Podcasts about Chief Secretary

The IfG was delighted to welcome Rt Hon Darren Jones MP, Chief Secretary to the Treasury, to set out how smarter decision-making methods in government can reduce waste and deliver for the taxpayer.   In a speech at the IfG, Darren Jones set out his plans to reform government financial systems to achieve better strategic financial decision making going forward. This comes after the prime minister last week announced plans to reshape the way the British state delivers and serves working people by becoming more tech-driven, productive, agile and mission focused.   Darren Jones was then in conversation with IfG Chief Economist Gemma Tetlow and took part in an audience Q&A.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

To discuss the fallout from this week's Spring Statement, after Rachel Reeves confirmed a host of cuts to benefit payments and a squeeze on public spending to offset a downgrade in the country's growth forecast, John Glen, Tory MP and a former Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Helen Barnard, Director of Policy at the Trussell charity, Greg Thwaites, Research Director at the Resolution Foundation think tank, and Chris Curtis, Labour MP and Vice-Chair of the Labour Growth Group, join host Alain Tolhurst. As the question already turns to whether further tax rises will be needed as soon as this year, some Labour backbenchers fume about the optics of the government appearing to balance the books on the backs of some of the poorest in society due to self-imposed fiscal rules, while others have questioned the role of the OBR in guiding the Treasury's hand every six months.To sign up for our newsletters click herePresented by Alain Tolhurst, produced by Nick Hilton and edited by Ewan Cameron for Podot

The IfG was delighted to welcome Rt Hon Darren Jones MP, Chief Secretary to the Treasury, to set out how smarter decision-making methods in government can reduce waste and deliver for the taxpayer. In a speech at the IfG, Darren Jones set out his plans to reform government financial systems to achieve better strategic financial decision making going forward. This comes after the prime minister last week announced plans to reshape the way the British state delivers and serves working people by becoming more tech-driven, productive, agile and mission focused. Darren Jones was then in conversation with IfG Chief Economist Gemma Tetlow and took part in an audience Q&A.

Dr. Irai Aanbu IAS, a retired Chief Secretary to the Government of Tamil Nadu, is a distinguished writer known for his integrity in administration and commitment to social service. He has made a profound impact on Tamil literature, with his books on history, philosophy, governance, and social issues receiving widespread acclaim. His insightful writings delve deeply into people's lives, offering fresh perspectives on social welfare. In an engaging conversation, Dr. V.Irai Anbu—a remarkable figure who seamlessly blends administration and literature—was interviewed at the SBS Sydney studio by RaySel. Part 1. - முனைவர் இறையன்பு IAS அவர்கள் தமிழ் நாடு அரசின் தலைமைச் செயலராக பணியாற்றி ஓய்வு பெற்றவர். ஒரு புகழ்பெற்ற எழுத்தாளர். நேர்மையான நிர்வாகத்திற்கும் சமூக சேவைக்கும் பெயர் பெற்றவர். தமிழ் இலக்கியத்திற்கு அளவிட முடியாத பங்களிப்பு செய்துள்ளார். வரலாறு, தத்துவம், நிர்வாகம், சமூக சிக்கல்கள் உள்ளிட்ட பல்வேறு தலைப்புகளில் அவர் எழுதிய நூல்கள் பெரும் வரவேற்பைப் பெற்றுள்ளன. மக்கள் வாழ்வியலை ஆழமாக அணுகும் அவரது எழுத்துகள், சமூகநலக் கோணத்தில் புதிய சிந்தனைகளை வெளிப்படுத்துகின்றன. இலக்கியத்தில் சிறப்பான ஆளுமையாக திகழும் இறையன்பு அவர்கள் சமீபத்தில் ஆஸ்திரேலியாவுக்கு வருகை தந்திருந்தபோது அவரை SBS ஒலிப்பதிவு கூடத்தில் வைத்து சந்தித்து உரையாடியவர்: றைசெல். பாகம் – 1

Dr. Irai Aanbu IAS, a retired Chief Secretary to the Government of Tamil Nadu, is a distinguished writer known for his integrity in administration and commitment to social service. He has made a profound impact on Tamil literature, with his books on history, philosophy, governance, and social issues receiving widespread acclaim. His insightful writings delve deeply into people's lives, offering fresh perspectives on social welfare. In an engaging conversation, Dr. V.Irai Anbu—a remarkable figure who seamlessly blends administration and literature—was interviewed at the SBS Sydney studio by RaySel. Part - 2. - முனைவர் இறையன்பு IAS அவர்கள் தமிழ் நாடு அரசின் தலைமைச் செயலராக பணியாற்றி ஓய்வு பெற்றவர். ஒரு புகழ்பெற்ற எழுத்தாளர். நேர்மையான நிர்வாகத்திற்கும் சமூக சேவைக்கும் பெயர் பெற்றவர். தமிழ் இலக்கியத்திற்கு அளவிட முடியாத பங்களிப்பு செய்துள்ளார். வரலாறு, தத்துவம், நிர்வாகம், சமூக சிக்கல்கள் உள்ளிட்ட பல்வேறு தலைப்புகளில் அவர் எழுதிய நூல்கள் பெரும் வரவேற்பைப் பெற்றுள்ளன. மக்கள் வாழ்வியலை ஆழமாக அணுகும் அவரது எழுத்துகள், சமூகநலக் கோணத்தில் புதிய சிந்தனைகளை வெளிப்படுத்துகின்றன. இலக்கியத்தில் சிறப்பான ஆளுமையாக திகழும் இறையன்பு அவர்கள் சமீபத்தில் ஆஸ்திரேலியாவுக்கு வருகை தந்திருந்தபோது அவரை SBS ஒலிப்பதிவு கூடத்தில் வைத்து சந்தித்து உரையாடியவர்: றைசெல். பாகம் – 2

In a speech at the IfG this week, Darren Jones MP, the Chief Secretary to the Treasury, insisted that “we are long overdue a reckoning with government spending and a realistic appraisal of how we're using taxpayers' money."   So what is Jones planning? Where might the spending cuts fall? How can AI – the so-called Chat HMTGPT – help deliver Whitehall savings? And what will Jones be doing to embed the government's mission-led approach into the spending review?   After his speech, Darren Jones was in conversation with Hannah White. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Following his speech, Rt Hon Darren Jones MP was in conversation with Dr Hannah White OBE, Director and CEO of the Institute for Government.

"IPS “Comment show is a unique program on Vikatan TV, where hosts Cibi and Varun answer a wide range of questions posed by the viewers of the show. These questions cover various global events and issues, making the show highly informative and engaging. Cibi and Varun address these queries in a distinctive and entertaining manner, offering thoughtful insights while keeping the discussions both insightful and approachable. Their unique approach to answering questions sets the "Imperfect Show" apart, as they blend humor, knowledge, and critical thinking to explore important topics happening around the world.

On Nick Ferrari at Breakfast, Nick talks to Darren Jones, Chief Secretary to the Treasury, about the National Wealth Fund, which seeks to inject 8,600 new jobs into the economy. Jones also talks to Nick about the crumbling retail industry, and Reeves heavily questioned labour budget.Reform Leader, Nigel Farage, talks to Nick about a possible Conservative-Reform deal after Suella Braverman declared the parties should consider joining forces. Farage also talks about the recent resignation of another labour minister, and his trip to the US this Friday. Mel Stride, Shadow Chancellor, also talks to Nick about the state of the UK economy. The Shadow Chancellor discusses the recent reports that inflation was falling in the UK. Stride claims, in the long run, Reeve's budget will result in a continues decline in the economy.Nick also talks about obesity, and the inaccuracy of using BMI as an indicator. All of this and more on Nick Ferrari - The Whole Show Podcast.

ThePrintAM: Who is Andhra's new chief secretary, K Vijayanand? 

Today's podcast is the second of a two-part year end special recorded with Sir John Armitt out-going chairman of the National Infrastructure Commission and all round voice of experience and knowledge when it comes go planning and delivering the UK's infrastructure needs.And its the last episode of 2025!In the last episode we covered a lot of ground talking about NISTA, the all new National Infrastructure and Service Transformation Authority, the challenges of turning policy into delivery, reforming UK planning and how the government might create the vital clear and consistent policy to drive forward vital investment needed for infrastructure projects that will boost economic growth and transform lives and communities across the UK.If you haven't done so already, I heartily recommend you have a listen.  Check out episode 94In part 2 we will build on these themes and talk a bit more about driving down costs and improving outcomes from investment, about delivering more for the public and about ensuring private sector investors and the supply can really engage with the government's plans.But first we have a catch up about the National Infrastructure Commission, what it has achieved since 2015 and where it is heading. Enjoy the episodeResourcesNational Infrastructure CommissionInfrastructure and Projects AuthorityNational Infrastructure and Service Transformation Authority NISTANIC Needs Assessment 2NIC letter to the Chief Secretary to the Treasury on 10 year strategyBanner Review into NSIP judicial reviewsPlanning and Infrastructure Bill

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Today's podcast is a bit special in that it is the first of a two-part, year-end special recorded with infrastructure giant Sir John Armitt. To be fair, this podcast really needs very little in the way of set up from me, other than to say that Sir John is long standing chairman of the National Infrastructure Commission, past president of the Institution of Civil Engineers and, to most inside and outside of the engineering and infrastructure sector, the genuine expert voice of experience, calm and common sense when it comes to the built environment.And I imagine that if you are listening to this podcast you will be acutely aware that, having served on the commission since it was formed in 2015 and been chairman since 2018, John is stepping down from the role in the Spring next year as the organisation joins with the Infrastructure and Projects Authority to form NISTA, the all new National Infrastructure and Service Transformation Authority. This will be charged with taking the strategic planning and delivery of the nation's infrastructure to new levels, driving forward the new and eagerly awaited 10-year National Infrastructure Strategy, and boosting the efficiency and outcomes from the vast amounts of public and private investment being slated to underpin the government's ambitious growth agenda for this Parliament and beyond.Make no mistake, there is no shortage of ambition for infrastructure – the question, as always, is how to deliver. But if anyone knows it's Sir John, so let's hear from himResourcesNational Infrastructure CommissionInfrastructure and Projects AuthorityNational Infrastructure and Service Transformation Authority NISTANIC Needs Assessment 2NIC letter to the Chief Secretary to the Treasury on 10 year strategyBanner Review into NSIP judicial reviewsPlanning and Infrastructure Bill

