Podcasts about grid cells

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.09.536160v1?rss=1 Authors: Chaudhuri-Vayalambrone, P., Rule, M. E., Bauza, M., Krstulovic, M., Kerekes, P., Burton, S., O'Leary, T., Krupic, J. Abstract: Grid cells and place cells constitute the basic building blocks of the medial entorhinal-hippocampal spatial cognitive map by representing the spatiotemporal continuum of an animal past, present and future locations. However, the spatiotemporal relationship between these different cell types is unclear. Here we co-recorded grid and place cells in freely foraging rats. We show that average time shifts in grid cells tend to be prospective and are proportional to their spatial scale, providing a nearly instantaneous readout of a spectrum of progressively increasing time horizons ranging hundreds of milliseconds. Average time shifts of place cells are generally larger compared to grid cells and also increase with place field sizes. Moreover, time shifts displayed nonlinear modulation by the animal trajectories in relation to the local boundaries and locomotion cues. Finally, long and short time shifts occurred at different parts of the theta cycle, which may facilitate their readout. Together, these findings suggest that progressively increasing time horizons of grid and place cells may provide a basis for calculating animal trajectories essential for goal-directed navigation and planning. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.18.533177v1?rss=1 Authors: Rule, M. E., Vayalambrone, P. C., Krstulovic, M., Bauza, M., Krupic, J., O'Leary, T. Abstract: We present practical solutions to applying Gaussian-process methods to calculate spatial statistics for grid cells in large environments. Gaussian processes are a data efficient approach to inferring neural tuning as a function of time, space, and other variables. We discuss how to design appropriate kernels for grid cells, and show that a variational Bayesian approach to log-Gaussian Poisson models can be calculated quickly. This class of models has closed-form expressions for the evidence lower-bound, and can be estimated rapidly for certain parameterizations of the posterior covariance. Krylov-subspace algorithms in a low-rank spatial frequency subspace provide further acceleration. We demonstrate these methods on a recording from grid cells in a large environment. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.19.529130v1?rss=1 Authors: Zhang, B., Liu, J. Abstract: The phenomenon of neuronal replay, the sequential reactivation of hippocampal place cells for past experiences, have been proposed to organize learned knowledges into a cognitive map. Here we used the spin glass model to simulate the formation of the hexagonal pattern of grid cells, the metric of cognitive map, when exploring novel environments under the influence of neuronal replay. We found a significant enhancement of grid periodicity particularly in smaller grid scales after the application of reverse replay. This suggests that reversed replay plays a role in constructing a high--resolution cognitive map by expanding the horizon in reverse directions, thereby capturing the global structure of the environment. In conclusion, our study highlights the directional attribute of reverse replay in the formation of the cognitive map through facilitating grid cells hexagonal patterns in the entorhinal--hippocampus system. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.14.516537v1?rss=1 Authors: Sorscher, B., Mel, G. C., Nayebi, A., Giocomo, L., Yamins, D., Ganguli, S. Abstract: Recent work has claimed that the emergence of grid cells from trained path-integrator circuits is a more fragile phenomenon than previously reported. In this note we critically assess the main analysis and simulation results underlying this claim, within the proper context of previously published theoretical work. Our assessment reveals that the emergence of grid cells is entirely consistent with this prior theory: hexagonal grid cells robustly emerge precisely when prior theory predicts they should, and don't when prior theory predicts they should not. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Matthias Stangl is a postdoc at UCLA, where he studies the neural representations of spatial navigation in social situations. In this conversation, we talk about his PhD work about aging, grid cells, and path integration, about his recent Nature paper, about the difference between movement in VR and actual physical movement, and much more.BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith. New episodes every Friday. You can find the podcast on all podcasting platforms (e.g., Spotify, Apple/Google Podcasts, etc.).Timestamps0:00:04: Stangl.Stangl.eu0:02:13: Start discussing Matthias's Current Biology paper on aging, grid cells, and spatial navigation0:07:10: The temporal stability of grid cells0:16:10: Start discussing Matthias's Nature Communications paper on path integration errors in aging0:26:07: Sensory effects on path integration in humans and other animals0:37:45: Does actual movement lead to stronger grid cells firing (compared to imagined/VR)?0:41:52: Start discussing Matthias's Nature paper on neural representations for self and other in real spatial navigation1:00:03: Matthias's futurePodcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtMatthias's linksGoogle Scholar:  https://geni.us/stangl-scholarTwitter: https://geni.us/stangl-twtBen's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter:  https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferencesAghajan, Z. M., Schuette, P., Fields, T. A., Tran, M. E., Siddiqui, S. M., Hasulak, N. R., ... & Suthana, N. (2017). Theta oscillations in the human medial temporal lobe during real-world ambulatory movement. Current Biology.Barnes, C. A., Suster, M. S., Shen, J., & McNaughton, B. L. (1997). Multistability of cognitive maps in the hippocampus of old rats. Nature.Chen, G., Manson, D., Cacucci, F., & Wills, T. J. (2016). Absence of visual input results in the disruption of grid cell firing in the mouse. Current Biology.Kunz, L., Schröder, T. N., Lee, H., Montag, C., Lachmann, B., Sariyska, R., ... & Axmacher, N. (2015). Reduced grid-cell–like representations in adults at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. Science.Stangl, M., Achtzehn, J., Huber, K., Dietrich, C., Tempelmann, C., & Wolbers, T. (2018). Compromised grid-cell-like representations in old age as a key mechanism to explain age-related navigational deficits. Current Biology.Stangl, M., Kanitscheider, I., Riemer, M., Fiete, I., & Wolbers, T. (2020). Sources of path integration error in young and aging humans. Nature communications.Stangl, M., Topalovic, U., Inman, C. S., Hiller, S., Villaroman, D., Aghajan, Z. M., ... & Suthana, N. (2021). Boundary-anchored neural mechanisms of location-encoding for self and others. Nature.Topalovic, U., Aghajan, Z. M., Villaroman, D., Hiller, S., Christov-Moore, L., Wishard, T. J., ... & Suthana, N. (2020). Wireless programmable recording and stimulation of deep brain activity in freely moving humans. Neuron.Yoder, R. M., & Taube, J. S. (2014). The vestibular contribution to the head direction signal and navigation. Frontiers in integrative neuroscience.

