Podcasts about medieval warm period

Dr. Calvin Beisner discusses how there is no climate crisis and how the benefits of using "fossil fuels" far outweigh the costs. An endless amount of holes can be poked in the climate narrative (e.g. Medieval Warm Period). The current changes in climate are not unprecedented. The sun is a key contributor to the cycles of warming and cooling. Up to 50% of the apparent increase in global average temperature over the last century has been happening only in urban areas. We are due for significant global cooling. In fact, warmth is better for human health than cold. The climate catastrophist movement is neofeudal, neocolonial, condemnable, and morally reprehensible. China is playing the West, their aim is to get us to reduce our energy use which reduces our prosperity, part of their plan to fulfill their "hundred year marathon". So much of this is rooted in the (neo)Malthusian worldview. The politics behind "climate change" are dedicated to the destruction of national sovereignty and the replacement of it with a one-world government. Throughout history dominant paradigms have collapsed and that will likely happen with the catastrophic climate change narrative. Watch on BitChute / Brighteon / Rokfin / Rumble / Substack Geopolitics & Empire · Calvin Beisner: Climate Change Policies Leading to World Government #407 *Support Geopolitics & Empire! Become a Member https://geopoliticsandempire.substack.comDonate https://geopoliticsandempire.com/donationsConsult https://geopoliticsandempire.com/consultation **Visit Our Affiliates & Sponsors! Above Phone https://abovephone.com/?above=geopoliticseasyDNS (use code GEOPOLITICS for 15% off!) https://easydns.comEscape The Technocracy course (15% discount using link) https://escapethetechnocracy.com/geopoliticsPassVult https://passvult.comSociatates Civis (CitizenHR, CitizenIT, CitizenPL) https://societates-civis.comWise Wolf Gold https://www.wolfpack.gold/?ref=geopolitics Websites Cornwall Alliance https://cornwallalliance.org DONATE to Cornwall Alliance in the month of April (2024) and get the 'Climate & Energy' book for free https://cornwallalliance.org/givetoday Climate & Energy: The Case for Realism https://www.regnery.com/9781684512676/climate-and-energy About Dr. E. Calvin Beisner Dr. Beisner is Founder, President, and National Spokesman of The Cornwall Alliance for the Stewardship of Creation, a network of Christian theologians, natural scientists, economists, and other scholars educating for Biblical earth stewardship, economic development for the poor, and the proclamation and defense of the good news of salvation by God's grace, received through faith in Jesus Christ's death and resurrection. Dr. Beisner was associate professor of historical theology and social ethics at Knox Theological Seminary from 2000 to 2008 and of interdisciplinary studies (focusing on the application of Biblical worldview, theology, and ethics to economics, government, and public policy) at Covenant College from 1992 to 2000. He has been an elder in the Presbyterian Church in America and the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, planting a new congregation for the latter and serving on its pastoral staff for three years. He and his wife Debby, an accomplished portrait painter, have seven children and twelve grandchildren. His early childhood in Calcutta, India, where he observed both the beauties of God's creation and the tragedies of poverty, informed his later concerns for caring for both the natural world and the poor. His theological and philosophical studies led to his studying political and economic philosophy and his books Prosperity and Poverty: The Compassionate Use of Resources in a World of Scarcity (1988), an introduction to economics informed by Biblical theology and ethics; Prospects for Growth: A Biblical View of Population, Resources, and the Future (1990), which applied the lessons of the prior book to question...

Dr. Calvin Beisner discusses how there is no climate crisis and how the benefits of using “fossil fuels” far outweigh the costs. An endless amount of holes can be poked in the climate narrative (e.g. Medieval Warm Period). The current changes in climate are not unprecedented. The sun is a key contributor to the cycles […]

Russ asks about identifying, dating, and correlating different rocks and strata. Redefining the start of the Holocene, the guys wonder again about the tracks in New Mexico at 22kya and the pre-Clovis cultures, their coexistence with mega-mammals, and how some of them swam to survival on a Californian island. Then RC reviews several papers about Late Bronze Age civilization collapses from various catastrophes around the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. The Little Ice Age that followed the Medieval Warm Period was extreme in the Holocene, and ended a century before post-WWII CO2 increases, which actually correlated with three decades of cooling. Current efforts proposed to mitigate rising temps will leave us more vulnerable to the Natural factors that are being ignored.“The Randall Carlson” socials, VoD titles, tours, events, podcasts, merch shop, donate:https://randallcarlson.com/links Esoteric class/lectures w/RC: https://youtube.com/geocosmicrex

About Harold Seneker: I am a retired financial writer and editor, whose most notable contribution was initiating and managing for years the Forbes 400, the annual listing of the richest people in America, and then of Forbes' lists of World Billionaires. So when the question of anthropogenic global warming came up for me, I could approach this new issue with an open mind and reporting skills, and no built-in biases or assumptions other than a well-honed skepticism about the truthfulness of people in high positions. If climate alarmism had proved justified, I would be in the forefront of people supporting it. However, what I found was different. 00:00 Introduction 00:15 Meet Harold Senecker: A Retired Journalist 00:53 Creating the Forbes 400 04:47 Investigating Anthropogenic Global Warming 05:47 The Controversy of East Anglia University's Data 08:37 The Medieval Warm Period and the Hockey Stick Graph 10:49 The Role of Journalism in Climate Change Research 14:03 The Impact of Carbon Dioxide and Methane on Global Warming 35:12 The Influence of Milankovitch Cycles on Earth's Climate 44:59 Conclusion: The Future of Climate Change Debate https://twitter.com/HaroldSeneker Blog: Harold Seneker's Climate Discussion: https://hseneker.blogspot.com/ Tony Heller's Real Climate Tools site: https://realclimatetools.com/ ========= AI summaries of all of my podcasts: https://tomn.substack.com/p/podcast-summaries https://linktr.ee/tomanelson1 Twitter: https://twitter.com/TomANelson Substack: https://tomn.substack.com/ About Tom: https://tomnelson.blogspot.com/2022/03/about-me-tom-nelson.html Notes for climate skeptics: https://tomn.substack.com/p/notes-for-climate-skeptics ClimateGate emails: https://tomnelson.blogspot.com/p/climategate_05.html

