Podcasts about atmospheric co2

Climate Change has terrible impacts today, and youth coming of age face depressing prospects. However, they are stepping up to the challenge and could see the fruits of their efforts in a restored climate during their lifetime. Climate restoration requires extraordinary efforts of young people, who are already leading the charge. On this episode, Sustainability In Your Ear introduces another winner of the Gloria Barron Prize for Young Heroes, which recognizes each year a dozen youth for their innovation and action. The program considers kids between 8 and 18.  In 2024, one of the remarkable individuals awarded $10,000 by the program is Varin Sikka, a 16-year-old innovator from California. Varin has invented AirCat, a groundbreaking Direct Air Capture (DAC) system designed to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere on a large scale. He's doing more than imagining the technology. Varin has a 3D-printed home version and is working with Siemens Energy after taking AirCat to the COP28 meeting in Dubai held in 2023.Varin was motivated to develop the AirCat by the apocalyptic wildfires that brought red skies to the San Francisco Bay Area in 2020. On today's show, he shares how he came to be a 16-year-old inventor, the feelings his friends have about climate change, and the advice he would give youth who feel climate anxiety: Get involved. This year's awards will be announced in the fall. Fiction writer T.A. Barron created the prize and named the program after his mother to help inspire kids to make a positive difference in the world. You can learn more about the Gloria Barron Prize, and if you are between 8 and 18 years old, consider entering to be considered for the 2025 awards at https://barronprize.org/ Subscribe to Sustainability in Your Ear on iTunes and Apple Podcasts.Follow Sustainability in Your Ear on Spreaker, iHeartRadio, or YouTubeCheck out previous Earth911 interviews about carbon capture technologiesBest of Earth911 Podcast: Nikki Batchelor and Mike Leitch Share XPRIZE Carbon Removal ProgressEarth911 Podcast: Talking Carbon Capture Investments with Rick ParnellEarth911 Podcast: Talking Eco-Anxiety and Carbon Capture With the Foundation for Climate Restoration's Dr. Erica DoddsEarth911 Podcast: Global Thermostat's Graciela Chichilnisky on Distributed Carbon Capture EconomiesBest of Earth911 Podcast: Nikki Batchelor and Mike Leitch Share XPRIZE Carbon Removal ProgressBest of Earth911 Podcast: Author Peter Fiekowsky on Climate RestorationTalking Direct Air Capture of Atmospheric CO2 with Peter FiekowskyBest of Earth911 Podcast: How To Build a Just & Equitable Carbon Removal IndustryBest of Earth911 Podcast: Dr. Marcius Extavour on the $100M XPRIZE Circular Carbon Network Competition

Alex Jones, the right-wing media personality who trades in conspiracy theories, requests Chapter 7 liquidation to pay Sandy Hook families who sued him for defamation. NPR media reporter David Folkenflik shares his own experiences with Washington Post publisher Will Lewis, who reportedly pushed to squash a story involving him. Atmospheric CO2 hits a new record.Want more comprehensive analysis of the most important news of the day, plus a little fun? Subscribe to the Up First newsletter.Today's episode of Up First was edited by Catherine Laidlaw, Emily Kopp, Neela Banerjee, Ally Schweitzer and Alice Woelfle. It was produced by Ziad Buchh, Ben Abrams, Chris Thomas, and Milton Guevara. Our technical director is Zac Coleman, with engineering support from Stacey Abbott.Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoicesNPR Privacy Policy

