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This saturday, the Thunder will EDGE. We've got 6 wonderful finalists for an incredible game that I hope you for sure dig into. For this week, Hunter sat down with all of the Finalists to hear about their take on this wonderful game we all love. Special thanks to our Finalists: Denis, bambam, Will, Ultragainer, JadiimJedi, and Me (Myself) WATCH THE FINALS OF THE TOURNAMENT ON JULY 25th at 9AM Eastern/13:00 UTC over on https://www.twitch.tv/spacecatspeaceturtles Come see our comedy show at Gen Con (July 30th 8PM): https://indianapolis.heliumcomedy.com/shows/371208 Come to our TF Tournament at Gen Con: https://www.gencon.com/events/320681 Music provided by Ben Prunty. Find more at benpruntymusic.com or benprunty.bandcamp.com Additional Music and Sounds by Brian Kupillas. https://wanderinglake.bandcamp.com/ Art by Sun Sanders  To learn more about our Discord, Patreon, Merch, and more, visit https://spacecatspeaceturtles.com/

rWotD Episode 3365: First Cevallos expedition Welcome to random Wiki of the Day, your journey through Wikipedia's vast and varied content, one random article at a time.The random article for Tuesday, 21 July 2026, is First Cevallos expedition.The First Cevallos expedition was a series of Spanish military operations in South America during the Fantastic War. Under the command of the governor of Buenos Aires, Pedro de Cevallos, the expedition captured the Portuguese settlement of Colónia do Sacramento and fought off a joint Anglo-Portuguese attempt to recapture it. All military activities in the region concluded with the 1763 Treaty of Paris.In 1762, Spain entered the Seven Years' War on the side of France as part of the Family Compact, motivated in part by diplomatic efforts on the part of the French government. Having been notified months in advance that Spain was planning to enter the conflict and declare war on Portugal, Cevallos launched an expedition against Colónia do Sacramento on 3 September 1762, sailing at the head of an expeditionary fleet from Buenos Aires which carried 2,700 soldiers. The Portuguese authorities in Colónia do Sacramento, already alerted to Cevallos' plans, received reinforcements on 24 September.The expedition arrived near Colónia do Sacramento on 7 September and began to besiege it on 1 October. By 3 November, the settlement capitulated to the Spanish. A month later, a joint Anglo-Portuguese expedition attempted to recapture it, attacking the city walls by bombarding it; after a British warship was destroyed, the Anglo-Portuguese force withdrew. From January to April 1763, Cevallos launched several attacks on Portuguese outposts in the region, capturing the forts of Santa Tereza and San Miguel and occupying the village of Rio Grande. There, Cevallos learned of the Treaty of Paris and concluded his campaign.The expedition's success was received positively in Spain, as the war had gone badly for the Spanish on all other fronts. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, Colónia do Sacramento was returned to Portugal, though other outposts captured by Cevallos remained under Spanish control. The Portuguese refused to accept losing control over these outposts, launching several incursions into Spanish-held territory; these actions eventually resulted in an undeclared war breaking out between Spain and Portugal between 1776 and 1777. During this conflict, Cevallos once again captured Colónia do Sacramento, and it was permanently ceded to Spain in the First Treaty of San Ildefonso.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:08 UTC on Tuesday, 21 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see First Cevallos expedition on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Bluesky at @wikioftheday.com.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Justin.

fWotD Episode 3364: Lope Martín Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Tuesday, 21 July 2026, is Lope Martín.Lope Martín (marooned 21 July 1566) was an Afro-Portuguese maritime pilot who successfully navigated across the Pacific Ocean east–west and then west–east, becoming the first to complete the return voyage from Asia to the Americas. Martín was a free mulatto from Lagos, Portugal, who became a licensed pilot in Spain. He was contracted for Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition from Mexico to the Philippines and was designated the sole pilot of a patache called the San Lucas. Martín and the San Lucas separated from the rest of the fleet after ten days and sailed through the Marshall Islands and the Caroline Islands before arriving at the Philippines in January 1565. Without the rest of the fleet, Martín then embarked upon the return voyage from Asia to the Americas, which had been attempted but never completed; the San Lucas arrived in Mexico in August 1565.In spite of Martín's accomplishments, the Real Audiencia of Mexico soon ordered him to return to the Philippines and appear before Legazpi, who was expected to execute him for having allegedly deserted the rest of his fleet. Martín's ship, the San Jerónimo, departed Mexico in May 1566; recognizing the danger that he faced, Martín led two successive mutinies and took command of the ship. He anchored the San Jerónimo at Ujelang Atoll in July 1566, intending to maroon any members of the crew who were not loyal to him; instead, Martín and 26 other men were left behind and never seen again.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:48 UTC on Tuesday, 21 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Lope Martín on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Bluesky at @wikioftheday.com.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Geraint.

pWotD Episode 3366: Kevin Keegan Welcome to popular Wiki of the Day, spotlighting Wikipedia's most visited pages, giving you a peek into what the world is curious about today.With 688,797 views on Monday, 20 July 2026 our article of the day is Kevin Keegan.Joseph Kevin Keegan (14 February 1951 – 20 July 2026) was an English footballer and manager. Nicknamed "King Kev" or "Mighty Mouse", Keegan was recognised for his dribbling ability, finishing and presence in the air, and is regarded as one of the greatest players of all time.Keegan began his playing career at Scunthorpe United in 1968, before Bill Shankly signed him for Liverpool. There, he won three First Division titles, the UEFA Cup twice, the FA Cup and, in his final season, the European Cup. During this period, he was a regular member of the England national team, and captained the team on 31 occasions, including at UEFA Euro 1980. He moved to Hamburger SV in the summer of 1977 and was named European Footballer of the Year in both 1978 and 1979. Hamburg won the Bundesliga title in the 1978–79 season and reached the 1980 European Cup final. Keegan left Hamburg and played at Southampton for two seasons, before transferring to Newcastle United in the Second Division in 1982. He helped Newcastle secure promotion in his second season, and retired from playing in 1984. He scored 204 goals in 592 appearances in his club career, adding 21 goals in 63 caps for England.He moved into management at Newcastle in 1992, and the team won promotion to the Premier League as First Division champions in his first full season. Newcastle finished second in the Premier League in the 1995–96 season, despite leading the way for most of the campaign. After managing Fulham for two seasons, he took charge of the England national team in February 1999, but resigned in October 2000 following a 1–0 loss against Germany in qualification for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. In 2001, he became manager of Manchester City for four years, until he resigned in 2005. Keegan had been out of football for almost three years when he returned to Newcastle for a second spell as manager in January 2008, but this lasted only eight months, as he resigned in September following speculation about a dispute with the club's directors. He had the unique distinction of being promoted as champions in his first full season with the three clubs he managed.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 02:38 UTC on Tuesday, 21 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Kevin Keegan on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Bluesky at @wikioftheday.com.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Aditi.

rWotD Episode 3364: Council of Jerusalem (536) Welcome to random Wiki of the Day, your journey through Wikipedia's vast and varied content, one random article at a time.The random article for Monday, 20 July 2026, is Council of Jerusalem (536).The Council of Jerusalem of 536 was a meeting of Chalcedonian representatives of the church of the Three Palestines (Prima, Secunda, Tertia) to condemn certain persons accused of the Monophysite heresy. It was convoked at the initiative the Roman emperor Justinian I following the forced resignation of the Patriarch Anthimus I of Constantinople in February or March, an event in which Pope Agapetus I had played the main role.Following the Council of Constantinople in May–June 536, Patriarch Menas of Constantinople wrote to Patriarch Peter of Jerusalem urging him to hold a council of the Three Palestines to condemn the same heretics as had Constantinople: Anthimus, Severus of Antioch, Zaʿūra the Stylite and Peter of Apamea. The emperor also sent a letter. These letters were delivered by the monks of the Judaean Desert who had traveled to Constantinople to take part in the council there. Since Jerusalem had only been raised to a patriarchate by the Council of Chalcedon in 451, the authority of the bishop of the city over the church in the Three Palestines was not accepted by anti-Chalcedonians.The council met on 19 September 536 in Jerusalem (formally Aelia Capitolina). It conducted its business in Greek. Its acts are preserved in the collection known as the Collectio Sabbaitica. The verdicts of the Council of Constantinople were read into the record and the assembled clergy at Jerusalem discussed all four condemned clerics. Their own verdict, however, only explicitly condemned Anthimus. It was subscribed by 47 bishops, which was almost every bishop in the Three Palestines. There is no logical sequence to the subscriptions and they were all made in Greek.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:14 UTC on Monday, 20 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Council of Jerusalem (536) on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Bluesky at @wikioftheday.com.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Kajal.

fWotD Episode 3363: Curlew sandpiper Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Monday, 20 July 2026, is Curlew sandpiper.The curlew sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea) is a small wader. It is a long-distance migrant, breeding in the bogs and coastal lowlands of the Siberian Arctic, arriving there in June and staying until August or September. After the breeding season, it migrates south to spend the winter in Africa and along the coasts of Oceania and southern Eurasia, occupying tidal mudflats and saltpans.It has three main plumages that change with maturity and season. The non-breeding plumage shows brown-greyish upperparts and white underparts. The breeding plumage is much more striking, with the entire front tinted a deep rusty colour, more intensely so in males. The first-year bird does not migrate or breed, instead remaining in its overwintering range throughout the breeding season. It may occasionally moult into its breeding plumage, which is largely similar to that of an adult but with white spots on the chest. The non-breeding juvenile plumage is also like that of an adult, except with creamy-coloured streaking on the breast and pale fringes on some of the wing feathers, leading to a scaly appearance. Adults superficially resemble the larger but shorter-billed red knot and the red phalarope in breeding plumage, and the dunlin and stilt sandpiper while not breeding. Juveniles may be confused with the larger and yellow-legged juvenile ruff, or the juvenile dunlin, which has a streaked chest.The curlew sandpiper's courtship behaviour is complex and involves several distinct displays. In one, the male constructs a faux nest on the ground to present to the female. Another is a graceful aerial chase accompanied by frequent warbling calls. In a third, the male dances around the female on the ground, displaying his tail feathers and rump; this display sometimes culminates in copulation. The female almost always lays one clutch of eggs, usually around the end of June, which hatch after 20 days and fully fledge at 14–20 days. Chicks are relatively mature and mobile at birth. The curlew sandpiper's breeding success is linked to the lemming population; in years with many lemmings, its predators hunt them instead. It is omnivorous, foraging in large flocks in wetlands for various invertebrates, including crabs and insects.It is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List because land development and the invasive smooth cordgrass have caused significant habitat loss to its overwintering and migratory sites, and climate change has lowered its breeding productivity. The curlew sandpiper has an estimated annual survival rate of 75–80%.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:53 UTC on Monday, 20 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Curlew sandpiper on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Kimberly.

pWotD Episode 3365: FIFA Welcome to popular Wiki of the Day, spotlighting Wikipedia's most visited pages, giving you a peek into what the world is curious about today.With 101,698 views on Sunday, 19 July 2026 our article of the day is FIFA.The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) is an international self-regulatory governing body of association football, beach soccer, and futsal. It was founded on 21 May 1904 to oversee international competition among the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. Headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland, its membership now comprises 211 national associations. These national associations must also be members of one of the six regional confederations: CAF (Africa), AFC (Asia), UEFA (Europe), CONCACAF (North and Central America and the Caribbean), OFC (Oceania), and CONMEBOL (South America). FIFA has several objectives in its organisational statutes, including growing the game internationally, ensuring it is accessible to everyone, and advocating for integrity and fair play. It is responsible for organising and promoting association football's major international tournaments, notably the World Cup which began in 1930, and the Women's World Cup which commenced in 1991. FIFA is a member of the International Football Association Board, which is responsible for the laws of the game, and FIFA applies and enforces the rules across its competitions. FIFA tournaments generate revenue from sponsorships; in 2022, FIFA had revenues of over US$5.8 billion, ending the 2019–2022 cycle with a net positive of $1.2 billion, and cash reserves of over $3.9 billion.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 04:00 UTC on Monday, 20 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see FIFA on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Bluesky at @wikioftheday.com.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Joanna.

