/X-rays and the galactic cosmic rays. We find that gaseous CO in the warm molecular layer is converted to CO2 ice and locked up near the midplane via the combination of turbulent mixing (i.e., the vertical cold finger effect) and ice chemistry driven by stellar UV photons. On the other hand, gaseous N2, the main nitrogen reservoir in the warm molecular layer, is less processed by ice chemistry, and exists as it is. Then the nitrogen depletion occurs solely by the vertical cold finger effect of N2. As the binding energy of N2 is lower than that of CO and CO2, the degree of nitrogen depletion is smaller than that of carbon and oxygen depletion, leading to higher elemental abundance of nitrogen than that of carbon and oxygen. This evolution occurs within 1 Myr and proceeds further, when the $alpha$ parameter for the diffusion coefficient is ~0.001. Consequently, the N2H+/CO column density ratio increases with time. How the vertical transport affects the midplane ice composition is briefly discussed. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07197v1

Cosmic-ray ionization rate in protoplanetary disks with sheared magnetic fields by Yuri I. Fujii et al. on Thursday 15 September We investigate the effects of magnetic field configurations on the ionization rate by cosmic rays in protoplanetary disks. First, we consider cosmic-ray propagation from the interstellar medium (ISM) to the protoplanetary disks and showed that the cosmic-ray density around the disk should be 2 times lower than the ISM value. Then, we compute the attenuation of cosmic rays in protoplanetary disks. The magnetic fields in the disk are stretched to the azimuthal directions, and cosmic rays need to detour while propagating to the midplane. Our results show that the detouring effectively enhances the column density by about two orders of magnitudes. We employ a typical ionization rate by cosmic rays in diffuse ISM, which is considered too high to be consistent with observations of protoplanetary disks, and find that the cosmic rays are significantly shielded at the midplane. In the case of the disk around IM Lup, the midplane ionization rate is very low for $rlesssim,100$ au, while the value is as large as a diffuse ISM in the outer radii. Our results are consistent with the recent ALMA observation that indicates the radial gradient in the cosmic-ray ionization rate. The high ionization rate in the outer radii of disks may activate the magnetorotational instability that was thought to be suppressed due to ambipolar diffusion. These results will have a strong influence on the dynamical and chemical evolutions of protoplanetary disks. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.02503v2

Nonlinear evolution of streaming instabilities in accreting protoplanetary disks by Chun-Yen Hsu et al. on Thursday 15 September The streaming instability (SI) is one of the most promising candidates for triggering planetesimal formation by producing dense dust clumps that undergo gravitational collapse. Understanding how the SI operates in realistic protoplanetary disks (PPDs) is therefore crucial to assess the efficiency of planetesimal formation. Modern models of PPDs show that large-scale magnetic torques or winds can drive laminar gas accretion near the disk midplane. In a previous study, we identified a new linear dust-gas instability, the azimuthal drift SI (AdSI), applicable to such accreting disks and is powered by the relative azimuthal motion between dust and gas that results from the gas being torqued. In this work, we present the first nonlinear simulations of the AdSI. We show that it can destabilize an accreting, dusty disk even in the absence of a global radial pressure gradient, which is unlike the classic SI. We find the AdSI drives turbulence and the formation of vertically-extended dust filaments that undergo merging. In dust-rich disks, merged AdSI filaments reach maximum dust-to-gas ratios exceeding 100. Moreover, we find that even in dust-poor disks the AdSI can increase local dust densities by two orders of magnitude. We discuss the possible role of the AdSI in planetesimal formation, especially in regions of an accreting PPD with vanishing radial pressure gradients. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.06784v1

Nonlinear evolution of streaming instabilities in accreting protoplanetary disks by Chun-Yen Hsu et al. on Thursday 15 September The streaming instability (SI) is one of the most promising candidates for triggering planetesimal formation by producing dense dust clumps that undergo gravitational collapse. Understanding how the SI operates in realistic protoplanetary disks (PPDs) is therefore crucial to assess the efficiency of planetesimal formation. Modern models of PPDs show that large-scale magnetic torques or winds can drive laminar gas accretion near the disk midplane. In a previous study, we identified a new linear dust-gas instability, the azimuthal drift SI (AdSI), applicable to such accreting disks and is powered by the relative azimuthal motion between dust and gas that results from the gas being torqued. In this work, we present the first nonlinear simulations of the AdSI. We show that it can destabilize an accreting, dusty disk even in the absence of a global radial pressure gradient, which is unlike the classic SI. We find the AdSI drives turbulence and the formation of vertically-extended dust filaments that undergo merging. In dust-rich disks, merged AdSI filaments reach maximum dust-to-gas ratios exceeding 100. Moreover, we find that even in dust-poor disks the AdSI can increase local dust densities by two orders of magnitude. We discuss the possible role of the AdSI in planetesimal formation, especially in regions of an accreting PPD with vanishing radial pressure gradients. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.06784v1