Carbon dioxide, or CO2, is portrayed as the worst villain in climate alarmism's pantheon of satanic gases. The claim is that increasing levels of greenhouse gases are purportedly driving atmospheric warming to dangerous and unprecedented levels which is said to be leading to ever increasing natural disasters, severe weather events and human health concerns. But what if these claims are wrong, catastrophically wrong. What if, rather than being at unprecedented high levels, CO2 is at one of its lowest concentrations in the long history of the Earth and that the modest warming anticipated from increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases will be benign. More carbon dioxide will bring huge benefits to agriculture, forestry and life in general. Returning guests Dr Will Happer Professor Emeritus of Physics at Princeton University and geologist Greg Wrightstone, both with the CO2 Coalition, make a convincing case in this episode for just that. Atmospheric CO2 is the primary carbon source for life on Earth.   Carbon dioxide concentrations - in part due to human emissions - are slowly growing from near-famine, pre-industrial values toward levels that are optimum for plant growth and which have prevailed over most of the geological history of higher life forms.   Carbon dioxide, at a current concentration of about 420 ppm, represents just 0.04% of the atmosphere, or about 420 molecules out of every million. Current levels are an incredibly small percentage of the atmosphere, albeit a critical one, as advanced plant life could not survive without at least 150 ppm. Recent declines in concentration have pushed the world dangerously close to that 150 ppm “line of death.”   Nearly all great leaps in human history occurred during warm periods. Before climate science became politicized, historians called warm periods “climate optima” because Earth's ecosystems and humanity benefited from the blessed warmth.   Contrary to the demonization of the gas, CO2 is essential to life on Earth. CO2 is not a poison. Without CO2, there would be no photosynthesis, no plant food and insufficient oxygen to breathe. Just some of the benefits of CO2: • Increasing crop growth • Increasing soil moisture • Shrinking deserts • Expanding forests • Lengthening growing seasons • Declining cold-related mortality What we should be worried about is that throughout most of Earth's history, carbon dioxide existed in beneficially high levels that were multiples of our current concentration. Geological sequestration of CO2 into fossil fuels has depleted our atmosphere to levels below the optimum for plant growth.   The great irony is that through the burning of fossil fuels, the carbon stored in the remains of ancient plants and organisms is now being liberated and helping to return the planet's atmosphere to more beneficial levels of CO2. We can correctly refer to fossil fuels as “natural solar-powered energy” or, if you like, giant solar energy storage batteries! Without fossil fuels there would be no reliable, low-cost energy worldwide and less CO2 for photosynthesis to make food. Eliminating fossil fuels to attempt to reduce CO2 emissions would be disastrous for the world's people, especially for the two billion impoverished poor. An underreported consequence of the “green” energy transformation is the loss of habitats and species. The “green” solution to a non-existent climate crisis is to encourage a great acceleration in habitat loss by abandoning efficient fossil fuels for inefficient wind and solar energy that requires vast swaths of forest, grasslands and farmlands for solar and wind installations and further habitat loss through: open-pit mining of minerals needed for batteries, photovoltaic cells and electric transmission, conversion of diverse jungle habitat to plantations for biofuel, large-scale electricity transmission lines and destruction of mature forests to make wood pellets as biofuel. So-called green energy is causing the destruction of massive numbers of birds, bats and insects slaughtered by wind turbines. Offshore wind projects are killing whales, dolphins and other cetaceans. We have been seized by a great madness. Under the false claims of coming calamity, bureaucrats and politicians seek to shut down coal-fired power plants, kill the internal combustion engine, ban natural gas for home use and advance the misguided objective of a “net zero” economy. “Men, it has been well said, think in herds; it will be seen that they go mad in herds, while they only recover their senses slowly, and one by one.”  - Charles MacKay “What historians will definitely wonder about in future centuries is how deeply flawed logic, obscured by shrewd and unrelenting propaganda, actually enabled a coalition of powerful special interests to convince nearly everyone in the world that carbon dioxide from human industry was a dangerous, planet-destroying toxin. It will be remembered as the greatest mass delusion in the history of the world—that carbon dioxide, the life of plants, was considered for a time to be a deadly poison.”  - Dr. Richard Lindzen “I don't see a whole lot of difference between the consensus on climate change and the consensus on witches. At the witch trials in Salem the judges were educated at Harvard. This was supposedly 100 per cent science. The one or two people who said there were no witches were immediately hung. Not much has changed.”  - Will Happer

In this episode of Hardware to Save a Planet, Dylan is joined by Mike Kelland, CEO of Planetary. The company has an award-winning solution to implement Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) for removing one billion tonnes of atmospheric CO2 by 2045. Join us as we delve into enhancing ocean alkalinity, the potential benefits of reducing ocean acidity, and the challenges faced in addressing climate change. This engaging conversation offers valuable insights into the urgent need to protect marine ecosystems and the potential of clean technologies in combating climate change.

Gas tanker fire collapses major freeway overpass in PA; Chemical companies agree to billion-dollar settlement, as states sue over PFAS 'forever' chemical contamination in drinking water; Atmospheric CO2 levels spike to new record high; PLUS: Buckle up! El Nino is here to intensify extreme weather around the world... All that and more in today's Green News Report!

In this episode of Hardware to Save a Planet, Dylan is joined by Silvain Toromanoff, Co-Founder and CTO of NeoCarbon. Silvain's company offers an energy-efficient and scalable solution to use waste heat from millions of cooling towers worldwide to remove atmospheric CO2. Listen to the podcast to learn more about Silvain's solution, what makes it energy efficient and scalable, NeoCarbon's business model, and the hardware being built for the DAC (Direct Air Capture) solution.

In this episode of Hardware to Save a Planet, Dylan is joined by Luke Shors, Co-Founder of Capture6. This company offers a novel and scalable direct air capture (DAC) solution for removing atmospheric carbon dioxide. This solution will help move the needle toward the IPCC goal of removing eight gigatons of atmospheric CO2 by 2050. Listen to the podcast to learn more about the challenges in the DAC space, a deep dive into Luke's solution, and the future of the DAC industry.