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fWotD Episode 3362: The Halo Graphic Novel Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Sunday, 19 July 2026, is The Halo Graphic Novel.The Halo Graphic Novel is a graphic novel anthology published by Marvel Comics in partnership with Bungie, set in the universe of the science fiction franchise Halo. The Halo Graphic Novel was the series' first entry into the sequential art medium, and features aspects of the Halo universe which until then had not been discussed or seen in any medium.The majority of the book is divided into four short stories by different writers and artists from the computer game and comic industries. Each story focuses on different aspects of the Halo universe, revealing stories that are tangential to the main plot of the game. Apart from the stories, the book also contains an extensive art gallery compiled of contributions from Bungie, Marvel and independent sources.Released on July 19, 2006, The Halo Graphic Novel was well-received, with reviewers noting the cohesiveness of the work as a whole, as well as the diversity of the individual material. The success of the novel led to Marvel announcing a new limited comic series, Halo: Uprising, and other future Halo comic books.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:50 UTC on Sunday, 19 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see The Halo Graphic Novel on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Matthew.

rWotD Episode 3363: That Vision Thing Welcome to random Wiki of the Day, your journey through Wikipedia's vast and varied content, one random article at a time.The random article for Sunday, 19 July 2026, is That Vision Thing."That Vision-Thing" is the second episode of the third season of the American television series Angel. Written by Jeffrey Bell and directed by Bill L Norton, it was originally broadcast on October 1, 2001 on the WB network. In "That Vision-Thing", Cordelia's vision gift grows dangerous when it begins physically affecting her. She is on the verge of death when Angel discovers Wolfram & Hart lawyer Lilah Morgan is sending the painful visions to force Angel to free a man imprisoned in an alternate dimension.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:39 UTC on Sunday, 19 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see That Vision Thing on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Bluesky at @wikioftheday.com.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Amy.

pWotD Episode 3364: Sonam Wangchuk Welcome to popular Wiki of the Day, spotlighting Wikipedia's most visited pages, giving you a peek into what the world is curious about today.With 230,297 views on Saturday, 18 July 2026 our article of the day is Sonam Wangchuk.Sonam Wangchuk (born 1 September 1966) is an Indian engineer, activist, innovator, education reformer, and environmentalist. He is the founding-director of the Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh (SECMOL), which was founded in 1988 by a group of students who had been, in his own words, the 'victims' of an alien education system foisted on Ladakh. He was also known for designing the SECMOL campus that runs on solar energy and uses no fossil fuels for cooking, lighting or heating.Wangchuk was instrumental in the launch of Operation New Hope in 1994, a collaboration of the government, village communities and the civil society to bring reforms in the government school system. He was inspired by artificial glaciers designed and constructed by Padma Shri awardee Chewang Norphel, in creating his own version known as Ice Stupa technique, used for storing winter water in the form of a cone-shaped ice heap.Wangchuk's contributions to Ladakh’s education sector and climate-related challenges, and his innovative solutions to local problems have earned him numerous accolades. As of 2025, he has received around 15 awards, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award (2018), the title of Eminent Technologist of the Himalayan Region by IIT Mandi (2018), and the Global Award for Sustainable Architecture (2017).This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 02:46 UTC on Sunday, 19 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Sonam Wangchuk on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Bluesky at @wikioftheday.com.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Joey.

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Hello and Welcome to the DX Corner for your weekly Dose of DX. I'm Bill, AJ8B.The following DX information comes from Bernie, W3UR, editor of the DailyDX, the WeeklyDX, and the How's DXcolumn in QST. If you would like a free 2-week trial of the DailyDX, your only source of real-time DX information, just drop me a note at thedxmentor@gmail.com  {Marathon Alert} 3B9 - Rodrigues Island – Sebastian,3B8HR, will be QRV from 3B9HR, Rodrigues Island, July 22-28. holiday style. Since it is a holiday/vacation trip with simple gear, he will only be on the air “from time to time.” He will be running 100 watts to an end fed long wire on HF, SSB only. He thinks his operating times may typically be toward the endof the local day, 03-07Z. Confirmation of QSOs is through LoTW only. 9A – Croatia - The Croatian Amateur Radio Association willoperate the special event station 9A170NT to celebrate the 170th anniversary of Nikola Tesla's birth, and the station will remain active until December 31, 2026. QSL via LoTW, Club Log or QRZ.com. VP5 - Turks and Caicos Islands - G0VJG is QRV from North Caicos (NA-002), until July 30, operating VP5G from a beach location for 14 days. He will be using an inverted V and HF9V, a 6-element 6M Yagi, and a Juma PA 1000 amplifier. During the IOTA Contest he will operate single op. Activity will include SSB, CW, and FT4/FT8. QSL via M0OXO. {Marathon Alert} S7 – Seychelles - During the upcoming, July 25-26, RSGB IOTA Contest, members of the Seychelles Amateur Radio Association plan to be QRV as either S77HQ or S77SARA. No other details at the moment. {Marathon Alert} T2 – Tuvalu - The Rebel DX Group (3Z9DX, Dom) fired up T22TT Wednesday just before 1900Z. So far, they have been reported on 30, 20, 17, 15, 12 and 10 meters, all FT8. Listen for activity over the next 10 days in between work on the island. As always QSL only via Club Log, once they start uploading their QSOs. {Marathon Alert} T2 – Tuvalu - JK1JXZ, Masaaki “Aki” Iwasawa, will have callsign T2JK from Funafuti July 30 to August 7, 80-6M. On weekdays he expects to be on the air after 5 PM local time, and on the weekend, he will be on all day long. It is possible his stay will be extended to August 14. The flight arrival July 30 is at noon, so he may be able to get onthe air as soon as 3 PM local time there, he says.  {Marathon Alert} 8R – Guyana - 8R1TM, operated byPY1SAD, Aldir, is QRV from Guyana until July 26. He is active on 160 meters through 6 meters, including CW, SSB, digital modes, and satellite activity. On weekdays his expected activity from 23:00 UTC to 03:00 UTC on 6–160 metersusing CW, SSB, digital modes, and satellites. And during weekends he will have Full-time activity planned on 6–160 meters using CW, SSB, digital modes, and satellite operation. {Marathon Alert} TY5FR, Benin -  DL1BUG, Red Frenzel, is QRV as TY5FR, operating from Cotonou (grid locator JJ16FJ) until August 4. He will be using an ICOM IC-7300 with a CG Antenna CG-3000 autotuner, running 100W into a G5RV (2x 15M) antenna. His planned activity will be on 160-10M CW and SSB. QSL via Club Log (bureau or direct via OQRS), as well as bureau or direct via his home call, and LoTW.  {Marathon Alert} E5/S – South Cook Islands - ZL2KE,Steve, will operate as E51KEE from the South Cook Islands from 22/23 July to 14 August 2026, mainly on CW with some SSB, likely focusing on 30 and 40 meters unless propagation improves. Another Steve, ZL4CZ, will operate as E51CZZ from26 July to 6 August on SSB. Neither operator uses FT8 or other digital modes. E51CZZ will bring a ZS6BKW multiband DX antenna, and the operators will help repair E51JD Jim's damaged Hex Beam on Rarotonga.            If you have questions or need information, just drop me a note at thedxmentor@gmail.com Until next week, this is Bill, AJ8B saying 73 and thanks to my XYL Karen for her love and support. I Hope to hear you in the pileups! Have a great DX week! 

rWotD Episode 3362: Beausoleil, Alpes-Maritimes Welcome to random Wiki of the Day, your journey through Wikipedia's vast and varied content, one random article at a time.The random article for Saturday, 18 July 2026, is Beausoleil, Alpes-Maritimes.Beausoleil (French: [bosɔlɛj]; Occitan: Bèusoleu [ˌbɛwsuˈlew]; lit. 'Beautiful Sun') is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. It adjoins the Principality of Monaco to its south. The commune of Beausoleil was established in 1904; it was supposed to be named Monte-Carlo Supérieur (French: [mɔ̃t kaʁlɔ sypeʁjœʁ]; lit. 'Upper Monte Carlo') for a time but the idea was abandoned after protests from Monégasque authorities.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:37 UTC on Saturday, 18 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Beausoleil, Alpes-Maritimes on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Bluesky at @wikioftheday.com.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Kendra.

fWotD Episode 3361: Hamilcar's defeat of Spendius and Autaritus Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Saturday, 18 July 2026, is Hamilcar's defeat of Spendius and Autaritus.Hamilcar's victory with Naravas took place in 240 BC in what is now north-west Tunisia. A Carthaginian army led by Hamilcar Barca defeated a rebel army led by Spendius and Autaritus, after 2,000 Numidian cavalry led by Naravas defected from the rebels to Carthage. The precise location of the battle is unknown. Carthage was fighting a coalition of mutinous soldiers and rebellious African cities in the Mercenary War which had started in 241 BC.Hamilcar's army had manoeuvred to bring rebel-controlled towns back to Carthage while a rebel army under the command of Spendius, which included a contingent of Gauls under Autaritus and a group of Numidian cavalry under Naravas, shadowed it. Unable to confront the Carthaginian war elephants and cavalry on open ground, the rebels stayed on higher and rougher terrain and harassed the Carthaginian army. The Carthaginians became trapped in a mountain valley and their situation was bleak. Naravas defected to Carthage, bringing his 2,000 cavalry with him. Hamilcar, with his route of retreat now clear, deployed for battle. Spendius chose to engage and in a hard-fought battle was heavily defeated.Spendius perceived Hamilcar's generous treatment of rebel prisoners as the motivation behind Naravas's defection and feared the disintegration of his army. To remove the possibility of any goodwill between the sides, he had 700 Carthaginian prisoners tortured to death. The Carthaginians, in turn, killed their prisoners. From this point, neither side showed any mercy, and the unusual ferocity of the fighting caused the contemporary historian Polybius to term it the "Truceless War". The rebel army was finally defeated in 238 BC, with the last rebel city surrendering in 237 BC.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:32 UTC on Saturday, 18 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Hamilcar's defeat of Spendius and Autaritus on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Joey.

