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Beatrice continues in her scientific and Scholastic explanation for moon spots by taking apart a secondary argument . . . and proposing an optical experiment.She voices an objection Dante might have: perhaps there are dense bits behind the rare bits that reflect light as darker spots because those denser bits are farther off.To prove him wrong (although he hasn't said a thing), she asks him to set up an experiment with three mirrors.Problem is, he doesn't need three mirrors for this experiment. But he does need three if he wants to show that the universe is based on a trinitarian concept of God.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we look at one of the more surprising moments in PARADISO: the call for scientific experimentation (perhaps to prove a theological point).Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:13] My English translation of PARADISO, Canto II, Lines 85 - 105. To read along or to continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:25] The basic structure of the passage: Beatrice's secondary explanation (or objection), then her experimental refutation of that explanation.[05:29] Medieval optical theory and its limits.[08:36] The limits of Beatrice's proposed experiment--and why they may not matter since the point may be theology, not optical theory or cosmology.[17:23] Four possiblereasons this long discussion of moon spots lands here in COMEDY.[23:41] Rereading the passage: PARADISO, Canto II, lines 85 - 105.

Beatrice begins her destruction of Dante's explanation for moon spots by taking apart his notion of dense and rare spots on the lunar surface . . . with a dizzying display of mixed metaphors.Her argument lofts to the highest visible heaven, the eighth sphere; then falls back into scholastic reasoning; and offering both experimental and poetic rationales for why he's wrong.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the first part of Beatrice's explanation for moon spots, predicated on the bass line of the incarnation.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:20] My English translation of PARADISO, Canto II, Lines 64 - 84. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation about this passage, find its entry at my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:27] Paraphrasing this difficult passage in Beatrice's argument about moon spots.[04:46] Lofting the argument to the eighth heaven, the highest part of visible creation (from Dante's perspective).[08:15] Offering diversity as complexity beyond a simple continuum for an answer.[12:31] Moving into experimental (or experiential) proofs for her argument (and implicitly for an understanding of the incarnation of Jesus).[15:13] Inspiring a dizzying vertigo through mixed metaphors to state the negative of her argument.[18:41] Rereading the passage: PARADISO, Canto II, lines 64 - 84.

Now that our pilgrim Dante is standing in the moon, he has a fundamental question: Why are there spots on the moon?And he thinks he knows the answer, right out of natural philosophy. They're caused by rare and dense material in the moon.He's asking a question for which he knows the answer, trying to play teacher's pet. But Beatrice is having none of it. She's ready to show him how he's not as smart as he thinks he is.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we begin our descent into some of the most complicated material in all of COMEDY.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:14] My English translation of PARADISO, Canto II, Lines 46 - 63. If you'd like to read along or drop a comment about this episode, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[02:57] Two small thematic details: the uses of the word "body" and Beatrice's watery metaphor of "submerged."[06:02] Two of three explanations for moon spots in this canto: 1) the folkloric myth and 2) the natural philosophy deduction.[07:57] Folklore: Cain and his thorns in the moon.[09:21] Natural philosophy: rare and dense materials (and how they reflect light).[12:54] The distance Beatrice puts between her arguments (to come) and 1) sensory input and 2) reason . . . and thereby Virgil.[17:07] Diversity and a pluralistic world.[19:07] Rereading the passage: PARADISO, Canto II, lines 46 - 63.

Hi Sleepy.This time I wander through childhood memories, my old teenage barbershop quartet, an old friend, and some thoughts about how strange it is to simply be alive.My English stumbles here and there, my thoughts wander off, and I occasionally forget what I was talking about. As usual.You don't have to follow any of it. Just let me talk somewhere in the background and see where we end up.Sleep tight.From the archive, first heard in May 2024. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

After Dante's warning to his readers (or perhaps some of his readers), we return to the plot, ascending through the heavens to arrive at the moon . . . or really, in the moon.Dante and Beatrice find themselves inside this translucent pearl in the heavens.And in so doing, Dante proves the incarnation really happened . . . at least, if you accept that his journey really happened.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the first of several complex passages in the second canto of PARADISO.If you'd like to support this work, please consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:11] My English translation of PARADISO, Canto I, lines 19 - 45. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:12] Backgrounds: A brief history of "natural philosophy" in Dante's day.[07:29] Backgrounds: The incarnation, of the prime methods of redemption for Dante.[10:10] A thought experiment: the universe as a diaphanous, aesthetic object.[12:20] The journey into the universe . . . or mystery (without spoilers).[14:16] Hysteron proteron: the rhetorical flourish of PARADISO and the ultimate structure of COMEDY.[17:16] Lots of joinings here and in Canto I, all anticipating the incarnation.[18:37] The complex symbolism of the moon as a pearl.[21:27] The incarnation in the foreground of the narrative.[24:17] Dante's journey as proof of the incarnation.[26:37] Rereading the passage: PARADISO, Canto II, lines 19 - 45.

Our poet steps out of the shadows with an important message: "Go home."Because PARADISO is hard. Because we might get lost. Because we're not prepared.The stark address to all readers--or perhaps to a much more limited set of specialty readers--that opens Canto II is one of the most unusual moments in COMEDY. When does an author ever warn his readers to stay away?Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we attempt to find a way survive with the other Argonauts as our Jason begins to plow his own field.Consider supporting this work with a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:04] My English translation of PARADISO, Canto II, lines 1 - 18. If you'd like to read along or drop a comment about this episode, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[02:41] Introductory remarks: Don't skip this canto but don't be too optimistic.[05:10] The rhetoric of the new: PARADISO is not Virgil, not Statius, not the Apocalypse of St John, not PURGATORIO, not INFERNO, and not the CONVIVIO.[10:08] The bread of angels: the Eucharist, theological study, or something less well defined?[12:11] Jason, the Argonauts, and the rewriting of Ovid's METAMORPHOSIS.[15:25] An address to any reader or an address to a more limited audience, like fellow poets?[19:41] The grace of partial understanding with metonymies.[23:19] Rereading the passage: PARADISO, Canto II, lines 1 - 18.

Beatrice continues in her discourse about our natural instincts, making the bold claim that they can lead us to our natural ends . . . which are the good, not the catastrophic bad.Her Scholastic theology is tinted with poetic metaphors in a bold move to explain how the arrow, once shot, can deviate from its preordained track.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, for the conclusion of Beatrice's first major discourse in PARADISO.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:39] My English translation of PARADISO, Canto I, Lines 115 - 142. To read along or continue the conversation about this passage, please find the entry for this podcast episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:50] Paraphrasing Beatrice's discourse on instinct, order, and ends.[06:41] Keeping the instinct to a predetermined end fuzzy.[09:29] Highlighting Beatrice's poetics in two metaphors: archery and art.[14:43] Swerving with the lightning.[16:02] Drawing further conclusions from Beatrice's first major discourse in PARADISO.[21:05] Rereading the passage: PARADISO, Canto I, lines 115 - 142.