Have you ever thought about how dinosaurs lived on a warm, swampy Earth and how we live on one that's cold enough to keep pretty much the entirety of Greenland and Antarctica buried under kilometers-thick sheets of solid ice and wondered, hmm, how did we get from there to here? The short answer is that it took 50 million years of declining atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and dropping temperatures, not to mention building an ice sheet or two. For the longer story of the last 50 million years of climate change, including some of the reasons why, catch this episode of our podcast with Dr De La Rocha! You'll hear about plate tectonics and continental drift, silicate weathering, carbonate sedimentation, and the spectacular effects the growth of Earth's ice sheets have had on Earth's climate. There are also lessons here for where anthropogenic global warming is going and whether or not its effects have permanently disrupted the climate system. Fun fact: the total amount of climate change between 50 million years ago and now dwarfs what we're driving by burning fossil fuels, and yet, what we're doing is more terrifying, in that it's unfolding millions of times faster. Bonus content: If you want to see sketches and plots of the data discussed in this episode, we'll be posting up a link soon!!!Nerd alert!! If you're interested in the primary scientific literature on the subject, these four papers are a great place to start.Dutkiewicz et al (2019) Sequestration and subduction of deep-sea carbonate in the global ocean since the Early Cretaceous. Geology 47:91-94.Müller et al (2022) Evolution of Earth's plate tectonic conveyor belt. Nature 605:629–639.Rae et al (2021) Atmospheric CO2 over the last 66 million years from marine archives. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 49:609-641.Westerfeld et al (2020) An astronomically dated record of Earth's climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years. Science 369: 1383–1387.Connect with Christina at her blog, on Twitter, and on Mastodon Support the show on Patreon or make a one-time donation via PayPal. Get bonus content on Patreon Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

John Ellison is joined by Rez, co-founder of Solid World DAO and co-host of This Week in ReFi Podcast. They take a look at the last year in the world of ReFi, the Cambrian explosion of innovation at the intersection of climate and Web3. Where we are now, and where we are headed as we continue our collective ReFi journey together... Mentioned in The Show People Stenver Jerkku. https://twitter.com/stenverjerkku Companies eAgronom https://eagronom.com/en/ghg-platform/ Solid World https://www.solid.world/ Toucan https://toucan.earth/ Verra https://verra.org/programs/verified-carbon-standard/ FTX https://cases.ra.kroll.com/FTX/ CTA Links https://refijobs.com https://future.quest/submit Screenshares https://www.klimadao.finance/ https://carbon.klimadao.finance/carbonmarket https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/money-supply-m0 https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/GFSR/Issues/2022/10/11/global-financial-stability-report-october-2022 https://nasdaq.com/market-activity/index/comp https://nasdaq.com/market-activity/index/comp https://co2.earth https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/global-landscape-of-climate-finance-2021/ 00:00 Intro 01:32 State of The ReFi Nation 03:04 Rez's Journey 08:45 JE's journey 12:45 Klima DAO launch 16:40 JE's time at Toucan 17:55 KlimaDAO Launch 19:20 NCT Launch 22:50 Verra pausing Tokenization 26:50 Verra Consultations & Gold Standard 33:40 Where are we now? 34:00 State of tokenized carbon 36:22 How we dealt with COVID-19 36:43 US Money Supply 38:26 Macro Finance, IMF GFSR 40:40 Tech Stocks 41:04 Tech Company Layoffs 43:03 Changing Narrative of Crypto 47:45 Atmospheric CO2 48:20 Global Co-ordination 55:40 The next chapter of ReFi 57:34 Future Quest 1M grant pool Connect with Rez, check out Solid World Dao & This week in ReFi Rez on Twitter https://twitter.com/0xRez Solid World https://www.solid.world This Week in ReFi https://twitter.com/ThisWeekInReFi --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/refipodcast/message

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is increasing 2 to 4 parts per million every year. That's compared to a total increase of 80 ppm over 6,000 years when Earth was coming out of the Ice Age.

Agriculture is in crisis. Low commodity prices, higher input costs and urbanization have made it difficult to make a decent living on the farm. Farming is/has been a significant source of CO2 in the atmosphere. But conversely, agriculture can be an important solution to high atmospheric concentrations by sequestering carbon in soils. Dr. Scott Angle, Senior Vice President for Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Florida discusses how rewarding farmers for carbon sequestration along with other "ecosystem services" might just be the means to assure profitability and survival.

Some of you may have read excerpts from the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report. Candidly, I didn't. Even the summaries were indecipherable. Which is probably a good thing since there is only one shred of good news in the whole report. More on that at the end. The report — indeed, the entire process — has been depressing. We have had 20+ years of climate activism; many Inconvenient Truths; wildfires, floods, droughts; and now energy wars. Still, the economic interests from fossil fuels and related industries continue to overwhelm the necessary actions. Which is no surprise, since the solution to global warming effectively means the end of the fossil fuel industry. As a result of their logical economic interests, the world is simply not reducing the use of fossil fuels quickly enough. Atmospheric CO2 hit 421 ppm in April. Global temperature increases will be closer to 2.5C under the best of circumstances. In order to keep global warming under 2C we need to do five things: put a high price on carbon, electrify everything, place high subsidies on renewables, place high subsidies on nuclear, and reduce methane emissions. The IPCC whitewashed these obvious actions, and instead recommend that the world just stop using fossil fuels (easy to say), find a way to remove CO2 from the atmosphere (consumes dramatically more energy than carbon capture at the source, which itself is not economical), curb demand of energy (which will reduce overall economic well-being), spend more money on clean energy (I agree), and tell rich people to use less energy (good luck). Unfortunately, there is no “how” there in these recommendations. Instead, here are my five realistic recommendations that you personally can implement right now, all of which are practical and will have a direct impact on your quality of life. 1) Make your home carbon negative with electrification, solar and batteries. You'll save money and have a healthier and more comfortable home. Plus, it's the best way to get back at greedy utilities. 2) Buy renewable energy and electrification stocks for you and your children.  In general these will be long-term winners. Sell your fossil fuel company stocks for moral reasons even though over the short and medium term they may do OK. 3) Do not support climate-change denying politicians in any way. The same goes for politicians who support the fossil fuel infrastructure and rail against clean energy policies such as a carbon tax. 4) Do not get a 30 year mortgage on coastal property. If you like the beach, buy a block inland or just rent. 5) Eat less meat and more locally grown fruits and vegetables. I'm not sure how much impact this will have on global warming.  But a good diet will help you live long enough to see that Al Gore was right. The one shred of good news is that the economic benefits of renewables — solar and wind — will mean that these clean energy sources will indeed replace fossil fuels. Eventually. But not at a fast enough rate unless we put a high price on carbon. For more about the IPCC report, please tune into the next Energy Show podcast.