Cosmic-ray ionization rate in protoplanetary disks with sheared magnetic fields by Yuri I. Fujii et al. on Thursday 15 September We investigate the effects of magnetic field configurations on the ionization rate by cosmic rays in protoplanetary disks. First, we consider cosmic-ray propagation from the interstellar medium (ISM) to the protoplanetary disks and showed that the cosmic-ray density around the disk should be 2 times lower than the ISM value. Then, we compute the attenuation of cosmic rays in protoplanetary disks. The magnetic fields in the disk are stretched to the azimuthal directions, and cosmic rays need to detour while propagating to the midplane. Our results show that the detouring effectively enhances the column density by about two orders of magnitudes. We employ a typical ionization rate by cosmic rays in diffuse ISM, which is considered too high to be consistent with observations of protoplanetary disks, and find that the cosmic rays are significantly shielded at the midplane. In the case of the disk around IM Lup, the midplane ionization rate is very low for $rlesssim,100$ au, while the value is as large as a diffuse ISM in the outer radii. Our results are consistent with the recent ALMA observation that indicates the radial gradient in the cosmic-ray ionization rate. The high ionization rate in the outer radii of disks may activate the magnetorotational instability that was thought to be suppressed due to ambipolar diffusion. These results will have a strong influence on the dynamical and chemical evolutions of protoplanetary disks. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.02503v2

Cosmic-ray ionization rate in protoplanetary disks with sheared magnetic fields by Yuri I. Fujii et al. on Thursday 15 September We investigate the effects of magnetic field configurations on the ionization rate by cosmic rays in protoplanetary disks. First, we consider cosmic-ray propagation from the interstellar medium (ISM) to the protoplanetary disks and showed that the cosmic-ray density around the disk should be 2 times lower than the ISM value. Then, we compute the attenuation of cosmic rays in protoplanetary disks. The magnetic fields in the disk are stretched to the azimuthal directions, and cosmic rays need to detour while propagating to the midplane. Our results show that the detouring effectively enhances the column density by about two orders of magnitudes. We employ a typical ionization rate by cosmic rays in diffuse ISM, which is considered too high to be consistent with observations of protoplanetary disks, and find that the cosmic rays are significantly shielded at the midplane. In the case of the disk around IM Lup, the midplane ionization rate is very low for $rlesssim,100$ au, while the value is as large as a diffuse ISM in the outer radii. Our results are consistent with the recent ALMA observation that indicates the radial gradient in the cosmic-ray ionization rate. The high ionization rate in the outer radii of disks may activate the magnetorotational instability that was thought to be suppressed due to ambipolar diffusion. These results will have a strong influence on the dynamical and chemical evolutions of protoplanetary disks. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.02503v2

Inside-Out Planet Formation VII Astrochemical Models of Protoplanetary Disks and Implications for Planetary Compositions by Arturo Cevallos Soto et al. on Wednesday 14 September Inside-Out Planet Formation (IOPF) proposes that the abundant systems of close-in Super-Earths and Mini-Neptunes form in situ at the pressure maximum associated with the Dead Zone Inner Boundary (DZIB). We present a model of physical and chemical evolution of protoplanetary disk midplanes that follows gas advection, radial drift of pebbles and gas-grain chemistry to predict abundances from 300~au down to the DZIB near 0.2 au. We consider typical disk properties relevant for IOPF, i.e., accretion rates 1E-9 < dM/dt / (Msun/yr) < 1E-8 and viscosity parameter alpha = 1E-4, and evolve for fiducial duration of t = 1E5 years. For outer, cool disk regions, we find that C and up to 90% of O nuclei start locked in CO and O2 ice, which keeps abundances of CO2 and H2O one order of magnitude lower. Radial drift of icy pebbles is influential, with gas-phase abundances of volatiles enhanced up to two orders of magnitude at ice-lines, while the outer disk becomes depleted of dust. Disks with decreasing accretion rates gradually cool, which draws in icelines closer to the star. At