pWotD Episode 3363: Odyssey Welcome to popular Wiki of the Day, spotlighting Wikipedia's most visited pages, giving you a peek into what the world is curious about today.With 311,479 views on Friday, 17 July 2026 our article of the day is Odyssey.The Odyssey (; Ancient Greek: Ὀδύσσεια, romanized: Odýsseia [odýsseːa]) is one of two major epics of ancient Greek literature attributed to Homer. It is one of the oldest surviving works of literature and remains popular with modern audiences. Like the Iliad, the Odyssey is divided into 24 books. It follows the heroic king of Ithaca, Odysseus, also known by the Latin variant Ulysses, and his homecoming journey after the ten-year-long Trojan War. His journey from Troy to Ithaca lasts an additional ten years, during which time he encounters many perils and all of his crewmates are killed. In Odysseus's long absence, he is presumed dead, leaving his wife Penelope and son Telemachus to contend with a group of unruly suitors competing for Penelope's hand in marriage.The Odyssey was first composed in Homeric Greek around the 8th or 7th century BC; by the mid-6th century BC, it had become part of the Greek literary canon. In antiquity, Homer's authorship was taken as true, but contemporary scholarship predominantly assumes that the Iliad and the Odyssey were composed independently, as part of long oral traditions. Given widespread illiteracy, the poem was performed for an audience by an aoidos or rhapsode.Key themes in the epic include the ideas of nostos (νόστος; 'return', homecoming), wandering, xenia (ξενία; 'guest-friendship'), testing, and omens. Scholars discuss the narrative prominence of certain groups within the poem, such as women and slaves, who have larger roles than in other works of ancient literature. This focus is especially remarkable when contrasted with the Iliad, which centers upon the exploits of soldiers and kings during the Trojan War.The Odyssey is regarded as one of the most significant works of the Western canon. The first English translation of the Odyssey was in the 16th century. Adaptations and re-imaginings continue to be produced across a wide variety of media. In 2018, when BBC Culture polled experts around the world to find literature's most enduring narrative, the Odyssey topped the list.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 16:13 UTC on Saturday, 18 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Odyssey on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Jasmine.

rWotD Episode 3361: Donn Everett Welcome to random Wiki of the Day, your journey through Wikipedia's vast and varied content, one random article at a time.The random article for Friday, 17 July 2026, is Donn Everett.Donn James Everett (April 29, 1929 – November 29, 2007) was an American politician who served as a Republican in the Kansas State Senate and Kansas House of Representatives from 1969 to 1978.Everett was born in Emporia, Kansas. He served in the U. S. Marine Corps during the Korean War; after returning to Kansas, he married Frederica Voiland in 1956 and worked as an attorney. The couple had six children before divorcing acrimoniously; the youngest child, Bridget Everett, became a noted comedian and cabaret performer.Everett's first forays into elected office were winning races for county attorney of Riley County and serving as a member of the city council in Manhattan, Kansas (including a stint as mayor). In 1968, he was elected to the Kansas House, serving until 1975. While in the Kansas House, he rose to the post of Majority Leader.During his fourth term, in 1975, he was appointed to the Kansas Senate to fill the seat left vacant by Richard Dean Rogers, who resigned to serve as a federal judge. He served in the Senate until his own resignation in 1978.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 01:21 UTC on Friday, 17 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Donn Everett on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Raveena.

fWotD Episode 3360: Black hole Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Friday, 17 July 2026, is Black hole.A black hole is an astronomical body so compact that its gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping. Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, which describes gravitation as the curvature of spacetime, predicts that any sufficiently compact mass will form a black hole. The boundary of no escape is called the event horizon. In general relativity, crossing a black hole's event horizon traps an object inside but produces no locally detectable change. General relativity also predicts that every black hole should have a central singularity, where the curvature of spacetime is infinite.Objects whose gravitational fields are too strong for light to escape were first considered in the 18th century. In 1916, the first solution of general relativity that would characterise a black hole was found. By the late 1950s, this solution began to be interpreted physically as a region of space from which nothing can escape. Black holes were long considered a mathematical curiosity; it was not until the 1960s that theoretical work showed they were a generic prediction of general relativity. The first widely accepted black hole was Cygnus X-1, identified by several researchers independently in 1971.Black holes typically form when very massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle. After a black hole has formed, it can grow by absorbing mass from its surroundings. Supermassive black holes of millions of solar masses may form by absorbing stars and merging with other black holes, or via direct collapse of gas clouds. There is consensus that supermassive black holes exist in the centres of most galaxies.Quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation, with its rate of emission being inversely proportional to its mass. This causes the black hole to lose mass very slowly, provided it is not accreting matter. However, even the smallest class of black holes observed, stellar black holes, are gaining mass from the cosmic microwave background faster than they are losing mass via Hawking radiation.The presence of a black hole can be inferred through its interaction with matter and electromagnetic radiation such as visible light. Matter falling toward a black hole can form an accretion disk of infalling plasma, heated by friction and emitting light. In extreme cases, this creates a quasar, some of the brightest objects in the universe. Merging black holes can be detected by the gravitational waves they emit. If stars are orbiting a black hole, their motions can be used to determine the black hole's mass and location. In this way, astronomers have identified numerous stellar black hole candidates in binary systems and established that the radio source known as Sagittarius A*, at the core of the Milky Way galaxy, contains a supermassive black hole of about 4.3 million solar masses.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:37 UTC on Friday, 17 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Black hole on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Bluesky at @wikioftheday.com.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm generative Brian.

pWotD Episode 3362: The Odyssey (2026 film) Welcome to popular Wiki of the Day, spotlighting Wikipedia's most visited pages, giving you a peek into what the world is curious about today.With 614,398 views on Thursday, 16 July 2026 our article of the day is The Odyssey (2026 film).The Odyssey is a 2026 epic fantasy action film written and directed by Christopher Nolan. An adaptation of Homer's ancient Greek epic the Odyssey, the film stars Matt Damon as Odysseus, the Greek king of Ithaca, and chronicles his long and perilous journey home after the Trojan War and his encounters with mythical beings as he attempts to reunite with his wife, Penelope, portrayed by Anne Hathaway. The ensemble cast includes Tom Holland, Robert Pattinson, Lupita Nyong'o, Samantha Morton, Zendaya, and Charlize Theron. Nolan and his wife Emma Thomas produced the film through their production company, Syncopy.Nolan began writing The Odyssey in March 2024, secured the project with Universal Pictures by October, and the film was announced in December. Casting occurred from late 2024 through early 2025, and Damon was confirmed for the lead role in February 2025. Nolan studied several translations of the Odyssey. He depicted a realistic interpretation of Greek mythology, drawing inspiration from the epic historical films Andrei Rublev (1966) and Ran (1985), as well as the films of special effects artist Ray Harryhausen. Filming took place from February to August 2025 in Morocco, Greece, Italy, Scotland, Iceland, Western Sahara, and Malta, as well as at the Universal Studios Lot in Los Angeles. With an estimated budget of $250 million, the film is among the most expensive of Nolan's career, and the first to be shot entirely on IMAX's 70 mm film cameras. Leading up to the film's release, the costume and production designs, accents, dialogue, and casting choices sparked critical discussion and scrutiny regarding historical accuracy to the source material and the setting depicted.The Odyssey premiered on July 6, 2026, at the Odeon Luxe Leicester Square in London, ahead of a theatrical release by Universal Pictures on July 17 in the United States and the United Kingdom. It was made available in IMAX and multiple premium large formats. The film received critical acclaim, with praise for Nolan's direction.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 07:13 UTC on Friday, 17 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see The Odyssey (2026 film) on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Bluesky at @wikioftheday.com.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm generative Tiffany.

fWotD Episode 3359: Holden Commodore (VE) Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Thursday, 16 July 2026, is Holden Commodore (VE).The Holden Commodore (VE) is a full-size car that was produced from 2006 to 2013 by Holden, the former Australian subsidiary of General Motors. Dubbed Holden's "billion dollar baby", the car was available as the Holden Berlina—the mid-range model—and the Holden Calais, the luxury variant; utility body styles were marketed as the Holden Ute.Succeeding the VZ series, the VE was the first iteration of the fourth generation of the Holden Commodore, a series of automobiles built between 1978 and 2020. Unlike its predecessors, which used Opel-sourced platforms adapted to mechanics and sizes that would suit the local market, the VE was the first Commodore entirely designed and developed by Holden in Australia. To minimise export redevelopment costs, features such as a symmetrical centre console housing a flush-fitting hand brake lever facilitated the conversion to left-hand drive. The VE was internationally badge-engineered as the Chevrolet Lumina, Chevrolet Omega, Bitter Vero Sport and Pontiac G8.Holden introduced the VE body styles in stages, beginning with the sedan in July 2006. Before this, the company stated they would manufacture two parallel generations of Commodores until the launch of the station wagon and utility. Variants by Holden's performance vehicle partner, Holden Special Vehicles, were released soon after the sedan's debut alongside the long-wheelbase WM Statesman/Caprice models. The VE Ute entered production in 2007, coinciding with the unveiling of the Sportwagon concept car. The production version of the VE Sportwagon—which shared its 2,915 mm (114.8 in) wheelbase with the sedan instead of the extended wheelbase from the Caprice, like previous models—was introduced in July 2008.Named the 2006 Car of the Year by Wheels, the VE frequently ranked as the annual best-selling automobile in Australia over its production run. Holden introduced updates to the VE as model year (MY) changes. Typically subtle, these recurring changes have involved alterations to colours and trim, increased standard equipment and reduced fuel consumption. More noteworthy adjustments have come in the form of a smaller 3.0-litre V6 engine for entry-level versions and "Series II" styling revisions in September 2010.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:02 UTC on Thursday, 16 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Holden Commodore (VE) on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Matthew.

