Podcasts about my english

Do you study English alone for hours—YouTube, articles, vocabulary, Netflix—and still freeze the moment you need to speak? This episode is for you. Because the problem usually isn't that you're studying alone… it's that you're doing “alone study” in a way that keeps you stuck in input and avoids output.In today's lesson, I'm walking you through 7 common solo-study habits that feel productive but don't actually improve your speaking—like rewatching the same lessons on repeat, collecting vocabulary you never use, reading without speaking, and “shadowing” silently in your head. And for every single one, I'll give you a simple replacement method that forces real speaking progress.You don't need a study partner to become fluent. You need a method that makes your mouth do the work. Let's fix it—starting today.What You'll LearnWhy “studying” alone often isn't real practiceThe difference between recognition and growthHow to turn reading/listening into immediate speaking outputWhy vocabulary notebooks and random flashcards don't translate into fluencyHow to shadow correctly (out loud) so your mouth builds English muscle memoryHow to use Netflix/YouTube as active speaking practiceA simple daily system to build vocabulary from your real lifeKey Moments / Segment Breakdown (7 Ways + The Fix)Rewatching the same lessons → Watch once, then teach it out loudReading articles silently → Read it, then react out loud for 60 secondsCollecting vocabulary you never reuse → One new word, three spoken sentences“Shadowing” in your head → Shadow out loud (car/shower/kitchen/walk)Netflix with native-language subtitles → Switch to English subtitles + pause/repeatFlashcards with words you'll never say → Build flashcards from your own dayJournaling only on paper → Voice journal 2–3 minutes + listen backMindset Shifts“I need a partner” → “I need output”“I'm doing a lot” → “I'm repeating what's comfortable”“Studying = progress” → “Speaking = progress”“If I understand it, I learned it” → “If I can say it, I own it”“My English is in my head” → “My English must live in my mouth”Practical Takeaways (Do This This Week)Pick one input habit you already do daily (YouTube, reading, Netflix, podcasts).Add the “output rule”: every input session must end with speaking (60–180 seconds).Choose a private space and commit to speaking out loud (car, shower, walk, kitchen).Build vocabulary from your real life: 3 moments/day where you lacked a phrase.Start voice journaling: 2 minutes/day, then record a 30-second “better take.”Track consistency, not perfection: 7 days in a row of daily output.Listener Reflection QuestionsWhich of the 7 solo habits am I doing right now?Where do I confuse “comfort” with “progress”?When was the last time I spoke English out loud for 2 minutes alone?What's one method from today that I can repeat every day this week?If my goal is speaking, why is my practice mostly silent?If you want to sign up for the free English email newsletter, go to https://speakenglishwithtiffani.com/newsletter

Do you ever start speaking and immediately apologize—“Sorry, my English is bad”? If you do, I want you to hear me clearly: that sentence is not helping you. It's training you to shrink, and it's teaching other people to focus on your English instead of your message.In this episode, I'm breaking down 7 real reasons that apology keeps you stuck—from job interviews to meetings to networking events to doctor appointments. You'll hear what those moments sound like in real life, why the apology shifts the energy in the room, and what to say instead so you can speak with more confidence without pretending your English is perfect.This is about reclaiming your voice. Because you don't need flawless English to be taken seriously—you need presence, clarity, and the decision that what you're saying matters.What You'll LearnWhy you're often the only one judging your English that harshlyHow apologizing puts a “microscope” on your mistakesWhy the apology makes the conversation about your English (not your idea)How it quietly asks permission to be taken seriouslyHow it trains your brain to expect failure before you speakWhy it creates a smaller, apologetic version of you that isn't realWhat confident, respectful replacement phrases sound likeKey Moments / Segment BreakdownJob interview: introducing yourself without a warning labelNetworking: responding to compliments without rejecting yourselfTeam meeting: getting to your point without losing the floorClient call: sounding professional without asking permissionPresentation/Q&A: pausing without panicking (and keeping the room with you)Social/work dinner: telling your story without disappearingParent-teacher conversation: speaking with authority about what mattersMindset Shifts“I need to apologize first” → “I'm allowed to speak as I am”“They're grading me” → “Most people respect bilingual speakers”“My English is the topic” → “My message is the topic”“A pause means I'm failing” → “A pause means I'm thinking”“I must be perfect to be heard” → “I must be present to be heard”Practical Takeaways (Replacement Phrases)Instead of “Sorry, my English is bad,” say: “Thanks—let me jump in.”When someone compliments you, say: “English is my second language—and I love using it.”To introduce your point in a meeting, say: “Here's what I want to say.”On a serious call, say: “Let me tell you what I think.”When you need a pause, say: “Give me a second—I want to say this well.”Before telling a story, say: “Okay, here we go.”For meaningful conversations, say: “I want to say this in my own words.”Listener Reflection QuestionsWhere do I apologize the most—work, social situations, or appointments?What do I fear people will think if I don't apologize first?How would my tone change if I started with a claim instead of a warning?What phrase from today's episode will I practice all week?What would happen if I decided my message mattered more than my mistakes?If you want to sign up for the free English email newsletter, go to https://speakenglishwithtiffani.com/newsletter

Have you ever had the words in your mind… but your mouth just wouldn't move? Maybe you're afraid of being judged, afraid of slowing people down, or afraid your “real personality” won't come through in English. If that's you, this episode is for you.In today's lesson, we're going to name the fear that keeps so many English learners quiet—and walk through 7 real-life situations where that fear shows up the strongest. You'll learn the mindset shifts that help you stop shrinking in the moment, and you'll get practical phrases and simple preparation strategies you can use immediately.This isn't about having perfect grammar. It's about taking your voice back—one situation at a time—so you can speak with more confidence in real life.What You'll Learn:Why fear shows up even when you know the wordsThe hidden “spotlight fear” that makes one mistake feel like proofHow to stop interpreting “What?” as “My English is bad”How to answer small talk without overthinkingHow to speak up without needing the “perfect sentence”How to use preparation (without sounding robotic)The confidence-building power of one honest sentenceHow to tell stories even when vocabulary is missingKey Moments / Segment Breakdown:Ordering food without freezing under pressureAnswering “How are you?” honestly (in one simple sentence)Replying in group chats without fear of ruining the vibeAsking the doctor to repeat or clarify with confidenceHandling cashier small talk with one detail (not a full story)Repeating yourself louder when someone says “What?”Telling stories without the perfect word—still landing the feelingMindset Shifts:“I'm holding up the line” → “Taking a moment is normal”“My real answer is too much” → “One honest sentence is enough”“If it's not perfect, don't send it” → “Showing up matters more”“Asking again makes me look slow” → “Clarity is confidence”“‘What?' means I failed” → “‘What?' means repeat it louder”“I need the perfect word” → “I can describe what I mean”Practical Takeaways:Choose one buy-time phrase and practice it: “Give me one second.”Create three one-line honest answers for “How are you?”In one group chat, commit to 3 low-bar replies/day for one week.Before appointments, bring a short question list + one clarifying phrase.Build a mini bank of one-detail small talk answers (weekend, day, plans).Train this rule: Repeat louder + slower, not quieter.Use a rescue phrase: “You know that thing that…” then describe it.Listener Reflection Questions:Where do I freeze the most—in public, at work, or with friends?What am I afraid people will think about me in English?What's one situation where I can practice a new response this week?Do I shrink (get quiet) when I need to repeat myself?What would change if I focused on connection instead of perfection?If you want to sign up for the free English email newsletter, go to https://speakenglishwithtiffani.com/newsletter