Beatrice has answered Dante's first doubt, but he has another. He can't quite understand how he, maybe in his body, can make his way across the universe.She doesn't have a quick answer. Instead, she has a theory of how the whole universe works.Her answers are always bigger than his questions.And in this case, she brings him out onto the great sea of "to be" as he begins to sail into port.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the first part of her great schematic for the universe: its diverse order is a reflection of its unified creator.If you'd like to support this work, consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:14] My English translation of PARADISO, Canto I, Lines 94 - 114. If you'd like to read along or drop a comment about this episode, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:14] Dante's agitation, Beatrice's smile.[10:00] His implicit question: my body v. all the heavenly bodies.[13:25] The first part of her answer about the orderliness of creation.[20:10] Order and disorder: Dante's and our dualities.[23:43] Rereading the passage: PARADISO, Canto I, lines 94 - 114.

Our pilgrim finds everything doubled in brightness . . . because he's begun to fly up to the heavens, although he doesn't know it at first.He's too busy figuring out all that light . . . and listening to the music of the spheres.But Beatrice is there to set him straight and tell him that his ascent is faster than he could ever understand.She also redefines "home"--not the Italian peninsula, nor the Garden of Eden, but the highest heaven, where they're headed in this journey to the final vision.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we begin our flight among the planets and stars to head home.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[00:49] My English translation of PARADISO, Canto I, Lines 61 - 93. If you'd like to read along or drop a comment to continue the conversation, please find this episode's entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:34] Glaucus, the fisherman who becomes a sea-god.[05:01] Glossing lines 61 - 72: the changing light and pilgrim.[10:14] Glossing lines 73 - 75: the mind/body problem.[13:19] Glossing lines 76 - 84: the sempiternal music of the spheres.[18:55] Glossing lines 85 - 93: Beatrice's answer to an unasked question.[21:00] How a guy transhumans--and how this guy translates some hard lines.[28:06] There is always more light.[30:06] Wonder and awe are not ends in themselves.[32:03] Life is an on-going redefinition of "home."[34:30] Rereading PARADISO, Canto I, lines 61 - 93.

The plot gets underway in PARADISO.Our pilgrim Dante turns to Beatrice . . . who is paying him no attention. She's staring at the sun.So he does the same! He hasn't even left earth, yet the miraculous nature of his story is already in high gear.As is his understanding of the universe ahead of him. Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we experience Beatrice's return to the poem and the pilgrim's new mode of reflecting her glory.If you'd like to help underwrite this work, please consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:19] My English translation of PARADISO, Canto I, Lines 37 - 60. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me through a comment on this episode, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:23] In PARADISO plot comes second.[06:06] Where are we? Cosmology and geography in the first three tercets.[12:26] Dante explains the vernal equinox by the geocentric crossings of various circles around the globe.[16:16] PARADISO is based on locations that its readers can observe in real time.[19:18] Beatrice returns to the poem and manifests her ray of light.[26:07] The pilgrim wishes to return home--but where is that?[28:21] PARADISO excels at unanswered questions.[30:24] The sparks fly from the sun . . . or from the sphere of fire.[34:00] Rereading the passage: PARADISO, Canto I, lines 37 - 60.

Our poet moves from his scholastic and even (medieval) scientific opening of PARADISO into his invocation . . . to Apollo?This passage has often embarrassed Dante scholars who feel the need to excuse various pieces of it.But we can let those pieces stand as part of the polyvocality of the text.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we move back and forth from the Christian to the pagan as we walk through this second part of Dante's opening lines of PARADISO.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:11] My English translation of PARADISO, Canto I, Lines 13 - 36. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me via a comment on this episode, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:09] This passage embarrasses too many Dante scholars.[09:14] This passage is polyvocal, a two-part fugue or invention.[17:59] These two voices lead to dissonances in the passage.[23:36] Did Dante intend these dissonances?[25:20] Three small dissonances: Dante crowns himself, fights in an arena, and find his worth in two places at once.[28:32] Marsyas, a comedic tragedy.[32:01] The flame of the tongue, Pentecost, or maybe Ulysses.[34:48] A high-toned, perhaps red-flag reference to Cyrrha.[35:55] An inaccurate but telling reference to Parnassus.[39:07] Rereading the passage: PARADISO, Canto I, lines 13 - 36.

From its opening lines, it's clear that PARADISO is not like what has come before in COMEDY. Dante seems to be renegotiating the terms of his poem, establishing a new voice, a new model, and a new methodology for who he will proceed.These opening lines are already packed with the sort of theological and philosophical stumbling blocks that make PARADISO a challenge, not just for a modern reader, but even for a medieval one.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we slowly walk throug the first twelve lines of what is assuredly the most imaginative canticle, PARADISO.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[02:42] My English translation of PARADISO, Canto I, lines 1 - 12. If you'd like to read along, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:56] The glory of the unmoved mover.[09:39] The varying illuminations of the universe.[13:27] The finite geography of heaven.[15:54] A passing glance at the highest heaven.[17:34] Dante and St. Paul, renegotiated.[19:25] The interrelations of desire, intellect, memory, and potentially Beatrice.[22:23] The memory of a memory--or knowing by not knowing, the core of the aphophatic revelation.[29:37] The key paradox of the mystical experience: the cross-currents of the material and the immaterial.[33:02] The resurrection of Brunetto Latini.[35:25] Rereading the passage: PARADISO, Canto I, Lines 1 - 12.

“Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things you didn't do than by the ones you did do.”— Mark Twain“二十年后，让你感到遗憾的，不会是你做过的事，而是那些你没有去做的事。”—— 马克‧吐温距离离开泰国不到170天。我原本以为，实现了在泰国生活、学习泰语、自由工作的梦想后，会一直充满兴奋与满足。但最近的我，却再次感受到一种熟悉的情绪——平淡、无聊，还有对未来的不确定。这一集《学英语环游世界》，我想分享过去几年旅途中那些看似停滞、迷惘甚至挫折的时刻，以及后来才明白的事：有些答案需要时间，有些安排当下看不懂，但回头看时，一切都有它的意义。如果你也正处在人生的空白期，希望这一集能给你一些陪伴与力量。 �1. crossroads 中文翻译：十字路口；人生的抉择关头 例句：I felt like I was standing at a crossroads. I didn't know which direction to go. 例句翻译：我好像站在人生的十字路口，不知道该往哪个方向走。2. intensively 中文翻译：密集地；大量地投入 例句：I studied English intensively, reading news articles every single day. 例句翻译：我密集地学习英文，每天大量阅读新闻英文。3. cautious 中文翻译：谨慎的；警惕的 例句：People were both cautious about strangers and genuinely curious about them. 例句翻译：人们对陌生人既谨慎警惕，又充满了真诚的好奇。4. inexplicable 中文翻译：莫名的；说不清楚原因的 例句：Because we were both in journalism, I felt an inexplicable sense of connection. 例句翻译：因为我们同样是读新闻的，我莫名地感到一种亲切感。5. halting 中文翻译：结结巴巴的；不流畅的 例句：My English was halting and imperfect — but Vincent understood me. 例句翻译：我的英文说得结结巴巴、不够流畅——但Vincent理解了我的意思。6. initiated 中文翻译：主动发起；率先开始 例句：I initiated conversations with strangers for the first time. 例句翻译：我第一次主动和陌生人开口说话。7. comfort zone 中文翻译：舒适圈；熟悉而安全的范围 例句：I became more willing to step outside my comfort zone. 例句翻译：我变得更愿意走出自己的舒适圈。8. unfold 中文翻译：慢慢展开；逐渐呈现 例句：Sometimes, all you need to do is be willing to set out. And life will slowly unfold. 例句翻译：有时候，你只需要愿意出发，人生就会慢慢展开。我的网站：flywithlily.com我的微信/LINE ID：iflywithlily公众微信：Wakeupwithlily