rWotD Episode 3360: L'anneau de vitesse Welcome to random Wiki of the Day, your journey through Wikipedia's vast and varied content, one random article at a time.The random article for Thursday, 16 July 2026, is L'anneau de vitesse.L'anneau de vitesse (French for 'speed oval') is an outdoor sports venue in Albertville, France. It hosted speed skating events at the 1992 Winter Olympics.The stands, which remain present, were constructed as an airfoil from aerospace designs. The ice was made using 70 km (43 mi) of piping using R32 and brine refrigeration to cool the track to between −5 and −8 °C (23 and 18 °F) with 4 cm-thick (1.6 in) ice. Before this the surface was covered with 1.20 m (3 ft 11 in) of base sand in order to lay down the piping.The track serves nowadays as a multipurpose stadium used for athletics and football events.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:08 UTC on Thursday, 16 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see L'anneau de vitesse on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Brian.

pWotD Episode 3361: 2026 FIFA World Cup Welcome to popular Wiki of the Day, spotlighting Wikipedia's most visited pages, giving you a peek into what the world is curious about today.With 489,237 views on Wednesday, 15 July 2026 our article of the day is 2026 FIFA World Cup.The 2026 FIFA World Cup is the 23rd FIFA World Cup and the current edition of the quadrennial international men's soccer championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The tournament began on June 11, 2026, and will conclude on July 19. It is jointly hosted by 16 cities—11 in the United States, 3 in Mexico, and 2 in Canada. The tournament is the first FIFA World Cup to be hosted by three countries and the first to include 48 teams, an expansion from the previous 32-team format.The 2026 tournament is the first World Cup since 2002 to be hosted by multiple nations. Mexico became the first country to host the World Cup three times, having hosted the 1970 and 1986 tournaments. The United States previously hosted the World Cup in 1994, while it is Canada's first time hosting the tournament. The event returned to its traditional June–July schedule after the 2022 World Cup in Qatar, which was uniquely held in November and December to avoid Qatar's extreme summer heat.As host nations, Canada, Mexico, and the United States all automatically qualified for the tournament. Cape Verde, Curaçao, Jordan, and Uzbekistan all made their World Cup debuts. Argentina is the defending champion, having won its third World Cup in 2022. On June 25, 2026, total attendance reached 3,605,357 spectators, setting the record for the highest attendance in World Cup history and surpassing the previous record held by the American-hosted 1994 edition.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 03:31 UTC on Thursday, 16 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see 2026 FIFA World Cup on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm generative Niamh.

Okay so this is a little bit crazy but Hunbun, Jadiim, and Blasto sat down recently to begin a long journey where they evaluate every action card and rank it on a tier list. They did not fully understand how big of a lift that would be and they only were able to cover Ancient Burial Sites through Divert Funding. There will be many more episodes on this but you should expect this one to take a while. Personally I think this is our magnum opus.  WATCH THE FINALS OF THE TOURNAMENT ON JULY 25th at 9AM Eastern/13:00 UTC over on https://www.twitch.tv/spacecatspeaceturtles Come see our comedy show at Gen Con (July 30th 8PM): https://indianapolis.heliumcomedy.com/shows/371208 Music provided by Ben Prunty. Find more at benpruntymusic.com or benprunty.bandcamp.com Additional Music and Sounds by Brian Kupillas. https://wanderinglake.bandcamp.com/ Art by Sun Sanders  To learn more about our Discord, Patreon, Merch, and more, visit https://spacecatspeaceturtles.com/

rWotD Episode 3359: Hulhumalé Grand Mosque Welcome to random Wiki of the Day, your journey through Wikipedia's vast and varied content, one random article at a time.The random article for Wednesday, 15 July 2026, is Hulhumalé Grand Mosque.The Hulhumalé Grand Mosque, formally known as the Masjid al Sheikh Qasim bin Muhammad Al-Thani (Dhivehi: ހުޅުމާލެ ގުއްބު މިސްކިތް; Arabic: مسجد الشيخ قاسم بن محمد آلثاني), is a Sunni Islam mosque, located in Hulhumalé, on the North Malé Atoll, in the Maldives. The mosque, which accommodates more than 1,500 worshippers, was opened in the early 2000s in the framework of the Hulhumalé land reclamation and development project. It was a gift by the state of Qatar to the Maldives. A variety of new mosques has been opened ever since. This mosque marks the foundation of beautiful mosques being constructed in Hulhumalé as this is a great and symbolic achievement in mosque construction, not only in Hulhumalé but also in the whole Maldives.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:10 UTC on Wednesday, 15 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Hulhumalé Grand Mosque on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Bluesky at @wikioftheday.com.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Arthur.

fWotD Episode 3358: Cognition Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Wednesday, 15 July 2026, is Cognition.Cognition encompasses mental processes that deal with knowledge. It includes psychological activities that acquire, store, retrieve, transform, or apply information. Cognitions are a pervasive part of mental life, helping individuals understand and interact with the world.Cognitive processes are typically categorized by their function. Perception organizes and interprets sensory information, such as light and sound, to construct a coherent experience of objects and events. Attention prioritizes specific aspects while filtering out irrelevant information. Memory is the ability to retain, store, and retrieve information, including working memory and long-term memory. Thinking encompasses psychological activities in which concepts, ideas, and mental representations are considered and manipulated. It includes reasoning, concept formation, problem solving, and decision-making. Many cognitive activities deal with language, including language acquisition, comprehension, and production. Metacognitive processes deal with information about other mental processes, such as knowing that one can recall a specific memory. Classifications also distinguish between conscious and unconscious processes and between controlled and automatic ones.There are many theories of the nature of cognition. Classical computationalism posits that cognitive processes manipulate symbols according to formal rules, similar to how computers execute algorithms. Connectionism models the mind as a complex network of nodes where information flows as they communicate with each other. Representationalism and anti-representationalism disagree about whether cognitive processes operate on internal representations of the world.Many disciplines explore cognition, including psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science. They examine different levels of abstraction and employ distinct methods of inquiry. Some scientists study cognitive development, investigating how mental abilities grow from infancy through adulthood. While cognitive research mostly focuses on humans, it also explores how other animals acquire knowledge and how artificial systems can emulate cognitive processes. The study of cognition has its roots in antiquity and has gained particular interdisciplinary prominence since the cognitive revolution starting in the 1950s.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:34 UTC on Wednesday, 15 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Cognition on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Bluesky at @wikioftheday.com.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Justin.

pWotD Episode 3360: Lamine Yamal Welcome to popular Wiki of the Day, spotlighting Wikipedia's most visited pages, giving you a peek into what the world is curious about today.With 381,020 views on Tuesday, 14 July 2026 our article of the day is Lamine Yamal.Lamine Yamal Nasraoui Ebana (born 13 July 2007) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a right winger for La Liga club Barcelona and the Spain national team. He is regarded as one of the best players in the world.Yamal was a member of FC Barcelona's youth academy, La Masia, before breaking into the first team squad in the 2023–24 season. He became the youngest player to be nominated for the Ballon d'Or (at age 17) and also won the Kopa Trophy in 2024 and 2025, presented to the best young player in the world. In the following season, he was integral to Barcelona winning the domestic treble: the La Liga title, the Copa del Rey, and the Supercopa de España. At 18 years old, Yamal finished as runner-up for the 2025 Ballon d'Or.Yamal has represented Spain internationally at various youth levels and made his debut for the senior team in 2023, becoming the youngest player to represent and score for the country at age 16. He was selected for UEFA Euro 2024, playing an important role in helping Spain win their fourth title, while also winning the tournament's Young Player Award. He holds multiple records in his international career, including the youngest player and youngest goalscorer in the UEFA European Championship (aged 16) as well as the youngest in a championship final (aged 17). In 2026, Yamal reached the FIFA World Cup final with Spain.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 02:27 UTC on Wednesday, 15 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Lamine Yamal on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Jasmine.

rWotD Episode 3358: 2016 Primera B Metropolitana Welcome to random Wiki of the Day, your journey through Wikipedia's vast and varied content, one random article at a time.The random article for Tuesday, 14 July 2026, is 2016 Primera B Metropolitana.The 2016 Argentine Primera B Metropolitana was the 117th. season of Primera B Metropolitana, the third division of the Argentine football league system. The season began on 5 Febrero and ended on 13 June 2016. Twenty teams competed in the league.The championship had the addition of San Telmo and Talleres de Remedios de Escalada, which had promoted from the 2015 Primera C season.Flandria won their first Primera B title, earning 37 points in 19 matches played and promoting to the upper division, Primera Nacional. On the other hand, Deportivo Armenio was relegated as the worst placed team.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:09 UTC on Tuesday, 14 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see 2016 Primera B Metropolitana on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Joanna.

fWotD Episode 3357: Maraba coffee Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Tuesday, 14 July 2026, is Maraba coffee.Maraba coffee (Kinyarwanda: Ikawa ya Maraba; French: Café de Maraba) is grown in the Maraba area of southern Rwanda. Maraba's coffee plants are the Bourbon variety of the Coffea arabica species and are grown on fertile volcanic soils on high-altitude hills. The fruit is handpicked, mostly during the rainy season between March and May, and brought to a washing station in Maraba, where the coffee beans are extracted and dried. At several stages, the beans are sorted according to quality. The farmers receive credits based on the amount and quality of the beans they provide.The beans are sold to various roasting companies, including Union Coffee Roasters of the United Kingdom who produce a Fairtrade-certified brand, and Community Coffee of the United States. Rwanda Smallholder Specialty Coffee Company (RWASHOSCCO) buys from Maraba and sells to the domestic market. Maraba coffee is also brewed into a beer.About 500,000 smallholder farmers grow the coffee plants under the Abahuzamugambi cooperative, founded in 1999. Since 2000, the cooperative has been supported by the National University of Rwanda (UNR) and the Partnership for Enhancing Agriculture in Rwanda through Linkages (PEARL). The cooperative has improved coffee quality and penetrated the speciality market.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 01:07 UTC on Tuesday, 14 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Maraba coffee on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Amy.

pWotD Episode 3359: Sam Neill Welcome to popular Wiki of the Day, spotlighting Wikipedia's most visited pages, giving you a peek into what the world is curious about today.With 2,453,026 views on Monday, 13 July 2026 our article of the day is Sam Neill.Sir Nigel John Dermot "Sam" Neill (14 September 1947 – 13 July 2026) was a New Zealand actor and businessman. Known as a leading man in film and television, he has received nominations for three Primetime Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1991 Queen's Birthday Honours, for services as an actor.Born in Northern Ireland to an English mother and a New Zealand father, Neill moved to Christchurch with his family in 1954. He first achieved recognition with his appearance in the film Sleeping Dogs (1977), followed by leading roles in My Brilliant Career (1979), The Final Conflict (1981), Possession (1981), Evil Angels (1988), Dead Calm (1989), Death in Brunswick (1990), The Hunt for Red October (1990), The Piano (1993), In the Mouth of Madness (1994), Event Horizon (1997), The Dish (2000), and Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016). He came to international prominence as Dr. Alan Grant in Jurassic Park (1993), a role he reprised in Jurassic Park III (2001) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022).On television, he portrayed Merlin in the miniseries Merlin (1998) and Merlin's Apprentice (2006), the former of which earned him nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award and the Golden Globe Award. He was also Golden Globe-nominated for playing Sidney Reilly in Reilly, Ace of Spies (1983) and a British Officer during World War II in One Against the Wind (1991). He also played Thomas Wolsey in The Tudors (2007), and as Major Chester Campbell in Peaky Blinders (2013–2014). He is also known for narrating various documentary projects.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 04:05 UTC on Tuesday, 14 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Sam Neill on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm long-form Patrick.