Nikolai Axmacher is professor at the Institue for Cognitive Neuroscience at the Ruhr University Bochum where his research focuses on memory, spatial navigation, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this conversation, we talk about how he and his colleagues found that people with a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's showed reduced grid-cell like activity and path integration ability, despite having no symptoms and still being in their 20s.BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith. New conversations every other Friday. You can find the podcast on all podcasting platforms (e.g., Spotify, Apple/Google Podcasts, etc.).Timestamps0:00:05: The history of Nikolai's 2015 Science paper "Reduced grid-cell-like representations in adults at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease"0:15:57: Discussing the paper's main findings0:38:35: Discussing Bierbauer...Axmacher (2020), Science Advances0:49:03: Applying (abstract) cognitive spaces to Nikolai's studies0:59:10: Could we use grid cells as an early biomarker for Alzheimer's?Podcast linksWebsite: https://geni.us/bjks-podTwitter: https://geni.us/bjks-pod-twtNikolai's linksWebsite: https://geni.us/axmacher-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/axmacher-scholarBen's linksWebsite:  https://geni.us/bjks-webGoogle Scholar: https://geni.us/bjks-scholarTwitter:  https://geni.us/bjks-twtReferencesBierbrauer, Kunz, Gomes, Luhmann, Deuker, Getzmann, ... & Axmacher (2020). Unmasking selective path integration deficits in Alzheimer's disease risk carriers. Science advances.Constantinescu, O'Reilly, & Behrens (2016). Organizing conceptual knowledge in humans with a gridlike code. Science.Coutrot, Silva, Manley, de Cothi, Sami, Bohbot, ... & Spiers (2018). Global determinants of navigation ability. Current Biology.Doeller, Barry, & Burgess (2010). Evidence for grid cells in a human memory network. Nature.Ghebremedhin, Schultz, Braak, & Braak (1998). High frequency of apolipoprotein E ϵ4 allele in young individuals with very mild Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary changes. Experimental neurology.Hafting, Fyhn, Molden, Moser, & Moser (2005). Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex. Nature.Hardcastle, Ganguli, & Giocomo (2015). Environmental boundaries as an error correction mechanism for grid cells. Neuron. Huxley (1959). Brave New World Revisited.  Chatto & Windus. Kunz, Schröder, Lee, Montag, Lachmann, Sariyska, ... & Axmacher (2015). Reduced grid-cell–like representations in adults at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. Science.Quiroga, Reddy, Kreiman, Koch, & Fried. (2005). Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Nature.Saint-Aubert, Lemoine, Chiotis, Leuzy, Rodriguez-Vieitez, & Nordberg. (2017). Tau PET imaging: present and future directions. Molecular neurodegeneration.Wills, Cacucci, Burgess, & O'Keefe (2010). Development of the hippocampal cognitive map in preweanling rats. Science.Wills, Muessig, & Cacucci (2014). The development of spatial behaviour and the hippocampal neural representation of space. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