Joining Robert Pilot Maria Isa Perez-Vega MN State rep runing for Ramsey County Commissioner,Neegaunee Gnu Ininee- Lead Golden Eagle man, My English name is David Joe Bates Line 5. The post Native Roots Radio – April 13, 2026 first appeared on AM 950.

We come to the end of the second canticle, of PURGATORIO . . . and it includes all the ambiguity and humanness we've come to expect, plus hopeful notes for the journey ahead into Paradise.Dante complicates his ending of PURGATORIO with notes about his own dark mind and the incomplete work of this second part of his masterpiece COMEDY.At the same time, we're ready for the stars.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the final passage of PURGATORIO.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:22] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, Lines 124 - 145. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:26] Dante, ever the medieval poet, no matter how modern we try to make him.[05:28] The final address to the reader in PURGATORIO and the tricky question of the "woven bridle."[10:58] Matelda, apparently doing what she's always done . . . which only makes her character more complex.[12:49] The threat to memory, the threat to COMEDY as a whole.[15:23] Four hopeful notes that conclude PURGATORIO.[17:55] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, lines 124 - 145.

The procession continues away from Lethe and farther into the Garden of Eden until they come to a dark, frigid spot that stops them . . . a curious moment in this innocent landscape.And it gets more curious as we discover rivers named and then renamed before we come to the most difficult naming of them all: Matelda, the fair lady who has been with us since PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII.We'll talk cosmology, geography, and even poetic rhyme sequences before we turn to the thorny question of exactly who Matelda is.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as I offer you lots of answers without giving any final solution to this most enigmatic figure.Please consider underwriting this work with a one-time contribution or a small monthly stipend which you can set up at this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:26] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, Lines 103 - 123. If you'd like to read along or continue the discussion with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:25] Cosmological references that help set (and even bookend) PURGATORIO.[06:24] Stopping the procession at a dark, frigid spot (somehow in Eden!).[08:56] The Tigris and Euphrates rivers: how and why?[14:27] A beautiful rhyme sequence that encodes the fall into Eden.[17:10] Matelda: the difficult and long-standing interpretive questions about who this fair lady is.[31:06] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, lines 103 - 123.

After her final discourse in PURGATORIO, Beatrice and Dante enter into a brief conversation in which he admits he already has images stamped into his brain but he doesn't know what many of them mean, particularly those from her.She, on the other hand, launches into her final condemnation: the school he followed was too debased to capture the truths she has in hand.But she doesn't end there. She also promises greater clarity ahead. Thank goodness!Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we work through the conclusion of her discourse and discover the ways Dante may be signaling us that the rational mind is not enough to understand theological truths.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:18] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, Lines 79 - 102. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me about this passage, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:15] Questions about brain impressions, perhaps derived from the figurae of Joachim da Fiore.[09:22] Beatrice's condemnation of the school Dante followed . . . and the questions about which school does she mean.[17:38] The question of whether Dante fully experiences Purgatory.[21:02] The hope of greater clarity ahead.[22:57] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, lines 79 - 102.

Beatrice concludes her monologue at the end of PURGATORIO with some dazzling metaphoric pyrotechnics, a slam on Dante's intellect, and a redefinition of this journey across the known universe. It's not just any old pilgrimage. It's a crusade.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we look at the final images of her speech and discover its larger, structural details . . . which point us directly ahead to PARADISO.Consider defraying the many costs of this podcast with a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend by using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:11] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, Lines 61 - 78. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation about this episode, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:03] Fun calculations to discover how long Adam (and Eve) stayed in Limbo.[07:52] Beatrice's assertions about the writing and reading of texts.[13:33] References to the river Elsa and to Pyramus.[17:10] A badly mixed metaphor that leads into questions of interiority.[21:14] Rereading all of Beatrice's final monologue in PURGATORIO: XXXIII: 31 - 78.[23:49] Four structural notes on this monologue.

Beatrice continues her discourse at the end of PURGATORIO by offering Dante classical examples of her own obscurity, Christian resonances for the very hope of writing, and a challenge for him to become her scribe, to take notes on her lectures.This passage falls in the middle of her long monologue in the last canto of PURGATORIO and it forms the fulcrum that turns us from the apocalyptic vision to something much closer to Dante's own concerns: the craft of writing.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we tease out the difficulties in this notoriously challenging passage at the end of PURGATORIO.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:59] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, Lines 46 - 60. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:24] The obscurity as the point.[07:02] Themis and the Sphinx, early human riddles.[10:02] Dante's well-intended mistake about the Naiads.[13:41] Beatrice's theory of Dante's craft.[15:59] The classical to the Christian: the dominant move in INFERNO and PURGATORIO.[17:35] A twice-robbed tree--but how?[19:50] The tree for God's sole use.[21:58] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, lines 46 - 60.

As Beatrice and Dante continue to walk through Eden, she begins the final discourse that will end PURGATORIO: a cryptic, apocalyptic vision of the world (or maybe just the church?) set right. But by whom? Or when? And is the church destroyed? Or is it going to be rehabilitated?Beatrice's vision is the capstone of PURGATORIO and prepares us for the elliptical and stylized poetry to come in PARADISO, just ahead of us. It's a test to see whether we can make it. Don't worry: We will!Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we begin our final walk across one of the most difficult passages in PURGATORIO. Seven hundred years of commentary hasn't come to any agreement on these lines. Why should we?To keep this podcast afloat, please consider a one-time donation or a very small monthly stipend to underwrite its many fees. You can do so at this PayPal link.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:43] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, Lines 25 - 45. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me by a comment on this episode, please find it on my website: markscarbrough.com.[04:18] A reminder: the rigid and highly stylized manner code in the Middle Ages.[08:46] Beatrice's redefinition of the terms: wakefulness rather than walking, the chariot as a vessel, the dragon as a serpent (from Eden?), and the chariot's possible, full destruction.[14:18] A translation problem: the possible sop of bread. And difficult interpretations: God's vendetta and a future heir.[18:30] Seven hundred years of commentary on the tough problem of "five hundred ten and five--God's messenger."[27:42] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, lines 25 - 45.