A journey through the history of Earth's changing climate, in which we explore how Earth's climate has fluctuated over the past billion years. After reviewing the various temperature proxies used to estimate past climactic conditions, we discuss the varying hothouse and icehouse periods of Earth's history, the onset of the Quarternay Ice Age, the current interglacial period, the anomoly of the Younger Dryas, the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Ages, and the rapid rise in temperatures during the twentieth century. Recommended pre-listening is Episode 90: Climate Systems. If you enjoyed the podcast please consider supporting the show by making a PayPal donation or becoming a Patreon supporter. https://www.patreon.com/jamesfodor https://www.paypal.me/ScienceofEverything  

“The Randall Carlson” socials, VoD titles, tours, events, podcasts, merch shop, donate: https://randallcarlson.com/links  Esoteric class/lectures w/RC: https://youtube.com/geocosmicrex https://youtube.com/TheRandallCarlson   Russ asks about identifying, dating, and correlating different rocks and strata. Redefining the start of the Holocene, the guys wonder again about the tracks in New Mexico at 22kya and the pre-Clovis cultures, their coexistence with mega-mammals, and how some of them swam to survival on a Californian island. Then RC reviews several papers about Late Bronze Age civilization collapses from various catastrophes around the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. The Little Ice Age that followed the Medieval Warm Period was extreme in the Holocene, and ended a century before post-WWII CO2 increases, which actually correlated with three decades of cooling. Current efforts proposed to mitigate rising temps will leave us more vulnerable to the Natural factors that are being ignored.  Kosmographia Ep105 of The Randall Carlson Podcast, with Brothers of the Serpent – Kyle and Russ, Normal Guy Mike, and GeocosmicREX admin Bradley, from 12/11/23   LINKS: Available Video on Demand titles: https://www.howtube.com/playlist/view?PLID=381 "Here Be Dragons" Part 1of3+  Cosmic Summit '23 (20+ hours) Mysterious Origins of Halloween and the Ancient Day of the Dead Festivals Sacred Geometry introductory workshop, plus lectures (14+ hours) “Plato's Atlantis” (7 hours of geologic deep-dive in two parts)   http://www.RandallCarlson.com has the podcast, RC's blog, galleries, and products to purchase! T-shirts, variety of MERCH here: https://randallcarlson.com/shop/ Activities Board: https://randallcarlson.com/tours-and-events/ RC's monthly science news and activities:  https://randallcarlson.com/newsletter   Randall with Joe Rogan ep1772  https://open.spotify.com/episode/190slemJsUXH5pEYR6DUbf RC with Graham Hancock on JRE 1897 “Ancient Apocalypse” Netflix series and new technology announcement: https://open.spotify.com/episode/2xvmTo09BFMd6tJfJPmmvT  Malcolm Bendall presents on MSAART Plasmoid Revolution: https://www.howtube.com/channels/StrikeFoundationEarth Full listing of scientific papers about the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis: https://cosmictusk.com   Support Randall Carlson's efforts to discover and share pivotal paradigm-shifting information! Improve the quality of the podcast and future videos. Allow him more time for his research into the many scientific journals, books, and his expeditions into the field, as he continues to decipher the clues that explain the mysteries of our past, and prepare us for the future... Contribute to RC thru howtube: https://www.howtube.com/channels/RandallCarlson#tab_donate  Make a one-time donation thru PayPal, credit/debit card or other account here: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=8YVDREQ9SMKL6&source=url  Contribute monthly to receive bonus content and perks:  https://patreon.com/RandallCarlson   Email us at  Kosmographia1618@gmail.com   OR   Contact@RandallCarlson.com   Small class lectures "Cosmography 101" from '06-'09 on Brad's original channel: https://youtube.com/geocosmicrex       Kosmographia logo and design animation by Brothers of the Serpent Check out their podcast: http://www.BrothersoftheSerpent.com/ ep108 with RC and Bradley: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZC4nsOUxqI Theme “Deos” and bumper music by Fifty Dollar Dynasty: http://www.FiftyDollarDynasty.net/ Video recording, editing and publishing by Bradley Young with YSI Productions LLC (copyrights) with audio mastered by Kyle Allen and Chris James.

One of the most consequential eras in North American history was the Medieval Warm Period of 800-1300 CE, when the continent was shaped by climate change or – as its peoples then believed – controlled by gods of wind and water. A great religious movement swept Mesoamerica, the Southwest, and the Mississippi valley, sometimes because of worsening living conditions and sometimes by improved agricultural yields caused by global warming. In this episode of Gone Medieval, Matt Lewis talks to archaeologist Dr. Timothy Pauketat, author of Gods of Thunder: How Climate Change, Travel, and Spirituality Reshaped Precolonial America. He has followed the footsteps of priests, pilgrims, traders and farmers led by the weather to migrate long distances to new lands.This episode was edited and produced by Rob Weinberg.If you're enjoying this podcast and are looking for more fascinating Medieval content then subscribe to our Medieval Monday newsletter here.If you'd like to learn even more, we have hundreds of history documentaries, ad free podcasts and audiobooks at History Hit - subscribe today! To download, go to Android or Apple store Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