fWotD Episode 3356: Manufacturers Trust Company Building Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Monday, 13 July 2026, is Manufacturers Trust Company Building.The Manufacturers Trust Company Building, also known as 510 Fifth Avenue, is a commercial building at the southwest corner of West 43rd Street and Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Opened in 1954, it is the first bank building in the United States to be built in the International Style. Charles Evans Hughes III and Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) designed the building for the Manufacturers Trust Company. The structure has four full stories, a penthouse, and a basement. The facade is made largely of glass panes and aluminum mullions. The first story includes a door for the bank vault, designed by Henry Dreyfuss and visible from the street. The second story, recessed from the facade, has a luminous ceiling. The building's height and design were influenced by a lease restriction that prohibited the construction of a taller building on a portion of the site. A smaller penthouse rises above the fourth story.The building was commissioned by Manufacturers Trust in 1944; the original plan was designed by Walker & Gillette and canceled in 1948. Walker & Poor was hired in 1950 to modify the original proposal but was replaced with consulting architect SOM. The building was instantly popular upon its opening, becoming one of Manufacturers Trust's busiest branches and a tourist attraction in itself. Manufacturers Trust's successor, Chase Bank, sold the building in 2000 to Tahl-Propp Equities. After Vornado Realty Trust bought the building in 2010, the Chase branch closed that year. SOM renovated 510 Fifth Avenue in 2012, converting it into a commercial structure, and Reuben Brothers acquired the property in 2023.The building was praised for the design of its facade, ceiling lighting, and visible vault door, and the design inspired other bank buildings erected in the 1950s and 1960s. The building's facade was designated as an official landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) in 1997, and its interior was similarly designated in 2011.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:10 UTC on Monday, 13 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Manufacturers Trust Company Building on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm long-form Gregory.

rWotD Episode 3357: Inalfa Welcome to random Wiki of the Day, your journey through Wikipedia's vast and varied content, one random article at a time.The random article for Monday, 13 July 2026, is Inalfa.Inalfa Roof Systems is a tier-One automotive supplier serving over 40 vehicle brands globally, including Daimler Benz, BMW, Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, Volkswagen, Audi, Volvo, Hyundai, Kia, Honda, Land Rover, and Nissan. The company delivers more than 2.5 million roof modules annually specializing in complex automotive sunroof and reconfigurable roof systems — designing, developing, manufacturing, prototyping, testing, assembling and supplying sunroof modules. The company is headquartered in Venray, Netherlands, as a wholly owned subsidiary of Beijing Hainachuan Automotive Parts Co., Ltd. (BHAP), headquartered in Beijing, China.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 01:11 UTC on Monday, 13 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Inalfa on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Emma.

rWotD Episode 3356: Democratic Community of Welfare and Freedom Welcome to random Wiki of the Day, your journey through Wikipedia's vast and varied content, one random article at a time.The random article for Sunday, 12 July 2026, is Democratic Community of Welfare and Freedom.The Democratic Community of Welfare and Freedom (Hungarian: Jólét és Szabadság Demokrata Közösség, pronounced [ˈjoːleːt ˈeːʃ ˈsɒbɒt͡ʃːaːɡ ˈdɛmokrɒtɒ ˈkøzøʃːeːɡ]), abbreviated to JESZ, was a centre-right political party in Hungary. It had a liberal conservative and Christian democratic ideology. The party was the legal successor to the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF). From 2014 to its eventual dissolution nine years later, the party became inactive.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 01:21 UTC on Sunday, 12 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Democratic Community of Welfare and Freedom on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Kendra.

fWotD Episode 3355: History of Liverpool F.C. (1985–present) Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Sunday, 12 July 2026, is History of Liverpool F.C. (1985–present).The history of Liverpool Football Club from 1985 to the present day covers the appointment of Kenny Dalglish as manager, the Hillsborough disaster, and the club's return to European competition in 1991. Throughout this period, the club played in the top tier of English football, which in 1992 became the Premier League.Dalglish was appointed as player-manager after Joe Fagan resigned following the 1985 Heysel Stadium disaster, which resulted in Liverpool's indefinite ban from European competition. Liverpool won a league and FA Cup double in Dalglish's first season, and won a further league title in 1987–88. The Hillsborough disaster, which occurred during an FA Cup semi-final against Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough Stadium in April 1989, resulted in the deaths of 97 of the club's supporters. After the disaster, Dalglish led the club to their eighteenth title in 1989–90; he resigned in February 1991. The Taylor Report into the disaster recommended the end of standing terraces; to comply with its findings, Anfield was converted to an all-seater stadium during the early 1990s, which greatly reduced its capacity. Dalglish's successor Graeme Souness won the FA Cup in his first full season. In the newly formed Premier League, he struggled to sustain the club's domestic successes and was replaced by Roy Evans midway through 1993–94. Liverpool improved to fourth the following season and won the League Cup.In 1998, Gérard Houllier was appointed co-manager alongside Evans. The arrangement lasted until November when Evans resigned and Houllier became the sole manager. The club won a unique treble of trophies in 2001, and a year later finished second to Arsenal, their highest league finish in 11 years. Houllier departed the club in mid-2004. Liverpool won the UEFA Champions League for the fifth time in Rafael Benítez's debut season, and he guided the club to a further FA Cup success in 2006. Midway through the 2006–07 season, the club was bought by Americans Tom Hicks and George Gillett. At the start of the 2010–11 season, Liverpool were on the verge of bankruptcy; the club was sold to New England Sports Ventures following a high court ruling. Roy Hodgson, who took over from Benítez, left the club in 2011; Dalglish was again placed in charge of team affairs and won the 2012 League Cup, Liverpool's eighth win in the competition.Dalglish was replaced by Brendan Rodgers after the team finished eighth in the 2011–12 Premier League. Rodgers guided Liverpool to second in 2013–14, but board disagreements over transfers and poor team performances led to his sacking in October 2015. His replacement, Jürgen Klopp, has led the club to a resurgence in form as they appeared in consecutive Champions League finals, winning the latter in 2019 to earn a sixth European Cup ending a seven-year trophy drought. The following season, he guided the team to the 2019–20 Premier League title, the club's first league title in 30 years and the first under the Premier League format.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 01:08 UTC on Sunday, 12 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see History of Liverpool F.C. (1985–present) on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Bluesky at @wikioftheday.com.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Olivia.

The following DX information comes from Bernie, W3UR, editor of the DailyDX, the WeeklyDX, and the How's DX column in QST. If you would like a free 2-week trial of the DailyDX, your only source of real-time DX information, just drop me a note at thedxmentor@gmail.com{Marathon Alert} GD – Isle of Man - K3LR, Tim, and DL1QQ, Sandy, will operate CW and SSB on 80 through 10 meters from the Isle of Man during this weekend's IARU HF World Championship, including WRTC2026, thanks to host Bob, MD0CCE. QSL via their home calls, K3LR and DL1QQ.  {Marathon Alert} 3V – Tunisia - During this coming weekend's IARU HF World Radio Championship Tunisia's Association Des Radio Amateurs Tunisiens (ARAT) will be operating HQ station 3V8SS.  VP5 - Turks and Caicos Islands - G0VJG will be active from North Caicos (NA-002), July 17–30, operating VP5G from a beach location for 14 days. Nobby will use an inverted V and HF9V, a 6-element 6M Yagi, and a Juma PA 1000 amplifier. During the IOTA Contest he will operate single op. Activity will include SSB, CW, and FT4/FT8. QSL via M0OXO.  {Marathon Alert} SV – Greece - VK2IR, Tommy, continues on Paros Island, Greece, EU-067 until August 1. He says he is in “vacation mode,” all bands 80-6, with his Greek callsign, SV0XBF/8.  {Marathon Alert} 8R – Guyana - 8R1TM, operated by PY1SAD, Aldir, is QRV from Guyana until July 26. The operation is planned across 160 meters through 6 meters, including CW, SSB, digital modes, and satellite activity. On weekdays his expected activity from 23:00 UTC to 03:00 UTC on 6–160 meters using CW, SSB, digital modes, and satellites. And during weekends he will have Full-time activity planned on 6–160 meters using CW, SSB, digital modes, and satellite operation. TY5FR, Benin -  DL1BUG, Red Frenzel, has announced his upcoming activity as TY5FR, operating from Cotonou (grid locator JJ16FJ) July 7-August 4. He will be using an ICOM IC-7300 with a CG Antenna CG-3000 autotuner, running 100W into a G5RV (2 x 15M) antenna. His planned activity will be on 160-10M CW and SSB. QSL via Club Log (bureau or direct via OQRS), as well as bureau or direct via his home call, and LoTW.   CO – Cuba - OPDX reports the Grupo DX de Cuba (GDXC) will operate the special event station T40FRC to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Federación de Radioaficionados de Cuba (FRC), which was founded in Havana on July 15, 1966. The station is expected to be active on all HF bands using CW, SSB,  FT4, and FT8. However, activity may be limited because of frequent and widespread power outages in Cuba. Contacts will be confirmed through LoTW after the operation concludes. Operators who contact T40FRC on at least five bands will be eligible to receive a commemorative certificate. Exact dates of operation were not provided.  {Marathon Alert} T2 – Tuvalu - JK1JXZ, Masaaki “Aki” Iwasawa, will have callsign T2JK from Funafuti July 30 to August 7, 80-6M. On weekdays he expects to be on the air after 5 PM local time, and on the weekend, he will be on all day long. It is possible his stay will be extended to August 14. The flight arrival July 30 is at noon, so he may be able to get on the air as soon as 3 PM local time there, he says.  