Today, Laura's been trying to get answers from Chief Secretary to the Treasury Darren Jones, about when the UK Government will meet its target of spending 2.5% of GDP on defence. Laura and James are joined by Henry to discuss possible points of difference between the Treasury and the UK chief of defence Admiral Sir Tony Radakin - who told Laura he wants ‘resources' to match ‘ambitions'. And, did Laura have the next British Ambassador to the US sitting on her panel? You can join our Newscast online community here: https://tinyurl.com/newscastcommunityhere You can now listen to Newscast on a smart speaker. If you want to listen, just say "Ask BBC Sounds to play Newscast”. It works on most smart speakers.Newscast brings you daily analysis of the latest political news stories from the BBC. It was presented by Laura Kuenssberg and James Cook. It was made by Miranda Slade with Anna Harris. The technical producer was Johnny Hall. The assistant editor is Chris Gray. The editor is Sam Bonham

The Chief Secretary to the Treasury sits down with Nick to chart his rise to the heart of Starmer's government.How did a Bristol boy, who's parents sometimes went without meals to ensure he had food, end up at the Chancellor's side, in charge of the purse-strings of the government?Producer: Daniel Kraemer

Darren Jones - Budget SpecialThis is a cracker.A full Budget briefing from the Chief Secretary to the Treasury which includes some excellent breakfast chat.SEE Matt at on tour until March 2025, including his extra dates at The Bloomsbury Theatre: https://www.mattforde.com/live-shows20246 November: Exeter, Phoenix8 November: Tunbridge Wells, Trinity Theatre14 November: Basingstoke, The Haymarket15 November: Colchester Arts Centre20 November: York, The Crescent21 November: Chorley, Little Theatre27 November: Chipping Norton Theatre28 November: Leicester, Y Theatre29 November: Eastleigh, The Berry31 November: Faversham, The Alexander Centre6 December: London, Bloomsbury Theatre - EXTRA DATE14 December: London, Bloomsbury Theatre - EXTRA DATE202529 January: Norwich, Playhouse - EXTRA DATE2 February: Salford, Lowry4 February: Leeds, City Varieties5 February: Sheffield, The Leadmill6 February: Chelmsford Theatre7 February: Bedford, The Quarry Theatre12 February: Bath, Komedia13 February: Southend, Palace Theatre16 February: Cambridge, The Junction20 February: Nottingham, Lakeside Arts23 February: Brighton, Komedoa25 February: Cardiff, Glee Club26 February: Bury St Edmunds, Theatre Royal28 February: Chelmsford Theatre - EXTRA DATE2 March: Bristol, Tobacco Factory4 March: Colchester Arts Centre - EXTRA DATE6 March: Birmingham, Glee Club - EXTRA DATE7 March: Maidenhead, Norden Farm - EXTRA DATE11 March: Aberdeen, Lemon Tree12 March: Glasgow, Glee Club27 March: Oxford, Glee Club - EXTRA DATE28 March: Nottingham, Lakeside Arts Centre - EXTRA DATE Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

The fallout from Labour's Budget continues. On the media round this morning, Darren Jones, Chief Secretary to the Treasury, admitted that it will hit working people, and the cost of government borrowing has only risen since Rachel Reeves delivered her speech to Parliament. Katy Balls, Kate Andrews and James Heale take us through the reaction from various groups, including small business owners, farmers and the markets. Is the Budget unravelling? Also on the podcast, they look ahead to tomorrow's Tory leadership result; could low turnout make a difference? Produced by Patrick Gibbons.

On Nick Ferrari at Breakfast,The Independent Schools Council (ISC) is set to take legal action against the government over its planned VAT hike for private schools.A city is proposing a blanket ban on cyclists in the centre of town in order to protect pedestrians from ‘anti-social' cycling.Nick speaks to Chief Secretary to the Treasury Darren Jones and former Education Secretary Gillian Keegan. All of this and more on the Nick Ferrari Whole Show Podcast.

Many of the government's objectives, including improving the performance of public services, will rely on good investment. But current plans imply investment spending plans will be tight. This event explored how the Labour government can ensure it invests well in public services.    Speakers: Rt Hon Darren Jones MP, Chief Secretary to the Treasury Anita Charlesworth, Director of Research and the REAL Centre (Research and Economic Analysis for the Long term) at the Health Foundation Thomas Pope, Deputy Chief Economist at the Institute for Government Phillip Woolley, Partner at Grant Thornton UK LLP This event was chaired by Dr Gemma Tetlow, Chief Economist at the Institute for Government. This event was in partnership with Grant Thornton UK LLP. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Ed Balls and George Osborne open up this week on their most ardent, contrarian views. Is reincarnation real? Political reincarnation, perhaps. George shares how his thoughts have moved with the times and how he has reached some fresh conclusions on cannabis   – conclusions with which, it turns out, Ed completely disagrees. And, they field questions straight from the Labour party conference. Tips for the new Chief Secretary to the Treasury Darren Jones? Ed and George are happy to oblige. And what do they make of the demands for food security and environmental improvements amid rumours about cuts to the agricultural budget?  You could have been listening to this episode of EMQs early and ad-free!Become a member of POLITICAL CURRENCY GOLD

This event was held at the 2024 Labour Party Conference in Liverpool. Speakers: Rt Hon Darren Jones MP, Chief Secretary to the Treasury Anita Charlesworth, Director of Research and the REAL Centre (Research and Economic Analysis for the Long term) at the Health Foundation Thomas Pope, Deputy Chief Economist at the Institute for Government Phillip Woolley, Partner at Grant Thornton UK LLP This event was chaired by Dr Gemma Tetlow, Chief Economist at the Institute for Government. This event was in partnership with Grant Thornton UK LLP.

As protesters were wrangled off the conference floor, The Chancellor reminded her audience they were not a party of protest but a party of power. They're now IN power. But Labour's timetable has created a vacuum into which bad headlines have been allowed to dominate. Are these early teething problems or does it tell us something more structural about a lack of vision?We talk to Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Darren Jones, and Tom Baldwin, Starmer's biographer. And we hear from Gary Neville on Arsenal boxes and freebies.Tickets are now on sale for The News Agents 'live on stage' at The Royal Albert Hall on Sunday December 1st. Buy yours from Global Player at the link below.https://app.af.globalplayer.com/Br0x/7ggnmqw4Editor: Tom HughesProducer: Natalie IndgeDigital Editor: Michaela WaltersSocial Media Editor: Georgia FoxwellVideo Production: Rory Symon, Shane Fennelly & Arvind BadewalDigital Journalists: Michael Baggs & Jacob PaulDon't forget you can also subscribe to our other News Agents podcasts via the link below:https://linktr.ee/thenewsagents You can listen to this episode on Alexa - just say "Alexa, ask Global Player to play The News Agents"And you can grab your News Agents merch, including t-shirts, hoodies and water bottles at the link below.https://store.global.com/collections/the-news-agentsThe News Agents is brought to you by HSBC UK - https://www.hsbc.co.uk/

Mr. Ajoy Mehta, Chairman of MahaRERA, is a retired IAS officer from the 1984 Batch and former Chief Secretary of Maharashtra and Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai. He succeeded Sitaram Kunte as the Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai. He then served as the Chief Secretary of Maharashtra from 10th May 2019 till 11th February 2021. In this episode, you'll gain insights into the DCPR (Development Control and Promotion Regulations), its purpose as a 20-year plan for urban development and the formation of RERA (Real Estate Regulatory Authority) along with its significance. You'll also learn about the RERA registration process, regulations for smaller projects, solutions for stalled projects, the MahaCriti portal, the Broker Management System, and the importance of annual reports. This session offers valuable information for developers and those interested in understanding more about the real estate sector. 00:00 introducation00:28 Education Journey04:57 Learnings from the power Sector06:23 Response to different roles07:33 20 Year plan for a city12:33 Formation of RERA16:17 Challenges faced during the formation of rera18:46 Taling about Case Studys22:08 About MahaCriti27:07 Switching of portals28:39 Registration process from cc to IOD30:26 Pre RERA Projects31:49 Stalled Projects Before RERA33:32 Remedies for Stalled Projects35:41 2023 Complains resolved in 202437:22 Grading System39:38 TimelIne Freedom41:13 Broker Management System43:50 Annual Report for developers45:19 Personal Life46:50 Life Lessons49:02 View on Corruption49:07 Time Management 49:40 Future Plans Host Krish Jain, Head management at H.Rishabraj Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/speakingrealestate/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61551195292538 Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/krish-harish-jain/ Guest Mr. Ajoy Mehta, Chairman or MahaRERA

In this episode of the podcast Will is joined by David Laws, former Chief Secretary to the Treasury and Liberal Democrat MP for Yeovil from 2001 to 2015 to discuss his new book Serpents, Goats and Turkeys: A Century of Liberal–Labour Relations. They discuss the original 1903 Liberal - Labour pact, known as the MacDonald/Gladstone pact, why the Liberals failed to make gains in 1945 whilst Labour won a landslide, the SDP - Liberal Alliance of the 1980s and the Liberal- Labour Pact of 1977 - 1978. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Mr I S N Prasad, an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of the 1986 batch, had an impeccable career of 37 years in public service as he superannuated in June 2023. He served as the Additional Chief Secretary (Finance) and was the man behind 13 budgets of the state of Karnataka. Earlier he was also the Principal Secretary (IT and BT), Government of Karnataka. His wife, Mrs Vandita Sharma, too belongs to the 1986 batch of IAS officers. As he retired in November 2023, she was serving as the Chief Secretary, Government of Karnataka. Among the various other responsibilities, she was also previously the Additional Chief Secretary and Development Commissioner, Government of Karnataka. In this candid conversation, this blessed and devoted couple open their hearts to share how Bhagawan became the source, strength and sheet anchor of their lives and how that was the unseen power which gave them the requisite inspiration, ideas, emotional and spiritual mettle to discharge their responsibilities amicably in such senior positions in the government.