After COP26, all nations recognise that Carbon waste must be reduced but we still derive many high-value chemicals and products from petrochemicals - a carbon source locked away underground for millennia and now polluting our atmosphere as waste Carbon. Atmospheric CO2 is a well known driver of global climate change and some 50 billion tons of CO2 are emitted. As we transition to low-carbon economies, a solution that tackles both reducing Carbon waste and replacing industrially important chemicals is required. This is exactly what Dr David Ortega, founder of Phase Biolabs in Bristol, UK, hopes to achieve using gas fermentation and synthetic biology. In contrast to gas fermentation companies that use Carbon monoxide (CO) and Hydrogen in the form of syngas, Phase utilises microbes that consume CO2, which is more efficient than the CO process, to produce carbon-based compounds as byproducts. Phase is also genetically engineering these microbes to produce industrially relevant compounds by augmenting the natural pathways using CO2. Phase Bio is supported by the https://www.bristol.ac.uk/ (University of Bristol), http://www.bristol.ac.uk/brissynbio/ (BrisSynBio), http://www.bristol.ac.uk/qtec/ (The Quantum Technology Enterprise Centre), the https://www.sbrc-nottingham.ac.uk/ (Synthetic Biology Research Centre Nottingham), and https://carbonrecycling.net/ (The Carbon Recycling Network).

In this week's programme, it's Q&A time! Coming up, we'll find out: what can we learn from invisible measurements in space, how scientists discover potential new medicines made by plants and why green energy might be more costly to the consumer... Yep, we're answering science questions you've been sending in! We've assembled the very best experts to help get to the bottom of it all: climate researcher Ella Gilbert, climate economist Gernot Wagner, enthnobotanist Cassandra Quave, and public astronomer Matthew Bothwell... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

In this week's programme, it's Q&A time! Coming up, we'll find out: what can we learn from invisible measurements in space, how scientists discover potential new medicines made by plants and why green energy might be more costly to the consumer... Yep, we're answering science questions you've been sending in! We've assembled the very best experts to help get to the bottom of it all: climate researcher Ella Gilbert, climate economist Gernot Wagner, enthnobotanist Cassandra Quave, and public astronomer Matthew Bothwell... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

Extreme heat hits U.S., breaks all-time high records in Middle East; Atmospheric CO2 concentrations now highest in 4 million years; India's monsoon season likely to get worse due to man-made climate change; PLUS: 'A crime has been committed' - Documentary filmmaker Sir David Attenborough is done being nice about climate change... All that and more in today's Green News Report!

Bitcoin could quintuple to $100,000 in a year, more than $500 mil worth of Australian coal is on ships anchored off Chinese ports, even with the memes of “nature is healing” doing the rounds on social media, Atmospheric CO2 rises, despite covid & other news updates in your morning shot.

People around the world are worried about environmental changes and global warming. If you ask someone what is the solution they will reply solution is cutting back on CO2 production. But that is not exactly correct. See global warming causes two effects; First, it melt glaciers and raises see levels and second it causes warming of planet due to high atmospheric CO2 content. But cutting back on CO2 production is not the solution. The real solution is use of weather and weather manipulators. HARRP in Alaska is a weather manipulator By use of weather manipulators we can guide winds carrying clouds which will cause rain. To illustrate, we guide the direction and path of seasonal rains and normal winds carrying clouds toward dry lands and deserts. Then we cause substantial amount of annual rain over desert. We do this over several years. This way we will store water in deserts turning them to lakes, marshes, and swamps. As glaciers melt and sea level rises we store the released water in deserts of Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sahel region Africa, and other deserts. They can hold substantial amount of water and cancel out rise of sea levels due to melting of glaciers. But as I said we must do it over year because trying to turn a desert to a lake in one year is dangerous but doing it slowly over several years is fine. Deserts are actually dried lakes and by use of weather manipulators can be turned into lakes. There is another issue with global warming and it is rise in Atmospheric CO2 content. There is an excellent solution for that. As we create lakes, marshes, and swamps in deserts we will plant trees, forests, and Jungles next to them. See life is created from Carbon chains and carbon chains are made from Carbon and CO2 has Carbon. When we plant trees we also bring animals and other forms of life to love in vicinity of our trees. This means there will be more carbon stored in these animals and plants. Now vegetation's and trees absorb CO2 and release Oxygen. Then they store the CO2 in leaf and other parts of plant. These leaf will be eaten by animals. Animals themselves are also made of carbon chains. When animals die and leaf falls they will be either claimed by nature or will be buried. This means CO2 in Atmosphere is absorbed by vegetation, eaten by Animals, and then dead animals are buried. This way we trap the CO2 under soil while we also create life, lakes, animals, forests, and trees. Tree absorbs CO2 and releases Oxygen. Planting forests and trees is the best way of reducing CO2 in the Air. I must remind even though there is no real need for reduction in CO2 production if we use my method but there are still poisonous gases, wastes, and chemicals which harm our environment. These wasted and chemicals must not be released into environment and nature. Their release and production as by product must be tightly regulated and we must develop new technologies to process these wastes or prevent their production all together. By Makan Abazari --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