Inside-Out Planet Formation VII Astrochemical Models of Protoplanetary Disks and Implications for Planetary Compositions by Arturo Cevallos Soto et al. on Wednesday 14 September Inside-Out Planet Formation (IOPF) proposes that the abundant systems of close-in Super-Earths and Mini-Neptunes form in situ at the pressure maximum associated with the Dead Zone Inner Boundary (DZIB). We present a model of physical and chemical evolution of protoplanetary disk midplanes that follows gas advection, radial drift of pebbles and gas-grain chemistry to predict abundances from 300~au down to the DZIB near 0.2 au. We consider typical disk properties relevant for IOPF, i.e., accretion rates 1E-9 < dM/dt / (Msun/yr) < 1E-8 and viscosity parameter alpha = 1E-4, and evolve for fiducial duration of t = 1E5 years. For outer, cool disk regions, we find that C and up to 90% of O nuclei start locked in CO and O2 ice, which keeps abundances of CO2 and H2O one order of magnitude lower. Radial drift of icy pebbles is influential, with gas-phase abundances of volatiles enhanced up to two orders of magnitude at ice-lines, while the outer disk becomes depleted of dust. Disks with decreasing accretion rates gradually cool, which draws in icelines closer to the star. At

Effects of Radiative Diffusion on the Dynamical Corotation Torque in Three-Dimensional Protoplanetary Disks by Han-Gyeol Yun et al. on Tuesday 13 September The dynamical corotation torque arising from the deformation of the horseshoe orbits, along with the vortensity gradient in the background disk, is important for determining orbital migration rate and direction of low-mass planets. Previous two-dimensional studies predicted that the dynamical corotation torque is positive, decelerating the inward planet migration. In contrast, recent three-dimensional studies have shown that buoyancy resonance makes the dynamical corotation torque negative, accelerating the inward migration. In this paper, we study the dependence of the dynamical corotation torque on the thermal transport using three-dimensional simulations. We first show that our results are consistent with previous three-dimensional studies when the disk is fully adiabatic. In more realistic radiative disks, however, radiative diffusion suppresses the buoyancy resonance significantly, especially at high-altitude regions, and yields a positive dynamical corotation torque. This alleviates the issue of a rapid migration caused by the negative dynamical corotation torque in the adiabatic disks. Our results suggest that radiative diffusion together with stellar irradiation and accretion heating is needed to accurately describe the migration of low-mass planets. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.05417v1

Effects of Radiative Diffusion on the Dynamical Corotation Torque in Three-Dimensional Protoplanetary Disks by Han-Gyeol Yun et al. on Tuesday 13 September The dynamical corotation torque arising from the deformation of the horseshoe orbits, along with the vortensity gradient in the background disk, is important for determining orbital migration rate and direction of low-mass planets. Previous two-dimensional studies predicted that the dynamical corotation torque is positive, decelerating the inward planet migration. In contrast, recent three-dimensional studies have shown that buoyancy resonance makes the dynamical corotation torque negative, accelerating the inward migration. In this paper, we study the dependence of the dynamical corotation torque on the thermal transport using three-dimensional simulations. We first show that our results are consistent with previous three-dimensional studies when the disk is fully adiabatic. In more realistic radiative disks, however, radiative diffusion suppresses the buoyancy resonance significantly, especially at high-altitude regions, and yields a positive dynamical corotation torque. This alleviates the issue of a rapid migration caused by the negative dynamical corotation torque in the adiabatic disks. Our results suggest that radiative diffusion together with stellar irradiation and accretion heating is needed to accurately describe the migration of low-mass planets. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.05417v1

Turbulence in outer protoplanetary disks: MRI or VSI? by Can Cui et al. on Wednesday 07 September The outer protoplanetary disks (PPDs) can be subject to the magnetorotational instability (MRI) and the vertical shear instability (VSI). While both processes can drive turbulence in the disk, existing numerical simulations have studied them separately. In this paper, we conduct global 3D non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations for outer PPDs with ambipolar diffusion and instantaneous cooling, and hence conductive to both instabilities. Given the range of ambipolar Els"{a}sser numbers ($Am$) explored, it is found that the VSI turbulence dominates over the MRI when ambipolar diffusion is strong ($Am=0.1$); the VSI and MRI can co-exist for $Am=1$; and the VSI is overwhelmed by the MRI when ambipolar diffusion is weak ($Am=10$). Angular momentum transport process is primarily driven by MHD winds, while viscous accretion due to MRI and/or VSI turbulence makes a moderate contribution in most cases. Spontaneous magnetic flux concentration and formation of annular substructures remain robust in strong ambipolar diffusion dominated disks ($Amleq1$) with the presence of the VSI. Ambipolar diffusion is the major contributor to the magnetic flux concentration phenomenon rather than advection. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.02897v1