fWotD Episode 3354: Meurig ab Arthfael Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Saturday, 11 July 2026, is Meurig ab Arthfael.Meurig ab Arthfael (or Mouric, ruled c. 848 – c. 874) was a king in south-east Wales. In the seventh century, Gwent was a single kingdom covering south-east Wales, but in the ninth century it was divided between Glywysing (now called Glamorgan), which had a higher status, and a smaller Gwent, covering the area which is now Monmouthshire. Historians disagree whether Meurig was king of Glywysing, with authority across south-east Wales, or only of Gwent. His sons Brochfael ap Meurig and Ffernfael ap Meurig were only kings of Gwent, and they were subject to their cousin Hywel ap Rhys, king of Glywysing.The twelfth-century Book of Llandaff records charters in which Meurig granted land to bishops or guaranteed grants by others. Two charters state that he freed all churches from obligations to laymen, and in the view of the historian Wendy Davies, he was one of the few kings recorded in the charters who attempted to guarantee ecclesiastical immunity from widespread lawlessness and arbitrary use of power. Historians disagree when he died. Deaths of kings called Meurig are recorded in 849 and 874, and some historians date Meurig ab Arthfael's death definitely to 874, but others think that it is possible that he was the Meurig who died in 849.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:26 UTC on Saturday, 11 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Meurig ab Arthfael on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Kevin.

rWotD Episode 3355: 2024 Democratic Party presidential candidates Welcome to random Wiki of the Day, your journey through Wikipedia's vast and varied content, one random article at a time.The random article for Saturday, 11 July 2026, is 2024 Democratic Party presidential candidates.The following is a list of candidates associated with the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries for the 2024 United States presidential election. By March 2024, more than 190 candidates had filed with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) to run for the Democratic nomination in 2024. As in previous cycles, the majority of these candidates did not appear on any ballots, raise money, or otherwise attempt to formally run a campaign.On July 21, 2024, incumbent President Joe Biden, then-presumptive Democratic nominee after his victories in the primaries, suspended his re-election campaign. Biden immediately endorsed Vice President Kamala Harris, who quickly announced her own presidential campaign later that day and officially became the Democratic nominee on August 5. On August 6, 2024, Harris chose Tim Walz to be her running mate.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 01:17 UTC on Saturday, 11 July 2026.For the full current version of the article, see 2024 Democratic Party presidential candidates on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Matthew.

This episode summarized: 1. THERE IS GOING TO BE A UK INTERGALACTICAL SCPT TOURNAMENT JOIN THIS DISCORD (https://discord.gg/qt3Qj9qPyF) 2. THERE IS GOING TO BE AN ONLINE PATREON TWILIGHT'S FALL TOURNAMENT. SIGNUPS FOR YINSTERHOOD AND ABOVE TIERS ARE ON AUGUST 11th AT 11AM EASTERN US TIME. GALACTIC COUNCILORS AND ZINESTERS GET ACCESS ON AUGUST 12th AT 11AM EASTERN. WATCH THE FINALS OF THE TOURNAMENT ON JULY 25th at 9AM Eastern/13:00 UTC over on https://www.twitch.tv/spacecatspeaceturtles Come see our comedy show at Gen Con (July 30th 8PM): https://indianapolis.heliumcomedy.com/shows/371208 Music provided by Ben Prunty. Find more at benpruntymusic.com or benprunty.bandcamp.com Additional Music and Sounds by Brian Kupillas. https://wanderinglake.bandcamp.com/ Art by Sun Sanders  To learn more about our Discord, Patreon, Merch, and more, visit https://spacecatspeaceturtles.com/