On Nick Ferrari at Breakfast, Tony Blair issues warning to Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer on migration, law and order & 'wokeism'. Reports suggest Labour could build mini-prisons across Britain to fix the ‘broken' justice system, with some prisoners set to be freed after serving just 40% of their sentence. Nick speaks with Conservative MP Kevin Hollinrake, Lord Frost and Chief Secretary to the Treasury Darren Jones. All of this and more on the Nick Ferrari Whole Show Podcast.

Chief Secretary Baikuntha Aryal has been suspended following the filing of a corruption case against him by the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA). The Home Ministry has been ordered to respond to questions raised in Parliament regarding the rape of a teenage girl living in a menstrual shed in Achham district. Listen to the major news over the last seven days from Nepal. - अख्तियार दुरुपयोग अनुसन्धान आयोगले मुख्य सचिव वैकुण्ठ अर्याल विरुद्ध भ्रष्टाचार गरेको आरोप लगाउँदै विशेष अदालतमा मुद्दा दायर गरेपछि उनी निलम्बनमा परेका छन्। साथै अछाममा छाउ गोठमा बसेकी एक किशोरीको बलात्कारको घटनामा गृह मन्त्रालयलाई संसद्मा उठेका प्रश्नको उत्तर दिन निर्देशन दिइएको छ। यस लगायत पछिल्ला सात दिनका अस्ट्रेलियन समाचार सुन्नुहोस्।

The Cayman Islands first Deputy Governor, Donovan Ebanks has passed away. Mr. Ebanks spent almost four decades in the civil service prior to his retirement in 2012. He became Deputy Chief Secretary in 1994 and Chief Secretary in 2009 - a position which changed to Deputy Governor. His successor, the Honorable Franz Manderson today expressed condolences to his family. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/rcnews/message

This is the Catch Up on 3 Things for the Indian Express and I'm Flora Swain.It's the 15th of May and here are today's headlines.Invalidating his arrest in a terror case, the Supreme Court today ordered the release of Newsclick founder-editor Prabir Purkayastha. The reason the court gave: the Delhi Police failed to inform Purkayastha the grounds of his arrest before taking him into custody. The ruling is significant because it emphasises that proper procedure and due process are the guardrails against arbitrary action, even in stringent terror cases. Purkayastha was arrested on 3rd of October 2023 by the Special Cell of the Delhi Police, who alleged that Newsclick received money for pro-China propaganda.One of the 14 people who were trapped after a lift collapsed at a copper mine in Rajasthan's Neem Ka Thana district passed away today, hours after all of them were rescued. Besides workers, members of a Vigilance team from Kolkata and senior officials of the Khetri Copper Corporation were also trapped following the collapse on Tuesday night. The incident took place in Hindustan Copper Limited's Kolihan mine, located in the Khetri area. Ambulances have been rushed to the spot and doctors have been asked to be prepared for any emergency.While reacting to the warning issued by the United States a day after India and Iran signed a 10-year contract to operate the strategic Iranian port of Chabahar,  External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar today, asserted that the agreement will benefit the entire region. He said, “We have a long association with the Chabahar port but we could never sign a long-term agreement. The reason being there were various problems on the Iranian end, it's a JV (joint venture), partners changed, conditions changed. Finally, we were able to sort this out and get the long-term agreement done. A long-term agreement is necessary, because without it, you cannot really improve the port operations, which we believe will benefit the entire region.” Unquote.Coming down heavily on the Uttarakhand government, the Supreme Court today said it was “at pains to say that the state's approach in controlling forest fires has been lackadaisical,”. It added that though action plans were prepared and finalised, no steps have been taken for their implementation. Hearing a plea raising the issue of forest fires in Uttarakhand, the top court also directed the Chief Secretary to be present before it on 17th of May. Flagging a huge vacancy in the state's forest department, the Supreme Court said the issue needs to be addressed.As Israel-Hamas war continues to rage on, the Israeli Defence Forces claimed to eliminate Hussain Ibrahim Mekky, a senior field commander in Hezbollah, by an IAF aircraft strike overnight. The IDF made the announcement in an 'operational update' on its official X handle and claimed that Mekky was responsible for "various acts of terrorism" against Israel. Mekky previously served as the commander of Hezbollah's forces in the coastal region, said the IDF post.This was the Catch-Up on the 3 Things by The Indian Express.

Werner Human, Deputy Chief Executive Officer of Solidarity, and Jan Bosman, Chief Secretary of Afrikanerbond, spoke about Afrikaner groups banding together in the hopes of reaching a 'cultural accord' to address minority concerns, taking a collective approach to these cultural issues, and how South Africans can be confident that the groups have developed in step with the nation's thirty-year democracy.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Treasury is perhaps the most powerful department in Whitehall. Its ownership of public spending means it has direct control over the money available to the rest of government, while the Treasury's responsibility for tax policy gives it enormous influence over the finances of households and businesses. But criticism of the department's influence on government policy is almost as old as the institution itself, with frequent complaints about the “dead hand of the Treasury” or attacks on the department's “orthodoxy”. However, a recent IfG report found many of the fiercest criticisms to be overblown: many simply represent a dislike of a budget constraint. The department plays an important function in effectively managing public spending and guarding against financial disorder. It has also consistently been a champion of economic growth, though there is debate about how that is managed against its responsibility for managing government spending. While the department has clear strengths, there are clearly problems with how it functions. The Treasury often takes a short-term approach, is frequently accused of micromanaging other departments, and wields excessive influence over government policy relative to the rest of the centre. So how can these problems be addressed? How much are they due to the relative weakness of other departments or the incentives facing Treasury ministers? And just what impact does the Treasury have on government policy making? Our expert panel exploring these issues and more featured: • James Bowler CB, Permanent Secretary of HM Treasury • Anita Charlesworth, Director of Research at the Health Foundation and former Director of Public Spending at HM Treasury • David Gauke, former Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Work and Pensions • Giles Wilkes, Senior Fellow at the Institute for Government and co-author of Treasury orthodoxy, and former No 10 special adviser for industrial strategy The event was chaired by Dr Gemma Tetlow, Chief Economist at the Institute for Government Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The Treasury is perhaps the most powerful department in Whitehall. Its ownership of public spending means it has direct control over the money available to the rest of government, while the Treasury's responsibility for tax policy gives it enormous influence over the finances of households and businesses. But criticism of the department's influence on government policy is almost as old as the institution itself, with frequent complaints about the “dead hand of the Treasury” or attacks on the department's “orthodoxy”. However, a recent IfG report found many of the fiercest criticisms to be overblown: many simply represent a dislike of a budget constraint. The department plays an important function in effectively managing public spending and guarding against financial disorder. It has also consistently been a champion of economic growth, though there is debate about how that is managed against its responsibility for managing government spending. While the department has clear strengths, there are clearly problems with how it functions. The Treasury often takes a short-term approach, is frequently accused of micromanaging other departments, and wields excessive influence over government policy relative to the rest of the centre. So how can these problems be addressed? How much are they due to the relative weakness of other departments or the incentives facing Treasury ministers? And just what impact does the Treasury have on government policy making? Our expert panel exploring these issues and more featured: James Bowler CB, Permanent Secretary of HM Treasury Anita Charlesworth, Director of Research at the Health Foundation and former Director of Public Spending at HM Treasury David Gauke, former Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Work and Pensions Giles Wilkes, Senior Fellow at the Institute for Government and co-author of Treasury orthodoxy, and former No 10 special adviser for industrial strategy The event was chaired by Dr Gemma Tetlow, Chief Economist at the Institute for Government.

Today, we look at the government's budget plans, after the chancellor said there is likely to be less scope for tax cuts in the March Budget than there was last autumn.The Chief Secretary to the Treasury Laura Trott is in the studio to discuss.Also joining James and Chris are former Conservative cabinet minister David Gauke, and Shevaun Haviland, director general of the British Chambers of Commerce.Newscast brings you daily analysis of the latest political news stories from the BBC. It was presented by James Cook and Chris Mason. It was made by Chris Flynn with Gemma Roper. The assistant editor was Chris Gray. The senior news editor was Jonathan Aspinwall.

On Nick Ferrari at Breakfast, a mega-poll says two thirds of voters want a change of government. Nick speaks with Chief Secretary to the Treasury Laura Trott and Shadow Business and Trade Secretary Jonathan Reynolds. We take your calls on the suggestion from an army chief that gap-year students should take part in military boot camp. All of this and more on the Nick Ferrari Whole Show Podcast.

Liam Byrne sets out his manifesto for a British wealth-sharing democracy. Linking wealth to freedom, he makes the argument for a fairer society and sets out an optimistic plan for the future. As Labour's outgoing Chief Secretary to the Treasury under Gordon Brown, Byrne left a note for his coalition successor explaining that the money had run out. It's a note that has dogged his party ever since and his new book, The Inequality Of Wealth, Why It Matters And How To Fix It, is in part an answer to his critics. Byrne explains why inequality matters and offers practical steps towards tackling it. 