Do you study English alone for hours—YouTube, articles, vocabulary, Netflix—and still freeze the moment you need to speak? This episode is for you. Because the problem usually isn't that you're studying alone… it's that you're doing “alone study” in a way that keeps you stuck in input and avoids output.In today's lesson, I'm walking you through 7 common solo-study habits that feel productive but don't actually improve your speaking—like rewatching the same lessons on repeat, collecting vocabulary you never use, reading without speaking, and “shadowing” silently in your head. And for every single one, I'll give you a simple replacement method that forces real speaking progress.You don't need a study partner to become fluent. You need a method that makes your mouth do the work. Let's fix it—starting today.What You'll LearnWhy “studying” alone often isn't real practiceThe difference between recognition and growthHow to turn reading/listening into immediate speaking outputWhy vocabulary notebooks and random flashcards don't translate into fluencyHow to shadow correctly (out loud) so your mouth builds English muscle memoryHow to use Netflix/YouTube as active speaking practiceA simple daily system to build vocabulary from your real lifeKey Moments / Segment Breakdown (7 Ways + The Fix)Rewatching the same lessons → Watch once, then teach it out loudReading articles silently → Read it, then react out loud for 60 secondsCollecting vocabulary you never reuse → One new word, three spoken sentences“Shadowing” in your head → Shadow out loud (car/shower/kitchen/walk)Netflix with native-language subtitles → Switch to English subtitles + pause/repeatFlashcards with words you'll never say → Build flashcards from your own dayJournaling only on paper → Voice journal 2–3 minutes + listen backMindset Shifts“I need a partner” → “I need output”“I'm doing a lot” → “I'm repeating what's comfortable”“Studying = progress” → “Speaking = progress”“If I understand it, I learned it” → “If I can say it, I own it”“My English is in my head” → “My English must live in my mouth”Practical Takeaways (Do This This Week)Pick one input habit you already do daily (YouTube, reading, Netflix, podcasts).Add the “output rule”: every input session must end with speaking (60–180 seconds).Choose a private space and commit to speaking out loud (car, shower, walk, kitchen).Build vocabulary from your real life: 3 moments/day where you lacked a phrase.Start voice journaling: 2 minutes/day, then record a 30-second “better take.”Track consistency, not perfection: 7 days in a row of daily output.Listener Reflection QuestionsWhich of the 7 solo habits am I doing right now?Where do I confuse “comfort” with “progress”?When was the last time I spoke English out loud for 2 minutes alone?What's one method from today that I can repeat every day this week?If my goal is speaking, why is my practice mostly silent?If you want to sign up for the free English email newsletter, go to https://speakenglishwithtiffani.com/newsletter

Do you ever start speaking and immediately apologize—“Sorry, my English is bad”? If you do, I want you to hear me clearly: that sentence is not helping you. It's training you to shrink, and it's teaching other people to focus on your English instead of your message.In this episode, I'm breaking down 7 real reasons that apology keeps you stuck—from job interviews to meetings to networking events to doctor appointments. You'll hear what those moments sound like in real life, why the apology shifts the energy in the room, and what to say instead so you can speak with more confidence without pretending your English is perfect.This is about reclaiming your voice. Because you don't need flawless English to be taken seriously—you need presence, clarity, and the decision that what you're saying matters.What You'll LearnWhy you're often the only one judging your English that harshlyHow apologizing puts a “microscope” on your mistakesWhy the apology makes the conversation about your English (not your idea)How it quietly asks permission to be taken seriouslyHow it trains your brain to expect failure before you speakWhy it creates a smaller, apologetic version of you that isn't realWhat confident, respectful replacement phrases sound likeKey Moments / Segment BreakdownJob interview: introducing yourself without a warning labelNetworking: responding to compliments without rejecting yourselfTeam meeting: getting to your point without losing the floorClient call: sounding professional without asking permissionPresentation/Q&A: pausing without panicking (and keeping the room with you)Social/work dinner: telling your story without disappearingParent-teacher conversation: speaking with authority about what mattersMindset Shifts“I need to apologize first” → “I'm allowed to speak as I am”“They're grading me” → “Most people respect bilingual speakers”“My English is the topic” → “My message is the topic”“A pause means I'm failing” → “A pause means I'm thinking”“I must be perfect to be heard” → “I must be present to be heard”Practical Takeaways (Replacement Phrases)Instead of “Sorry, my English is bad,” say: “Thanks—let me jump in.”When someone compliments you, say: “English is my second language—and I love using it.”To introduce your point in a meeting, say: “Here's what I want to say.”On a serious call, say: “Let me tell you what I think.”When you need a pause, say: “Give me a second—I want to say this well.”Before telling a story, say: “Okay, here we go.”For meaningful conversations, say: “I want to say this in my own words.”Listener Reflection QuestionsWhere do I apologize the most—work, social situations, or appointments?What do I fear people will think if I don't apologize first?How would my tone change if I started with a claim instead of a warning?What phrase from today's episode will I practice all week?What would happen if I decided my message mattered more than my mistakes?If you want to sign up for the free English email newsletter, go to https://speakenglishwithtiffani.com/newsletter