This show has been flagged as Clean by the host. 01 Introduction In this episode I will describe how to calculate elapsed time in bash or other shell scripts. While this may sound like a very simple and basic thing to do, there is a slightly more complex aspect to it if you wish to calculate elapsed time to a higher resolution than one second. 02 There are many reasons for calculating elapsed time in a shell script. For example you may wish to simply report how long an operation took to run. Another reason may be that you are trying to speed up a script and need to calculate benchmark data to see how different alternative methods perform. 03 What may seem like a simple task gets a bit more complicated if you want to do it for multiple different operating systems even if they are all unix related, as we shall see. -------------------- 04 Operating Systems Tested For the purposes of this episode, I ran tests on the current version of the following operating systems. Alma Alpine Debian FreeBSD OpenBSD RaspberryPi OpenSuse Ubuntu 2604 Alma is a close copy of Red Hat that we can take as representing Red Hat style distros. -------------------- 05 Simple Low Resolution Timing I will start with the simple and obvious method before describing the less obvious ones. This uses the date command to get the current time in seconds since the unix epoch. This is simply date '+%s' 06 Save this to a variable using whatever method you prefer. For example. starttime=$(date '+%s') 07 Next, do whatever operations it is you wish to time. Use the date command to get the current time again. endtime=$(date '+%s') 08 Now simply subtract the start time from the end time using shell arithmetic. This should be very obvious and basic. -------------------- 09 Higher Resolution Timing However, suppose we wish to measure time to greater than one second of precision. We need to do two things. The first is to obtain the current time at a higher degree of precision. The second is to conduct the calculations to a higher degree of precision. 10 Unfortunately, the standard time precision for POSIX shells seems to be 1 second. Some shells offer a higher precision, but others do not. Furthermore, standard shell arithmatic uses integer, which limits calculations to 1 second of precision. -------------------- 11 Bash High Resolution Shell Variable Fortunately, bash is one that does offer a high precision date. If you are using bash 5.0 or newer, there is a shell variable called EPOCHREALTIME which offers time since the the unix epoch (that is, since the first of January 1970, at 00:00:00 UTC) in seconds to 6 decimals of precision. 12 Example echo $EPOCHREALTIME 1779634800.184926 13 This is related to the similar bash variable known as EPOCHSECONDS which gives the number of seconds since the unix epoch. 14 Example echo $EPOCHSECONDS 1779634800 15 So if you are using bash, measuring time is very simple. -------------------- 16 But is it Really Bash? Is your script however actually using bash? Debian and derivatives actually have two shells. The first, the interactive shell is bash. The second, the non-interactive shell is dash, which stands for "debian almquist shell". 17 If you open a terminal, you get bash. If your script starts with a "bin/bash" shebang line, you get bash. However, if your script starts with a "bin/sh" shebang line, you get dash. Some people find themselves getting caught out by this one when they try something out in a terminal but find that it doesn't work in their script which started with "bin/sh". 18 Many other, but not all, Linux distros use bash for both the interactive and non-interactive shells, so "bin/sh" and "bin/bash" work the same with those ones. So if you intend to use bash, make sure your script calls for bash in the first line. -------------------- 19 The SHELL Variable So how can a script tell what shell it is running under? There is a shell variable called "SHELL" which will tell you the name of the shell. Well, sort of. 20 On Debian and derivatives "SHELL" will say "bash" regardless of whether the actual shell is bash or dash. On some other operating systems "SHELL" will simply say "sh" even if it is something else entirely. So we need to do some additional levels of checking to see what we have. 21 To start with though, here's what each of the test distros reports for SHELL. Alma : bash Alpine : sh Debian : bash FreeBSD : sh OpenBSD : ksh Raspberry-Pi : bash Suse : bash ubuntu2604 : bash -------------------- 22 Bash Versus Dash First, let's try to see which ones are bash and which ones are dash. The first thing we can check is for the shell variable BASH_VERSION. 23 Example echo $BASH_VERSION If the shell is bash, then it will report a version string. If the shell is not bash, then it will return an empty value. 24 Using this test, we can see that Alma and Opensuse are indeed using bash. We however need to check Debian, Raspberry Pi, and Ubuntu when running in an "sh" script. To check this we can use the "which" command to see what "sh" actually is. 25 Example echo $( ls -l $(which sh ) | rev | cut -d" " -f1 | cut -d/ -f1 | rev ) 26 "which sh" shows us the path to "sh" However, that is a link so we need to use "ls -l" to find the actual executable. "rev" reverses the string. 27 "cut" takes the first element separated by spaces. The second "cut" takes the first element separated by the "/" characters. The final "rev" takes that string and reverses it again to get it in the correct order. 28 In the case of Debian, Raspberry Pi, and Ubuntu it tells us that this is "dash". -------------------- 29 Openbsd Openbsd reports its shell as "ksh", which stands for Korn Shell. It is indeed Korn Shell, so we simply leave that one as is. -------------------- 30 Alpine and Freebsd Next we have Alpine Linux and Freebsd, which both report as "sh". In the case Freebsd there doesn't appear to be any further we can go that I am aware of. It's simple "sh". It is a basic POSIX shell which seems to be similar to the original unix shell, the Bourne Shell. Older versions of Freebsd used a different shell known as tsch (the C shell), but I haven't tested that so I will ignore that here. 31 With Alpine Linux however, we can get the actual shell using the same method that we used for Debian Linux. This reports as being "busybox". 32 Busybox is a limited shell intended for use in embedded systems. Alpine was originally an embedded distro, but some people started using it for containers. Alpine is Linux, but it is not GNU/Linux, and there are a number of areas which can trip you up if you are not aware of them. So, be extra careful if you are using it for anything, and test everything. -------------------- 33 Summary of Actual Shells Here is our revised list with the actual shell used when asking for "sh", so far as we can determine. Alma : bash Alpine : busybox Debian : dash FreeBSD : sh OpenBSD : ksh Raspberry-Pi : dash Suse : bash ubuntu2604 : dash 34 There are other shells, but none of them are the default shell for any of the distros on our list, so I haven't tested them. -------------------- 35 Solutions for Measuring Time Now we need to find solutions for bash, dash, ksh, sh, and busybox. -------------------- 36 Bash For bash, we can simply use EPOCHREALTIME, as mentioned above. -------------------- 37 Dash For dash, we can use the date command. This is a very conventional method, and is probably the first answer that anyone would give for this situation. However, while it will work in most cases, it will not work in all cases, so it is not a universal solution. 38 To use date we simply call it with the correct format string. This uses %s to get seconds since the epoch, and %N to get nanoseconds of the current second. If you put a decimal separator between the two it will appear in the output. You can use the correct decimal separator for your locale, but I won't go into that here. Instead I will just assume a period or dot. 39 Example date '+%s.%N' 1779634800.358916385 -------------------- 40 Problems with Date on Alpine and Openbsd Date will work for bash, dash, and sh on Freebsd. However it will not work for ksh on Openbsd, or for busybox on Alpine. 41 With busybox on Alpine, it simply ignores the %N format specifier and prints out the epoch in seconds only followed by the decimal separator. = Example date '+%s.%N' 1779634800. 42 With ksh on Openbsd it prints the epoch in seconds followed by the decimal separator and then the %N as a literal N. date '+%s.%N' 1779634800.N 43 Fortunately we have alternatives for these two cases. -------------------- 44 Openbsd Openbsd has the "ts" or timestamp utility installed by default. ts prints a time stamp in front of every line it receives from standard input. I won't go into details on all aspects of ts here, I'll leave that to someone else. Instead I will focus on how to use it for our specific purposes here. 45 We need to provide a format specifier to ts, which in this case is "%.s" We also need to provide something for standard input, or otherwise ts will simply sit there and wait for input. So what we need to do is to echo nothing through a pipe to ts while also giving ts the proper format specifier. 46 Example echo | ts "%.s" 47 This will output the epoch time in seconds to six decimals of precision. ts is installed in Openbsd and Freebsd by default and can be used in either. It can also be installed in many other distros. -------------------- 48 Busybox on Alpine None of the methods discussed so far will work for busybox on Alpine though. However there is a way, but it's a bit non obvious and somewhat hacky. 49 Busybox includes a command called "adjtimex". This is normally used to adjust the time hardware. However if it is run without arguments, it will report the current settings. 50 These include the current epoch time in seconds , and in another field the time in microseconds. These are reported as key value pairs. So what we need to do is to do the following 51 Run adjtimex Capture the output. Grep for "time.tv_sec" Grep for "time.tv_usec" Use cut to extract the time value in each case. Use tr to get rid of excess spaces in each case. Combine the two in a string with a decimal separator between them. 52 This takes a total of 4 lines of shell script. I will just describe them breifly here, see the show notes for details. 53 First we want to capture the output of adjtimex in a single operation. Run adjtimex and pipe the output through grep to capture lines containing "time.tv_" and save this to a variable. # Extract the current high resolution time from adjtimex. # We want two key value pairs, identified by time.tv_sec and time.tv_usec. tvals=$( adjtimex | grep "time.tv_" ) 54 Next echo the contents of this variable and pipe it through grep, cut, and tr to get first the seconds and then the microseconds while also removing excess spaces. Save these to two separate variables. "time.tv_sec" is the time in seconds since the epoch. "time.tv_usec" is the number of microseconds in the current second. # Get the time since the unix epoch in seconds and micro-seconds. timesec=$( echo "$tvals" | grep "time.tv_sec" | cut -d: -f2 | tr -d " " ) timeusec=$( echo "$tvals" | grep "time.tv_usec" | cut -d: -f2 | tr -d " " ) 55 Adjtimex does not zero pad the microsecond time value to provide leading zeros, so we need to take care of this using printf before we can append it to the seconds value. We didn't need to do this with date where the %N format character does this automatically. In this instance, the printf format string is '%06d' padusec=$( printf '%06d' $timeusec ) Now, combine these into a single number with a decimal separator by using simple string concatenation. # Combine them into a single number. timehires="$timesec"".""$padusec" -------------------- 56 Summary of Methods Let's summarize where we are so far in terms of methods we can use to get the current time as a high resolution number. Alma : use EPOCHREALTIME or date Debian (bash) : use EPOCHREALTIME or date Raspberry-Pi (bash) : use EPOCHREALTIME or date ubuntu2604 (bash) : use EPOCHREALTIME or date Suse : use EPOCHREALTIME or date Debian (dash) : use date Raspberry-Pi (dash) : use date ubuntu2604 (dash) : use date Alpine : use adjtimex and parse the output FreeBSD : use date or ts OpenBSD : use ts -------------------- 57 Other alternatives There are a few alternatives that we haven't discussed yet. 58 Bash with Dash In the case of Debian, Raspberry Pi, and Ubuntu running dash, since bash is available it is possible to write a separate bash script which simply echos EPOCHREALTIME and then call it from the dash script and capture the output. While this would work, there's probably not a lot of point to it. If you can rely on bash being there, then just change the first line of the script and make it a bash script. 59 Adding Packages to Alpine The ts or timestamp utility is a common unix utility that can be installed if it is not present by default. This does produce high resolution timestamps on Alpine. On Alpine Linux this comes as part of the "moreutils" package. To add the package, use the following sudo apk add moreutils echo | ts "%.s" 1779634800.959948 60 You can also add the GNU coreutils, which will provide a high resolution date command which works like in the other examples. To add the package use the following sudo apk add coreutils date '+%s.%N' 1779634800.212897332 61 If you can install more packages into your Alpine system, either of the above two is probably going to be preferable to parsing the output of adjtimex. 62 Custom Timestamp Programs You can also write a very short program in python, perl, tcl, or some other language and have it output the current epoch time. I won't discuss that here though. -------------------- 63 Calculating Time Differences Shell arithmetic is integer only. If we wish to use high resolution timing data, we need to do something so we don't lose the precision we have worked so hard to get. There are several possible solutions. 64 Change the Time Base One method is to change the time base from seconds to milli, micro, or nanoseconds. This can be done by simply multiplying the time values by the appropriate amount (e.g. 1000, 1,000,000, etc.) before subtracting them. This allows for integer arithmetic on high resolution values without losing precision. 65 Use the Shell bc Arbitrary Precision Calculator The bc command line calculator will perform calculations using real numbers and is easy to use in scripts. It is present by default in most distros. echo "scale=9; $endtime - $starttime" | bc where endtime and starttime are variables containing time values. 66 However, for some inexplicable reason, neither Debian nor Opensuse install it by default. It is present in Ubuntu and Raspberry Pi which are Debian derivatives, and it can be added to distros which lack it. 67 Use awk awk can also perform calculations using real numbers and it is present in nearly all distros including in all of the ones we tested here. echo "$endtime $starttime" | awk '{printf "%.6fn", $1 - $2}' -------------------- 68 Benchmarks And of course no comparative evaluation would be complete without benchmarks where we see how each method compares to another in terms of speed. In the benchmark test I ran each method in a loop through multiple iterations, measured the elapsed time, subtracted out the time for an empty loop, and then compared it to alternate methods. For anything other than EPOCHREALTIME, the empty loop time is negligible and has no real effect on the results. 69 Rather interestingly I came across a bug which caused date to run very slowly if called immediately after using EPOCHREALTIME in bash. The effect of the bug was to make the date benchmark test roughly 24 times slower. This has been fixed in newer releases, but if you are using an older distro release then beware of this bug. I was able to get around it either putting a sleep delay between benchmarking EPOCHREALTIME and benchmarking date, or by simply testing date before testing EPOCHREALTIME. 70 To be able to conduct additional tests I installed ts in Ubuntu and Alpine, and the GNU version of date in Alpine. 71 EPOCHREALTIME Versus date in Ubuntu 2604 bash The EPOCHREALTIME method is 3103 times faster than date. However, when the same test is run on Ubuntu 2404 when the date test is run before the EPOCHREALTIME test, EPOCHREALTIME is 1240 faster than date. Other Linux distros show performance to Ubuntu 2404. It appears that a side effect of fixing whatever the bug is has the effect of slowing down date. However, this is probably not a significant issue in normal circumstances. 72 date versus ts in Ubuntu 2604 bash The date method is 3.7 times faster than ts 73 date versus ts in Ubuntu 2604 dash The date method is 4.9 times faster than ts 74 date versus ts in Freebsd sh The date method is 2.5 times faster than ts 75 date versus adjtimex in Alpine Busybox The date method is 6.0 times faster than adjtimex 76 date versus ts in Alpine Busybox The date method is 20.0 times faster than ts 77 bc versus awk in Ubuntu 2604 I compared calculating the difference between two numbers when using bc versus awk. The difference is negligible, with bc being only 7% faster than awk. 78 Conclusion for Benchmarks Based on these results, if you need to measure elapsed time to high resolution and care about runing the command with as little overhead as possible, then the order of preference should be the following. 79 If you are using a newer version of bash, then use EPOCHREALTIME. If that is not available, then use date, provided it allows for high resolution times. If the above two cannot be used, then use ts. If you are using Busybox and cannot install either GNU date or ts, then use adjtimex. Date is the closest in terms of being the universal portable solution, but it does not work in all cases. 80 I have not compared different platforms to each other in terms of performance, as that would be a much more involved problem that is outside the scope of this episode. However, different operating systems implement different commands in different ways. 81 For example, on Openbsd and Freebsd, ts appears to be an ELF binary. That is, it is executable machine code, possibly written in C. On Ubuntu however, ts appears to be a perl script. As a result of this, the advantage that date has over ts is much less in Freebsd than it is with Ubuntu (and likely other Linux distros) as on Freebsd it doesn't need to load a perl interpreter to run ts. -------------------- 82 Overall Conclusion You no doubt thought that measuring elapsed time was going to be so simple, and how could someone get an entire podcast out of such a simple subject? And yet here we are half an hour later with just a basic overview of the subject. 83 I hope you found this interesting and informative. Please let us know in the comments if you think that I have done anything incorrectly, or if you have another way of doing things. I hope to see you all again in another future episode of HPR. -------------------- Provide feedback on this episode.

Special bonus promo episode for y'all this week. I sat down with Joeri Hessels the Designer of Council of Serpents to talk about the game, it's a game about manipulative strategy card game. I've played it, it's sassy like we are so if that sounds interesting to you check out the interview! Support Council of Serpents on Gamefound: Council of Serpents Gamefound WATCH THE FINALS OF THE TOURNAMENT ON JULY 25th at 9AM Eastern/13:00 UTC over on https://www.twitch.tv/spacecatspeaceturtles Come see our comedy show at Gen Con (July 30th 8PM): https://indianapolis.heliumcomedy.com/shows/371208 Music provided by Ben Prunty. Find more at benpruntymusic.com or benprunty.bandcamp.com Additional Music and Sounds by Brian Kupillas. https://wanderinglake.bandcamp.com/ Art by Sun Sanders  To learn more about our Discord, Patreon, Merch, and more, visit https://spacecatspeaceturtles.com/  