DS Mishra's extension has dashed hopes of other officers set to retire in next 6 months. Former IAS officer, opposition say, such extensions 'adversely' impact integrity of polls.----more---- https://theprint.in/india/centres-man-up-chief-secy-gets-3rd-service-extension-to-serve-till-govt-formation-after-2024-polls/1906438/

This week, host Sumedha Mittal is joined by Newslaundry's Shivnarayan Rajpurohit and Pratyush Deep.Shiv talks about the experience of reporting from Rajasthan on the assembly elections. He compares strategies used by the BJP and Congress to influence voters, from Gehlot's welfarism plank to the BJP's sprawling WhatsApp enterprise. Pratyush then explains his report on Delhi Chief Secretary Naresh Kumar – his controversies and his tussles with the AAP government. Pratyush says the AAP has a litany of woes against Kumar, though Kumar himself says these allegations are “false”.Tune in.Timecodes00:00:00 - Introduction00:01:03 - Rajasthan assembly polls 00:22:22 - Delhi Chief Secretary Naresh Kumar00:36:11 - RecommendationsRecommendationsPratyushEditor Missing: The Media in Today's IndiaShivnarayanA thorn in Kejriwal's side: The controversies of Chief Secretary Naresh KumarSumedhaFacing pressure in India, Netflix and Amazon back down on daring filmsProduced and edited by Saif Ali Ekram, and recorded by Anil Kumar. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Chancellor Jeremy Hunt is set to unveil his much-anticipated Autumn Statement - so what do we know, what about those tax cuts and plans for economic growth?Chief Secretary to the Treasury Laura Trott has already raised expectations of a easing the tax burden for households, as well as for businesses.In this episode, we examine the Conservative government's financials and their pre-election policy gymnastics, with Evening Standard political editor Nicholas Cecil and Jo Michell, professor of economics at the University of the West of England's Bristol Business School. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Between 2010 and 2015, David served in the UK's Coalition Government as Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Schools Minister, and Cabinet Office Minister. Whilst Schools Minister he was responsible for policy areas including all capital and revenue funding, the Pupil Premium, accountability and policy on teachers and leadership.  Since 2015, David has been Chairman of the Education Policy Institute. In this episode we focus on narrowing the education gap between rich and poor and delve into various areas, including creating and communicating a strong evidence base, engaging with policymakers and the media, the possible introduction of Value Added Tax to independent schools, and quite a bit more. As someone who served as Schools Minister, David has key insight on how to engage with policymakers effectively and ensuring research reaches decision-makers at the right time. Translating and summarising complex research, and boiling it down to the policy impact, is actually not the challenging part. The bigger challenge is in ensuring policymakers take note of the research even when it doesn't align with their own views and, also, in ensuring research cuts right through policymakers' busy diaries and grabs their attention. Narrowing the education gap between rich and poor is one of David's key focus areas. He explains how in the UK we have some of the best universities in the world, but there is a tail of underachievement which is very long and highly associated with income and social class, which is the weakness of the UK education system. If we can close the gap between rich and poor we'd have an education system that would genuinely be one of the very best in the world. Thank you for downloading this episode of the Do One Better Podcast. Visit our Knowledge Hub at Lidji.org for information on 200+ case studies and interviews with remarkable leaders in philanthropy, sustainability and social entrepreneurship.   

On today's show, Former England and Chelsea footballer Eni Aluko speaks to Nick ahead of England's World Cup semi-final game. Chief Secretary to the Treasury & Conservative MP John Glen joins live to discuss inflation figures. We take your calls on social media fraud and scams. All of this and more on today's episode of the Nick Ferrari Whole Show Podcast.

Junior doctors are striking due to concerns over the conditions of their job, including overcrowded corridors and long waiting lists. Today's Justin Webb speaks to Dr. Lucy Cocker and Dr. Adam Collins on why they chose to leave the NHS and move to Australia, where they say offers better prospects. Today's Martha Kearney speaks to John Glen, the Chief Secretary to the Treasury on how he aims to address morale in the NHS and resolving the strikes. Image credit: PA

On today's show, Chief Secretary to the Treasury John Glenn joins live to discuss warnings over Britain's economic growth. We take your calls on junior doctor strikes as LBC learns they could cause NHS cancellations to soar past one million. And would you step in to stop a crime? All of this and more on today's episode of the Nick Ferrari Whole Show Podcast.

This episode looks at the strange behaviour of Captain William O'Shea, the husband of Katharine. She was in one of the great love relationships of their time, with Charles Stewart Parnell. O'Shea wanted to get back into parliament and Parnell, to indulge Katharine, perhaps even to deflect O'Shea's hostility if not blackmail, went to great lengths to make sure he did. And yet, once he had, O'Shea stood down again within just four months. Next the episode turns to Salisbury, then heading his second government. He decided to fill the recently vacated post of Chief Secretary of Ireland by appointing his nephew Arthur Balfour to it. This is strictly nepotism, since the Latin word nepos means nephew, but to everyone's surprise, the appointment worked well for Salisbury. Balfour revealed a steeliness no one suspected in him and found the way to impose on Ireland just what Salisbury had called ‘resolute government'. That's a euphemism for something pretty repressive. At the same time, he set out to address Irish grievances over landholding and over agricultural incomes, pursuing a strategy he called ‘killing Home Rule with kindness'. Together with the repression, that worked, and broke the latest wave of unrest. Still, it's pretty clear that it wasn't his kindness that Irishmen focused on most. No, it was the stick, not the carrot, that won him his new nickname: Bloody Balfour. Illustration: Arthur Balfour by Eveleen Myers (née Tennant), circa 1890. National Portrait Gallery P144 Music: Bach Partita #2c by J Bu licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives (aka Music Sharing) 3.0 International License.

Rishi Sunak is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He was previously appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer from 13 February 2020 to 5 July 2022. He was Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 24 July 2019 to 13 February 2020, and Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government from 9 January 2018 to 24 July 2019. Before entering the world of politics, Rishi co-founded an investment firm. In Today's Episode with Rishi Sunak We Discuss: 1. The United Kingdom: Open for AI: Open for Business Why does Rishi believe the UK is best placed to lead the way for innovation in AI? What can the government do to ensure the public and private sectors work together most efficiently? Why has Rishi created an entirely new division just for this? How does this change how decisions for AI and technology are made? 2. $100M Funding: The Largest Government Funding in the World: Why did Rishi decide to allocate the largest pool of capital of any nation toward AI safety? What is the strategy for the $100M? How will it be invested? Who will manage it? What are the challenges and opportunities in setting up this $100M funding program? 3. Education: Attracting the Best in the World: What has Rishi done to ensure the best talent in the world, wants to and can work in the UK? What new initiative has Rishi put in place to ensure the world's brightest students can freely move to and work in the UK? What can be done to ensure the UK continues to foster the same level of homegrown talent that we always have done? What can we do to improve our current education system for AI even further? Why does Rishi believe one of the greatest opportunities for AI lies in education and teaching? 4. Making Regulation Work Effectively: How does Rishi think about creating regulation which is both effective and not prohibitive? What can we do to create a government that moves at the speed of business? What does Rishi believe are the biggest mistakes made in regulatory provisions? What are we doing to avoid them with AI in the UK?

Lady Margaret Thatcher—along with her great ally, President Reagan—fought and won a crucial battle of ideas in the 1970s and 1980s. Ten years after her death, it now falls to a new generation in the Western world to fight a new raft of ideological battles which will determine whether the cherished values of freedom and democracy will continue to thrive in the 21st century. Reducing the size of the state and rejecting leftist orthodoxy are also crucial to delivering the prosperity that will ensure the forces of freedom can prevail against authoritarian regimes. These are the themes that former British Prime Minister Liz Truss will take up as she delivers the 2023 Margaret Thatcher Freedom Lecture.The Freedom Lecture honors the principles, ideals, vision, and legacy of Lady Thatcher. Previous lecturers have included Ambassador Nikki Haley, Soviet dissident Natan Sharansky, U.S. Senator Ted Cruz, conservative authors and commentators Charles Krauthammer and Victor Davis Hanson, and foreign statesmen including former Australian Prime Minister John Howard and former UK International Trade Secretary Liam Fox MP.The Rt Hon Liz Truss MP: Liz Truss served as the 56th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and is a long-standing advocate for limited government, low taxes, and freedom, both at home in the UK and around the world. Continuously holding ministerial office between 2012 and 2022, she served three different prime ministers in six different roles around the cabinet table before her own tenure in 10 Downing Street, including Secretary of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice, Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Secretary of State for International Trade, and Foreign Secretary, as well as Minister for Women and Equalities. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

I'd like to share a leadership conversation I had with an Amb. Ombeni Sefue. It covers various topics such as reading, change management, and growth mindset. Our guest served as Chief Secretary to the President of Tanzania and excelled as a diplomat. He also worked closely with two presidents and currently serves as the board chair for Uongozi Leadership Institute.  To watch the video. click here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_X3bexNzn_I&t=10s To get Ben to train your teams and staff, email us at talktome@whyleadothers.com or go to our website https://whyleadothers.com/ To follow Ben Owden click the links below  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/benowden/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/godsrafiki

This week: the haunting of Rishi Sunak. In her cover piece for The Spectator Katy Balls says that Rishi Sunak cannot escape the ghosts of prime ministers past. She is joined by former Chief Secretary to the Treasury and New Statesman contributor David Gauke to discuss pesky former PMs (01:05). Also this week: In the magazine Julius Strauss writes about Black Tulip, a volunteer-led humanitarian organisation who recover the war dead from the front line in Ukraine. He is joined by Mark MacKinnnon, senior international correspondent at the Globe and Mail in Canada, to talk about the time they spent with the Black Tulip (16:45). And finally: The Spectator's vintage chef Olivia Potts writes this week about the rise of nursery apps which allow parents to spy on their children whilst they are at daycare. She is joined by The Spectator's executive editor Lara Prendergast (28:34).  Hosted by William Moore.  Produced by Oscar Edmondson. 

1st woman to hold the post, A Santhi Kumari takes over at a time the state is readying itself for polls. Her previous postings include principal secretary in CMO & 2-year stint in UNDP.