Have you ever had the words in your mind… but your mouth just wouldn't move? Maybe you're afraid of being judged, afraid of slowing people down, or afraid your “real personality” won't come through in English. If that's you, this episode is for you.In today's lesson, we're going to name the fear that keeps so many English learners quiet—and walk through 7 real-life situations where that fear shows up the strongest. You'll learn the mindset shifts that help you stop shrinking in the moment, and you'll get practical phrases and simple preparation strategies you can use immediately.This isn't about having perfect grammar. It's about taking your voice back—one situation at a time—so you can speak with more confidence in real life.What You'll Learn:Why fear shows up even when you know the wordsThe hidden “spotlight fear” that makes one mistake feel like proofHow to stop interpreting “What?” as “My English is bad”How to answer small talk without overthinkingHow to speak up without needing the “perfect sentence”How to use preparation (without sounding robotic)The confidence-building power of one honest sentenceHow to tell stories even when vocabulary is missingKey Moments / Segment Breakdown:Ordering food without freezing under pressureAnswering “How are you?” honestly (in one simple sentence)Replying in group chats without fear of ruining the vibeAsking the doctor to repeat or clarify with confidenceHandling cashier small talk with one detail (not a full story)Repeating yourself louder when someone says “What?”Telling stories without the perfect word—still landing the feelingMindset Shifts:“I'm holding up the line” → “Taking a moment is normal”“My real answer is too much” → “One honest sentence is enough”“If it's not perfect, don't send it” → “Showing up matters more”“Asking again makes me look slow” → “Clarity is confidence”“‘What?' means I failed” → “‘What?' means repeat it louder”“I need the perfect word” → “I can describe what I mean”Practical Takeaways:Choose one buy-time phrase and practice it: “Give me one second.”Create three one-line honest answers for “How are you?”In one group chat, commit to 3 low-bar replies/day for one week.Before appointments, bring a short question list + one clarifying phrase.Build a mini bank of one-detail small talk answers (weekend, day, plans).Train this rule: Repeat louder + slower, not quieter.Use a rescue phrase: “You know that thing that…” then describe it.Listener Reflection Questions:Where do I freeze the most—in public, at work, or with friends?What am I afraid people will think about me in English?What's one situation where I can practice a new response this week?Do I shrink (get quiet) when I need to repeat myself?What would change if I focused on connection instead of perfection?If you want to sign up for the free English email newsletter, go to https://speakenglishwithtiffani.com/newsletter

Joining Robert Pilot Maria Isa Perez-Vega MN State rep runing for Ramsey County Commissioner,Neegaunee Gnu Ininee- Lead Golden Eagle man, My English name is David Joe Bates Line 5. The post Native Roots Radio – April 13, 2026 first appeared on AM 950.

We come to the end of the second canticle, of PURGATORIO . . . and it includes all the ambiguity and humanness we've come to expect, plus hopeful notes for the journey ahead into Paradise.Dante complicates his ending of PURGATORIO with notes about his own dark mind and the incomplete work of this second part of his masterpiece COMEDY.At the same time, we're ready for the stars.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the final passage of PURGATORIO.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:22] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, Lines 124 - 145. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:26] Dante, ever the medieval poet, no matter how modern we try to make him.[05:28] The final address to the reader in PURGATORIO and the tricky question of the "woven bridle."[10:58] Matelda, apparently doing what she's always done . . . which only makes her character more complex.[12:49] The threat to memory, the threat to COMEDY as a whole.[15:23] Four hopeful notes that conclude PURGATORIO.[17:55] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, lines 124 - 145.

The procession continues away from Lethe and farther into the Garden of Eden until they come to a dark, frigid spot that stops them . . . a curious moment in this innocent landscape.And it gets more curious as we discover rivers named and then renamed before we come to the most difficult naming of them all: Matelda, the fair lady who has been with us since PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII.We'll talk cosmology, geography, and even poetic rhyme sequences before we turn to the thorny question of exactly who Matelda is.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as I offer you lots of answers without giving any final solution to this most enigmatic figure.Please consider underwriting this work with a one-time contribution or a small monthly stipend which you can set up at this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:26] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, Lines 103 - 123. If you'd like to read along or continue the discussion with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:25] Cosmological references that help set (and even bookend) PURGATORIO.[06:24] Stopping the procession at a dark, frigid spot (somehow in Eden!).[08:56] The Tigris and Euphrates rivers: how and why?[14:27] A beautiful rhyme sequence that encodes the fall into Eden.[17:10] Matelda: the difficult and long-standing interpretive questions about who this fair lady is.[31:06] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, lines 103 - 123.

After her final discourse in PURGATORIO, Beatrice and Dante enter into a brief conversation in which he admits he already has images stamped into his brain but he doesn't know what many of them mean, particularly those from her.She, on the other hand, launches into her final condemnation: the school he followed was too debased to capture the truths she has in hand.But she doesn't end there. She also promises greater clarity ahead. Thank goodness!Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we work through the conclusion of her discourse and discover the ways Dante may be signaling us that the rational mind is not enough to understand theological truths.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:18] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, Lines 79 - 102. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me about this passage, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:15] Questions about brain impressions, perhaps derived from the figurae of Joachim da Fiore.[09:22] Beatrice's condemnation of the school Dante followed . . . and the questions about which school does she mean.[17:38] The question of whether Dante fully experiences Purgatory.[21:02] The hope of greater clarity ahead.[22:57] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, lines 79 - 102.

Beatrice concludes her monologue at the end of PURGATORIO with some dazzling metaphoric pyrotechnics, a slam on Dante's intellect, and a redefinition of this journey across the known universe. It's not just any old pilgrimage. It's a crusade.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we look at the final images of her speech and discover its larger, structural details . . . which point us directly ahead to PARADISO.Consider defraying the many costs of this podcast with a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend by using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:11] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, Lines 61 - 78. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation about this episode, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:03] Fun calculations to discover how long Adam (and Eve) stayed in Limbo.[07:52] Beatrice's assertions about the writing and reading of texts.[13:33] References to the river Elsa and to Pyramus.[17:10] A badly mixed metaphor that leads into questions of interiority.[21:14] Rereading all of Beatrice's final monologue in PURGATORIO: XXXIII: 31 - 78.[23:49] Four structural notes on this monologue.

Beatrice continues her discourse at the end of PURGATORIO by offering Dante classical examples of her own obscurity, Christian resonances for the very hope of writing, and a challenge for him to become her scribe, to take notes on her lectures.This passage falls in the middle of her long monologue in the last canto of PURGATORIO and it forms the fulcrum that turns us from the apocalyptic vision to something much closer to Dante's own concerns: the craft of writing.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we tease out the difficulties in this notoriously challenging passage at the end of PURGATORIO.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:59] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, Lines 46 - 60. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:24] The obscurity as the point.[07:02] Themis and the Sphinx, early human riddles.[10:02] Dante's well-intended mistake about the Naiads.[13:41] Beatrice's theory of Dante's craft.[15:59] The classical to the Christian: the dominant move in INFERNO and PURGATORIO.[17:35] A twice-robbed tree--but how?[19:50] The tree for God's sole use.[21:58] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, lines 46 - 60.