From tragedy to comedy, the apocalyptic vision in Canto XXXII has come to an end and Beatrice accepts Dante as her walking companion in Eden.A relatively easy passage begins the final canto of PURGATORIO, perhaps a breather before the much more difficult material that will make up the bulk of the last canto of PURGATORIO.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we walk with Beatrice, Dante, the seven ladies, the lady who tends Eden, and Statius. They're a final parade to wrap up this second canticle of COMEDY.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:26] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, Lines 1 - 24. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:31] Possibly, a simple interlude between much more difficult passages.[04:58] The Latin quotation from Psalm 78/79 that opens the final canto of PURGATORIO.[09:19] Beatrice's Latin quotation from the Gospel of John as Dante fuses Mary and Jesus into her character.[16:46] Beatrice's parade and the question of her nine steps.[21:53] Beatrice, Dante's new guide across the known universe.[26:51] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXIII, lines 1- 24.

Dante is now ready for the final apocalyptic vision of PURGATORIO . . . and in the last place we might expect it: in that bastion of innocence and purity, the Garden of Eden.In seven vignettes, Dante witnesses some chaotic and catastrophic collapse of the chariot and even one of the original trees of Eden.But all is not lost. Beatrice is on the scene. And Dante himself participates in this vision, seemingly instigating a new ending to what had become a disaster.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, for the first of two episodes on the grand apocalypse of Eden in PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII.To support this work, please consider a small monthly stipend or a one-time gift to help cover the many fees associated with this podcast. You can donate at this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:37] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, Lines 109 - 180. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[05:28] Thoughts on the almost surreal strangeness of the vision as it moves from the natural world to the monstrous.[08:59] The structure of the vision: seven vignettes--five in six-line segments; the first and last scenes, longer.[18:34] Echoes in the vision to other moments in COMEDY: eagles, a vixen, dragons, a prostitute, and giants.[23:12] Biblical echoes from the Apocalypse of St. John at the end of Dante's vision.[25:03] Two outside actors who enter the vision and fundamentally change it.

Dante wakes back up from his unexpected sleep to find that the grand parade is heading off into the forest (or maybe the skies). He's in a panic that Beatrice has left, too, although the young woman of Eden comforts him and shows her now humble place under the renewed tree.Meanwhile, we readers are equally panicked . . . or at least de-centered, as we try to make sense of complicated similes and oblique symbolic meanings. COMEDY is getting more complex by the line. It's a game of interpretation we've been preparing to play since INFERNO, Canto I.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we look at the passage just before the giant apocalyptic vision of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII.To underwrite the many fees for this work, consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:21] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, Lines 70 - 108. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:53] Four (or maybe five) interwoven Biblical references in the opening twelve lines of this passage (or the opening four tercets).[13:25] The interweaving of textuality to de-center the reader by pushing meaning further into mystery.[15:52] Dante's awakening to panic and then obeisance.[19:43] The complex meaning of Beatrice's changed position under the tree.[25:10] Dante's Roman hopes for heaven.[26:47] A flourish of the medieval high rhetorical style at the end of the passage.[28:53] Writing as awakening and return.[31:23] Rereading this passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, lines 70 - 108.

The griffin pulls the chariot or cart up to the denuded tree--the "widowed" tree--and the tree regenerates into a color reminiscent of other moments in PURGATORIO. But which one exactly?We're descending into the murk of mystery with new songs that can't be defined, with allegories that are becoming increasingly opaque, and even with classical references that seem somehow out of place in the overall arch of the glorious parade.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we begin to approach the strange and incomprehensible mysteries that lie at the end of the second canticle of COMEDY.To support this work, consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:24] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, Lines 49 - 69. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me with a comment on this episode, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:32] A correction perhaps: "Adam" may have been a murmured reassessment of the misogyny in the text.[04:55] The pole, the chariot, and the tree: complicated translation problems.[07:15] The pole as the cross or perhaps the ties of good human governance.[11:49] The changing seasons as the tree regenerates.[13:26] The ambiguous symbolism of purple.[15:41] The unknown new song, a further mystery in the passage.[18:48] A tense and perhaps off-pitch reference to Ovid.[22:27] A knock against representative art before the apocalyptic vision just ahead.[24:18] Rereading the text: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, lines 49 - 69.

The griffin rolls his chariot up to the foot of a denuded tree as Beatrice descends out of her ride. The symbolism (the allegories, in fact) become increasingly murky, difficult to parse, especially when the griffin says his one and only line in COMEDY.Dante's Garden of Eden is a place where the games of interpretation kick into high gear. Nothing is what it seems . . . yet what it is is a matter of much debate.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we work through this increasingly complex passage on our way to the final apocalyptic vision of PURGATORIO.To help support this work with a one-time donation or a very small on-going stipend, please consider using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:04] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, Lines 28 - 48. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:04] Statius, both physically and thematically in the passage.[05:55] Adam and Eve, with notes toward the theological fall of mankind.[09:19] The stripped tree in the Garden of Eden . . . but which tree?[14:49] The griffin, becoming a more difficult allegory with his one and only line in COMEDY.[21:06] Beatrice and her (complex) descent from the chariot/cart.[25:57] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, lines 28 - 48.

Face to face with Beatrice, the pilgrim Dante is ready for more revelation. Problem is, even after Lethe he's still doing things wrong and must be corrected by the women around the griffin's chariot.But what is he doing wrong? And why does the entire parade of revelation go into retreat? What indeed does that griffin symbolize? And how did we get from the intensely personal experience of Dante's confession and contrition to this much more global view of the allegories on the march?Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we begin to walk slowly through one of the most complex cantos (and certainly the longest canto) in all of COMEDY.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:17] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, Lines 1 - 27. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me about this canto, please find the entry for this podcast episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:31] A brief introduction to PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII.[05:19] Notes for the first nine lines (or three tercets) of the canto.[10:40] Dante's forgotten failings and Beatrice's on-going attraction.[12:04] Dante's intense gaze . . . but for or at what?[16:23] Beatrice and the problem of the "lesser thing" of revelation.[21:28] The parade of revelation (or of the church militant) in retreat with its "precious cargo."[25:01] The griffin's feathers, which prompt further questions about the griffin's allegorical meaning.[28:08] Bridging the personal and the universal.[31:04] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXII, lines 1- 27.