Last time we spoke, the Qing dynasty had enjoyed the first half of the 18th century with relative ease and prosperity, however the end half and emergence of the 19th century would not be so fruitful. The White Lotus Rebellion of 1794-1804 took root during one of the most corrupt ridden times in Chinese history. One of China's most corrupt figures and one of the richest men in history, Heshen was executed by the new Jiaqing Emperor. Then the Jiaqing Emperor had to quell the White Lotus menace which cost the empire a possible 100 million taels of silver. Despite being successful, the White Lotus rebellion would spread a seed of destruction for the Qing dynasty that would grow overtime and bloom into multiple revolts and rebellions. Now we look to another aspect of China during the early 19th century, its struggle against the looming threat of western greed.    This episode is the A West meets East story   Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on the history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War.   #11 The West meets East failure   Now while the last podcast highlighted the corruption of Heshen and his long lasting effect on the Qing dynasty during the late half of the 18th century, I intentionally avoided speaking about something. That something was the envoys sent by Britain to China to open up trade relations. The rationale was that I wanted to highlight why the White Lotus came to be and the British envoy stories would have derailed it, but in actuality, the corruption, White Lotus rebellion and British envoys all simultaneously play a very important role in the downfall of the Qing Dynasty. So let us go back in time a bit to begin what is quite honestly the emergence of one of the largest drug cartel stories of all time.    Lord George Macartney was a well seasoned diplomat with an extensive resume and a reputation for getting things done. He had that classic story of being raised in poverty, but rising to the top. He began his career as a barrister in England before entering the foreign service. He was no aristocrat, came from no significant family, thus earned his way through merit. His skills and intellect eventually landed him the appointment as an envoy to the Qing Dynasty to establish a British embassy in China. Up to this point in his life, everything he did was a success, but China would prove to be a hard nut to crack. In 1764 Macartney was knighted at the young age of 27 and sent as an envoy to russia. It was a rather scandalous rumor that he was sent as the envoy not merely for his skills and intellect, but because of his good looks as it was believed it would sway the Empress, Catherine the Great to the interests of Britain. After 3 years in Russia, Sir Macartney returned with the Empress's good affection, symbolized in a gem-studded snuff box. This bolstered Macartney into the social circles of the elites and by 1767 he was elected to Parliament and soon appointed the Chief Secretary of Ireland. After some years of service within the United Kingdom, Macartney sought out more adventure and took up a post as governor of the Caribbean Islands in the West Indies. He was soon awarded with the title of Bron and in 1780 received the appointment as governor of Madras India. He worked that office 6 years and became a viscount. Then in 1793 he sailed for one of the most illusive and exotic lands, that of China.   Viscount Macartney was given a simple orders from George III: establish a British embassy in the capital and get permission for British ships to dock at ports besides Canton. Now you might be asking, whats the problem with Canton? Nothing, except for foreign barbarians it was the only port of access for all of China at this time. For those who have never heard of this, the Canton System which began in 1757 was a trade system of the Qing dynasty. The Qianlong Emperor faced numerous problems when he inherited the empire, one being the threat of foreign trade. While trade obviously is a beneficial thing, it can sometimes cause harm, as such the Qing dynasty had some worries about trade with foreign lands. For one thing, the intrusion of missionaries had caused some pretty brutal conflicts in China. After this Emperor Qianlong ordered his court to make some changes to foreign trade to thus stop more conflicts from occurring. He bottled necked all foreign trade to go through Canton and they were to deal exclusively with a group known as the Cohong merchants. The Cohong were granted a monopoly over the foreign trade, but were also the primary representative link between the Qing government and the outside world. There were strings attached of course, the Cohong merchants were to take on full responsibility for any foreign persons connected with a foreign ship that did trade. The Cohong were of course expected to pay taxes to the Qing government for all the trade being done, but by far and large they were able to control how they would levy such taxes. A perfect recipe for corruption.    A event occured known as the Flint Affair, a situation in which a Englishman named James Flint serving the East India Company was repeatedly warned to remain in Canton, but in 1755 he went against the Qing administrative warnings and tried to establish trade in some ports in Zhejiang. He was caught and deported to Macau where he was imprisoned for a few years. The situation prompted Emperor Qianlong to enact 5 measures against the foreign barbarians who wished to trade. 1) Trade by foreign barbarians in Canton is prohibited during the winter. 2) Foreign barbarians coming to the city must reside in the foreign factories under the supervision and control of the Cohong. 3) Chinese citizens are barred from borrowing capital from foreign barbarians and from employment by them. 4) Chinese citizens must not attempt to gain information on the current market situation from foreign barbarians 5) Inbound foreign barbarian vessels must anchor in the Whampoa Roads and await inspection by the authorities   Trade with China was beginning to really boom, but it was being frustrated into the bottleneck of Canton. The British were very eager to open up more trade with China and Macartney had instructions to offer something to the Chinese to open up trade. He could offer to end the importation of opium from British held India, something that was officially illegal in the Qing dynasty, but in reality the Qing could not stop the illicit smuggling of it into China.    On the morning of september 26, 1792 the HMS Lion a 64 gun ship of the line, cast off for China. When Macarney landed on the coast of China, all of his retinue and baggage were transferred to Chinese junks by the order of Emperor Qianlong before he was allowed to travel up the Bei He River enroute for Peking. His ship had a large sign tacked to its mast by the Qing officials with large black letters reading “tribute from the red barbarians”. Remember at this time in history, China was basically the pinnacle of civilization at least from its viewpoint. China had felt superior to the rest of the world for quite some time. Gunpowder, paper currency, eyeglasses and the printing press all were developed in China long before the west had acquired such things. As such the emperor of China did not receive ambassadors per say, as exchanging emissaries would denote equal rank amongst nations, for which China had no equal. Those who did come as emissaries were treated as tribute bearers and identified as foreign barbarians. From the perspective of the Chinese, foreign barbarians did not come to negotiate or make dealings, they came as subjects to pay homage and tribute.    Macartney believed he was bringing gifts from one sovereign nation to another, but the Qing considered him to be a vassal paying tribute. The gifts he brought were the best of British technology: telescopes, brass howitzers, globes, clocks, musical instruments and an entire hot air balloon complete with a balloonist. That one always puzzled me by the way, did that mean the balloonist was just going to be some sort of lifetime servant? In all Macartney brought over 600 gifts for Emperor Qianlong and this all required an astonishing 99 wagons, 40 wheelbarrows drawn by over 200 horses and 3000 people. Macartney was instructed to display the gifts at the Emperor's summer palace before he would be given any chance at seeing Emperor Qianlong. The Qing court apparently were not that impressed with most of the gifts, though they did admire the wood pottery and were particularly interested when Macartney ignited sulfur matches. Unfortunately the hot air balloon never got a chance to take off. The viceroy of Pechili told Macartney that he would not be meeting the emperor in his palace, but in a yurt outside the Imperial hunting lodge in Rehe of the tartary lands. They would pass through the great wall and Macartney was astonished by it stating it to be “the most stupendous work of human hands, probably greater in extent than all of the other forts in the world put together. Its construction was a sign of not only a very powerful empire, but a very wise and virtuous nation”. They traveled into Manchuria until they reached the Emperor's summer quarters on september 8th. The journey had nearly taken a year since they departed England in 1792 and the success or failure of the embassy would be decided in the matter of just mere days. They stopped a mile from the imperial summer residence to make themselves presentable.    Macartney had prepared a colorful and grandiose outfit for the occasion as described by his valet “A suite of spotted mulberry velvet, with a diamond star, and his ribbon, over which he wore the full habit of the order of the Bath, with the hat and the plume of feathers, which form a part of it”. So try to imagine a man dressed up like a peacock, certainly it was going to leave an impression, which is what he wanted. The entourage formed a makeshift parade formation with as much British pomp that could be mustered. The British soldiers and cavalry led the way on foot followed by servants, musicians, scientists and other gentry. The parade arrived at 10am to their designated quarters, with no one at all to greet them. Macartney was bewildered, he had expected this famed Manchu man named Heshen to meet them. However Heshen was nowhere to be found, Macartney deduced he must be delayed for some reason and so they all simply waited. 6 hours passed by as they all stood there in formation waiting with no sign of an imperial official, thus they lost heart and went into the assigned residence to eat. In the end Macartney was forced to go find Heshen himself, quite an uncomfortable start to the venture. Over the course of several days the mountain of British gifts were exchanged. They presented things such as rugs to the Emperors representatives and in turn were given luxurious fabrics such as silk, jade, porcelain, lacquerware and large quantities of the finest tea, oh tea will play quite a role in all of this rest assured. The British tried to awe them with the products of their science, but soon were realizing something was not right.    You see this entire process was confused. For the British they were trying to impress the Chinese to gain the ability to negotiate for more advantageous policies in the future, IE: gain the approval to open a permanent embassy in the capital. But for the Chinese the situation was literally just trade, they were trading goods they assumed the British would want to take home and sell. Nations like Vietnam and Korea would regularly come to pay tribute to the emperor for his approval which legitimized their governments. They came and performed the famous “kow tow” before the Emperor. For those who don't know the “kow tow” is a ritual of 9 kneeling bows to the ground in 3 sets of 3 in the direction of the emperor. The envoys from places like Vietnam or Korea did this readily as their nations were official tributaries to China and thus the Emperor was the overarching figure for their nations as well as their own emperors. But when Macartney showed up he knew nothing of this entire process. Initially Macartney did not even realize he was supposed to prostrate himself before emperor and when this was explained to him he was unwilling to do it. Because despite the great admiration he had for the Qing Empire, he thought he was an envoy between 2 equal and sovereign nations, he assumed the King of England was on equal footing with Emperor Qianlong. Macartney had never done anything like the kow tow for his own king why should he for a foreign king?   