As Beatrice and Dante continue to walk through Eden, she begins the final discourse that will end PURGATORIO: a cryptic, apocalyptic vision of the world (or maybe just the church?) set right. But by whom? Or when? And is the church destroyed? Or is it going to be rehabilitated?Beatrice's vision is the capstone of PURGATORIO and prepares us for the elliptical and stylized poetry to come in PARADISO, just ahead of us. It's a test to see whether we can make it. Don't worry: We will!Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we begin our final walk across one of the most difficult passages in PURGATORIO. Seven hundred years of commentary hasn't come to any agreement on these lines. Why should we?To keep this podcast afloat, please consider a one-time donation or a very small monthly stipend to underwrite its many fees. You can do so at this PayPal link.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:43] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, Lines 25 - 45. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me by a comment on this episode, please find it on my website: markscarbrough.com.[04:18] A reminder: the rigid and highly stylized manner code in the Middle Ages.[08:46] Beatrice's redefinition of the terms: wakefulness rather than walking, the chariot as a vessel, the dragon as a serpent (from Eden?), and the chariot's possible, full destruction.[14:18] A translation problem: the possible sop of bread. And difficult interpretations: God's vendetta and a future heir.[18:30] Seven hundred years of commentary on the tough problem of "five hundred ten and five--God's messenger."[27:42] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, lines 25 - 45.

From tragedy to comedy, the apocalyptic vision in Canto XXXII has come to an end and Beatrice accepts Dante as her walking companion in Eden.A relatively easy passage begins the final canto of PURGATORIO, perhaps a breather before the much more difficult material that will make up the bulk of the last canto of PURGATORIO.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we walk with Beatrice, Dante, the seven ladies, the lady who tends Eden, and Statius. They're a final parade to wrap up this second canticle of COMEDY.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:26] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, Lines 1 - 24. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:31] Possibly, a simple interlude between much more difficult passages.[04:58] The Latin quotation from Psalm 78/79 that opens the final canto of PURGATORIO.[09:19] Beatrice's Latin quotation from the Gospel of John as Dante fuses Mary and Jesus into her character.[16:46] Beatrice's parade and the question of her nine steps.[21:53] Beatrice, Dante's new guide across the known universe.[26:51] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, lines 1- 24.

Dante is now ready for the final apocalyptic vision of PURGATORIO . . . and in the last place we might expect it: in that bastion of innocence and purity, the Garden of Eden.In seven vignettes, Dante witnesses some chaotic and catastrophic collapse of the chariot and even one of the original trees of Eden.But all is not lost. Beatrice is on the scene. And Dante himself participates in this vision, seemingly instigating a new ending to what had become a disaster.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, for the first of two episodes on the grand apocalypse of Eden in PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII.To support this work, please consider a small monthly stipend or a one-time gift to help cover the many fees associated with this podcast. You can donate at this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:37] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, Lines 109 - 180. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[05:28] Thoughts on the almost surreal strangeness of the vision as it moves from the natural world to the monstrous.[08:59] The structure of the vision: seven vignettes--five in six-line segments; the first and last scenes, longer.[18:34] Echoes in the vision to other moments in COMEDY: eagles, a vixen, dragons, a prostitute, and giants.[23:12] Biblical echoes from the Apocalypse of St. John at the end of Dante's vision.[25:03] Two outside actors who enter the vision and fundamentally change it.

Dante wakes back up from his unexpected sleep to find that the grand parade is heading off into the forest (or maybe the skies). He's in a panic that Beatrice has left, too, although the young woman of Eden comforts him and shows her now humble place under the renewed tree.Meanwhile, we readers are equally panicked . . . or at least de-centered, as we try to make sense of complicated similes and oblique symbolic meanings. COMEDY is getting more complex by the line. It's a game of interpretation we've been preparing to play since INFERNO, Canto I.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we look at the passage just before the giant apocalyptic vision of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII.To underwrite the many fees for this work, consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:21] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, Lines 70 - 108. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:53] Four (or maybe five) interwoven Biblical references in the opening twelve lines of this passage (or the opening four tercets).[13:25] The interweaving of textuality to de-center the reader by pushing meaning further into mystery.[15:52] Dante's awakening to panic and then obeisance.[19:43] The complex meaning of Beatrice's changed position under the tree.[25:10] Dante's Roman hopes for heaven.[26:47] A flourish of the medieval high rhetorical style at the end of the passage.[28:53] Writing as awakening and return.[31:23] Rereading this passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, lines 70 - 108.

The griffin pulls the chariot or cart up to the denuded tree--the "widowed" tree--and the tree regenerates into a color reminiscent of other moments in PURGATORIO. But which one exactly?We're descending into the murk of mystery with new songs that can't be defined, with allegories that are becoming increasingly opaque, and even with classical references that seem somehow out of place in the overall arch of the glorious parade.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we begin to approach the strange and incomprehensible mysteries that lie at the end of the second canticle of COMEDY.To support this work, consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:24] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, Lines 49 - 69. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me with a comment on this episode, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:32] A correction perhaps: "Adam" may have been a murmured reassessment of the misogyny in the text.[04:55] The pole, the chariot, and the tree: complicated translation problems.[07:15] The pole as the cross or perhaps the ties of good human governance.[11:49] The changing seasons as the tree regenerates.[13:26] The ambiguous symbolism of purple.[15:41] The unknown new song, a further mystery in the passage.[18:48] A tense and perhaps off-pitch reference to Ovid.[22:27] A knock against representative art before the apocalyptic vision just ahead.[24:18] Rereading the text: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, lines 49 - 69.

The griffin rolls his chariot up to the foot of a denuded tree as Beatrice descends out of her ride. The symbolism (the allegories, in fact) become increasingly murky, difficult to parse, especially when the griffin says his one and only line in COMEDY.Dante's Garden of Eden is a place where the games of interpretation kick into high gear. Nothing is what it seems . . . yet what it is is a matter of much debate.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we work through this increasingly complex passage on our way to the final apocalyptic vision of PURGATORIO.To help support this work with a one-time donation or a very small on-going stipend, please consider using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:04] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, Lines 28 - 48. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:04] Statius, both physically and thematically in the passage.[05:55] Adam and Eve, with notes toward the theological fall of mankind.[09:19] The stripped tree in the Garden of Eden . . . but which tree?[14:49] The griffin, becoming a more difficult allegory with his one and only line in COMEDY.[21:06] Beatrice and her (complex) descent from the chariot/cart.[25:57] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, lines 28 - 48.

Face to face with Beatrice, the pilgrim Dante is ready for more revelation. Problem is, even after Lethe he's still doing things wrong and must be corrected by the women around the griffin's chariot.But what is he doing wrong? And why does the entire parade of revelation go into retreat? What indeed does that griffin symbolize? And how did we get from the intensely personal experience of Dante's confession and contrition to this much more global view of the allegories on the march?Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we begin to walk slowly through one of the most complex cantos (and certainly the longest canto) in all of COMEDY.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:17] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, Lines 1 - 27. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me about this canto, please find the entry for this podcast episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:31] A brief introduction to PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII.[05:19] Notes for the first nine lines (or three tercets) of the canto.[10:40] Dante's forgotten failings and Beatrice's on-going attraction.[12:04] Dante's intense gaze . . . but for or at what?[16:23] Beatrice and the problem of the "lesser thing" of revelation.[21:28] The parade of revelation (or of the church militant) in retreat with its "precious cargo."[25:01] The griffin's feathers, which prompt further questions about the griffin's allegorical meaning.[28:08] Bridging the personal and the universal.[31:04] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, lines 1- 27.