What made FOX drop their most viewed and most influential host? Glenn Beck suggests it might be due to Tucker Carlson invoking God in a speech; Glenn says Rupert Murdoch ordered him to stop mentioning the God of the Universe on FOX News. Tucker's video that continues to rack up views that surpass in numbers his FOX News Show, says it's rare to hear truth on any news shows. FOX News is now trailing the lowly Chris Hayes on MSNBC! So, what really happened? Let's employ our favorite tool, pattern recognition. When I did that, I came up with the following theory: Tucker broke the big rule about performing as a conservative Republican TV host . . . Tucker Carlson REFUSED to perform, let alone to perform as a conservative Republican TV Host. Said another way, Tucker's show had become the Washington Generals beating the Harlem Globetrotters and we can't have that . . What does God say? Matthew 10:33 33 But whoever disowns me before others, I will disown before my Father in heaven.Episode 801 Links -ANALYSIS: The Ripple Effects of Tucker Carlson's Exit From Fox NewsNew Fox Wednesday DISASTER… Chris Hayes crushes Kilmeade in Tucker's old slot… Fox News sinks lower into the depths… Hannity dragged down…I don't think I've ever heard a journalist admit before that they don't think their job is to be "adversarial" with WH officials and the President. But as I've said about NBC News allowing its "reporters" like Ben Collins to be explicit Democrats, the more candor, the better:Gates funds millions to NGO claiming kids born sexual, 10-year-olds should learn about 'commercial sex work'; The sex ed said kids under 10 should learn, 'As you grow up, you might start to be interested in people with diverse gender identities'Remember the daily "Covid deaths" updates and graphs they used to scare people into believing in the Covid scam? Now they've started doing something similar for the #ClimateScam. I love how they added nine decimal places to the miniscule 1.27°C temperature rise, to make it look like a huge number. And I love how they started in 1880 as if history started in 1880. If they'd started at the Medieval Warm Period, it would show a decline in temperature.Geologist, Ian Plimer, on the #ClimateScam: "It has nothing to do with climate. It has nothing to do with science. It has nothing to do with the environment, but it's got everything to do with control by unelected bureaucrats somewhere in the world, trying to control everything we do." Alan's Soapshttps://alanssoaps.com/TODDUse coupon code ‘TODD' to save an additional 10% off the bundle price.BiOptimizershttps://magbreakthrough.com/toddUse promo code TODD for 10% off your order.Bonefroghttps://bonefrog.usEnter promo code TODD at checkout to receive 10% off your subscription. Bulwark Capitalbulwarkcapitalmgmt.comAct now and get Bulwark Capital's “Common Cents Investing” guide FREE. My Pillowhttps://mypillow.comUse code TODD for Closeout pricing on all All Season Slippers.Patriot Mobilehttps://patriotmobile.com/hermanGet free activation today with offer code HERMAN. Visit or call 878-PATRIOT. GreenHaven Interactivehttps://greenhaveninteractive.comGet seen on Google more with your worldclass website! RuffGreenshttps://ruffgreens.com/toddGet your FREE Jumpstart Trial Bag of Ruff Greens, simply cover shipping. Visit or call 877-MYDOG-64. SOTA Weight Losshttps://sotaweightloss.comSOTA Weight Loss is, say it with me now, STATE OF THE ART!Texas SuperFoodhttps://texassuperfood.comTexas SuperFood is whole food nutrition at its best.

Timothy R. Pauketat's Gods of Thunder: How Climate Change, Travel, and Spirituality Reshaped Precolonial America (Oxford UP, 2023) is a sweeping account of what happened when Indigenous peoples of Medieval North and Central America confronted climate change. Few Americans today are aware of one of the most consequential periods in North American history—the Medieval Warm Period of seven to twelve centuries ago (AD 800-1300 CE)—which resulted in the warmest temperatures in the northern hemisphere since the "Roman Warm Period," a half millennium earlier. Reconstructing these climatic events and the cultural transformations they wrought, Pauketat guides readers down ancient American paths walked by Indigenous people a millennium ago, some trod by Spanish conquistadors just a few centuries later. The book follows the footsteps of priests, pilgrims, traders, and farmers who took great journeys, made remarkable pilgrimages, and migrated long distances to new lands. Along the way, readers discover a new history of a continent that, like today, was being shaped by climate change—or controlled by ancient gods of wind and water. Through such elemental powers, the history of Medieval America was a physical narrative, a long-term natural and cultural experience in which Native people were entwined long before Christopher Columbus arrived or Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs. Spanning from North to Central America, Gods of Thunder focuses on remarkable parallels between pre-contact American civilizations separated by a thousand miles or more. Key archaeological sites are featured in every chapter, leading us down an evidentiary trail toward the book's conclusion that a great religious movement swept Mesoamerica, the Southwest, and the Mississippi valley, sometimes because of worsening living conditions and sometimes by improved agricultural yields thanks to global warming a thousand years ago. The author also includes a guide to visiting the archaeological sites discussed in each chapter of the book. Sarah Newman (@newmantropologa) is an archaeologist and Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago. Her research explores long-term human-environmental interactions, including questions of waste and reuse, processes of landscape transformation, and relationships between humans and other animals. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Timothy R. Pauketat's Gods of Thunder: How Climate Change, Travel, and Spirituality Reshaped Precolonial America (Oxford UP, 2023) is a sweeping account of what happened when Indigenous peoples of Medieval North and Central America confronted climate change. Few Americans today are aware of one of the most consequential periods in North American history—the Medieval Warm Period of seven to twelve centuries ago (AD 800-1300 CE)—which resulted in the warmest temperatures in the northern hemisphere since the "Roman Warm Period," a half millennium earlier. Reconstructing these climatic events and the cultural transformations they wrought, Pauketat guides readers down ancient American paths walked by Indigenous people a millennium ago, some trod by Spanish conquistadors just a few centuries later. The book follows the footsteps of priests, pilgrims, traders, and farmers who took great journeys, made remarkable pilgrimages, and migrated long distances to new lands. Along the way, readers discover a new history of a continent that, like today, was being shaped by climate change—or controlled by ancient gods of wind and water. Through such elemental powers, the history of Medieval America was a physical narrative, a long-term natural and cultural experience in which Native people were entwined long before Christopher Columbus arrived or Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs. Spanning from North to Central America, Gods of Thunder focuses on remarkable parallels between pre-contact American civilizations separated by a thousand miles or more. Key archaeological sites are featured in every chapter, leading us down an evidentiary trail toward the book's conclusion that a great religious movement swept Mesoamerica, the Southwest, and the Mississippi valley, sometimes because of worsening living conditions and sometimes by improved agricultural yields thanks to global warming a thousand years ago. The author also includes a guide to visiting the archaeological sites discussed in each chapter of the book. Sarah Newman (@newmantropologa) is an archaeologist and Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago. Her research explores long-term human-environmental interactions, including questions of waste and reuse, processes of landscape transformation, and relationships between humans and other animals. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Timothy R. Pauketat's Gods of Thunder: How Climate Change, Travel, and Spirituality Reshaped Precolonial America (Oxford UP, 2023) is a sweeping account of what happened when Indigenous peoples of Medieval North and Central America confronted climate change. Few Americans today are aware of one of the most consequential periods in North American history—the Medieval Warm Period of seven to twelve centuries ago (AD 800-1300 CE)—which resulted in the warmest temperatures in the northern hemisphere since the "Roman Warm Period," a half millennium earlier. Reconstructing these climatic events and the cultural transformations they wrought, Pauketat guides readers down ancient American paths walked by Indigenous people a millennium ago, some trod by Spanish conquistadors just a few centuries later. The book follows the footsteps of priests, pilgrims, traders, and farmers who took great journeys, made remarkable pilgrimages, and migrated long distances to new lands. Along the way, readers discover a new history of a continent that, like today, was being shaped by climate change—or controlled by ancient gods of wind and water. Through such elemental powers, the history of Medieval America was a physical narrative, a long-term natural and cultural experience in which Native people were entwined long before Christopher Columbus arrived or Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs. Spanning from North to Central America, Gods of Thunder focuses on remarkable parallels between pre-contact American civilizations separated by a thousand miles or more. Key archaeological sites are featured in every chapter, leading us down an evidentiary trail toward the book's conclusion that a great religious movement swept Mesoamerica, the Southwest, and the Mississippi valley, sometimes because of worsening living conditions and sometimes by improved agricultural yields thanks to global warming a thousand years ago. The author also includes a guide to visiting the archaeological sites discussed in each chapter of the book. Sarah Newman (@newmantropologa) is an archaeologist and Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago. Her research explores long-term human-environmental interactions, including questions of waste and reuse, processes of landscape transformation, and relationships between humans and other animals. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/latin-american-studies