So Macartney expected what he considered a mere ceremony to be waved off and submitted a request for that to be so, which he alleged later he received approval for. But when he arrived at Jehol, Heshen denied ever seeing this request and insisted Macartney must perform the kow two before the emperor. Qing officials at the scene assured Macartney that it was just “a mere exterior and unmeaning ceremony” urging him on. Things began to get messy, Macartney said he would kow tow readily if a Qing official would do the same before a portrait he had brought of King George III. No Qing official would do it, so Macartney tried to compromise, what if he simply bent the knee and head once before Emperor Qianlong. To Mccartneys relief the proposal was accepted. A few more days went by, then on September 14th he was informed he could meet the emperor.   Macartney got into his peacock suit and his entourage marched behind Macartney who was carried on a litter until they made it to the Emperor's ceremonial tent. Macartney entered, carrying a jeweled encrusted golden box containing a letter from King George III. In his own account, Macartney stated he knelt on one knee as agreed and presented the emperor the box and the emperor did not seem in the slightest to have made any commotion about the ritual not being performed. Macartney said “Emperor Qianlong's eyes were full and clear and his countenance was open, despite the dark and gloomy demeanor we had expected to find”. Do not forget as I mentioned in the previous episode, at this point in time the Emperor was its pretty safe to say, very senile. The letter from George III was translated into Chinese carefully by European missionaries who made sure to take out any potentially offensive references, like for example anything about chrisianity. The letter spoke about how Emperor Qianlong “should live and rule for 10s of thousands of years and the word China was elevated one line above the rest of the text whenever it appeared and the name of the emperor was elevated 3 lines above the rest. The letters translation thus had been done in such a way it really did not conform to the letter between 2 equals anymore. Meanwhile while Emperor Qianlong read this, Macartney was simply awed by the tent they were in. In his words “the tapestries, carpets and rich draperies and lanterns were disposed with such harmony, the colors so artfully varied. It was as if he was inside a painting. The commanding feature of the ceremony was the calm dignity that sober pomp of asiatic greatness, which European refinements have not yet attained”. Macartney also went on to mention that he was also not the only envoy present in the tent. There were 6 Muslim enovys from tributary states near the Caspian sea an a Hindu envoy from Burma and they had allow performed the kow tow.    Emperor Qianlong asked Heshen if any of the English could speak Chinese and the son of British diplomat George Staunton stepped forward. The 12 year old boy named George stepped towards the throne and according to his diary “I spoke some Chinese words to him and thanked him for the presents”. Emperor Qianlong was apparently charmed by this and took a purse from his own waist to give to him as a token of his esteem. That little boy became the first Englishman after James Flint to cross the wall of language between Britain and China and it would shape his life after. After the meeting, Macartney and his entourage were allowed to stay in Jehol for a few days and were fortunate enough to partake in the emperor's birthday banquet. On September 21st, disaster struck when a member of Macartney's entourage died, a gunner named Reid. It was the day before their departure date and apparently Reid had eaten 40 apples for breakfast, which I have to say is one of the most bizarre rationales for a death I've ever heard. Regardless, the Qing assumed off the bat the man died of some contagious disease and urged them all to leave with haste.    Meanwhile in Peking, the Balloonist/scientist Mr Dinwiddie had been busy prepared all the scientific instruments for demonstrations awaiting Emperor Qianlong's return from Jehol at the end of september. He had begun filling a grand hall of the imperial palace outside the city of Beijing with globes, clocks, telescopes, the air pump for the balloon and such. He had signed a contract basically stating he could never return home and would be stuck as a foreigner in a small part of Beijing. Regardless he got everything ready for the emperor's visit. When the emperor came on October the 1st he showed no particular emotion as he toured the hall according to Dinwiddie. Upon looking through a telescope for roughly 2 minutes the emperor alleged stated “it was good enough to amuse children” and simply left. Heshen and other Qing officials came to see the wonders and showed a bit more interest. Unfortunately the hot air balloon demonstration was to be the grand finale in the course of a few days but never came to fruition, because all of a sudden on October the 6th the Emperor ordered all the British to leave. Everything was hastily packed up and every man by October 7th was being pushed out as the embassy mission was sent away from Peking. Once on the road out of Peking it dawned upon them all the embassy mission was a failure. As one British servant put it “we entered Peking like paupers; we remained in it like prisoners; and we quitted it like vagrants”.    Macartney had no idea how much he had offended the emperor with his negotiations. Back on september 10th, 4 days before they met the Emperor, Qianlong was always fuming mad about the English ambassadors dragging of the feet about the kow tow. In fact at that time Emperor Qianlong simply told his officials he would keep the promise to have the meetings, but as far as he was concerned they best be gone afterwards. Qianlong prior had planned to have them stay a long time to enjoy the sights of Jehol but “given the presumption and self important display by the English ambassador, they should be sent from Jehol immediately after the banquet, given 2 days to get to Peking to pack up their belongs and go. When foreigners who come seeking audience with me are sincere and submissive then I always treat them with kindness. But if they come in arrogance they get nothing”. On October 3rd, just a few days before they were ordered out, Macartney received the official response to King George III's letter, unfortunately it was in Chinese and he was unable to translate it for some time. It stated that the request for the British ambassador to remain at the capital was not consistent with the customs of the empire and therefore could not be allowed. And here is the kicker in regards to trade and the gifts he said “I accepted the gifts not because I wanted them, but merely, as tokens of your own affectionate regard for me. In truth the greatness and splendor of the Chinese empire have spread its fame far and wide, and as foreign nations, from a thousand parts of the world, crowd hither over mountains and seas, to pay us their homage and bring us the rarest and most precious offerings, what is it that we can want here? Strange and costly objects do not interest me. We possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your countries manufactures”. Oomphf there was a second little part after that went “we have never needed trade with foreign countries to give us anything we lacked. Tea, porcelain and silk are essential needs for countries like England that do not have such things and out of grace the dynasty had long permitted foreign merchants to come to Canton to purchase these goods. To satisfy your needs and to allow you to benefit from our surplus. England is but one of many countries that comes to trade in Canton and if we were to give Britain special treatment, then we would have to give it to all the others as well”.   Macartney was furious and wrote extensively enroute back home. “Can they be ignorant, that a couple of English frigates would be an overmatch for the whole naval force of their empire, that in half a summer they could totally destroy the navigation of their coasts and reduce the inhabitants of the maritime provinces, who subsist chiefly on fish, to absolute famine? We could destroy the Tiger's mouth forts guarding the river passage to Canton with just half a dozen boardsides and annihilate the Canton trade that employs millions of Chinese”. Yet despite all his military bravado talk, if Britain were at this time to make any aggression against China it would immediately result in them shutting down their trade. If that was allowed to happen both the economies of Britain and British held India would suffer tremendous economic damage. Thus Macartney knew the best course of action was to be patient and try try and try again.   So the Macartney mission ended in embarrassment. Macartney would tell those back in Britain “The empire of China is an old crazy first-rate man of war, which a fortunate succession of able and vigilant offers has contrived to keep afloat for these hundred and fifty years past; and to overawe their neighbors, merely by her bulk and appearance. She may perhaps not sink outright, she may drift some time as a wreck, and will then be dashed in pieces on the shore; but she can never be rebuilt on the old bottom”. Very dark and ominous words indeed. Prior to Macartney's report those had this perception of China to be the model of stable and virtuous government. But Macartney ranted that “the tyranny of a handful of Tartars over more than 300 millions of Chinese. And those Chinese subjects would not suffer the odium of a foreign yoke for much longer. A revolution was coming”. Macartney would elaborate further on what he believed to be the socio-political situation in China. “I often perceived the ground to be hollow under a vast superstructure and in trees of the most stately and flourishing appearance I discovered symptoms of speedy decay. The huge population of Han Chinese were just recovering blows that had stunned them they are awaking from the political stupor they had been thrown into by the Tartar impression, and begin to feel their native energie revive. A slight collision might elicit fire from the flint, and spread the flames of revolt from one extremity of China to the other. I should not be surprised if its dislocation or dismemberment were to take place before my own dissolution”. Please take note this is all coming from a bitterly anger man who, yes traveled the country for months, but he had not seen the interior of China. He could not speak or read the language and knew nothing of the culture. And yet he was almost 100% prophetic in what would occur.    Now as I went into with the past episode, the Qianlong Emperor was very old and going senile. When Macartney met with him, Qianlong had just turned 82 and had ruled for over 58 years an incredible reign. And despite the show the emperor had put on about never needing western trade, in reality he was deeply fascinated by western inventions. He cherished his collection of 70 British clocks and wrote poems about them and about western telescopes. Likewise he kept multiple western art pieces and employed many westerners in his court. Above all else he understood the value of China's foreign trade at Canton, because a significant portion of the tariff income fed his imperial household. The canton trade was also a primary source of silver import of which China was the largest importer of silver since the 1600s. Foreigners came and were forced to trade with silver if they wanted tea or porcelain. Tea, Tea is the crucial component of this story.   In 1664 King Charles II received 2 lbs of black, strange smelling leaves from China. Less than half a century later, tea became Britain's beverage of choice with an annual consumption of 12 million pounds per year. By 1785, Britain was importing 15 million lbs of tea per year from China. The people of Britain were literally addicted China's tea, which might I add is a mild stimulant. More so the British government became economically dependent on tea and the Exchequer levied a 100 percent import tax upon it whoa. Although China purchased some British goods like clocks, it was nothing compared to the British need for tea. Between 1710 to 1759 the imbalance of trade was enormous, literally draining Britain of its silver, because that was after all the only form of payment China accepted. During this time, Britain paid 26 million in silver to China, but sold only 9 million in goods.    Now lets talk a bit more about how this trade was being down in Canton. It was the East India Company who was given a monopoly over the tea trade in China. I mentioned the Cohong or sometimes called simply Hong merchants. They were directly in charge of the Canton trade, holding a monopoly over it. All western trade had to come through them, if you were a foreign ship, your cargo had to be guaranteed by a Hong merchant before it could sail up river to port Canton. Only a Hong merchant could rent you a warehouse or arrange for you any and all purchases for tea, silk and such. Personal relationships were thus key and having a friendship with any Hong merchant was immensely valuable. Hong merchants were accountable for the conduct of all foreing personnel. If some foreigner got drunk and beat up a local, the Hong merchant was held responsible, and this did in fact happen often. The Hong merchants were a small group, typically no more than a dozen any given time. As you can imagine with such a small group controlling the full trade between China and western nations, the opportunities for both sides merchants to become abundantly rich was enormous. However there was a ton of risk for the Hong since they took all the risk. Regardless the Hong merchants were some of the richest men in China, but they also went bankrupt regularly. Why was this, well because of their access to capital it made them primary targets for other government officials to squeeze.    