Jacob Bellmund is a postdoc at the Max Planck in Leipzig, studying spatial navigation, cognitive maps, and episodic memory. In this conversation, we talk about his research on deforming cognitive maps, abstract cognitive maps, and the translation of the spatial navigation literature to abstract spaces.BJKS Podcast is a podcast about neuroscience, psychology, and anything vaguely related, hosted by Benjamin James Kuper-Smith. New episodes every Friday. You can find the podcast on all podcasting platforms (e.g., Spotify, Apple/Google Podcasts, etc.).Timestamps00:05: How Jacob started working on cognitive maps02:05: What are place cells, grid cells, and cognitive maps?08:49: Discussing Jacob's paper "Deforming the metric of cognitive maps distorts memory"28:34: Abstract cognitive spaces41:57: How far do findings from spatial navigation translate to cognitive spaces?50:40: How many dimensions can grid cells encode?58:01: What is Jacob going to work on next?Podcast linksWebsite: https://bjks.buzzsprout.com/Twitter: https://twitter.com/BjksPodcastJacob's linksWebsite: https://www.jacobbellmund.com/Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.de/citations?user=_DRs4ukAAAAJTwitter: https://twitter.com/jacobbellmundBen's linksWebsite: www.bjks.blog/Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?user=-nWNfvcAAAAJTwitter:  https://twitter.com/bjks_tweetsReferencesAuger, ..., & Maguire (2017). Efficacy of navigation may be influenced by retrosplenial cortex-mediated learning of landmark stability. Neuropsychologia.Bellmund, ..., & Doeller (2016). Grid-cell representations in mental simulation. Elife.Bellmund, ..., & Doeller (2018). Navigating cognition: Spatial codes for human thinking. Science.Bellmund,  ... , & Doeller (2020). Deforming the metric of cognitive maps distorts memory. Nat Hum Behav. Jacob wrote a Blog Post about his Nature Human Behaviour article: https://socialsciences.nature.com/posts/55610-distorting-human-memory?channel_id=1745-behind-the-paperButler, ..., & Giocomo (2019). Remembered reward locations restructure entorhinal spatial maps. Science.Constantinescu, ..., & Behrens (2016). Organizing conceptual knowledge in humans with a gridlike code. Science.Doeller, ..., & Burgess (2010). Evidence for grid cells in a human memory network. Nature.Hafting,  ... , & Moser (2005). Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex. Nature.Gärdenfors (2004). Conceptual spaces: The geometry of thought. MIT press.Ginosar,  ... , & Ulanovsky (2021). Locally ordered representation of 3D space in the entorhinal cortex. Nature.Grieves,  ... , & Jeffery (2021). Irregular distribution of grid cell firing fields in rats exploring a 3D volumetric space. Nature Neuro. Kim & Doeller (2021). Adaptive cognitive maps for curved surfaces in the 3D world. bioRxiv. pKrupic,  ... , & O'Keefe (2015). Grid cell symmetry is shaped by environmental geometry. Nature.