Timothy R. Pauketat's Gods of Thunder: How Climate Change, Travel, and Spirituality Reshaped Precolonial America (Oxford UP, 2023) is a sweeping account of what happened when Indigenous peoples of Medieval North and Central America confronted climate change. Few Americans today are aware of one of the most consequential periods in North American history—the Medieval Warm Period of seven to twelve centuries ago (AD 800-1300 CE)—which resulted in the warmest temperatures in the northern hemisphere since the "Roman Warm Period," a half millennium earlier. Reconstructing these climatic events and the cultural transformations they wrought, Pauketat guides readers down ancient American paths walked by Indigenous people a millennium ago, some trod by Spanish conquistadors just a few centuries later. The book follows the footsteps of priests, pilgrims, traders, and farmers who took great journeys, made remarkable pilgrimages, and migrated long distances to new lands. Along the way, readers discover a new history of a continent that, like today, was being shaped by climate change—or controlled by ancient gods of wind and water. Through such elemental powers, the history of Medieval America was a physical narrative, a long-term natural and cultural experience in which Native people were entwined long before Christopher Columbus arrived or Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs. Spanning from North to Central America, Gods of Thunder focuses on remarkable parallels between pre-contact American civilizations separated by a thousand miles or more. Key archaeological sites are featured in every chapter, leading us down an evidentiary trail toward the book's conclusion that a great religious movement swept Mesoamerica, the Southwest, and the Mississippi valley, sometimes because of worsening living conditions and sometimes by improved agricultural yields thanks to global warming a thousand years ago. The author also includes a guide to visiting the archaeological sites discussed in each chapter of the book. Sarah Newman (@newmantropologa) is an archaeologist and Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago. Her research explores long-term human-environmental interactions, including questions of waste and reuse, processes of landscape transformation, and relationships between humans and other animals. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/native-american-studies

Timothy R. Pauketat's Gods of Thunder: How Climate Change, Travel, and Spirituality Reshaped Precolonial America (Oxford UP, 2023) is a sweeping account of what happened when Indigenous peoples of Medieval North and Central America confronted climate change. Few Americans today are aware of one of the most consequential periods in North American history—the Medieval Warm Period of seven to twelve centuries ago (AD 800-1300 CE)—which resulted in the warmest temperatures in the northern hemisphere since the "Roman Warm Period," a half millennium earlier. Reconstructing these climatic events and the cultural transformations they wrought, Pauketat guides readers down ancient American paths walked by Indigenous people a millennium ago, some trod by Spanish conquistadors just a few centuries later. The book follows the footsteps of priests, pilgrims, traders, and farmers who took great journeys, made remarkable pilgrimages, and migrated long distances to new lands. Along the way, readers discover a new history of a continent that, like today, was being shaped by climate change—or controlled by ancient gods of wind and water. Through such elemental powers, the history of Medieval America was a physical narrative, a long-term natural and cultural experience in which Native people were entwined long before Christopher Columbus arrived or Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs. Spanning from North to Central America, Gods of Thunder focuses on remarkable parallels between pre-contact American civilizations separated by a thousand miles or more. Key archaeological sites are featured in every chapter, leading us down an evidentiary trail toward the book's conclusion that a great religious movement swept Mesoamerica, the Southwest, and the Mississippi valley, sometimes because of worsening living conditions and sometimes by improved agricultural yields thanks to global warming a thousand years ago. The author also includes a guide to visiting the archaeological sites discussed in each chapter of the book. Sarah Newman (@newmantropologa) is an archaeologist and Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago. Her research explores long-term human-environmental interactions, including questions of waste and reuse, processes of landscape transformation, and relationships between humans and other animals. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/environmental-studies