You see despite their monopoly on the trade, the Hong merchants were almost always in a precarious situation. Their appointment and finance was done via the Hoppo. Also the social status of merchants within traditional confucianism was very low and the Hong merchants were at the mercy of other Qing officials. This led the Hong merchants to be forced to pay numerous bribes to said officials. More often than naught to get an appointment as a Hong came with a literal downpayment for the officials who got you the job! The Hong merchants were squeezed left right and center by countless officials in a pecking system built upon corruption and greed.    The senior superintendent of foreign trade at Canton was a Imperial customs commissioner known to the westerners as the “hoppo”. The hoppo reported directly to the board of revenue in Beijing and it was the Hoppo who was responsible for ensuring a proper flow of tariff income back to Beijing. The position of Hoppo was one of the greatest opportunities to get filthy rich.   Before the White Lotus rebellion the Qing silver surplus was a whopping 70 million taels, but over the course of the war it is estimated the Qing treasury would pay something like 100 million taels in silver. Then came another disaster.    The Napoleonic wars had a tremendous impact on the world, not limited to just the war itself. As the war grinding on, Britain was pressed for funds to finance its war against France and this led them to squeeze the East India Company harder. The British government began raising its tax on the company's tea in 1795, then again in 1802 where it reached 50%, then again in 1806 to a whopping 96% and by 1819 it would be 100%. The growing British tax on the company's tea led it to become a possible 1/10th of Britain's national revenue. As you can imagine with those numbers, the importance of maintaining the trade with Canton became a matter of national interest.    While the Qing dynasty spent millions of taels mobilizing armies to quell the white lotus rebellion, the British likewise spent millions during its war against france. Britain would spend around 12 times more than its previous 22 year war with France and ran up a monstrous national debt. By the time Napoleon was defeated, Britain had doubled the size of the royal navy and it was the most powerful maritime force in the world. Britain acquired more territories to expand its enormous empire. By 1820 the British Empire would control roughly a quarter of the world's population, almost rivaling China. The emperor of China, Jiaqing was forced to slash the budgets of things such as the military after the internal rebellion was over. In expectation for an era of peace for the empire, the emperor effectively had to mortgage the future improvement of China's military to simply stabilize the country.   Now Britain's tea fix needed to be met, but its silver was depleted. The Napoleonic war and the American revolution had drained Britain of its silver reserve, how was Britain going to get the tea? The British needed to find something the Chinese were willing to pay for in silver and the British would find what that in Opium. The British were not the first importers of Opium into China. Arab merchants had been selling opium cultivated in what is modern day turkey since the middle ages. It was primarily used for medicinal purposes, such as being used as a constipation drug to stop diarrhea, quite a useful thing to have to fight off dysentery which reeks its ugly head during times of conflict. In 1659 the East India Company began to export it in limited quantities from Bengal India. The East India Company had a monopoly over the trade with India and tried to prevent the business of opium importing to China since it was illegal and could interfere with the company's legitimate trade. However to get tea required silver and when the silver began to dry up the East India Company's tolerance for the illicit business began to loosen.    In 1782 the East India Company turned its eyes away and allowed the export of 3450 chests of opium. Each chest for reference weighed around 170 lbs, about the size of a small footlocker. 2 ships carried the illegal cargo and enroute 1 of them was captured by the French with the other arrived in Macao. The Chinese merchants refused to purchase the illegal contraband until the price was dropped to 210$ per chest. To break even the British needed to sell a chest at around 500$, it was a complete disaster. The British merchants ended up dumping most of their cargo at a loss in Malaysia for a price of around 340$. There were no eager buyers for opium in China in 1782 and this showcases the lack of users or better said addicts. Nonetheless the Qing government made a decree in 1799 condemning the illicit trade “foreigners obviously derive the most solid profits and advantages, but that our countrymen should pursue this destructive and ensnaring vice is indeed odious and deplorable”. The East India Company proclaimed it was forbidding British ships to carry the illicit cargo, because remember they had to make sure the Canton market remained open to britain. Yet this did not stop the East India company from selling opium within India to independent British and Indian merchants who in turn might smuggle the drugs into China. Its not the East India company after all and the company could see no other way to acquire silver to buy the tea Britain needed.    In 1773 opium earned the company 39,000 pounds, in 1793 opium earned them 250,000 pounds. The idea was working and the trade imbalance was soon shifting. By 1806 to 1809 China would pay out 7 million in silver for opium. During the first 2 decades of the 19th century opium addiction grew in China at a slow pace. The East India Company kept the price of the illicit substance artificially high, which meant only the upper class in China could afford it. The East India Company was doing its best not to antagonize the Qing government, IE: not rubbing their nose in the illicit trade, thus it did not increase imports and lower prices. Around 5000 chests were being sold per year and this stabilized the trade imbalance between Britain and China, no longer was Britain simply losing its silver to China, nor was China being depleted dry.    Then a technological innovation in Britain completely shattered the equilibrium. The invention of the steam engine in the previous century resulted in the mechanized production of cotton. Soon England had flooded the market with mass produced textiles and the surplus of this found its way to a very eager Indian market. Those merchants paid for the product in cash, but how do you think they got the cash? Bingo opium cultivation and with it the need to sell more of it. So as a result more and more opium began to flood into China, but it still had to go through the bottleneck of Canton.    Problems began to occur which affected the Canton trade. The Napoleonic wars began to send ripples throughout the world and one place that was affected was Macao in 1808. The British in Canton heard rumors that France was sending troops to occupy Macao. The British wanted to preemptively respond and sent a naval fleet under Rear Admiral William Drury in September of 1808. Drury sent a letter informing the Portuguese governor at Macao that he intended to occupy the city to which the governor refused him and began to appeal to the Chinese governor general for protection. On september 21st Drury landing 300 marines who quickly seized the shore batteries at Macao with no resistance being made by the Portuguese. However the Chinese governor general ordered a shutdown of the British trade in Canton, uh oh. The East India company had to pull full cargo ships out immediately and abandon their factory in Canton. Drury in response brought an additional 700 marines from India to occupy Macao. The Chinese governor general warned Drury if they did not withdraw, the fleet and all British residents in Macao would be cut off from food supplies. Drury panicked, he had not intended to start a war, nor were his orders remotely authorized to do so!   When Emperor Jiaqing got news of the British invasion of Macao he was furious to say the least. Emperor Jiaqing issued an edict to the governor general in Canton “such a brutal eruption at Macao indicates an affrontery without limit. To invoke such a pretext is to freely insult the Chinese Empire. It is important in any case to raise considerable troops, attack the foreigners, and exterminate them. In this way, they will understand that the seas of China are forbidden to them!”. So the governor general ordered 8000 troops at Canton to man the coastal forts in the vicinity in preparation for war. Drury got the news of this and knew the Canton trade could be shut off for good stating “it would exclude the English forever, from the most advantageous monopoly it possesses in the Universe”. So Admiral Drury backed down, refusing to risk war with China. Drury took the marines out, but left some ships in the hope trade in Canton would soon be restored. And thus 6 days later the Qing governor general restored trade in Canton, phew crisis averted.   Another rather unusual conflict occured when a British christian missionary named Thomas Manning attempted to enter into China by land. Manning had tried asking the Hoppo for permission to visit Beijing as a scientist envoy but it was refused as the Emperor had plenty of western scientists at his disposal. The frustrated Manning then began to climb aboard East India company ships going around Vietnam, to see if he could find a way to sneak into China via Vietnam roads. This did not pan out so he struck out at another place to get into China, Tibet. Manning went to Tibet pretending to be a Buddhist lama from India and would you believe it he got an audience with the Dalai Lama on december 17 of 1811. He climbed hundreds of steps and met with the Dalai Lama whom he described “His face was, I thought, poetically and effectively beautiful. He was of a gay and cheerful disposition; his beautiful mouth perpetually unbending into a graceful smile, which illuminated his whole countenance. Sometimes, particularly when he had looked at me, his smile almost approached a gentle laugh”. After meeting the Dalai Lama, Manning hoped to be granted permission to make the 1500 mile journey to Beijing, but this would not occur. In the holy city of Lhasa he was apprehended by the local Qing officials and quasi imprisoned until Emperor Jiaqing could be informed and send orders as to what to do. Orders finally came in February of 1812 to deport Manning and raise border security in response to this incursion.    Then in 1813 problems reeked their ugly head yet again for British-Chinese relations. The Emperor had reduced the number of Hong merchants that the British were allowed to do business with. The larger issue at hand was the War of 1812 which brought with it conflict between Britain and American ships around the waters of Canton. At this time the Americans were second only to the British in the size of their commerce in Canton. The US lacked cruisers to convoy their merchant ships and thus began arming the merchants ships into privateers. The US ships also tried to simply avoid the British by not landing at the same time intervals, but all of this would not avoid conflict. In march of 1814 the British frigate Doris captured a 300 ton American privateer, the USS Hunter and took her to Macao as a prize. 2 months later the Doris hunted down the USS Russel up the Pearl River near the Whampia anchorage just a few miles shy of Whampoa city. They fired upon another while another US ships the Sphynx was boarded and captured. More raids continued from both sides and the conflict greatly angered the Chinese authorities. Eventually the Qing governor general cut off supplies and suspended trade with both nations demanding they behave themselves.    