People around the world are worried about environmental changes and global warming. If you ask someone what is the solution they will reply solution is cutting back on CO2 production. But that is not exactly correct. See global warming causes two effects; First, it melt glaciers and raises see levels and second it causes warming of planet due to high atmospheric CO2 content. But cutting back on CO2 production is not the solution. The real solution is use of weather and weather manipulators. HARRP in Alaska is a weather manipulator By use of weather manipulators we can guide winds carrying clouds which will cause rain. To illustrate, we guide the direction and path of seasonal rains and normal winds carrying clouds toward dry lands and deserts. Then we cause substantial amount of annual rain over desert. We do this over several years. This way we will store water in deserts turning them to lakes, marshes, and swamps. As glaciers melt and sea level rises we store the released water in deserts of Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sahel region Africa, and other deserts. They can hold substantial amount of water and cancel out rise of sea levels due to melting of glaciers. But as I said we must do it over year because trying to turn a desert to a lake in one year is dangerous but doing it slowly over several years is fine. Deserts are actually dried lakes and by use of weather manipulators can be turned into lakes. There is another issue with global warming and it is rise in Atmospheric CO2 content. There is an excellent solution for that. As we create lakes, marshes, and swamps in deserts we will plant trees, forests, and Jungles next to them. See life is created from Carbon chains and carbon chains are made from Carbon and CO2 has Carbon. When we plant trees we also bring animals and other forms of life to love in vicinity of our trees. This means there will be more carbon stored in these animals and plants. Now vegetation’s and trees absorb CO2 and release Oxygen. Then they store the CO2 in leaf and other parts of plant. These leaf will be eaten by animals. Animals themselves are also made of carbon chains. When animals die and leaf falls they will be either claimed by nature or will be buried. This means CO2 in Atmosphere is absorbed by vegetation, eaten by Animals, and then dead animals are buried. This way we trap the CO2 under soil while we also create life, lakes, animals, forests, and trees. Tree absorbs CO2 and releases Oxygen. Planting forests and trees is the best way of reducing CO2 in the Air. I must remind even though there is no real need for reduction in CO2 production if we use my method but there are still poisonous gases, wastes, and chemicals which harm our environment. These wasted and chemicals must not be released into environment and nature. Their release and production as by product must be tightly regulated and we must develop new technologies to process these wastes or prevent their production all together. By Makan Abazari --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

Six months ago, the IPCC released the “Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C”. In this episode we are discussing the transformations that need to happen, the topic of global justice and policy action. Are we on track? What has happened since its release? Caroline Coch, Climate Science Specialist at RMetS, speaks to Dr Joeri Rogelj, a lecturer at the Grantham Institute for Climate Change and a Senior Research Scholar at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). He gives some important insights into the carbon budget and what transformations need to happen to limit global warming to 1.5 °C. She then speaks to Dr Alix Dietzel, a lecturer in Global Ethics at the University of Bristol. Alix speaks about moral responsibility in taking action against climate change. Dr Jolene Cook from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) gives more details on the process of the IPCC report and how it will be used by policymakers. Finally, Prof. Martin Siegert, co-director of the Grantham Institute for Climate Change explains how climate change in the past can inform us about climate change today. He takes a look back on what happened during the past six months since the report was released. The Society hosted a national meeting in November 2018 discussing the 1.5°C report – from science to policy. The presentation slides and audio recordings of the event can be found here. Sound recordings and presentation slides of the National Meeting “The Pliocene - The Last Time Earth had >400 ppm of Atmospheric CO2” can be found here. The first RMetS Climate Change Forum will take place on the 4th June 2019. Find out more about the events of the Royal Meteorological Society here. The Society's programmes are broad and diverse, with many activities accessible not only to members but also to the general public and the wider meteorological and climate community. For more information on our charitable activities and events visit our website. Thank you for listening! Comments and ideas for future topics are always welcomed so please get in touch at jo.bayliss@rmets.org. Twitter - @rmets Instagram - @rmets_