Timothy R. Pauketat's Gods of Thunder: How Climate Change, Travel, and Spirituality Reshaped Precolonial America (Oxford UP, 2023) is a sweeping account of what happened when Indigenous peoples of Medieval North and Central America confronted climate change. Few Americans today are aware of one of the most consequential periods in North American history—the Medieval Warm Period of seven to twelve centuries ago (AD 800-1300 CE)—which resulted in the warmest temperatures in the northern hemisphere since the "Roman Warm Period," a half millennium earlier. Reconstructing these climatic events and the cultural transformations they wrought, Pauketat guides readers down ancient American paths walked by Indigenous people a millennium ago, some trod by Spanish conquistadors just a few centuries later. The book follows the footsteps of priests, pilgrims, traders, and farmers who took great journeys, made remarkable pilgrimages, and migrated long distances to new lands. Along the way, readers discover a new history of a continent that, like today, was being shaped by climate change—or controlled by ancient gods of wind and water. Through such elemental powers, the history of Medieval America was a physical narrative, a long-term natural and cultural experience in which Native people were entwined long before Christopher Columbus arrived or Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs. Spanning from North to Central America, Gods of Thunder focuses on remarkable parallels between pre-contact American civilizations separated by a thousand miles or more. Key archaeological sites are featured in every chapter, leading us down an evidentiary trail toward the book's conclusion that a great religious movement swept Mesoamerica, the Southwest, and the Mississippi valley, sometimes because of worsening living conditions and sometimes by improved agricultural yields thanks to global warming a thousand years ago. The author also includes a guide to visiting the archaeological sites discussed in each chapter of the book. Sarah Newman (@newmantropologa) is an archaeologist and Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago. Her research explores long-term human-environmental interactions, including questions of waste and reuse, processes of landscape transformation, and relationships between humans and other animals. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/archaeology

Timothy R. Pauketat's Gods of Thunder: How Climate Change, Travel, and Spirituality Reshaped Precolonial America (Oxford UP, 2023) is a sweeping account of what happened when Indigenous peoples of Medieval North and Central America confronted climate change. Few Americans today are aware of one of the most consequential periods in North American history—the Medieval Warm Period of seven to twelve centuries ago (AD 800-1300 CE)—which resulted in the warmest temperatures in the northern hemisphere since the "Roman Warm Period," a half millennium earlier. Reconstructing these climatic events and the cultural transformations they wrought, Pauketat guides readers down ancient American paths walked by Indigenous people a millennium ago, some trod by Spanish conquistadors just a few centuries later. The book follows the footsteps of priests, pilgrims, traders, and farmers who took great journeys, made remarkable pilgrimages, and migrated long distances to new lands. Along the way, readers discover a new history of a continent that, like today, was being shaped by climate change—or controlled by ancient gods of wind and water. Through such elemental powers, the history of Medieval America was a physical narrative, a long-term natural and cultural experience in which Native people were entwined long before Christopher Columbus arrived or Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs. Spanning from North to Central America, Gods of Thunder focuses on remarkable parallels between pre-contact American civilizations separated by a thousand miles or more. Key archaeological sites are featured in every chapter, leading us down an evidentiary trail toward the book's conclusion that a great religious movement swept Mesoamerica, the Southwest, and the Mississippi valley, sometimes because of worsening living conditions and sometimes by improved agricultural yields thanks to global warming a thousand years ago. The author also includes a guide to visiting the archaeological sites discussed in each chapter of the book. Sarah Newman (@newmantropologa) is an archaeologist and Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago. Her research explores long-term human-environmental interactions, including questions of waste and reuse, processes of landscape transformation, and relationships between humans and other animals. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/religion

Timothy R. Pauketat's Gods of Thunder: How Climate Change, Travel, and Spirituality Reshaped Precolonial America (Oxford UP, 2023) is a sweeping account of what happened when Indigenous peoples of Medieval North and Central America confronted climate change. Few Americans today are aware of one of the most consequential periods in North American history—the Medieval Warm Period of seven to twelve centuries ago (AD 800-1300 CE)—which resulted in the warmest temperatures in the northern hemisphere since the "Roman Warm Period," a half millennium earlier. Reconstructing these climatic events and the cultural transformations they wrought, Pauketat guides readers down ancient American paths walked by Indigenous people a millennium ago, some trod by Spanish conquistadors just a few centuries later. The book follows the footsteps of priests, pilgrims, traders, and farmers who took great journeys, made remarkable pilgrimages, and migrated long distances to new lands. Along the way, readers discover a new history of a continent that, like today, was being shaped by climate change—or controlled by ancient gods of wind and water. Through such elemental powers, the history of Medieval America was a physical narrative, a long-term natural and cultural experience in which Native people were entwined long before Christopher Columbus arrived or Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs. Spanning from North to Central America, Gods of Thunder focuses on remarkable parallels between pre-contact American civilizations separated by a thousand miles or more. Key archaeological sites are featured in every chapter, leading us down an evidentiary trail toward the book's conclusion that a great religious movement swept Mesoamerica, the Southwest, and the Mississippi valley, sometimes because of worsening living conditions and sometimes by improved agricultural yields thanks to global warming a thousand years ago. The author also includes a guide to visiting the archaeological sites discussed in each chapter of the book. Sarah Newman (@newmantropologa) is an archaeologist and Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago. Her research explores long-term human-environmental interactions, including questions of waste and reuse, processes of landscape transformation, and relationships between humans and other animals. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Timothy R. Pauketat's Gods of Thunder: How Climate Change, Travel, and Spirituality Reshaped Precolonial America (Oxford UP, 2023) is a sweeping account of what happened when Indigenous peoples of Medieval North and Central America confronted climate change. Few Americans today are aware of one of the most consequential periods in North American history—the Medieval Warm Period of seven to twelve centuries ago (AD 800-1300 CE)—which resulted in the warmest temperatures in the northern hemisphere since the "Roman Warm Period," a half millennium earlier. Reconstructing these climatic events and the cultural transformations they wrought, Pauketat guides readers down ancient American paths walked by Indigenous people a millennium ago, some trod by Spanish conquistadors just a few centuries later. The book follows the footsteps of priests, pilgrims, traders, and farmers who took great journeys, made remarkable pilgrimages, and migrated long distances to new lands. Along the way, readers discover a new history of a continent that, like today, was being shaped by climate change—or controlled by ancient gods of wind and water. Through such elemental powers, the history of Medieval America was a physical narrative, a long-term natural and cultural experience in which Native people were entwined long before Christopher Columbus arrived or Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs. Spanning from North to Central America, Gods of Thunder focuses on remarkable parallels between pre-contact American civilizations separated by a thousand miles or more. Key archaeological sites are featured in every chapter, leading us down an evidentiary trail toward the book's conclusion that a great religious movement swept Mesoamerica, the Southwest, and the Mississippi valley, sometimes because of worsening living conditions and sometimes by improved agricultural yields thanks to global warming a thousand years ago. The author also includes a guide to visiting the archaeological sites discussed in each chapter of the book. Sarah Newman (@newmantropologa) is an archaeologist and Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago. Her research explores long-term human-environmental interactions, including questions of waste and reuse, processes of landscape transformation, and relationships between humans and other animals.