Turbulence in outer protoplanetary disks: MRI or VSI? by Can Cui et al. on Wednesday 07 September The outer protoplanetary disks (PPDs) can be subject to the magnetorotational instability (MRI) and the vertical shear instability (VSI). While both processes can drive turbulence in the disk, existing numerical simulations have studied them separately. In this paper, we conduct global 3D non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations for outer PPDs with ambipolar diffusion and instantaneous cooling, and hence conductive to both instabilities. Given the range of ambipolar Els"{a}sser numbers ($Am$) explored, it is found that the VSI turbulence dominates over the MRI when ambipolar diffusion is strong ($Am=0.1$); the VSI and MRI can co-exist for $Am=1$; and the VSI is overwhelmed by the MRI when ambipolar diffusion is weak ($Am=10$). Angular momentum transport process is primarily driven by MHD winds, while viscous accretion due to MRI and/or VSI turbulence makes a moderate contribution in most cases. Spontaneous magnetic flux concentration and formation of annular substructures remain robust in strong ambipolar diffusion dominated disks ($Amleq1$) with the presence of the VSI. Ambipolar diffusion is the major contributor to the magnetic flux concentration phenomenon rather than advection. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.02897v1

We typically expect physical phenomena to follow certain rules: an apple falls from a tree under the influence of gravity, a skater will eventually slow down from the friction between their skates and the ice, a star spins in a similar direction as the planets in its solar system... Here's the interesting bit, the last one doesn't always hold true. In fact, astrophysicists theorized that there are solar systems in outer space that don't follow this rule. And in 2019, scientists measured this counterintuitive phenomenon in a solar system almost 900 light-years away called K2-290. Their findings were published earlier this year and we got a chance to interview one of the co-authors of this paper, Dr J. J Zanazzi from the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics at the University of Toronto covering topics like the formation of protoplanetary disks, the effect of neighbouring stars and what we know about planet formation.    Primary readings discussed:  https://www.pnas.org/content/118/8/e2017418118

https://youtu.be/UIPCqMck5f8 Host: Fraser Cain ( @fcain )Special Guests: This week we are joined by Dr. Jane Huang and Dr. Jonathan Willams from the Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA). Dr. Huang, Dr. Williams, and their team recently discovered some surprising information about the size and shape of some protoplanetary disks. In their peer-reviewed paper published in The Astrohpysical Journal, it was announced that the protoplanetary disk surrounding the star RU Lup (in the constellation of Lupus) is not only surprisingly large, but also has a very distinct spiral shape that extends nearly 1000 AU beyond Ru Lup.   You can read more about this exciting discovery here: https://earthsky.org/space/ru-lup-spi...   Additionally, the team's peer-reviewed paper is available for download here: https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.02974 Regular Guests: Dr. Brian Koberlein ( https://briankoberlein.com/ & @BrianKoberlein ) Moiya McTier ( https://www.moiyamctier.com/ & @GoAstroMo ) Beth Johnson - SETI Institute ( @SETIInstitute / @planetarypan ) This week's stories: - Alien planets that could have more diversity than Earth itself. - Black Holes making complex GW chirps as they merge. - Pluto's snow-capped mountains.   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs. Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too! Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://astrogear.spreadshirt.com/ for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations. Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by Astrosphere New Media. http://www.astrosphere.org/ Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

This week we are joined by Dr. Jane Huang and Dr. Jonathan Willams from the Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA). Dr. Huang, Dr. Williams, and their team recently discovered some surprising information about the size and shape of some protoplanetary disks. The post Weekly Space Hangout: October 14, 2020, Drs. Jane Huang & Jonathan Williams, Protoplanetary Disks appeared first on Universe Today.

The second episode marks the beginning of our story! Featuring the early history of the Earth - from 4.56 to 3.6 billion years ago. The formation of the Solar System and the Earth and its Moon are discussed, followed by an account of the development of the atmosphere, the oceans, and plate tectonics.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/181983849941/episode-2-establishment-of-the-earthLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Max Planck Institute and Protoplanetary Disks: https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-07/e-fci062918.php Yong-Zhong Qian and Low-mass Supernova: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13639

The second episode marks the beginning of our story! Featuring the early history of the Earth - from 4.56 to 3.6 billion years ago. The formation of the Solar System and the Earth and its Moon are discussed, followed by an account of the development of the atmosphere, the oceans, and plate tectonics.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/181983849941/episode-2-establishment-of-the-earthLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Max Planck Institute and Protoplanetary Disks: https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-07/e-fci062918.php Yong-Zhong Qian and Low-mass Supernova: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13639