Six months ago, the IPCC released the “Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C”. In this episode we are discussing the transformations that need to happen, the topic of global justice and policy action. Are we on track? What has happened since its release? Caroline Coch, Climate Science Specialist at RMetS, speaks to Dr Joeri Rogelj, a lecturer at the Grantham Institute for Climate Change and a Senior Research Scholar at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). He gives some important insights into the carbon budget and what transformations need to happen to limit global warming to 1.5 °C. She then speaks to Dr Alix Dietzel, a lecturer in Global Ethics at the University of Bristol. Alix speaks about moral responsibility in taking action against climate change. Dr Jolene Cook from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) gives more details on the process of the IPCC report and how it will be used by policymakers. Finally, Prof. Martin Siegert, co-director of the Grantham Institute for Climate Change explains how climate change in the past can inform us about climate change today. He takes a look back on what happened during the past six months since the report was released. The Society hosted a national meeting in November 2018 discussing the 1.5°C report – from science to policy. The presentation slides and audio recordings of the event can be found here. Sound recordings and presentation slides of the National Meeting “The Pliocene - The Last Time Earth had >400 ppm of Atmospheric CO2” can be found here. The first RMetS Climate Change Forum will take place on the 4th June 2019. Find out more about the events of the Royal Meteorological Society here. The Society's programmes are broad and diverse, with many activities accessible not only to members but also to the general public and the wider meteorological and climate community. For more information on our charitable activities and events visit our website. Thank you for listening! Comments and ideas for future topics are always welcomed so please get in touch at jo.bayliss@rmets.org. Twitter - @rmets Instagram - @rmets_

*Setting a size limit on neutron stars A new study claims super dense stellar corpses known as neutron stars couldn’t get much bigger than twice the mass of the Sun. The findings solve a forty year old mystery that’s baffled scientists ever since neutron stars were first discovered. *New clues about the recipe for making stars Astronomers have shed fresh light on the importance of hydrogen atoms in the birth of new stars. Only hydrogen molecules are thought to directly fuel star formation. But new research shows there are more hydrogen atoms than molecules even in young galaxies that are making a lot of new stars. *Midwest Meteor The citizenry of the American mid-west have been treated to an unexpected celestial spectacular with the evening skies lit up by a bright meteor and sonic boom. People in the states of Ohio and Michigan and across the border in Ontario Canada witnessed the event around 8’0 clock local time. *No link between earthquakes and the full Moon A new study has provided more evidence to dispel an enduring myth that large earthquakes tend to happen during certain phases of the Moon or at certain times during the year. The findings confirm that this bit of earthquake lore is incorrect. *Titan has a sea level just like Earth A new study has confirmed that just like Earth – Saturn’s moon Titan has a sea level. The discovery adds to a growing list of similarities between Earth has this hostile alien world. *The Science Report 2017 confirmed as one of the three warmest years on record. Atmospheric CO2 levels pass a record 410 parts per million New blood test capable of detecting eight of the most common cancers. The war in Syria has entered new phase with Russian troops coming under attack from armed drones. Finding what crops grow best in the soils of Mars. Sneezing hard enough to punch a hole in your throat. Alex on tech wraps up CES For enhanced Show Notes including photos to accompany this episode, visit: http://www.bitesz.com/spacetimeshownotes Subscribe, rate and review SpaceTime at all good podcasting apps…including Apple Podcasts (formerly iTunes), Google Podcasts, Stitcher, PocketCasts, Podbean, Radio Public, Tunein Radio, google play, Spreaker etcWould you prefer to have access to the special commercial free version of SpaceTime? Help support the show, subscribe at Patreon....and share in the rewards. Details at www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Help support SpaceTime : The SpaceTime with Stuart Gary merchandise shop. Get your T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, badges, tote bag + more and help support the show. Check out the range: http://www.cafepress.com/spacetime Thank you. Plus: As a part of the SpaceTime family, you can get a free audio book of your choice, plus 30 days free access from audible.com. Just visit www.audibletrial.com/spacetime or click on the banner link at www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com Email: SpaceTime@bitesz.com Join our mailing list at http://www.bitesz.com/join-our-mailing-list  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support this show http://supporter.acast.com/spacetime. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Scott Adams posted an interesting take on Global Warming.  We continue our discussion, though I doubt we have wrapped it up. Links from this episode: - Smog in the American West: Study shows Asia largely to blame - How to Convince Skeptics that Climate Change is a Problem - Hot Topic: Climate Change and Insurance - Little Ice Age - Medieval Warm Period - London to produce its first organic wine since the middle ages - The development of the atomic model - The Inevitable Evolution of Bad Science - Pascal's Wager about God - Asteroid passed unusually close to Earth last week - The Tunguska Impact--100 Years Later - Not All Climatologists - CLIMATE SCIENCE SURVEY (Study) - IPCC Insider Rejects Global-Warming Report - UN Scientists Who Have Turned on the UN IPCC & Man-Made Climate Fears — A Climate Depot Flashback Report - 100th Anniversary of Water Chlorination - Get politics out of climate debate: Opposing view - The Great Collapse of the Carbon Trading Chicago Climate Exchange - Clouds- The Wild Card of Climate Change - Ice Core Data Help Solve a Global Warming Mystery - Synchronous Change of Atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic Temperature During the Last Deglacial Warming - Satellite & Balloon Climate Data Corroborates Slower Warming