Kate Jeffery is a professor of behavioural neuroscience at University College London, where she works on spatial navigation. In this conversation, we talk about the history of spatial navigation, Kate's work on grid cells and place cells in 3D, and her recent work on entropy and brain evolution.  Timestamps0:00:05: Kate's journey from medicine to neuroscience 0:10:57: A brief history of spatial navigation0:30:43: PhD applications now and in 19900:34:38: Kate recorded grid cells 10 years before their discovery, without realising it0:52:00: Prizes in science1:05:20: A brief interlude as Kate gives her cat a treat 1:05:48: Lessons from working with Richard Morris and John O'Keefe1:09:28: Spatial navigation in 3D1:34:54: How many dimensions can the hippocampal formation track?1:40:50: Kate's collaboration with Carlo Rovelli  Podcast linksWebsite: https://bjks.buzzsprout.com/Twitter: https://twitter.com/BjksPodcastKate's linksWebsite: https://jefferylab.com/Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.de/citations?user=l1VlIFAAAAAJTwitter: https://twitter.com/drkjjefferyBen's linksWebsite: www.bjks.blog/Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?user=-nWNfvcAAAAJ  ReferencesAronov et al 2017. Mapping of a non-spatial dimension by the hippocampal–entorhinal circuit. Nature  Bliss & Lømo 1973. Long‐lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. J Physiol  Burgess 2014. The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: a spatial model for cognitive neuroscience. Neuron  Casali et al 2019. Altered neural odometry in the vertical dimension. PNAS  Fyhn et al 2004. Spatial representation in the entorhinal cortex. Science  Grieves et al 2020. The place-cell representation of volumetric space in rats. Nat Commun  Grieves et al 2020. Grid cell firing fields in a volumetric space. bioRxiv Hafting et al 2005. Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex. NatureJeffery et al 1997. Directional control of hippocampal place fields. Exp Brain ResJeffery & Morris 1993. Cumulative long-term potentiation in the rat dentate gyrus correlates with, but does not modify, performance in the water maze. HippocampusJeffery & O'Keefe 1999. Learned interaction of visual and idiothetic cues in the control of place field orientation. Exp Brain ResJeffery et al 2019. On the statistical mechanics of life: Schrödinger revisited. EntropyJeffery & Rovelli 2020. Transitions in brain evolution: space, time and entropy. Trends NeurosciMorris et al 1982. Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions. NatureO'Keefe & Dostrovsky 1971. The hippocampus as a spatial map: Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain ResRanck 1984. Head direction cells in the deep layer of dorsal presubiculum in freely moving rats. In Society of Neurosci AbstractRovelli 2016. Seven brief lessons on physicsShannon 1948. The mathematical theory of communicationStensola et al 2012. The entorhinal grid map is discretized. NatureYartsev et al 2011. Grid cells without theta oscillations in the entorhinal cortex of bats. Nature

論文紹介#1。"グリッド細胞の集合的な活動がドーナツ型になる" ことを示したプレプリントについて話しています。 Show notes グリッド細胞...内側嗅内皮質（MEC）にあるニューロンで、動物がいる場所に反応して活動する。一つの細胞が反応する場所は規則的に並んでおり、平行四辺形の格子（グリッド）の格子点に一致するのが特徴。 トーラス...ドーナツ（の表面）の形。 アトラクター・ネットワーク...時間に依存して状態を変化させるシステム（例：相互に結合するニューロンの活動）のうち、あるいくつかの特定の状態に落ち着く性質を持つもの。 コンティニュアス・アトラクター・ネットワーク...アトラクター・ネットワークの一種で、収束した状態を取るが、ある収束した状態から、それに近い別の収束状態へと遷移していく性質を持つもの。 Neuropixels...生きた動物の脳から神経細胞の電気的な活動（細胞外電位）を記録できる電極。1000, あるいは5000以上という大量の記録部位を持つ。 次元削減...大量の神経細胞の活動の時系列データは即ち "（神経細胞の個数）次元のデータ"だが、３次元以上のデータがもつ特徴を人間が直観的に認識するのは難しい。次元削減は、高次元のデータを、その特徴を保ったまま低次元データに置き換える手法。 Toroidal topology of population activity in grid cells...今回話題にした論文 本年度のノーベル生理学・医学賞の解説...場所細胞・グリッド細胞の解説 海馬体-嗅内皮質における空間認知システム...グリッド細胞の日本語レビュー Path integration and the neural basis of the 'cognitive map'...空間を表現する Continuous Attractive Network がトーラスになる理由など The entorhinal grid map is discretized...グリッド細胞のモジュール性を報告した論文 Neuropixels 2.0: A miniaturized high-density probe for stable, long-term brain recordings...最新版Neuropixelsに関するプレプリント UMAP Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reduction | SciPy 2018 |...著者によるUMAPの解説 「柔らかいトポロジーの穴から眺める世界」...トポロジーの専門家、平岡裕章先生によるトポロジー講義 Editorial notes いきなりややマニアックな内容でしたが、圧倒的な論文で楽しかったです。宮脇さんがかなりちゃんと準備してきてくれたので今後の論文紹介回のハードルが...僕はここから徐々に下げていきます。ジェンダーニュートラルな表現を心がけてはいるのですが、「元妻」という響きはなんとなくエグいので「元奥さん」と言っていますが特に他意はないです。 萩原 マサチューセッツ州のドーナツ市場はダンキンドーナツ一強です。フレンチクルーラーやポンデリングも食べたいです。宮脇