Vic Verchereau welcomes Josh Williams, who is CEO at Limitless Innovation. An interesting Journey that allows us to rethink our expectations. Josh Williams, the CEO of Limitless Innovation explains: "I became the one they never expected. At 16 my math teacher told me to drop out, and buy a leather jacket because I was never going to amount to anything. My English teacher told me I didn't deserve to take his class because I could barely read. My freshman year in college, I dropped out. 1.4 GPA. That should have been the end. Go find a job and just accept mediocracy. But here's what no one tells you... Those moments don't define your ceiling, they reveal your edge. They force a decision: accept the story you're given or build one of your own." Leadership Lowdown host, Vic Verchereau gets Josh to share his thoughts on a variety of meaningful leadership topics with this unique pacesetter. Grab a notepad and get ready! This is gonna be fun! » Visit MBN website: www.michiganbusinessnetwork.com/ » Subscribe to MBN's YouTube: www.youtube.com/@MichiganbusinessnetworkMBN » Like MBN: www.facebook.com/mibiznetwork » Follow MBN: twitter.com/MIBizNetwork/ » MBN Instagram: www.instagram.com/mibiznetwork/

We finally come to the face-to-face meeting of Beatrice and Dante. We've waited for this moment since INFERNO, Canto II, when Beatrice first stepped into COMEDY.Neither Dante nor Beatrice speak at their close meeting. Instead, the women around the chariot beg Beatrice to reveal her second, hidden beauty: her mouth.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the complex symbolism in this passage. We'll also take on its textual difficulties: a Biblical allusion that has been muddled in commentary, a lost word that's hard to translate, and a question of quotation marks in a medieval manuscript.To support this work, consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend by using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:26] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 127 - 145. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:11] Textual problems in the first six lines (XXXI: 127 - 132)--a muddled Biblical reference, a moral question of virtues, and a word that's hard to translate.[07:49] Beatrice's turning and the coming revelation of her mouth.[10:57] A difficult conclusion to Canto XXXI: Who says these complicated lines that use the informal "you"?[16:59] Forgetting and remembering your former works to create something new.[23:10] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 127 - 145.

Dante has now crossed Lethe and is ready to face Beatrice head on. She has moved to get ready for this eye-to-eye conversation. She's positioned nearer the griffin, a complicated symbol that may have more than one interpretation.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore both Beatrice (particularly her emerald eyes) and this dual-natured beast that seems to become more difficult to interpret with its every move in the poem.To support this podcast, consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend through this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:19] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, Lines 112 - 126. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[02:44] Beatrice has moved . . . but where?[05:09] With her emerald eyes, Beatrice and Dante finally escape the Francesca episode.[09:15] Dante is the Orpheus who can look into the eyes of his Eurydice.[10:49] Here are at least two additional interpretations for the griffin.[13:58] Beatrice's eyes are the methodology of revelation (and mystery).[16:41] The passage drops the first hint about Jesus' transfiguration.[18:50] Reflection is transfiguring, as in the craft of poetry.[19:34] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 112 - 126.

Dante wakes up in the arms of the young woman who first welcomed him to the Garden of Eden. She's dragging him through Lethe before she forcefully pushes him underwater.This scene is deeply symbolic and allegorical . . . although it raises many more questions than it answers. In fact, it seems to want to leave many things open-ended, a cue that Dante wants us in the poem, working on solutions to the many puzzles he has set.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we see the pilgrim Dante cleansed and ready to dance with the seven virtues around Beatrice's chariot.To support this work, consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend. You can make either contribution at this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:29] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, Lines 91 - 111. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website: markscarbrough.com.[03:43] Two notes on the first nine lines: the heart and the shuttle.[06:33] Is this a baptism?[09:46] Three questions that surround the Latin line from the Psalms.[13:43] Why is the dunking so forceful?[15:45] What sign do the four women make over Dante?[17:41] The seven women fill in the details from PURGATORIO, Cantos I and VIII.[19:56] The four women are linked to the classical world; the three women, to the contemplative life.[22:43] Does everything happen to Statius, too? And to other penitent souls?[26:23] How do you express the inexpressible?[28:28] Must our poet forget the CONVIVIO in Lethe?[29:39] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 91 - 111.

Beatrice has finished her case against the pilgim Dante. All that's left is for him to find his way beyond confession and into confession . . . which he does with a major crack-up that leads him to faint for the third time in COMEDY.Before he collapses, the poem begins a series of inversions or reversals that both increase the ironic valences of the passage and give its reader an almost vertigo-inducing sense of Dante's emotional landscape.A difficult passage in the Garden of Eden, here Beatrice accomplishes what she came for. Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the slow build-up to the final moment of contrition . . . which mimics the moment when Dante gives way in front of Francesca, back in INFERNO's circle of lust.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:20] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, Lines 64 - 90. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:15] Dante, from boy to man.[07:26] Recognition, the key to the passage, to contrition, and a possible node of irony.[10:38] The "unbearded" oak and the final crack-up.[13:49] Iarbas and Dido v. Dante and the new Dido.[16:28] Beatrice's venom.[17:27] Dante's beard.[20:00] The angels' departure?[21:16] The meaning of the beast's two natures.[23:53] Glossing the end of the passage: lines 82 - 90.[27:57] Francesca and her physical seduction v. Beatrice and her physical-theological seduction.[33:01] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 64 - 90.

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Beatrice continues to lead Dante toward contrition, pointing out both the purposes of her body (or corpse) and the ways he has failed to followed her lofty beauty.She finishes her second salvo at the pilgrim with a rhetorical flourish, showing the reader (and Dante) that she is a master of rhetoric, someone who commands a high, elevated style of poetry--that is, a fusion of the literal and the metaphoric that will become increasingly necessary to describe the PARADISO experience.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we look at the conclusion of Beatrice's second run at the pilgrim Dante and find the ways that she is directing both him and his poetry.To support the work of this podcast with a small monthly stipend or a one-time gift, please visit this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:09] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, Lines 49 - 63. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:19] Glossing the full passage: "beauty" three times, high rhetorical style, low vulgar vocabulary, and an aphoristic ending.[13:15] Rereading Beatrice's second salvo at Dante: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 22 - 63.[15:22] The uneasy but crucial balance between allegorical/metaphorical language and literal/realistic language.[18:57] Beatrice: negative space made flesh.[23:38] Renegotiating COMEDY v. intending these revelations all along.[28:06] High rhetorical style in Dante's vernacular mouth.