You Asked, We Answered! Transcript for the podcast We know that atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide have been increasing because we have the data! The story of collecting CO2 data begins in 1958, when a geochemist from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Dr. Charles Keeling, started collecting measurements of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at an observatory located over 11,000 feet in elevation on the Mauna Loa volcano on the big island of Hawaii. These systematic measurements Dr. Keeling started have become the most widely recognized record of human impact on Earth, linking rising levels of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels to the warming of the planet. In fact, this carbon dioxide data set is so significant, the Mauna Loa Observatory was named a National Chemical Historic Landmark in 2015! Although the measurements started in Hawaii, the Mauna Loa Observatory is currently one of several global locations, from Alaska to the South Pole, that collects and analyzes CO2 levels in air samples. But the Mauna Loa site is considered one of the most favorable locations for measuring undisturbed air because local influences of vegetation or human activities on atmospheric CO2 concentrations are minimal at this elevation, above an atmospheric feature termed the inversion layer. Any influences from the island’s volcanic vents can be and are removed from the collected records. In addition, the methods and equipment used to obtain these measurements have remained essentially unchanged at Mauna Loa during the 50+ year monitoring program. But back to the data… The data in what we call the Keeling Curve, in honor of Charles Keeling, record an overall rise in the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide, as well as an overall increase in the rate of growth of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere since Charles Keeling took the first measurements in the late 1950’s.  Now the growth rate of CO2 concentrations, while consistently staying positive, has shown notable variations from year to year, because of a combination of natural and human factors. The CO2 data not only record an overall rise, but a seasonal record that is strongest in the data collected in the Northern Hemisphere and weakest near the Equator and in the Southern Hemisphere. These geographic differences in seasonal fluctuations are the result of photosynthetic activity by plants. As plants begin to photosynthesize in the spring and summer and experience a period of regrowth, the plants consume CO2 from the atmosphere and eventually use it as a carbon source for growth and reproduction. This causes a decrease in atmospheric CO2 levels that begins every year in May, which is recorded in the Keeling Curve data. Once fall and winter arrives, plants save energy by decreasing their photosynthetic activity. In fact, the Keeling Curve records the lowest CO2 values in September and October, when plants are beginning to die and decay. Although photosynthesis does occur in our oceans year-round, very little of that CO2 actually moves between the ocean-air interface, and therefore does not impact the record. It is land-based photosynthesis that drives the seasonal cycles, with atmospheric measurements still supplemented with CO2 from the consistent burning of fossil fuels. So to return to the original question… how do we know CO2 is increasing? We know atmospheric carbon dioxide has been increasing from 1958 to the present from measurements collected across the globe, from the data that show us an overall increase in atmospheric CO2 over time, an increase in the rate of CO2 growth over time, and a record of seasonal variations of CO2 values. (Audio recorded July 2, 2015, by Dr. Laura Guertin, Professor of Earth Science, Penn State Brandywine) Supporting images for podcast Full Mauna Loa CO2 record and Recent Monthly Mean CO2: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ Latest CO2 reading: https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/ [caption caption='Recent Monthly Mean CO2 at Mauna Loa' align='center'][/caption] Image above and below are both from the NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division Mauna Loa data website (http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/). [caption caption='Atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa Observatory' align='center'][/caption] In the PAESTA Classroom CO2 Concentration and the Keeling Curve from the Mauna Loa Observatory: http://www.paesta.psu.edu/classroom/co2-concentration-and-keeling-curve-mauna-loa-observatory Gallery of Images Gallery of images from the Mauna Loa Observatory https://www.paesta.psu.edu/podcast/paesta-podcast-series-episode-1-how-do-we-know-co2-increasing

Ken Caldeira, climate scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science's Dept. of Global Ecology on the Stanford University campus discussing: Pongratz, J., and K. Caldeira, 2012: Attribution of atmospheric CO2 and temperature increases to regions: importance of preindustrial land use change. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 7, 034001 doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034001 http://dge.stanford.edu/labs/caldeiralab http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/en/staff/julia-pongratz.html The underlying paper is available for free download at: http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/3/034001/