NASA wants you to know that consistently colder temperatures are actually a cause of climate change, and global warming, recently telling the public that the climate has shifted dramatically since civilized industrialization began. But NASA is missing a few key points. In geological and environmental terms, humans have not been here very long, and only a few countries have engaged in any type of heavy industrialization and even then only for a very short period of time. The last 100,000 years on Earth have been part of an Ice Age with the Last Glacial Maximum occurring about 17,000-18,000 BC when temperatures began warming, ice began melting and sea levels began rising. Then a few thousand years later a sudden drastic return to glacial conditions occurred, called the Younger Dryas. Just as suddenly afterwards temperatures warmed again. Around 800-1300 AD, or the Medieval Warm Period, temperatures were warmer than today on average, and a few hundred years later between 1645 and 1715 temperatures plummeted again during the Maunder Minimum. The common denominator here is the Sun, Moon, and as the Jet Stream is controlled, by the rotation, momentum, and axis of the planet. With increasingly cold temperatures we are seeing that the earth is actually heading into a mini-ice-age by 2030, something know for decades. Like ancient priests exploiting the illiteracy and ignorance of the common person, modern priests exploit cycles with graphs and propaganda to justify the shutting down of industrial civilization. Even though technology like air conditioners could save lives whether it were hot or cold, and despite cold killing far more than hot, these pinnacles of human development are demonized as deadly. If you can't forcibly take away modern civilization from people, then you can cut if off at its knees. Sabotage of food processing and manufacturing facilities earlier this year have been combined with intentional rolling black outs, at behest of the environmental standards of the Department of Energy, and sabotage of electric substations from west to east, cultivating what clearly is a quite war taking place to halt the advancement of human society.

Friday afternoon episode time! Luke and Eleanor continue the series on Historical Materialism by talking about the Medieval climate, which changed drastically between the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, both of which caused massive changes across much of the world. They also discuss the rise of the modern nation-states, which began to take shape around this time.

Just a few slivers & shavings hydro-blasted off the regular show's carcass to be emulsified before being fed back to you in the final form of compiled slop. Mmmm; delish! Seb puts on his pompous hoity-toity voice to outline the media's responsibility for the breakdown of public trust, Kev gives a short anecdote about the Medieval Warm Period & subsequent Little Ice Age, they discuss how telecommunications tech has worsened work-related stress, and the lads briefly touch on the 'failure by design' inherent in the manufacture of mod-cons... Music: Green Day - Warning The Indelicates - Europe Chumbawamba - You Can (Mass Trespass, 1932) & Add Me Lupe Fiasco - Around My Way (Freedom Ain't Free) Zearle - Che's Letter to Fidel

Randall gets going by referring back to recent climatic fluctuations including the Medieval Warm Period, noting the connection to the Grail Mythos of recovering from the Wasteland, and the Little Ice Age that generated considerable European glaciers' advancement – to their largest extent since the sudden end of the Great Ice Age. Then turning to the big problems that hinder ice from retaining water to any substantial depth – interstitial cavities, moulins, tunnels, and various conduits that form within and beneath the glaciers, quickly routing meltwater to the base and out from its margin. Occasionally the releasing flow creates an outburst flood in the path where it escapes and typically these are annual events during the melt season, thus building up a large reservoir in a temperate glacier for a half-century is basically impossible, thoroughly negating the Ice Dam model of a repeatedly impounded “Lake” Missoula as the source for the Channeled Scablands' dramatic erosional features.     Kosmographia Ep072 The Randall Carlson Podcast with Brothers of the Serpent – Kyle and Russ, Normal Guy Mike, producer and GeocosmicREX admin Bradley, from 7/12/21. LINKS:  Announcements about events, tours and more: http://randallcarlson.com/newsletter  (Monthly) Contact at the Clark Fork June '22 http://contactatthecabin.com/montana  Full listing of scientific papers about the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis: https://cosmictusk.com USGS detailed maps of North America: https://apps.nationalmap.gov/viewer/  Social media accounts: “TheRandallCarlson” or Twitter: @RandallWCarlson  Jahannah James Atlantis 101 summary video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waZ-n3ULybk CBD RECOMMENDED - Listen to Randall's experience with “CBD from the gods” after the mid-break at 51:50. They have some special deals going on right now, and in addition, for the Kosmographia audience - you can also get FREE shipping on your order!  Use code: “RCshipsFREE” (not case sensitive) when you check out at https://www.cbdfromthegods.com  Support Randall Carlson's efforts to discover and share pivotal paradigm-shifting information! Improve the quality of the podcast and future videos. Allow him more time for his research into the many scientific journals, books, and his expeditions into the field, as he continues to decipher the clues that explain the mysteries of our past, and prepare us for the future... Make a one-time donation thru PayPal, credit/debit card or other account here: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=8YVDREQ9SMKL6&source=url http://www.RandallCarlson.com has the podcast, RC's blog, galleries, and products to purchase! T-shirts available here: https://randallcarlson.com/product-category/apparel/  Podcast crew email: Kosmographia1618@gmail.com Info on upcoming trips with Randall and the crew: TOURS@RandallCarlson.com Offer your time/services/accommodations here: VOLUNTEER@RandallCarlson.com Add to the expanding library of evidence here: RESEARCH@RandallCarlson.com Small class lectures "Cosmography 101" from '06-'09 on Brad's original channel: https://youtube.com/geocosmicrex     Kosmographia logo and design animation by Brothers of the Serpent. Check out their podcast: http://www.BrothersoftheSerpent.com/ Theme “Deos” and bumper music by Fifty Dollar Dynasty: http://www.FiftyDollarDynasty.net/ Video recording, editing and publishing by Bradley Young with YSI Productions LLC (copyrights), with audio mastered by Kyle Allen. CBD FROM THE GODS LINK:  http://www.cbdfromthegods.com          COUPON CODE: RCshipsFREE Chapters: 00:00    Recent Climate Flux 15:09    Little Ice Age 30:15    Climatologist quotes 40:27    Glacial “Holes” 52:22    RC's CBD unboxing 57:15    Glacial melt “Spurs” 1:05:35  Mechanics of Emptying 1:24:15  Just Extrapolate Up? 1:30:30  Glacial Destruction #Glaciers #Climate #LittleIceAge #Flohn #IceDam #Moulin #YoungerDryas #Megafloods #DarkAges #GrailMythos #IceDammedLakes #OutburstFloods #MedievalWarmPeriod #KingArthur #Wasteland #LakeMissoula #IceAgeFloods 