Matthias Nau is a cognitive neuroscientist at the Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience in Trondheim, Norway. He finished his PhD recently in Christian Doeller's group at the Kavli, where he currently works as a postdoc. Whenever the current pandemic cools down, Matthias will start a position as a postdoc at NIH with Chris Baker (this position was supposed to start in early 2020).  In this conversation, we talk about a variety of topics, from Matthias's recent research (the link between vision and high-level spatial coding principles in the brain (e.g. grid cells), the development of cognitive maps in humans, and a novel form of using fMRI for eye-tracking he co-developed with Markus Frey), to the relationship between electrophysiology studies in animals and fMRI studies in humans, education in neuroscience, and science communication.  Timestamps:  0:00:15 MR-based eye-tracking  0:22:50 Switching to Python   0:26:20 Grid Cells and vision   0:39:59 Development of the cognitive map in humans   0:45:10 Electrophysiology and fMRI   1:02:25 The interdisciplinary education of neuroscientists   1:20:17 Twitter, science communication, and this podcast   1:35:38 Matthias's plans for the future, complicated by COVID   Links:   Podcast website:  https://bjks.buzzsprout.com/   https://twitter.com/BjksPodcast   Matthias's links:  https://matthiasnau.com/   https://twitter.com/NauMatt   https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=r83cbFMAAAAJ   Ben's links:  https://bjks.blog/   https://scholar.google.de/citations?user=-nWNfvcAAAAJ   Grid cells info:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_cell   http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Grid_cells   Papers mentioned:   Killian, N. J., Jutras, M. J., & Buffalo, E. A. (2012). A map of visual space in the primate entorhinal cortex. Nature.   Nau, M., Schröder, T. N., Bellmund, J. L., & Doeller, C. F. (2018). Hexadirectional coding of visual space in human entorhinal cortex. Nature neuroscience.   Nau, M., Julian, J. B., & Doeller, C. F. (2018). How the brain's navigation system shapes our visual experience. Trends in cognitive sciences.   Wills, T. J., Cacucci, F., Burgess, N., & O'Keefe, J. (2010). Development of the hippocampal cognitive map in preweanling rats. Science.   

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.12.248534v1?rss=1 Authors: Lian, Y., Burkitt, A. N. Abstract: Experimental studies of grid cells in the Medial Entorhinal Cortex (MEC) have shown that they are selective to an array of spatial locations in the environment that form a hexagonal grid. However, place cells in the hippocampus are only selective to a single-location of the environment while granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus have multiple discrete firing locations, but lack spatial periodicity. Given the anatomical connection from MEC to the hippocampus, previous feedforward models of grid-to-place have been proposed. Here, we propose a unified learning model that can describe the spatial tuning properties of both hippocampal place cells and dentate gyrus granule cells based on non-negative sparse coding. Sparse coding plays an important role in many cortical areas and is proposed here to have a key role in the navigational system of the brain in the hippocampus.Our results show that the hexagonal patterns of grid cells with various orientations, grid spacings and phases are necessary for model cells to learn a single spatial field that efficiently tile the entire spatial environment. However, if there is a lack of diversity in any grid parameters or a lack of cells in the network, this will lead to the emergence of place cells that have multiple firing locations. More surprisingly, the model shows that place cells can also emerge even when non-negative sparse coding is used with weakly-tuned MEC cells, instead of MEC grid cells, as the input to place cells. This work suggests that sparse coding may be one of the underlying organizing principles for the navigational system of the brain. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

This is the Sunday Night Health Show podcast - tonight on the program, we speak to Dr. David G. Harper about starting 2020 with a new diet, the BioDiet. Dr. Ward Plunet also sits down with us to discuss grid cells - what they are and why they matter. We also chat senior parkour, it's not an oxymoron, and it can really be really helpful. Finally, of course finally, procrastination. 