The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is the single largest human perturbation of the climate system. Its rate of change reflects the balance between human-driven carbon emissions and the dynamics of a number of terrestrial and ocean processes that remove or emit CO2. It is the long term evolution of this balance that will determine to a large extent the speed and magnitude of climate change and the mitigation requirements to stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentrations at any given level. Dr. Canadell will present the most recent trends in global carbon sources and sinks, updated for the first time to the year 2007, with particularly focus on major shifts occurring since 2000. Dr. Canadell’s research indicates that the underlying drivers of changes in atmospheric CO2 growth include: i) increased human-induced carbon emissions, ii) stagnation of the carbon intensity of the global economy, and iii) decreased efficiency of natural carbon sinks. New Estimates of Carbon Storage in Arctic Soils and Implications in a Changing Environment The Arctic represents approximately 13% of the total land area of the Earth, and arctic tundra occupies roughly 5 million square kilometers. Arctic tundra soils represent a major storage pool for dead organic carbon, largely due to cold temperatures and saturated soils in many locations that prevent its decomposition. Prior estimates of carbon stored in tundra soils range from 20-29 kg of soil organic carbon (SOC) per square meter. These estimates however, were based on data collected from only the top 20-40 cm of soil, and were sometimes extrapolated to 100 cm. It is our understanding that large quantities of SOC are stored at greater depths, through the annual freezing and thawing motion of the soils (cryoturbation), and potentially frozen in the permafrost. Recent detailed analysis of Arctic soils by Dr. Epstein and his colleagues found that soil organic carbon values averaged 34.8 kg per square meter, representing an increase of approximately 40% over the prior estimates. Additionally, 38% of the total soil organic carbon was found in the permafrost. Past, Present and Future Changes in Permafrost and Implications for a Changing Carbon Budget Presence of permafrost is one of the major factors that turn northern ecosystems into an efficient natural carbon sink. Moreover, a significant amount of carbon is sequestered in the upper several meters to several tens of meters of permafrost. Because of that, the appearance and disappearance of permafrost within the northern landscapes have a direct impact on the efficiency of northern ecosystems to sequester carbon in soil, both near the ground surface and in deeper soil layers. Recent changes in permafrost may potentially transform the northern ecosystems from an effective carbon sink to a significant source of carbon for the Earth’s atmosphere. Additional emissions of carbon from thawing permafrost may be in the form of CO2 or methane depending upon specific local conditions. Dr. Romanovsky will present information on changes in terrestrial and subsea permafrost in the past during the last glacial-interglacial cycle and on the most recent trends in permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere. He will further discuss the potential impact of these changes in permafrost (including a short discussion on potential changes in methane gas clathrates) on the global carbon cycle. Dr. Romanovsky’s research suggests that permafrost in North America and Northern Eurasia shows a substantial warming during the last 20 to 30 years. The magnitude of warming varied with location, but was typically from 0.5 to 2°C at 15 meters depth. Thawing of the Little Ice Age permafrost is on-going at many locations. There are some indications that the late-Holocene permafrost started to thaw at some specific undisturbed locations in the European Northeast, in the Northwest and East Siberia, and in Alaska.

The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is the single largest human perturbation of the climate system. Its rate of change reflects the balance between human-driven carbon emissions and the dynamics of a number of terrestrial and ocean processes that remove or emit CO2. It is the long term evolution of this balance that will determine to a large extent the speed and magnitude of climate change and the mitigation requirements to stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentrations at any given level. Dr. Canadell will present the most recent trends in global carbon sources and sinks, updated for the first time to the year 2007, with particularly focus on major shifts occurring since 2000. Dr. Canadell’s research indicates that the underlying drivers of changes in atmospheric CO2 growth include: i) increased human-induced carbon emissions, ii) stagnation of the carbon intensity of the global economy, and iii) decreased efficiency of natural carbon sinks. New Estimates of Carbon Storage in Arctic Soils and Implications in a Changing Environment The Arctic represents approximately 13% of the total land area of the Earth, and arctic tundra occupies roughly 5 million square kilometers. Arctic tundra soils represent a major storage pool for dead organic carbon, largely due to cold temperatures and saturated soils in many locations that prevent its decomposition. Prior estimates of carbon stored in tundra soils range from 20-29 kg of soil organic carbon (SOC) per square meter. These estimates however, were based on data collected from only the top 20-40 cm of soil, and were sometimes extrapolated to 100 cm. It is our understanding that large quantities of SOC are stored at greater depths, through the annual freezing and thawing motion of the soils (cryoturbation), and potentially frozen in the permafrost. Recent detailed analysis of Arctic soils by Dr. Epstein and his colleagues found that soil organic carbon values averaged 34.8 kg per square meter, representing an increase of approximately 40% over the prior estimates. Additionally, 38% of the total soil organic carbon was found in the permafrost. Past, Present and Future Changes in Permafrost and Implications for a Changing Carbon Budget Presence of permafrost is one of the major factors that turn northern ecosystems into an efficient natural carbon sink. Moreover, a significant amount of carbon is sequestered in the upper several meters to several tens of meters of permafrost. Because of that, the appearance and disappearance of permafrost within the northern landscapes have a direct impact on the efficiency of northern ecosystems to sequester carbon in soil, both near the ground surface and in deeper soil layers. Recent changes in permafrost may potentially transform the northern ecosystems from an effective carbon sink to a significant source of carbon for the Earth’s atmosphere. Additional emissions of carbon from thawing permafrost may be in the form of CO2 or methane depending upon specific local conditions. Dr. Romanovsky will present information on changes in terrestrial and subsea permafrost in the past during the last glacial-interglacial cycle and on the most recent trends in permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere. He will further discuss the potential impact of these changes in permafrost (including a short discussion on potential changes in methane gas clathrates) on the global carbon cycle. Dr. Romanovsky’s research suggests that permafrost in North America and Northern Eurasia shows a substantial warming during the last 20 to 30 years. The magnitude of warming varied with location, but was typically from 0.5 to 2°C at 15 meters depth. Thawing of the Little Ice Age permafrost is on-going at many locations. There are some indications that the late-Holocene permafrost started to thaw at some specific undisturbed locations in the European Northeast, in the Northwest and East Siberia, and in Alaska.