This warming period preceded the Little Ice Age and can give us insight into current climate change trends. Email me at tathy.vijo@gmail.com

Welcome to our first episode of True Tales to Tell in the Dark! Since we are still waiting on the stories to roll in from our listeners, I’m using this time to dive into true scary tales from history! This month we explore the great famine of 1315, the inspiration for a few fairy tales we will be covering over the next few weeks. I couldn’t find the links to all the articles I read, but here are good handful: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/01/11/the-next-great-famine (https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/01/11/the-next-great-famine) http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/black_death.html (http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/black_death.html) https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/The-Great-Flood-Great-Famine-of-1314/ (https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/The-Great-Flood-Great-Famine-of-1314/) https://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Economic-History/slavin-091026.pdf (https://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Economic-History/slavin-091026.pdf) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315) –1317 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period) Music: Ethereal Evenings Join the podcast newsletter and get a free audio book by signing up HERE. (https://www.darksoftlytales.com/podcast-subscribe) *** We want your true stories for our True Tales to Tell in the Dark portion of the podcast that will begin in March. What kind of true stories? Anything creepy, dark, haunting… write about the haunted house you used to live in, your UFO sighting, your creepy doll, or experience with a clown. Tell me how you were almost abducted on the side of a lonely highway when your car broke down, or tell me about the strange sound a beast made out in the woods that you couldn’t tell if was human or something else… just make sure it is true! Please send your true story within the body of the email to HERE. (https://www.darksoftlytales.com/non-fiction-submission-guidelines) Website (https://my.captivate.fm/dashboard/www.darksoftlytales.com) Support this podcast

LINKS CONTACT:  podcast@worldorganicnews.com Podcast Like a Pro: mrjonmoore.com FREE .PDF One Square Metre Garden: square@worldorganicnews.com Blog: www.worldorganicnews.com Facebook Page:  World Organic News Facebook page.   While politicians question the reality of climate change, farmers and businesses act http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-05/farmers-and-businesses-take-action-on-climate-change/9502320 The  Cairns Group http://cairnsgroup.org/pages/default.aspx   What happens when we start producing more electricity than we can consume? http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-07/solar-power-what-happens-when-theres-too-much/9522192   This is the World Organic News for the week ending the 12th of March 2018. Jon Moore reporting! As I discussed last month with the new vision statement for the podcast and blog, “Decarbonise the air, recarbonise the soil.”, in mind I’m calling on my listeners to put forward ideas for an interview episode once a month. If you know anyone who is doing either part of the vision, I’d love to hear from them or, indeed, from you if you are on the front line doing the work. This week we have an article for the ABC news site entitled: While politicians question the reality of climate change, farmers and businesses act This article is the written version of a TV program aired last Monday night here in the antipodes. The title pretty much says it all but let’s dig a little deeper. Quote: David Bruer has been growing vines and making wine at his Temple Bruer vineyard in the Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia since 1978. In his vineyard laboratory, weather records for every vintage for nearly 40 years are stacked in plastic folders. They clearly show a steady increase in maximum temperatures over that time of about 1 degree. It might seem like a relatively small change but the impact has been dramatic. And from further in the article: "Thirty-four years ago we used to pick in the middle of March," he said. "We're now picking in the middle of February." End Quote. Grapes have always been a marker of world climatic conditions. During the Medieval Warm Period when Vikings were able to navigate a relatively ice free north Atlantic ocean, reaching Newfoundland as well as colonising Iceland and Greenland, grape vines were growing in England. Because grapes are a perennial crop, they are in the ground for many years. Planting requires a commitment to the future. Changes, rapid changes in climate can have catastrophic effects on the grower. David Bruer’s quote above shows rapid change in a relatively short period. Clearly n=1 is not a reason to raise concerns but the article and the TV program goes onto to talk with a wine making company with weather records going back much further. Quote: About 800 kilometres to the east of Temple Bruer, Ross Brown from Brown Brothers Wines has an even longer weather record on file. His family has been making wine in Milawa, Victoria, for almost 130 years. Mr Brown says he used to be a climate change sceptic but his vintage charts are indicating things have changed. In Milawa, Brown Brothers is also picking earlier and their records show temperatures are rising. Some of the cool climate varieties his family always used to grow here — like pinot noir and sparkling whites — have now become too unreliable so the company has moved some of its operation to cooler country in Tasmania. End Quote. If this is effecting wine growers it will be effecting orchardists, soft fruit growers and pretty much anyone in agriculture. The perennial growers have movement issues, that is vines and trees are pretty much going to stay where they are. Cereal growers and graziers have a little more flexibility but not as much as they’d like. The real punch from the article and the program came at the end. Farmers in Australia don’t receive the subsidies that US and EU farmers do. They are, as a result of Australia being part of the Cairns Group, free traders, even if they’d happily receive subsidies. However all the other regulatory requirements for businesses do apply to the agricultural sector and things are changing. Quote: Brown Brothers is a big operation. Their winemaking is on an industrial scale and the decision to adapt to the changing weather was driven by the company's board. It's a shift being seen in boardrooms around the country. Corporate Australia has been warned. The changing climate is something they can no longer ignore. Last November, Geoff Summerhayes, an executive member of the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA), told businesses climate change posed a material risk to the entire financial system. His message was that boards and directors had a fiduciary duty to their shareholders to take it into account. He cited legal opinion that found company directors who failed to consider and disclose climate risk could be in breach of the Corporations Act. End Quote Let that sink in. If companies ignore climate change in their risk assessments and shareholders suffer losses as a result, the boards of those companies are, probably, subject to legal action. While our federal government is controlled by a rump coalition party with ties to coal, gas and oil production whose allies have complained about the “ugliness” of wind turbines and the beauty of coal mines, I kid you not, legal opinion based upon science is taking reality into concern. For grape growers at the big end of town who have nowhere to go after Tasmania become too hot, those corporate entities who ignore climate change effects on their businesses will find themselves sued. Meanwhile the National Party whose supporters are on the frontline of agriculture keep pushing the world’s biggest coal mine development in Central Queensland with the likelihood of it destroying aquifers, causing air pollution in the local area and running the risk of shipping accidents on the Great Barrier Reef, an ecosystem suffering 50% coral bleaching from the last two summers. The dichotomy of political nonsense and the feet on the ground food producers is not helping anyone. As the agricultural sector is a free trading one as a result of government decisions, perhaps it’s time to remove corporate subsidies from the energy sector, both fossil and renewables. The price of renewables is now less than fossil fuels, without subsidies and falling as economies of scale, research efforts and price signals drive demand. In another article from the ABC Solar power: What happens when we start producing more electricity than we can consume? Quote: While Australia leads the world in the use of rooftop solar power, some experts say there could soon be too much power coming online — and governments will have little choice but to cut subsidies. Government figures show 3.5 million solar panels were installed on Australian rooftops last year, an average of almost 10,000 every day. That is a 41 per cent increase on the previous year, driven by the twin incentives of cheaper solar panels from China and rising power bills. End Quote The obvious answer when too much power is being produced is to save the excess not punish the producers. I don’t know, maybe some sort of battery could help. I’ve discussed pumped storage in earlier episodes and that’s a safe, proven, relatively inexpensive form of storage. What all this comes down to is: The climate is changing, the evidence from the agricultural sector is overwhelming, the federal government in Australia is, if not in the pockets of fossil fuel producers, at least inclined to accept their arguments. What’s happening to science based policy in the US doesn’t bare thinking about but I will have an episode on that soon. While all that’s going on individual households are following the obvious price signals and throwing PV cells on their roofs. The odd one out in this story is government. If only there was some way we could change governments and some way we could have an actual real choice between alternatives. The conservitive Coalition in power now bows to fossil fuel types, the Labor opposition does so through the mining unions, so the same thing, where is a rational , evidence based party that could step into the breach before Paris COP looks like  fine ideal but not a reality? And with that I’ll draw this episode to a conclusion. Remember: Decarbonise the air, recarbonise the soil! As a podcast listener you may be thinking of producing your own podcast but you’re not sure where to begin,  drop over to mrjonmoore.com and check out my course. I have been teaching this at Community Colleges around town and have developed an online version. There’s a link in the show notes. Classes start whenever you’re ready, I’d love to help you into this way of communicating. A transcript of this episode is available at worldorganicnews.com Thank you for listening and I'll be back next week.  