Ever since INFERNO, Canto I, we've never fully understood why Dante woke up lost in that dark wood.Now, in the Garden of Eden, Beatrice brings him to the point where he can voice what he did wrong. He can finally offer his confession.It was all about her all along. And maybe about what he wrote. And maybe about another woman who caught his eye. Or maybe all of it at once.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the moment in PURGATORIO in which Beatrice finally brings the pilgrim to his full confession.If you'd like to support this podcast, consider a small monthly stipend or a one-time donation, using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:12] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, Lines 22 - 48. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find this episode's entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:16] An easy outline of this passage.[04:27] Recasting Dante's faults into metaphoric language.[09:18] Dante's confession.[12:40] Beatrice and the formal form of "you."[14:34] Her acceptance of Dante's confession, leading him to contrition.[18:15] Beatrice: allegory v. realism.[23:15] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 22 - 48.

Wailing, Dante comes in for Beatrice's impatience. He hasn't responded yet to her charges, so she turns the spear point of her words on him.He cracks . . . and in doing so, loses language, words, the very things that are the heart of his craft.Canto XXXI opens with an intensely emotional scene, meant to bring the pilgrim right to the brink of his ability to handle things . . . about like what happened with Francesca in INFERNO, Canto V.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the second canto of PURGATORIO that is centered on the pilgim Dante's interiority . . . and his craft as a poet.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:49] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, Lines 1 - 21. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:36] Prefatory remarks on PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI.[07:02] A node of Dantean irony in a very serious canto.[10:14] Confession, the first step to forgiveness for Dante (but not for the church).[15:49] The master poet and the failure of his language.[24:29] Dante, the cracked crossbow.[28:15] The return of Francesca.[30:34] Rereading PURGATORIO, Canto XXXI, lines 1 - 21.

Beatrice finishes her first indictment of Dante by showing him the fit subject matter for his abundant talent: her and the damned.She accuses him of chasing after false images, then of discounting her own inspiration in dreams. She ends with her final hope: to descend to the doorway of the dead and get the pilgrim started across the known universe.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the final lines of PURGATORIO, Canto XXX: Beatrice's first indictment of Dante.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:25] My English translation of the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, Lines 127 - 145. If you'd like to read along or continue the discussion with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:16] In praise of Beatrice's elevated rhetoric.[05:20] The erotic tension between Beatrice and Dante.[07:59] First callback in the passage: to either the Siren in PURGATORIO XIX or to the second woman in the VITA NUOVA.[10:22] Second callback: to either Beatrice's eyes or her appearance in a dream toward the end of the VITA NUOVA.[13:43] Third callback: to Limbo (and Virgil).[15:37] Dante's search for the subject matter that will fit his talent.[16:47] Four levels of interpretation for Beatrice's first indictment: literal, moral, allegorical, and anagogical.[21:31] When was Dante supposed to purse these failings on the mountain?[23:27] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, lines 127 - 145.

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Beatrice is now fully in charge . . . so much so that she can even tell the angels in the chariot with her what they can't understand.She launches into her first indictment of the pilgrim, Dante. Here, she claims that he hasn't fulfilled his talent.He hasn't? With so much of COMEDY behind us?And what if then the point of this journey? Is it poetic craft or personal redemption?Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we comb through the first of Beatrice's condemnations of Dante's many failings that have led him to the top of Mount Purgatory.If you'd like to help support this podcast with a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend, please consider donating what you can through this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:41] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, Lines 100 - 126. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:23] What can the angels in the chariot not know?[08:13] What germinates from heaven, far above the seeds that blow out of the Garden of Eden?[11:15] What was Dante supposed to have done?[15:19] What good was this journey across the known universe?[18:40] How do you stay open to the grace you get but perhaps don't expect?[20:02] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, lines 100 - 126.

Beatrice has offered her first condemnation of Dante, just as his salve and mentor, Virgil, has left the scene. He's stuck across Lethe with the ice sheet encasing his heart. Even the angels surrounding Beatrice in the chariot seem dumbfounded by her vitriol and offer the pilgrim a psalm of consolation . . . which finally makes the ice that has surrounded his heart melt. He ends up wailing.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore this brilliant passage about interiority from the very top of Mount Purgatorio in the Garden of Eden.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:34] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, Lines 79 - 99. If you'd like to read along or drop a comment on this episode, please find its entry on my website: markscarbrough.com.[03:53] One textual reference in the passage: Psalm 30/31: 1 - 8.[07:46] A second textual reference in the passage: Augustine's CONFESSIONS, Book VIII.[09:07] One metaphoric rearrangement in the passage: Beatrice as mother and Dante as son.[11:55] A second metaphoric rearrangement: the melting ice inside of Dante.[19:28] Allegory as art.[22:30] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, lines 79 - 99.

We finally hear the first words from Beatrice's mouth. (We've heard her before but as told by Virgil in INFERNO, Canto II.) She is certainly not person we expected. She's the admiral controlling her ship.She names the pilgrim, names herself, and gets very close to blasphemy in a passage that defies our expectations, about as revelation should.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, for the moment that Beatrice takes center stage in Dante's masterwork, COMEDY.If you'd like to help underwrite this podcast, please consider a one-time donation or a very small monthly stipend, using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:33] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, Lines 55 - 78. If you'd like to read along or drop a comment about this episode, please find its entry on my website: markscarbrough.com.[04:41] The pilgrim finally named: Dante.[09:03] The crux dilemma of orthodoxy: purity versus human feeling.[13:44] Beatrice's ship, plus other ships in COMEDY.[15:29] Beatrice, the admiral.[17:34] Dante's difficulty in naming himself.[20:20] Beatrice, Minerva, and our (or the pilgrim's?) expectations.[23:42] Beatrice's curious blasphemy and questions.[27:09] Dante as a rejuvenated Narcissus.[30:32] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, lines 55 - 78.