In this episode, Ray Cochrane digs into “algorithmic outing,” new research showing that social feeds can infer your sexual orientation before you have consciously come out. He also covers Meta’s privacy-aware AI infrastructure, Alberta’s 466-million-line code scan with Claude, NVIDIA on reinforcement learning, and the many journeys of learning Rust. Along the way, he hits Google DeepMind’s A24 deal, WhatsApp usernames, and scuba-diving cyborg cockroaches. Finally, he looks up with Webb’s puzzling early universe, NASA’s emergency telescope rescue, and a gorgeous aurora from orbit. – Want to start a podcast? Its easy to get started! Sign-up at Blubrry – Thinking of buying a Starlink? Use my link to support the show. Subscribe to the Newsletter. Email Ray if you want to get in touch! Like and Follow Geek News Central’s Facebook Page. Support my Show Sponsor: Best Godaddy Promo Codes Get 1Password Full Summary Cochrane opens with a quick personal update. He hopes listeners had a good holiday weekend, and he shares that he spent his time working his other job at Oregon’s Finest, chatting with people around Portland. Because his Blurbry workweek tends to be solitary, he refills his social meter on the weekends. He then recalls a Saturday night out with coworkers at the Hungry Tiger before turning to the lead story. Algorithmic Outing: When Your Feed Knows Before You Do Cochrane leads with new research from Australia that identifies a phenomenon called “algorithmic outing.” In short, the recommendation systems behind your social feeds can infer your sexual orientation or gender identity and start serving related content before you have worked it out yourself. Importantly, the study is small and qualitative, built on in-depth interviews with twenty LGBTQ+ adults in the Hunter region of New South Wales and published in the journal Gender, Place and Culture. The mechanism is engagement signals: what you like, who you follow, and how long you linger on a post, a metric the industry calls dwell time. Lead researcher Dr. Justin Ellis of the University of Newcastle notes that several participants said the algorithm “knew” they were queer before they did, an experience that felt validating for some but frightening for others in public settings. For Cochrane, the deeper worry is what else that hidden pattern encodes, from upbringing to mental health, and where that data ultimately gets sold. Sponsor: GoDaddy Economy hosting $6.99/month, WordPress hosting $12.99/month, domains $11.99. Website builder trial available. Use codes at geeknewscentral.com/godaddy to support the show. Meta’s Blueprint for Privacy-Aware AI Infrastructure Next, Cochrane turns to a sharp engineering piece from Meta on privacy-aware infrastructure. The core challenge is that a system must understand what a piece of data actually is before any privacy rule can protect it. A field named “age,” for example, might describe a person in one place and a cache setting in another. Meta’s answer deploys a large language model only on the genuinely ambiguous cases, then distills what it learns into fixed, human-reviewed rules. The payoff is concrete. According to Meta, those deterministic rules already handle about 85 percent of the traffic, and only the last 15 percent falls back to the model, which costs roughly 400 times more compute. Cochrane loves this edge-case approach. However, he contrasts it sharply with the AI-everywhere software he wrestles with at his weekend job, which he says the heavy AI reliance genuinely makes worse and harder to audit. Alberta Scans 466 Million Lines of Code With Claude This one comes from Anthropic, and it ties directly to Meta’s theme. A team inside Alberta’s Ministry of Technology and Innovation used Claude to scan 466 million lines of code in about twenty hours, a review Anthropic estimates would have taken humans roughly six and a half years. Notably, they ran around fifty AI agents in parallel, essentially an automated red team and blue team probing the systems at once. For Cochrane, this is the good version of AI in production: cleaning up and locking down real systems rather than running the show unsupervised. NVIDIA on Reinforcement Learning for AI Agents On the AI-building side, Cochrane walks through an NVIDIA developer piece on reinforcement learning for agents. Reinforcement learning rewards a model for good behavior rather than showing it the right answer, much like training a dog with treats. Additionally, he clears up a common mix-up. NVIDIA treats RAG, retrieval-augmented generation, as a separate tool: reinforcement learning changes how a model behaves, while RAG changes what facts it can reach. GitHub Retires Two Gemini Models Meanwhile, GitHub is retiring Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 3 Flash across all of Copilot on July 31. The migration paths are Gemini 3.1 Pro and Gemini 3.5 Flash. Cochrane flags it as a sign of the times, since tools that felt brand new a couple of years ago are already getting sunset. He also wonders how quickly today’s “AI-optimized” chips will turn over as the models keep changing. The Many Journeys of Learning Rust One for the programmers, and Cochrane makes no secret of loving Rust. The Rust blog’s Vision Doc series explores how people actually learn the language, which is built around memory safety and its strict borrow checker. Honest themes surface throughout, including “clone guilt,” where beginners refuse to copy anything, and “silent attrition,” the learners who quietly bounce off. His take stands: getting your brain onto a memory-safe language rewires how you approach a problem. Google DeepMind Partners With A24 In an interesting collision of worlds, Google DeepMind is teaming up with A24, the studio behind Hereditary and Everything Everywhere All at Once. The two call it a first-of-its-kind research partnership, with DeepMind researchers and A24 building creative tools shaped by the artists who use them. Cochrane adds a detail worth noting: Google also invested in A24, so this is money on the table, not just a research handshake. For now, though, the announcement stays deliberately vague, with no named films or products. Google’s $1 Million Africa Indie Game Fund Another one from Google, and it is good news for developers. Google is launching an indie games fund for sub-Saharan Africa, a region whose gaming scene is growing about as fast as anywhere. The fund puts up $1 million across ten local studios, each receiving between $50,000 and $200,000 plus mentorship and hands-on support. Applications close at noon UTC on July 31. WhatsApp Usernames Are Here to Reserve WhatsApp is finally moving off phone numbers as your identity. With usernames, someone can start a conversation with you without ever seeing your number. Starting this week, you can reserve the name you want ahead of the full launch later this year. To claim yours, head into Settings, then Account, then Username. Intel Sets Its Q2 Earnings Date Cochrane flags a date worth watching for anyone tracking Intel. The company reports second-quarter results on July 23, right after market close, with an earnings call at 2 p.m. Pacific. Given recent US government investment and a shifting chip landscape, he is curious how the domestic chipmaker is holding up. Your Smartwatch Might Spot Illness Before You Do Shifting to health, Engadget reports that the wearables-plus-AI wave is starting to deliver. These devices excel at catching the moment your body drifts off its own baseline, often the first nudge to get checked out. A 2025 study from Texas A&M and Stanford suggests smartwatches can detect early signs of COVID or the flu within hours of infection. Additionally, Apple Watch’s irregular-rhythm alerts have flagged AFib correctly about 84 percent of the time. Working Memory and Consciousness Here is a heady one from Scientific American, written by philosopher Henry Taylor at the University of Birmingham. Working memory is the mental scratchpad holding whatever you are doing right now. Taylor opens with the doorway effect, that blank moment when you enter a room and forget why. Intriguingly, when information leaves working memory, it seems to leave conscious awareness at the same instant, a link drawing fresh attention across psychology, philosophy, and neuroscience. Scuba-Diving Cyborg Cockroaches Now for the wild one. Scientists have built tiny diving suits that let Madagascar hissing cockroaches survive underwater for up to three hours, while an unequipped roach suffocates in minutes. The 3D-printed suit feeds oxygen through tubes into the insect’s breathing holes, called spiracles, using a chemical generator with no electronics. This lab already steered the roaches with electrodes, so the diving suit is the new trick on top. Researchers pitch it for search and rescue, though Cochrane notes the reality of the spy bug has already arrived. Quantum Time Runs Backward at Los Alamos Next, a genuine brain-bender. Physicists at Los Alamos, led by Luis Pedro García-Pintos, found a way to make a quantum system look like it is running backward in time. To be clear, time is not literally reversing. Precise measurements just make the system’s evolution appear to unfold in reverse. The useful part is energy: measurement itself becomes a resource in what they call a continuous measurement engine. Cochrane admits the paper drifted further from his reality the more he read. Tall Trees Shrug Off Drought A new study in Science overturns some textbook wisdom. For years, the assumption held that taller trees suffer more in drought because they must lift water higher. However, researchers studying dipterocarps in Southeast Asia found that trees topping seventy meters slowed their growth by about the same amount as short ones during the 2023-2024 El Niño drought. The trick is plumbing: a seventy-meter tree grows base vessels roughly twice as wide as a ten-meter tree, so the real driver of drought stress is subtler than raw height. The Energy Department Purges Conservation Pages This next one frustrates Cochrane. The US Department of Energy deleted roughly 6,000 web pages about energy conservation, and the timing is brutal during a record heatwave. The move followed backlash over New York Mayor Zohran Mamdani urging residents to ease strain on the grid. Fortunately, the Internet Archive and its Wayback Machine preserved the pages before they vanished. For Cochrane, deleting that kind of public information simply does not make sense. Webb’s Puzzling New Universe Heading to space, Quanta Magazine explores how the James Webb Space Telescope keeps finding early-universe objects that should not exist. Those include black holes that grew enormous too fast and hundreds of mysterious “little red dots” around 650 million years after the Big Bang. As astrophysicist Rachel Somerville of the Flatiron Institute puts it, scientists have “almost gone from having too many early galaxies to having too many theories.” The hard part now is figuring out which theory is right. NASA’s Emergency Telescope Rescue NASA has a rescue mission underway for the Swift Observatory, a 2004 telescope that studies gamma-ray bursts. Recent solar storms puffed up Earth’s atmosphere, and the added drag has dragged Swift’s orbit down to about 224 miles, low enough to risk burning up this year. To intervene, NASA enlisted Katalyst Space Technologies of Flagstaff, Arizona, whose LINK spacecraft launched Friday. The plan is to boost Swift back up to roughly 373 miles. A Gorgeous Aurora From Orbit Finally, Cochrane closes on something beautiful. ESA shared a stunning aurora captured from orbit, a shimmering green band of light rippling over the planet. If you have a few minutes, it is well worth a look. Cochrane wraps with housekeeping and a thank-you to GoDaddy for two decades of support, then signs off, wishing listeners a wonderful evening. The post Algorithmic Outing: When Your Feed Knows Before You Do #1869 appeared first on Geek News Central.

Droitwich Transmitting Station (Source: Wikimedia Commons) Many thanks to SRAA contributor, Andy Wang, who shares the following recording and notes:Broadcaster: BBC4Date of recording: June 26, 2026Starting time: 19:58UTCFrequency: 0.198MHzYour location: Web-interface wideband software-defined radio at the University of Twente in Enschede, The NetherlandsYour receiver and antenna: "Mini-Whip" antenna in AM mode with 9.09 kHz RF filteringMode: AMSafe for children?: YesNotes: BBC4 on longwave 198KHz was shutdown on 27 June 2026 at 00:00 UTC.After the shutdown, the station is repeatedly playing the migration guide for the listeners.I guess there are still some old electric meters that haven't been replaced, they rely on the longwave signal...The noise in the recording is probably caused by lightning, the receiving time is in summer. Final Hours of BBC Four Droitwich Transmitting Station (198kHz): June 26, 2026 Andy Wang Download

Hunter and Jadiim are back in the lab again talking about another one of our most improved TI factions of the old times. It's the first of our original six factions in this cycle: THE BARONY. This episode actually features a lot of compliments for Dane which I feel like we don't do enough, he's the best though we lub Dane. WATCH THE FINALS OF THE TOURNAMENT ON JULY 25th at 9AM Eastern/13:00 UTC over on https://www.twitch.tv/spacecatspeaceturtles Come see our comedy show at Gen Con (July 30th 8PM): https://indianapolis.heliumcomedy.com/shows/371208 Music provided by Ben Prunty. Find more at benpruntymusic.com or benprunty.bandcamp.com Additional Music and Sounds by Brian Kupillas. https://wanderinglake.bandcamp.com/ Art by Sun Sanders  To learn more about our Discord, Patreon, Merch, and more, visit https://spacecatspeaceturtles.com/