We finally come to the face-to-face meeting of Beatrice and Dante. We've waited for this moment since INFERNO, Canto II, when Beatrice first stepped into COMEDY.Neither Dante nor Beatrice speak at their close meeting. Instead, the women around the chariot beg Beatrice to reveal her second, hidden beauty: her mouth.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the complex symbolism in this passage. We'll also take on its textual difficulties: a Biblical allusion that has been muddled in commentary, a lost word that's hard to translate, and a question of quotation marks in a medieval manuscript.To support this work, consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend by using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:26] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 127 - 145. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:11] Textual problems in the first six lines (XXXI: 127 - 132)--a muddled Biblical reference, a moral question of virtues, and a word that's hard to translate.[07:49] Beatrice's turning and the coming revelation of her mouth.[10:57] A difficult conclusion to Canto XXXI: Who says these complicated lines that use the informal "you"?[16:59] Forgetting and remembering your former works to create something new.[23:10] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 127 - 145.

Dante has now crossed Lethe and is ready to face Beatrice head on. She has moved to get ready for this eye-to-eye conversation. She's positioned nearer the griffin, a complicated symbol that may have more than one interpretation.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore both Beatrice (particularly her emerald eyes) and this dual-natured beast that seems to become more difficult to interpret with its every move in the poem.To support this podcast, consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend through this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:19] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, Lines 112 - 126. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[02:44] Beatrice has moved . . . but where?[05:09] With her emerald eyes, Beatrice and Dante finally escape the Francesca episode.[09:15] Dante is the Orpheus who can look into the eyes of his Eurydice.[10:49] Here are at least two additional interpretations for the griffin.[13:58] Beatrice's eyes are the methodology of revelation (and mystery).[16:41] The passage drops the first hint about Jesus' transfiguration.[18:50] Reflection is transfiguring, as in the craft of poetry.[19:34] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 112 - 126.

Dante wakes up in the arms of the young woman who first welcomed him to the Garden of Eden. She's dragging him through Lethe before she forcefully pushes him underwater.This scene is deeply symbolic and allegorical . . . although it raises many more questions than it answers. In fact, it seems to want to leave many things open-ended, a cue that Dante wants us in the poem, working on solutions to the many puzzles he has set.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we see the pilgrim Dante cleansed and ready to dance with the seven virtues around Beatrice's chariot.To support this work, consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend. You can make either contribution at this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:29] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, Lines 91 - 111. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website: markscarbrough.com.[03:43] Two notes on the first nine lines: the heart and the shuttle.[06:33] Is this a baptism?[09:46] Three questions that surround the Latin line from the Psalms.[13:43] Why is the dunking so forceful?[15:45] What sign do the four women make over Dante?[17:41] The seven women fill in the details from PURGATORIO, Cantos I and VIII.[19:56] The four women are linked to the classical world; the three women, to the contemplative life.[22:43] Does everything happen to Statius, too? And to other penitent souls?[26:23] How do you express the inexpressible?[28:28] Must our poet forget the CONVIVIO in Lethe?[29:39] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 91 - 111.

Beatrice has finished her case against the pilgim Dante. All that's left is for him to find his way beyond confession and into confession . . . which he does with a major crack-up that leads him to faint for the third time in COMEDY.Before he collapses, the poem begins a series of inversions or reversals that both increase the ironic valences of the passage and give its reader an almost vertigo-inducing sense of Dante's emotional landscape.A difficult passage in the Garden of Eden, here Beatrice accomplishes what she came for. Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the slow build-up to the final moment of contrition . . . which mimics the moment when Dante gives way in front of Francesca, back in INFERNO's circle of lust.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:20] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, Lines 64 - 90. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:15] Dante, from boy to man.[07:26] Recognition, the key to the passage, to contrition, and a possible node of irony.[10:38] The "unbearded" oak and the final crack-up.[13:49] Iarbas and Dido v. Dante and the new Dido.[16:28] Beatrice's venom.[17:27] Dante's beard.[20:00] The angels' departure?[21:16] The meaning of the beast's two natures.[23:53] Glossing the end of the passage: lines 82 - 90.[27:57] Francesca and her physical seduction v. Beatrice and her physical-theological seduction.[33:01] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 64 - 90.

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Beatrice continues to lead Dante toward contrition, pointing out both the purposes of her body (or corpse) and the ways he has failed to followed her lofty beauty.She finishes her second salvo at the pilgrim with a rhetorical flourish, showing the reader (and Dante) that she is a master of rhetoric, someone who commands a high, elevated style of poetry--that is, a fusion of the literal and the metaphoric that will become increasingly necessary to describe the PARADISO experience.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we look at the conclusion of Beatrice's second run at the pilgrim Dante and find the ways that she is directing both him and his poetry.To support the work of this podcast with a small monthly stipend or a one-time gift, please visit this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:09] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, Lines 49 - 63. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:19] Glossing the full passage: "beauty" three times, high rhetorical style, low vulgar vocabulary, and an aphoristic ending.[13:15] Rereading Beatrice's second salvo at Dante: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 22 - 63.[15:22] The uneasy but crucial balance between allegorical/metaphorical language and literal/realistic language.[18:57] Beatrice: negative space made flesh.[23:38] Renegotiating COMEDY v. intending these revelations all along.[28:06] High rhetorical style in Dante's vernacular mouth.

Ever since INFERNO, Canto I, we've never fully understood why Dante woke up lost in that dark wood.Now, in the Garden of Eden, Beatrice brings him to the point where he can voice what he did wrong. He can finally offer his confession.It was all about her all along. And maybe about what he wrote. And maybe about another woman who caught his eye. Or maybe all of it at once.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the moment in PURGATORIO in which Beatrice finally brings the pilgrim to his full confession.If you'd like to support this podcast, consider a small monthly stipend or a one-time donation, using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:12] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, Lines 22 - 48. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find this episode's entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:16] An easy outline of this passage.[04:27] Recasting Dante's faults into metaphoric language.[09:18] Dante's confession.[12:40] Beatrice and the formal form of "you."[14:34] Her acceptance of Dante's confession, leading him to contrition.[18:15] Beatrice: allegory v. realism.[23:15] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 22 - 48.

Wailing, Dante comes in for Beatrice's impatience. He hasn't responded yet to her charges, so she turns the spear point of her words on him.He cracks . . . and in doing so, loses language, words, the very things that are the heart of his craft.Canto XXXI opens with an intensely emotional scene, meant to bring the pilgrim right to the brink of his ability to handle things . . . about like what happened with Francesca in INFERNO, Canto V.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the second canto of PURGATORIO that is centered on the pilgim Dante's interiority . . . and his craft as a poet.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:49] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, Lines 1 - 21. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:36] Prefatory remarks on PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI.[07:02] A node of Dantean irony in a very serious canto.[10:14] Confession, the first step to forgiveness for Dante (but not for the church).[15:49] The master poet and the failure of his language.[24:29] Dante, the cracked crossbow.[28:15] The return of Francesca.[30:34] Rereading PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 1 - 21.