Scott Adams posted an interesting take on Global Warming.  We continue our discussion, though I doubt we have wrapped it up. Links from this episode: - Smog in the American West: Study shows Asia largely to blame - How to Convince Skeptics that Climate Change is a Problem - Hot Topic: Climate Change and Insurance - Little Ice Age - Medieval Warm Period - London to produce its first organic wine since the middle ages - The development of the atomic model - The Inevitable Evolution of Bad Science - Pascal's Wager about God - Asteroid passed unusually close to Earth last week - The Tunguska Impact--100 Years Later - Not All Climatologists - CLIMATE SCIENCE SURVEY (Study) - IPCC Insider Rejects Global-Warming Report - UN Scientists Who Have Turned on the UN IPCC & Man-Made Climate Fears — A Climate Depot Flashback Report - 100th Anniversary of Water Chlorination - Get politics out of climate debate: Opposing view - The Great Collapse of the Carbon Trading Chicago Climate Exchange - Clouds- The Wild Card of Climate Change - Ice Core Data Help Solve a Global Warming Mystery - Synchronous Change of Atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic Temperature During the Last Deglacial Warming - Satellite & Balloon Climate Data Corroborates Slower Warming

The current Holocene epoch is considered to be a time period of relatively stable climate compared to earlier geological periods. Still, some significant changes in temperature and sea level did occur. These climatic fluctuations include the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, and more recently global warming. Temperature data for the 20th century shows a strong warming from about 1970 to the present day, typically associated with anthropogenic forcing including greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions. Volcanic eruptions also caused slight variations in the climate during the 20th century (e.g. Pinatubo in 1991). Aerosols released during a volcanic eruption are quickly distributed around the globe and act to increase the atmospheric albedo and block solar radiation. Therefore volcanic eruption signatures in climate data appear as short term decreases in temperature. General circulation models have been used to simulate the climate of the 20th century using both natural and anthropogenic climate forcings. These models indicate that anthropogenic forcings are likely responsible for the most recent rise in temperature. Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://oyc.yale.edu This course was recorded in Fall 2011.

Ecologically, the past is always present if you know where and how to look. Paleontologist-biologist-artist Laura Cunningham spent 20 years exploring California's archives and relic lands to reconstruct exactly what life used to look like here over the past 10,000 years. Her beautiful images and her insights about long-period ecological change are collected in her new book, A STATE OF CHANGE: Forgotten Landscapes of California. Like many regions, California is busy restoring portions of the natural environment to previous conditions---native meadows, riparian woodlands, salt marshes, old-growth forests, along with the animals that used to populate them. But there is no static past to restore TO. With Cunningham's guidance we can choose to restore to a particular period: say, before the white invasion; or, during the Medieval Warm Period; or, before the human invasion; or, during the Ice Ages. With her inspiration, we can begin to envisage the ecological changes coming over the next 10,000 years.