The parade of revelation has stopped and everything holds its breath for what comes next.She's veiled, behind scattered flowers. But Beatrice arrives, in the place of Jesus Christ, her second coming, her advent in the victory chariot.And as she arrives, Virgil disappears from COMEDY. (Statius, too, even if he's still standing next to the pilgrim.) This moment is perhaps the climax of the poem as we have understood it up until now. From here on, everything changes. We have moved out of time and into a world beyond human reason. It's a cause for rejoicing but also for great sadness.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:13] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, Lines 22 - 54. If you'd like to read along or drop a comment about this episode, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:14] Word choices in the passage that reflect its thematic and emotional space.[07:04] The Vita Nuova as foundational to Beatrice's appearance.[12:00] Beatrice's colors and the parade of revelation.[13:39] Christological confusions with Beatrice.[16:48] Gender confusions during her arrival.[19:10] The pilgrim's imagined dialogue with a (mis)quote from The Aeneid.[23:03] The sad, quiet disappearance of Virgil and the pilgrim's pronounced, loud interiority.[29:02] The silent, almost unnoticed departure of Statius from the poem.[31:06] The cleansing of the pilgrim as a bookend for the work of PURGATORIO.[32:39] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, lines 22 - 54

The grand parade of revelation has come to a stop across Lethe from our pilgrim, Virgil, and Statius. Everything seems to hold its breath: the constellations stop moving, the crowd goes quiet, one voice calls out for the bride, then a hundred angels appear, calling out for the groom . . . which is surely Jesus, right?We seem to be on the verge of a celestial marriage ceremony, the mystic union of Jesus and his church . . . except Virgil's AENEID gets the last word and darkens the scene considerably.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we stand in expectation at the top of Mount Purgatory for the arrival of . . . somebody.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:24] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, Lines 1 - 21. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me by dropping a comment on this episode, please find its entry on my website: markscarbrough.com.[04:33] The Little Dipper, the North Star, the chariot, a griffin, and the Bible, all bound up in the longest sentence in COMEDY.[13:59] The resurrection with a reclothed voice (that is, the stuff of poetry).[16:38] Many angels in a very small cart.[19:32] Quoting the triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem (here and in The Vita Nuova).[21:44] Quoting the tragic prophecy about Marcellus from THE AENEID.[24:43] Inserting Dante and Virgil into Biblical citations.[26:59] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXX, lines 1 - 21.

The pilgrim has found the perfect perch to see the full scope and length of the parade of allegories at the top of the Mount Purgatory in the garden of Eden.After the griffin and its chariot come seven merry women and seven more somber men. They are complex allegories that have inspired much debate.More than that, they are also an atemporal moment, something outside of chronological time, the way revelation most often happens.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we look more closely at the end of the (first half of the) apocalyptic parade our pilgrim witnesses from across the river Lethe.If you'd like to help with the many costs of this podcast, please consider a very small monthly stipend or a one-time gift, using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:13] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, Lines 121 - 154. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website: markscarbrough.com.[04:34] The three theological virtues (or colors)--which cause a rereading of previous moments in the great parade.[09:02] The four cardinal or philosophical virtues, clothed in purple, a deep, imperial red.[12:00] The seven men who end the parade as seen through the now standard (or consensus) interpretation: the latter books of the New Testament.[16:06] Alternate interpretations: the allegories as a parade of revelation, rather than strictly the books of the Bible.[20:38] The metapoetics of living, walking books.[21:24] The temporal anomaly of the grand parade.[24:11] Rereading the entire parade: PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 43 - 154.

The parade goes on to include a Roman, two-wheeled, victory chariot between the four animals. It's a brilliant moment, a chariot better than even famous Roman conquerors got, pulled by a griffin, a legendary two-natured creature . . . yet with a curious moment of emptiness right in all of the victory.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we continue deeper into the allegory of the parade of revelation at the top of Mount Purgatory.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:32] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 106 - 120. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation about this passage with me, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:13] The changing nature of allegory at the top of Mount Purgatory.[09:38] The poetics of the passage: extreme concision and more of Guido Cavalcanti's pastoral poetry.[13:26] Roman military history in the passage: Scipio the Younger and Caesar Augustus.[17:41] Roman (or Ovidian) mythology in the passage: Phaëthon and the sun's chariot.[21:39] The griffin: ancient, medieval, and allegorical (but of what?).[27:20] The great aporia: the chariot is empty![28:51] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 106 - 120.

The parade goes on, now that the pilgrim, Dante, is in a good spot to see it.After the twenty-four lords in white come four animals with green fronds as crowns. They are like the Cherubim in both the prophecies of Ezekiel and in the Apocalypse of St. John (or the book of Revelation).Except not really. Or sort of. Well, the poet doesn't have time to explain. Go read the text yourself. And especially the one that doesn't quite agree with what I saw.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we find Dante's irony alive and well, even during the grand parade of divine revelation.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:20] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, Lines 88 - 105. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[02:56] The naturalistic, lush landscape à la Guido Cavalcanti's pastoral poem.[04:49] The constellations, Argus, and the peacock.[06:35] The four "animals" from Ezekiel and the Apocalypse of St. John (or the New Testament book of Revelation).[09:19] Allegorical interpretations of the four animals.[11:19] "Unmoored" allegories in COMEDY: here and with the three beasts in INFERNO, Canto I.[14:02] Dante, the Biblical text, and questions of its inerrancy.[16:25] The direct address tot he reader, perhaps a wild bit of Dantean irony even here in the divine parade.[21:34] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 88 - 105.

The parade goes on! Our pilgrim, Dante, turns back from Virgil's amazement and finds more of the parade coming toward him . . . at least, he does so after he's reprimanded by the lady who stands across Lethe.In this passage, the poet's craft heightens to reveal gorgeous poetry that comes from the apocalyptic tradition but far exceeds its beauty with both the Easter eggs Dante puts in the text and the ways the poetry itself enhances the wonder of the parade at hand.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we work through our second passage on the parade of revelation in the Garden of Eden at the top of Mount Purgatory.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:19] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 58 - 87. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this podcast episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:09] The tradition of apocalyptic literature and Dante's use of it.[08:44] Biblical references in this part of the apocalyptic parade.[13:54] Contemporary cultural references in the parade.[16:01] Surprises: Dante's changes to Biblical imagery, his Easter eggs to his own text, and his idiosyncratic word choices.[20:07] Possible allegorical interpretations for the twenty-four lords (or elders) and the distance of ten paces between the lights.[25:20] The poetry of the parade: colorful brushwork and gorgeous (if incomplete) reflections in Lethe.[28:43] More on emergent revelation.[31:47] Rereading PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 58 - 87.