Dr. Julija Krupic has started investigating spatial navigation in the lab of the Nobel Prize Winner John O’Keefe at the University College London and now continues to pursue this interest in her own lab at the University of Cambridge. In this episode, Dr. Krupic reveals how she managed to become an imaginative experimentalist while having her feet firmly planted in theory, who she will be hiring for her new lab and why she is venturing into Alzheimer’s research.

In Part 2 of this two-part interview, Numenta Co-founder Jeff Hawkins and host Matt Taylor have an in-depth discussion on how HTM sequence memory builds object representations in space through movement.

In this in-depth interview with Numenta Co-founder Jeff Hawkins, host Matt Taylor dives deeply into concepts of location and object representation in the neocortex. In Part 1 of this 2-part interview, they discuss location, unique spaces, object compositionality & behavior, movement and learning, sequence memory, and the definition of “space” itself.

2017.02.07 The entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus are elements of the brain’s circuit for spatial navigation and memory. This talk demonstrates that the entorhinal cortex contains grid cells – cells with firing fields that tile environments in a periodic hexagonal pattern, like an internal coordinate system – as well as cells that monitor direction, speed, and local borders. Collectively, these cells form the elements of a positioning system that dynamically monitors our changing location in the environment. Deficiencies in the function of this map may be at the core of neurological diseases where spatial orientation is affected, such as Alzheimer´s disease. Speaker Edvard Moser Nobel Laureate; Founding Director, Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience; Professor of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)

Grid cells and time Animals navigate by calculating their current position based on how long and how far they have travelled and a new study on treadmill-running rats reveals how this happens. Neurons called grid cells collate the information about time and distance to support memory and spatial navigation, even in the absence of visual landmarks. New research by Howard Eichenbaum at Boston University has managed to separate the space and time aspects in these cells challenging currently held views of the role of grid cells in the brain. Boole It's the 200th anniversary of the birth of George Boole. We speak to Professor Des MacHale, his biographer at Cork University, and Dr Mark Hocknull, historian of science at University of Lincoln, where he was born, to uncover Boole's unlikely rise to Professor of Mathematics, given his lack of formal academic training. We discuss the impact of his work at the time, and his legacy for the modern digital age. How your brain shapes your life It weighs 3lbs, takes 25 years to reach maturity and, unique to bits of our bodies, damage to your brain is likely to change who you are. Neuroscientist David Eagleman's new book, The Brain: The Story of You, explores the field of brain research. New technology is providing a flood of data. But what we don't have, according to Eagleman, is the theoretical scaffolding on which to hang this. Why do brains sleep and dream? What is intelligence? What is consciousness? Producer: Fiona Roberts.

Where does the Earth's water come from? It's thought that it arrived from space, carried by comets. But recent research suggests otherwise. Professor Katrin Altwegg is principal investigator in charge of Rosina - the tool on the recent Rosetta mission that is charged with answering this mystery. DNA can survive a trip into space, according to a recent experiment. Dr Lewis Dartnell, an astrobiologist from Leicester University, explains the implications. What sounds do the oceans make? Anand Jagatia reports. Dr Julius Piercy from the University of Essex listens to coral reefs. And his recent work could help us harness sounds to help restore damaged and dying coral reefs. This week, the new Nobel laureates head to Stockholm to pick up their medals. Among them is Norwegian neuroscientist Professor May-Britt Moser. The question on nobody's lips; what was she wearing? Which is a shame because she wore a Matthew Hubble dress featuring Grid Cells - our brain's positioning system. Discovering these grid cells won May Britt her Nobel prize. Polymer scientist Professor Tony Ryan from University of Sheffield talks fashion and science with Adam Rutherford. Producer: Beth Eastwood.

Metastorm BPM Library Highlight Cells demonstration and instructions. Allows you to set the colour of Grid Cells