Beatrice finishes her first indictment of Dante by showing him the fit subject matter for his abundant talent: her and the damned.She accuses him of chasing after false images, then of discounting her own inspiration in dreams. She ends with her final hope: to descend to the doorway of the dead and get the pilgrim started across the known universe.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the final lines of PURGATORIO, Canto XXX: Beatrice's first indictment of Dante.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:25] My English translation of the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, Lines 127 - 145. If you'd like to read along or continue the discussion with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:16] In praise of Beatrice's elevated rhetoric.[05:20] The erotic tension between Beatrice and Dante.[07:59] First callback in the passage: to either the Siren in PURGATORIO XIX or to the second woman in the VITA NUOVA.[10:22] Second callback: to either Beatrice's eyes or her appearance in a dream toward the end of the VITA NUOVA.[13:43] Third callback: to Limbo (and Virgil).[15:37] Dante's search for the subject matter that will fit his talent.[16:47] Four levels of interpretation for Beatrice's first indictment: literal, moral, allegorical, and anagogical.[21:31] When was Dante supposed to purse these failings on the mountain?[23:27] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, lines 127 - 145.

Beatrice is now fully in charge . . . so much so that she can even tell the angels in the chariot with her what they can't understand.She launches into her first indictment of the pilgrim, Dante. Here, she claims that he hasn't fulfilled his talent.He hasn't? With so much of COMEDY behind us?And what if then the point of this journey? Is it poetic craft or personal redemption?Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we comb through the first of Beatrice's condemnations of Dante's many failings that have led him to the top of Mount Purgatory.If you'd like to help support this podcast with a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend, please consider donating what you can through this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:41] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, Lines 100 - 126. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:23] What can the angels in the chariot not know?[08:13] What germinates from heaven, far above the seeds that blow out of the Garden of Eden?[11:15] What was Dante supposed to have done?[15:19] What good was this journey across the known universe?[18:40] How do you stay open to the grace you get but perhaps don't expect?[20:02] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, lines 100 - 126.

Beatrice has offered her first condemnation of Dante, just as his salve and mentor, Virgil, has left the scene. He's stuck across Lethe with the ice sheet encasing his heart. Even the angels surrounding Beatrice in the chariot seem dumbfounded by her vitriol and offer the pilgrim a psalm of consolation . . . which finally makes the ice that has surrounded his heart melt. He ends up wailing.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore this brilliant passage about interiority from the very top of Mount Purgatorio in the Garden of Eden.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:34] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, Lines 79 - 99. If you'd like to read along or drop a comment on this episode, please find its entry on my website: markscarbrough.com.[03:53] One textual reference in the passage: Psalm 30/31: 1 - 8.[07:46] A second textual reference in the passage: Augustine's CONFESSIONS, Book VIII.[09:07] One metaphoric rearrangement in the passage: Beatrice as mother and Dante as son.[11:55] A second metaphoric rearrangement: the melting ice inside of Dante.[19:28] Allegory as art.[22:30] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, lines 79 - 99.

We finally hear the first words from Beatrice's mouth. (We've heard her before but as told by Virgil in INFERNO, Canto II.) She is certainly not person we expected. She's the admiral controlling her ship.She names the pilgrim, names herself, and gets very close to blasphemy in a passage that defies our expectations, about as revelation should.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, for the moment that Beatrice takes center stage in Dante's masterwork, COMEDY.If you'd like to help underwrite this podcast, please consider a one-time donation or a very small monthly stipend, using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:33] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, Lines 55 - 78. If you'd like to read along or drop a comment about this episode, please find its entry on my website: markscarbrough.com.[04:41] The pilgrim finally named: Dante.[09:03] The crux dilemma of orthodoxy: purity versus human feeling.[13:44] Beatrice's ship, plus other ships in COMEDY.[15:29] Beatrice, the admiral.[17:34] Dante's difficulty in naming himself.[20:20] Beatrice, Minerva, and our (or the pilgrim's?) expectations.[23:42] Beatrice's curious blasphemy and questions.[27:09] Dante as a rejuvenated Narcissus.[30:32] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, lines 55 - 78.

The parade of revelation has stopped and everything holds its breath for what comes next.She's veiled, behind scattered flowers. But Beatrice arrives, in the place of Jesus Christ, her second coming, her advent in the victory chariot.And as she arrives, Virgil disappears from COMEDY. (Statius, too, even if he's still standing next to the pilgrim.) This moment is perhaps the climax of the poem as we have understood it up until now. From here on, everything changes. We have moved out of time and into a world beyond human reason. It's a cause for rejoicing but also for great sadness.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:13] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, Lines 22 - 54. If you'd like to read along or drop a comment about this episode, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:14] Word choices in the passage that reflect its thematic and emotional space.[07:04] The Vita Nuova as foundational to Beatrice's appearance.[12:00] Beatrice's colors and the parade of revelation.[13:39] Christological confusions with Beatrice.[16:48] Gender confusions during her arrival.[19:10] The pilgrim's imagined dialogue with a (mis)quote from The Aeneid.[23:03] The sad, quiet disappearance of Virgil and the pilgrim's pronounced, loud interiority.[29:02] The silent, almost unnoticed departure of Statius from the poem.[31:06] The cleansing of the pilgrim as a bookend for the work of PURGATORIO.[32:39] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, lines 22 - 54

The grand parade of revelation has come to a stop across Lethe from our pilgrim, Virgil, and Statius. Everything seems to hold its breath: the constellations stop moving, the crowd goes quiet, one voice calls out for the bride, then a hundred angels appear, calling out for the groom . . . which is surely Jesus, right?We seem to be on the verge of a celestial marriage ceremony, the mystic union of Jesus and his church . . . except Virgil's AENEID gets the last word and darkens the scene considerably.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we stand in expectation at the top of Mount Purgatory for the arrival of . . . somebody.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:24] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, Lines 1 - 21. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me by dropping a comment on this episode, please find its entry on my website: markscarbrough.com.[04:33] The Little Dipper, the North Star, the chariot, a griffin, and the Bible, all bound up in the longest sentence in COMEDY.[13:59] The resurrection with a reclothed voice (that is, the stuff of poetry).[16:38] Many angels in a very small cart.[19:32] Quoting the triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem (here and in The Vita Nuova).[21:44] Quoting the tragic prophecy about Marcellus from THE AENEID.[24:43] Inserting Dante and Virgil into Biblical citations.[26:59] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, lines 1 - 21.