The second episode marks the beginning of our story! Featuring the early history of the Earth - from 4.56 to 3.6 billion years ago. The formation of the Solar System and the Earth and its Moon are discussed, followed by an account of the development of the atmosphere, the oceans, and plate tectonics.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/181983849941/episode-2-establishment-of-the-earthLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Max Planck Institute and Protoplanetary Disks: https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-07/e-fci062918.php Yong-Zhong Qian and Low-mass Supernova: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13639

The second episode marks the beginning of our story! Featuring the early history of the Earth - from 4.56 to 3.6 billion years ago. The formation of the Solar System and the Earth and its Moon are discussed, followed by an account of the development of the atmosphere, the oceans, and plate tectonics.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/181983849941/episode-2-establishment-of-the-earthLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Max Planck Institute and Protoplanetary Disks: https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-07/e-fci062918.php Yong-Zhong Qian and Low-mass Supernova: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13639

Prof. Geoff Blake from Caltech presented a talk Protoplanetary Disks and Cometary Precursors at the Keck Institute for Space Studies short course Comets - Connecting the Origins of Solar Systems to the Origins of Life on June 5, 2017.

Doppelsterne gehören zu den am häufigsten gebildeten Objekten im Sternentstehungsprozess. Dennoch ist der Einfluss von stellaren Begleitern auf die Entwicklung zirkumstellarer Scheiben, dem Geburtsort der Planeten, bisher wenig verstanden. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt und diskutiert Nahinfrarotbeobachtungen von 52 stellaren Vielfachsystemen mit projizierten Abständen von 25 bis 1000 Astronomischen Einheiten (AE) in den Sternentstehungsregionen des Orion Nebula Cluster und Chamaeleon I. Damit handelt es sich um die größten homogenen Studien protoplanetarer Scheiben in T Tauri-Doppelsternen in diesen beiden Regionen und um eine der umfangreichsten Untersuchungen dieser Art bisher. Die aufgenommenen Beobachtungsdaten erlauben die Bestimmung von individuellen stellaren (z.B. Effektivtemperatur, Leuchtkraft, Alter, Masse) und Systemparametern (Abstand der Komponenten, Massenverhältnis). Zusätzlich dient die Detektion von Brackett-gamma-Emission als Anzeichen für aktive Akkretion während zirkumstellarer Staub in der inneren Scheibe mittels Nahinfrarotfarbexzess nachgewiesen wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Anteil an Doppelsternkomponenten mit intakter Akkretionsscheibe signifikant geringer ist als der von Einzelsternen vergleichbarer Masse in beiden Regionen. In engen Systemen mit weniger als 100 AE projiziertem Abstand ist die Akkretionsscheibenhäufigkeit auf etwa die Hälfte des Einzelsternwertes reduziert. Heißer Staub in der inneren Scheibe ist in engen Doppelsystemen 100 AE identisch zu der von Einzelsternen. Die gemessenen Massenakkretionsraten in Doppelsternkomponenten erweisen sich als ununterscheidbar von denen in Einzel- und Doppelsystemen anderer Sternentstehungsregionen. Die gesammelten Daten lassen folgende Schlüsse zu: (a) Die Komponenten von Doppelsternen enstehen vorrangig gleichzeitig, was gegen Einfang ursprünglich isolierter Komponenten als hauptsächlichen Doppelsternenstehungsmechanismus spricht. (b) Scheiben in Doppelsternen enger als ~100 AE entwickeln sich, und verschwinden, schneller als Einzelsternscheiben. (c) Im Gegensatz zur Scheibenentwicklung in Einzelsternen ist die Lebenszeit einer Scheibe um die masseärmere Komponente eines Doppelsterns kürzer als die um den Primärstern. (d) Während die Lebenszeit einer Scheibe durch ihren äußeren Durchmesser (also indirekt durch den Doppelsternabstand) bestimmt wird, sind die Massenakkretionsraten universell. Dies ist ein Hinweis auf eine Entkopplung der Entwicklung der inneren und äußeren Scheibe. (e) Die Parallelen in der Häufigkeit von Scheiben um Komponenten von Doppelsternen und der Detektion von Planeten in vergleichbaren Systemen legt einen schnellen Planetenenstehungsprozess für massereiche (>1 M_Jup) Gasplaneten nahe (z.B. "disk fragmentation") und einen langsameren Prozess (z.B. "core accretion") für masseärmere Planeten.

Thu, 29 Sep 2011 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13526/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13526/1/Ricci_Luca.pdf Ricci, Luca