As the pilgrim, his poets, and the beautiful lady continue to stand beside Lethe, they see the approaching parade of the apocalypse, which is an example of emergent revelation, the truth coming in slowly and even deceptively.Our poet has set up a poetic space that leaves even Virgil speechless as we witness the first of the parade of multiple, open-ended meanings proliferate in the Garden of Eden.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we catch our first glimpse of Dante's answer to St. John's Apocalypse.If you'd like to help underwrite the many fees associated with this podcast, please consider a one-time donation or a very small monthly stipend, using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:16] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, Lines 31 - 57. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:00] The emergent revelation of the images and sounds.[09:00] The process of perception (and understanding).[14:12] Multiplying meanings in the apocalyptic parade.[20:27] The creation of space for the poetic imagery.[23:11] The second invocation of PURGATORIO.[26:50] The questions of poetic craft in this vision.[28:23] Virgil in the apocalypse.[31:10] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 31 - 57.

Our pilgrim, Dante, and the beautiful lady across Lethe walk on for a bit before the stream bends and the pilgrim ends up facing the right way to see the first flash of light that will signal the great apocalyptic parade in Eden.The opening of PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, brings us back to the pastoral world of Guido Cavalcanti's poem before launching us into allegory, theology, morality, and even misogyny.If you'd like to help underwrite the many fees for this podcast, please consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend using this PayPal link right here.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we find ourselves at the front of the great parade in Eden.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:27] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, Lines 1 - 30. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation by dropping a comment, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:07] An introduction to PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX.[06:59] The only canto in COMEDY that begins with a derivative of the word "canto."[08:24] More references to Guido Calvalcanti's pastoral poem.[11:44] A psalm retrofitted to become a beatitude, moving us from the classical world to divine revelation.[14:31] The symbolism (and allegory?) of their paces and the stream's bend.[18:00] Sight and hearing as the basis but not nearly enough, as with Guido Cavalcanti's poem.[19:02] The lady's reaction ("brother") and the pilgrim's reaction (a lack of fear).[21:45] The misogyny from the initial flash of light.[28:59] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXIX, lines 1 - 30.

The beautiful lady winds up her discourse with a corollary that combines both revelation and reason to offer a fulcrum to COMEDY as a whole: The classical world dreamed of Eden.Redemption is a cul-de-sac, returning us to our primal state while also offering us a way to remain readers of the classical world's poetry.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we explore the end of the lady's discourse, the longest speech by a woman yet in COMEDY.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:15] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 134 - 148. If you'd like to read along or drop a comment on this episode to continue the conversation, please find the entry for this episode on my website: markscarbrough.com.[02:55] Revelation and reason as coequals in scholastic theology.[06:52] The Golden Age and the Garden of Eden as overlapping spaces and the cul-de-sac of revelation.[09:14] The pilgrim (and indeed, the poem) in the cul-de-sac with the classical poets on one side and the beautiful lady on the other.[12:27] The longest speech by a woman yet in COMEDY.[16:57] Rereading this passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 134 - 148.

The lady across the stream continues her answer to the pilgrim Dante's question about the breeze and the water. In this case, she explains the ecology of Eden, offers an understanding of global botany, and finally layers the meaning thick over the rivers of Eden, one of which is the poet's utter invention.The landscape itself is becoming allegorical, moral, theological, even anagogical, all while remaining true to its pastoral form (and roots).Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we delve deeper into the lady's capacious answers and the poet's ever-widening imagination.If you'd like the help defray the many costs and fees associated with this website, please consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend through this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:31] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 109 - 133. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:09] The botany of both Eden and our own world.[07:28] The ecology of Eden: abundance.[11:05] The hydrology of Eden.[14:03] The strange placement of Lethe in Dante's afterlife.[17:15] The poet's reimagination of Eden, including an unprecedented river.[20:23] The vertical layering of meaning onto the pastoral form.[23:09] The inevitable logical faults of an imagined landscape.[25:48] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 109 - 133.

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The lady in Eden says she's come to answer the pilgrim's questions. And he's got one. It just might not be the first question on our minds.But it's one that reveals the hall of mirrors that the poet has created in COMEDY, in which the poem itself justifies its own fictional if scientific answers to questions that lead the fictional pilgrim (and the very real reader) to a position of faith, based on the imagined landscape.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we work through the first of the lady's speech with our pilgrim (as well as Virgil and Statius) in the Garden of Eden at the top of Mount Purgatory.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:27] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 85 - 108. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:06] The lady's six-line theological explanation for the Garden of Eden and the fall of mankind.[07:31] The lady's six-line scientific explanation for the breeze on the top of Mount Purgatory.[11:04] The lady's six-line glimpse of Paradise above.[12:54] The pilgrim's question of faith is built off the fictional landscape and its "scientific" answers found in the poem itself.[21:39] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 85 - 108.

The lady in the forest has come to face the pilgrim and his poets across the stream in the forest.The pilgrim clearly feels a sexual attraction toward her, one that might even make us think of his reactions to Beatrice.She, however, has other ideas, like answering their many questions. Except in so doing, she raises even more questions than she has time to answer.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we work through this passage in PURGATORIO in which we first learn we're wandering around in the Garden of Eden.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:37] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 67 - 84. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me by dropping a comment on this episode, please find it on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:38] Upright and flirty: the many contradictions of the lady in the forest.[07:04] A rare misstep in COMEDY.[08:06] A tough tangle of references from Ovid and the Bible: from pride to sexual attraction to (thwarted) redemption.[15:28] The tenuous connections between the lady's laugh and their doubts, as well as her words and Virgil's presence.[21:17] Her purpose: to offer answers (but not to remove sexual tension).[23:39] The Garden of Eden, utterly reimagined by Dante.[28:23] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 67 - 84.

Our pilgrim, Dante, calls the solitary lady over to him. She can't cross the stream that divides them, but she can dance in place before coming closer to him.All the while, the poet keeps darkening the poetry around her with threatening references in the pilgrim's mouth--that is, classical examples of profane love that end up in tragic circumstances.And all this, despite our poet quoting repeatedly from his rival poet's poem.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we watch meaning get thicker and thicker at the top of Mount Purgatory.If you'd like to help support this podcast by underwriting its many fees, please consider a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend, using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:30] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 43 - 66. If you'd like to read along or drop a comment about this episode to continue the conversation, please find its spot on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:53] What if wandering is the start of some of the most significant journeys?[08:22] My interpretive thesis: The solitary lady is the only fully fictional character in COMEDY.[12:30] The poet Dante is cribbing a pastoral poem by his literary rival, Guido Cavalcanti.[18:14] Two reasons Dante may have cribbed Cavalcanti's pastoral poem: 1) to assuage Dante's own guilt in Cavalcanti's death or 2) to show the limits of Cavalcanti's (and others') poetry.[22:59] Two classical exemplars from Ovid--Proserpina and Venus--darken the passage considerably.[27:48] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 43 - 66.