The pilgrim has found the perfect perch to see the full scope and length of the parade of allegories at the top of the Mount Purgatory in the garden of Eden.After the griffin and its chariot come seven merry women and seven more somber men. They are complex allegories that have inspired much debate.More than that, they are also an atemporal moment, something outside of chronological time, the way revelation most often happens.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we look more closely at the end of the (first half of the) apocalyptic parade our pilgrim witnesses from across the river Lethe.If you'd like to help with the many costs of this podcast, please consider a very small monthly stipend or a one-time gift, using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:13] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, Lines 121 - 154. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website: markscarbrough.com.[04:34] The three theological virtues (or colors)--which cause a rereading of previous moments in the great parade.[09:02] The four cardinal or philosophical virtues, clothed in purple, a deep, imperial red.[12:00] The seven men who end the parade as seen through the now standard (or consensus) interpretation: the latter books of the New Testament.[16:06] Alternate interpretations: the allegories as a parade of revelation, rather than strictly the books of the Bible.[20:38] The metapoetics of living, walking books.[21:24] The temporal anomaly of the grand parade.[24:11] Rereading the entire parade: PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 43 - 154.

The parade goes on to include a Roman, two-wheeled, victory chariot between the four animals. It's a brilliant moment, a chariot better than even famous Roman conquerors got, pulled by a griffin, a legendary two-natured creature . . . yet with a curious moment of emptiness right in all of the victory.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we continue deeper into the allegory of the parade of revelation at the top of Mount Purgatory.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:32] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 106 - 120. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation about this passage with me, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:13] The changing nature of allegory at the top of Mount Purgatory.[09:38] The poetics of the passage: extreme concision and more of Guido Cavalcanti's pastoral poetry.[13:26] Roman military history in the passage: Scipio the Younger and Caesar Augustus.[17:41] Roman (or Ovidian) mythology in the passage: Phaëthon and the sun's chariot.[21:39] The griffin: ancient, medieval, and allegorical (but of what?).[27:20] The great aporia: the chariot is empty![28:51] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 106 - 120.

The parade goes on, now that the pilgrim, Dante, is in a good spot to see it.After the twenty-four lords in white come four animals with green fronds as crowns. They are like the Cherubim in both the prophecies of Ezekiel and in the Apocalypse of St. John (or the book of Revelation).Except not really. Or sort of. Well, the poet doesn't have time to explain. Go read the text yourself. And especially the one that doesn't quite agree with what I saw.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we find Dante's irony alive and well, even during the grand parade of divine revelation.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:20] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, Lines 88 - 105. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[02:56] The naturalistic, lush landscape à la Guido Cavalcanti's pastoral poem.[04:49] The constellations, Argus, and the peacock.[06:35] The four "animals" from Ezekiel and the Apocalypse of St. John (or the New Testament book of Revelation).[09:19] Allegorical interpretations of the four animals.[11:19] "Unmoored" allegories in COMEDY: here and with the three beasts in INFERNO, Canto I.[14:02] Dante, the Biblical text, and questions of its inerrancy.[16:25] The direct address tot he reader, perhaps a wild bit of Dantean irony even here in the divine parade.[21:34] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 88 - 105.

The parade goes on! Our pilgrim, Dante, turns back from Virgil's amazement and finds more of the parade coming toward him . . . at least, he does so after he's reprimanded by the lady who stands across Lethe.In this passage, the poet's craft heightens to reveal gorgeous poetry that comes from the apocalyptic tradition but far exceeds its beauty with both the Easter eggs Dante puts in the text and the ways the poetry itself enhances the wonder of the parade at hand.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we work through our second passage on the parade of revelation in the Garden of Eden at the top of Mount Purgatory.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:19] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 58 - 87. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this podcast episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:09] The tradition of apocalyptic literature and Dante's use of it.[08:44] Biblical references in this part of the apocalyptic parade.[13:54] Contemporary cultural references in the parade.[16:01] Surprises: Dante's changes to Biblical imagery, his Easter eggs to his own text, and his idiosyncratic word choices.[20:07] Possible allegorical interpretations for the twenty-four lords (or elders) and the distance of ten paces between the lights.[25:20] The poetry of the parade: colorful brushwork and gorgeous (if incomplete) reflections in Lethe.[28:43] More on emergent revelation.[31:47] Rereading PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 58 - 87.

As the pilgrim, his poets, and the beautiful lady continue to stand beside Lethe, they see the approaching parade of the apocalypse, which is an example of emergent revelation, the truth coming in slowly and even deceptively.Our poet has set up a poetic space that leaves even Virgil speechless as we witness the first of the parade of multiple, open-ended meanings proliferate in the Garden of Eden.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we catch our first glimpse of Dante's answer to St. John's Apocalypse.If you'd like to help underwrite the many fees associated with this podcast, please consider a one-time donation or a very small monthly stipend, using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:16] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, Lines 31 - 57. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:00] The emergent revelation of the images and sounds.[09:00] The process of perception (and understanding).[14:12] Multiplying meanings in the apocalyptic parade.[20:27] The creation of space for the poetic imagery.[23:11] The second invocation of PURGATORIO.[26:50] The questions of poetic craft in this vision.[28:23] Virgil in the apocalypse.[31:10] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 31 - 57.

Our pilgrim, Dante, and the beautiful lady across Lethe walk on for a bit before the stream bends and the pilgrim ends up facing the right way to see the first flash of light that will signal the great apocalyptic parade in Eden.The opening of PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, brings us back to the pastoral world of Guido Cavalcanti's poem before launching us into allegory, theology, morality, and even misogyny.If you'd like to help underwrite the many fees for this podcast, please consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend using this PayPal link right here.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we find ourselves at the front of the great parade in Eden.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:27] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, Lines 1 - 30. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation by dropping a comment, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:07] An introduction to PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX.[06:59] The only canto in COMEDY that begins with a derivative of the word "canto."[08:24] More references to Guido Calvalcanti's pastoral poem.[11:44] A psalm retrofitted to become a beatitude, moving us from the classical world to divine revelation.[14:31] The symbolism (and allegory?) of their paces and the stream's bend.[18:00] Sight and hearing as the basis but not nearly enough, as with Guido Cavalcanti's poem.[19:02] The lady's reaction ("brother") and the pilgrim's reaction (a lack of fear).[21:45] The misogyny from the initial flash of light.[28:59] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 1 - 30.

The beautiful lady winds up her discourse with a corollary that combines both revelation and reason to offer a fulcrum to COMEDY as a whole: The classical world dreamed of Eden.Redemption is a cul-de-sac, returning us to our primal state while also offering us a way to remain readers of the classical world's poetry.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the end of the lady's discourse, the longest speech by a woman yet in COMEDY.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:15] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 134 - 148. If you'd like to read along or drop a comment on this episode to continue the conversation, please find the entry for this episode on my website: markscarbrough.com.[02:55] Revelation and reason as coequals in scholastic theology.[06:52] The Golden Age and the Garden of Eden as overlapping spaces and the cul-de-sac of revelation.[09:14] The pilgrim (and indeed, the poem) in the cul-de-sac with the classical poets on one side and the beautiful lady on the other.[12:27] The longest speech by a woman yet in COMEDY.[16:57] Rereading this passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 134 - 148.