The British merchants in Canton complained they had nothing to do with the Royal Navy, but the Chinese authorities would not hear it. Some minor conflicts occured in Canton and the British felt they had been wronged. The East India Company began to demand the British government send an embassy to remedy the entire situation. So Britain answered the plea and sent another embassy mission in 1816. Lord William Pitt Amherst, Earl Amherst of Arracan was born in 1773 in Bath. His father was General William Amherst and his uncle was Field Marshall Sir Jeffrey Amherst who had a distinguished military career including being the governor general of British north America after defeating Nouvelle France in 1760. Little Williams mother died and the widowed father would take care of William and his sister for awhile until in 1781 when he also died. William would end up living with his uncle in the Amherst estate in Montreal where I happen to live near. William would eventually go to oxford and became an accomplished linguist learning several languages. Eventually he landed a job as ambassador to Sicily and by the end of the Napleonic wars he was made a Privy Councillor. He proved to be able enough and was soon sent as Ambassador with Plenipotentiary to negotiate with the Qing Dynasty in 1816.    The China Amherst encountered in 1816 was very different compared to the one Lord Macrtney had visited. The Emperor was Jiaqing, the dynasty had quelled the White Lotus Rebellion, quite a few smaller revolts and had a real problem with pirates along the coast. Emperor Jiaqing had a loose hold over the empire and was not about to let some foreign power further threaten it.    Amherst was a bit of an odd choice to lead the mission. He was considered a dull, but well mannered man who was not very talented in public speaking. Neither brilliant nor particularly handsome, just hailed from an excellent family. Amherst brought with him 2 familiar faces, the former little boy who had courageously spoken to Emperor Qianlong, George Staunton, who was now an adult. George had been working for the East India Company in Canton and had mastered the Chinese language and learnt much of its culture. The second ws Thomas Manning after his great Tibet adventure. Amherst's departure would be 6 months after the Duke of Wellington's victory at Waterloo in June of 1815. Thus Amherst would be coming to China to inform them that the nearly continuous warfare between Britain and France for the past 22 years had finally come to an end. Amherst was instructed to make it clear to the Chinese that Great Britain was now the unrivaled dominant military power in Europe. The Amherst mission also was to remedy the Canton situation, but the perspective from Britain was quite off. They thought Emperor Jiaqing knew relatively not much about the ongoings in places like Canton, and if they simply came and complained about mistreatment that he would just offhand discipline the officials in Canton and place the British in a better position.The Emperor however was hardly oblivious to the ongoings in Canton, in fact he was paying a ton of attention to it. The Emperor had ordered investigation into the Canton situation over the past few years Emperor Jiaqing was particularly taking an interest into George Staunton who he viewed as a potential trouble maker in China, because the man had vast knowledge now of the language and culture and might induce more westerners to do the same. For certain the emperor was not pleased at all to find out Thomas Manning was coming as he had deported him and it was to be presumed Manning should never step foot back in China ever again. So the entourage was already doomed to fail.   As the entourage made their way, Amherst reported that the Qing dynasty seemed to have declined significantly compared to what Macartney had reported long ago. The entourage had learnt of the White Lotus rebellion and how suppressing it nearly bankrupt the Qing government. The entourage became rather bold and instead of waiting at the island of Chusan, Amherst ships, accompanied by 2 East India Company surveying vessels divided themselves into task forces and went to work dropping the embassy team off  at the White River. Soon some of the vessels began to explore the river networks going as far north to where the Great Wall meets the coast of Manchuria, sailed around the Liaodong Peninsula and parts of the Yalu river, very bold moves. They also took notes of the villages, populations and geology of their ventures. They particularly noted down the lack of military installations.    Both the Amherst mission and the Qing court intended to use the Macartney mission as a precedent, but neither communicated how they should go about it. What really loomed over the entire affair was the issue of the Kow Tow. Now Amherst was coming into this with less radical requests than Macartney. They were not asking for a permanent ambassador at the capital, nor the opening of new ports. They just wanted some kind of provision for direct communication between the East India Company staff in Canton and a high ranking official in Beijing in order to circumvent the troubles they had been having with the Hoppo and governor general of canton. They also wanted to be allowed to do business with others aside from the Hong merchants. Officials from Beijing met with Amherst as soon as the British ships anchored at the mouth of the white river in early august. They escorted him along the way, but also asked him to Kowtow in front of a piece of yellow silk that represented the emperor. They wanted to see that the man understood how to do the kowtow. Amherst was given instructions from the British government simply to do what he thinks best in the situation of the kow towing issue, but to make sure the mission was a success. Thus the first time he was asked to do it he refused and stated that since Macartney did not kow tow why should he. The Qing officials were confused and said as far as they knew Macartney did kow tow to the emperor in 1793. Then they reminded Amherst the Emperor Jiaqing was present in 1793 and would have seen it occur, best he kow tow as well. George Staunton told Amherst they were mistaken and that he never saw Macartney kow tow. As you can imagine it was now a case of Emperor Jiaqing's word against Staunton, a man the emperor did not like. Amherst was in a bad situation, so he simply stated he would do the kow tow when the time came, but stressed he would do it on one knee and not two. He tried to compromise by offering to kiss the emperors hand which utterly disgusted the Qing officials. The highest ranking Qing official escorting the foreigners was Heshitai, brother in law to Emperor Jaiqing. He told Amherst he had to bow on both knees or he would be expelled from the capital without audience.   The entourage made it just a mile outside Beijing where crowds of spectators began assembling on the sides of the roads to see their approach. They made their way to the eastern gate at night and the massive walls astounded them. They road in springless wooden carts, a quite uncomfortable ride at that. Amherst was told his audience would take place immediately and in fact he was actually late for it. Amherst panicked he was not ready, he was fatigued and unkept, his baggage had not even arrived yet which held his coronation robes for the occasion. He did not even have the letter from the prince regent to be given to the Emperor! Heshitai told him he had to go now, but Amherst refused. Amherst demanded they be given time to clean up, gather their baggage and rest. Heshitai eventually got another Qing official to grab hold of Amherst and dragged him to see the emperor.    It is here we get many conflicting stories about what goes down. In a classical one it is said, the Qing officials grab Amherst in the middle of the night when he is disoriented and try to force him to kow tow in a private room, hoping the half asleep man would just do it. Apparently Staunton grabs Amherst by the elbow before he can do the deed and they suddenly leave the place before seeing the emperor. A lot of unanswered questions to be sure. In another story the try to get Amherst to go see the emperor, but he simply refuses and him and his entourage basically fight their way out of their lodgings and leave on the evening of November 13. Regardless what is important to know is the British entourage and Emperor Jiaqing have no idea whats going on at all, they are both at the mercy of reports from the middle men, IE:  the escort officials like Heshitai.   During the slow journey back south to Canton, one of their ships, the Alceste had bombarded a Chinese fort guarding the Tiger's Mouth river entrance to Canton! Dozens of shots were fired and it is said 47 Chinese soldiers were killed. The Alceste had returned from surveying the Pearl river when the captain Murray Maxwell requested permission to sail up to the Whampoa anchorage so it could make repairs on the ship before picking up Amherst's entourage on their way back. Maxwell alleges he was taunted by the Qing representative to the governor general who told him that Amherst had been sent away from the capital without an audience. Murray Maxwell was thus denied permission to go to the Whampoa anchorage and was forced to wait on an outlying island. After a week of waiting, Maxwell had had it and decided to force up the river without permission. As soon as the Alceste began sailing it was confronted by a Chinese fleet and soon a fire fight. The Alceste began blasting away the Chinese coastal defenses, working her way up the river channel to get to Whampoa anchorage.    Both the British entourage and Emperor Jiaqing were mystified as to what happened. The Emperor sent his personal doctor to see to Amherst whom he had assumed must be very sick for missing the meeting only to find out the man was perfectly healthy. After some investigation the Emperor realized the entire debacle was the fault of the escorting officials, above all Heshitai! It turns out the Emperor had been lied to by the escorting officials and fed false reports. The British blamed the emperor for the entire misadventure. The Emperor was livid by everything, but there was a saving grace to the embarrassment on his nation's part, the embarrassment of the Alceste ordeal. When the Alceste made it to Whampoa the governor generals welcomed the ship as if nothing had ever happened. The Emperor sent conciliatory edicts and gifts for the King of England. The Emperor also sent a letter to the king, but he had written it before his investigation of all the matters and thus wrote that he blamed Amherst for the entire ordeal.   The mission was a catastrophe. Trade would continue unaffected, but now both nations had been humiliated. Now the Chinese would look with more suspicion at the British and the British hopes for extending trade outside the canton system were dashed. As quite a fitting end to the entire ordeal, the Alceste which was carrying Amherst and his retinue back to England slammed into a rock and sank. England's response to the Amherst mission was disappointment. The entire situation aided one group of people in Britain, those who sought to abolish the East India Company's monopoly over the China trade. One major critic of the Amherst mission was Napoleon Bonaparte exiled on Saint Helena in 1817. He thought it was ridiculous that such an ordeal came about because the British fretted over kow towing. But he ended his statements with this “It would be the worst thing you have done for a number of years, to go to war with an immense empire like China, what might happen if the dragon, as it were, should be awakened? You would doubtless, at first, succeed…but you would teach them their own strength. They would be compelled to adopt measures to defend themselves against you; they would consider, and say, ‘we must try to make ourselves equal to this nation. Why should we suffer a people, so far away, to do as they please to us? We must build ships, we must put guns into them, we must render ourselves equal to them.' They would get artificers, and ship builders, from France, and America, and even from London; they would build a fleet,and, in the course of time, defeat you.”    I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me.  The attempts at opening up more trade with China were disastrous and embarrassing for Britain. She needed her tea fix, but her silver reserves were depleted and thus the East India Company began to deal in opium. How could this possibly all go wrong?

One of our listeners has sent in a tribute to Chris Mason, Newscast star. Chief Secretary to the Treasury Simon Clarke joins Adam, Chris and Alex Forsyth to talk about the government's decision to give every household a £400 discount on their energy bills. It'll be partly funded by a windfall tax on oil and gas firms' profits. Conservative MP Mark Harper, who's calling for Boris Johnson to resign, explains why he believes it's time for the party to choose its next leader. This episode of Newscast was made by Chris Flynn, Daniel Wittenberg and Miranda Slade. The assistant editor was Alison Gee. The editor was Jonathan Aspinwall.