Our pilgrim continues walking through the old-growth forest, so dark that very little light can get into its cooling shade.He is eventually blocked by two seemingly small things: a little brook flowing to the left and a solitary lady across the way, singing and picking flowers.But the poet Dante gives us hints that all is already not what it seems.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we continue our journey across the top of Mount Purgatory . . . and notice that meaning is becoming layered over the naturalist details our pilgrim innocently notices.If you'd like to help cover the fees for this podcast with a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend, you can do so at this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:07] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 22 - 42. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me by dropping a comment about this episode, please do so on my website: markscarbrough.com.[03:03] A glance back to the start of the canto . . . and a glance back to the start of INFERNO.[05:59] More repeated words in the poetry.[07:31] Naturalistic details and the initial layering of metaphysical, moral, or allegorical meaning.[16:30] No geographical understanding of this place (yet) . . . but a literary understanding of it: pastoral poetry.[22:48] The unnamed, solitary lady as an interpretive trap.[24:57] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 22 - 42.

Our pilgrim has been set free--crowned and mitered, in fact--and can wander at will through the dense, thick wood that tops Mount Purgatory.The opening lines of Canto XXVIII are fully from the pilgrim's point of view. They offer us a wealth of naturalistic detail that looks simple on first blush but that will get layered with sedimentary meaning over the next five and a half cantos.This place is unprecedented in all of COMEDY. Let's see it for what it is, without delving into the exact answers to the questions of where we are. Join me, Mark Scarbrough, for the opening lines of the third "chapter" of PURGATORIO.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:17] My English translation of the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 1 - 21. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:11] First detail: eagerness as the prime motivation.[06:08] Second detail: first hints about the prominent poetics in the passage.[08:42] Third detail: naturalistic imagery that isn't.[11:04] Fourth detail: the beginnings of polyphony (and dissonance).[13:09] Fifth detail: the pine forest at Classe.[14:47] First nuanced point: wandering away and perhaps a resonance with Geryon.[17:50] Second nuanced point: a Saharan wind in this verdant place (and perhaps an echo of Juno's storm that drives Aeneas into Dido's arms).[20:31] First major interpretive node: constancy as the changed strategy for the poem.[23:08] Second major interpretive node: the four verdant or forested landscapes of COMEDY before this one.[31:57] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXVIII, lines 1 - 21.

We have come to the climax of Virgil's in COMEDY: the apex of his character, the moment when he is what he should have been all along, a poignant and fitting summit for this most difficult figure in the poem.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we stand at the top of the final staircase on Mount Purgatory and take our first steps into the Garden of Eden with the pilgrim who is ready to continue on his own, with crown and miter in hand, thanks all to Virgil, the best guide he could have had.Please consider supporting this work by offering a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend through this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[02:11] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXVII, lines 124 - 142. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:45] The climax of Virgil's natural talent and learned skill for the soul's journey across the known universe.[14:19] Our first glimpse at the top of Mount Purgatory beyond the stairs.[17:50] The entrance to the Garden of Eden--and a theological problem about Satan.[21:27] The pilgrim, with crown and miter from Virgil.[30:24] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXVII, lines 124 - 142.

We come to the climax of Virgil's character in the poem, the end of PURGATORIO, Canto XXVII. Let's take this dramatic and chilling scene in two episodes, starting with the moment our pilgrim, Dante, wakes up from his third dream on the mountain.Virgil steps forward to offer a grand and perhaps new hope. The journey is not about the need for justice. It's now about the search for peace.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we work through this first of two passages where Virgil's character reaches its most accurate and compelling focus.Please support this work with a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend, using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[02:26] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXVII, lines 109 -123. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:58] Callbacks from previous passages in PURGATORIO as this one begins to wrap up the canticle so far.[12:14] Omitting the erasure of the final "P" on the pilgrim's forehead.[13:37] The only calm awakening from a dream in PURGATORIO.[15:44] Virgil, finally and fully the father-guide the pilgrim has always needed.[23:51] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXVII, lines 109 - 123.

Our pilgrim has lain down on a step of the final staircase of Mount Purgatory, positioned between Statius below and Virgil above him.As he watches the large and bright stars, he suddenly falls asleep to dream of Leah (and her sister Rachel) in an Edenic garden, the hope for self-reflection bound up in the promise of the contemplative life.This dream may well begin to sum up Dante's notion of how a human finds the divine.Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we walk through the final dream of PURGATORIO.Consider donating to keep this work afloat by using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:29] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXVII, lines 91 - 108. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me, please find the entry for this episode on my website, markscarbrough.com.[03:05] The players around and in the dream: Cytherea, Leah, and Rachel.[10:40] Three interpretations of the dream. One, a pre-fall Even and a post-redemption Eve in the Garden of Eden.[12:50] Two, a Biblical dream after two classical dreams, but all deeply sexual in nature.[17:26] Three, two modes for revelation: the active life and the contemplative life.[19:03] Dantean psychology: finding the divine in the beloved leads to finding the divine in the self.[23:22] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXVII, lines 91 - 108.

Our pilgrim has entered the flames of lust. For the first time, he is not a voyeur of the torments. He experiences them on the last terrace of lust.He then hears a call to enter Paradise . . . before he falls asleep on the mountain's rocky staircase.Problem is, those flames don't burn up irony. It's thick in this passage. A goat even gets into Paradise!Join me, Mark Scarbrough, as we work through this final climb on Mount Purgatory before we enter the Garden of Eden.Consider supporting this podcast with a one-time donation or a small monthly stipend, using this PayPal link right here.Here are the segments for this episode of WALKING WITH DANTE:[01:22] My English translation of PURGATORIO, Canto XXVII, lines 49 - 90. If you'd like to read along or continue the conversation with me about this passage, please find its entry on my website, markscarbrough.com.[04:09] Dante's guilt (or creative apex) and Virgil's white lie (or painful memory).[10:02] The angel in Latin and in vernacular Florentine--and perhaps Dante's homesickness.[15:02] The scope of the journey: a half revolution around Mount Purgatory.[18:14] The pastoral, idyllic, Edenic simile to (try to) summarize the moments after the flames.[21:09] The irony in the simile, full of inaccurate reference points.[25:28] Dante, the goat let loose into Paradise.[29:29] Our poet, a world-builder.[30:55] Rereading the passage: PURGATORIO, Canto XXVII, lines 49 - 90.