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Kit Carson ventured west as a teenager, looking to escape the drudgery of civilization. And in the years to come, he'd find all the excitement a youngster could hope for in the life of a mountain man. For over a decade, Carson would embark on a series of fur-trapping expeditions from New Mexico and Arizona up to present-day Montana and as far west as California. According to Carson, these were the happiest days in his life – there in the mountains, far from the habitations of civilized man, with no other food than that which he could procure with his rifle. Sadly, the good times never last forever. By the early 1840s, the beaver trade was played out, Carson's Arapaho wife passed away, and he soon found himself embarking on a brand new career as a guide for up-and-coming explorer John C. Fremont. This partnership would elevate both men to the status of living legends. What was life like for Kit Carson post-fur trade? Who exactly was John C. Fremont guy? Why'd they call him the Pathfinder? And how much of Fremont's success stemmed from his association with Kit Carson? We're going to discuss all this and more, including Fremont's expeditions, Carson's family life, and a couple of bloody massacres that have largely remained forgotten even to this day. Check out the website for more true tales from the Old West https://www.wildwestextra.com/ Email me! https://www.wildwestextra.com/contact/ Buy me a coffee! https://www.buymeacoffee.com/wildwest Free Newsletter! https://wildwestjosh.substack.com/ Join Into History for ad-free and bonus content! https://intohistory.supercast.com/ Join Patreon for ad-free and bonus content! https://www.patreon.com/wildwestextra Carson's Autobiography - https://archive.org/details/kitcarsonsautobi0000cars/page/106/mode/2up Check out the website for more true tales from the Old West https://www.wildwestextra.com/ Email me! https://www.wildwestextra.com/contact/ Buy me a coffee! https://www.buymeacoffee.com/wildwest Free Newsletter! https://wildwestjosh.substack.com/ Join Into History for ad-free and bonus content! https://intohistory.supercast.com/ Join Patreon for ad-free and bonus content! https://www.patreon.com/wildwestextra Carson's Autobiography - https://archive.org/details/kitcarsonsautobi0000cars/page/106/mode/2up Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Allow us to introduce you to the people who called the Black Rock Desert “home” way before we did. This is your backstage pass to the original Burners of the Great Basin: The Pyramid Lake Paiute. Strap in for a road trip that's part history lesson, part cultural exchange, and essential listening for when you wonder, "Who lived here before we showed up in tutus?"We're not just passing through, we're digging deep with…Billie Jean Guerrero: Director of the Pyramid Lake Museum Mervin Wright: Environmental Manager James Phoenix: Former Chairman Steven Wadsworth: Current ChairmanDean Barlese: Elder and Spiritual Leader"Double D": A tribal member at at the Golden Spike CeremonyHelpful links:Donate your leftover, non-perishable food to the Pyramid Lake Paiute. Drop it off at Bunny's Tacos in Nixon! Here are Google Map Directions from playa to Bunny's. Camp or recreate at Pyramid Lake. Buy a permit here.Volunteer at the Pyramid Lake Visitor Center and Museum. Help build out the new medicine garden or improve the museum's new haba (traditional Paiute shade structure). Contact Billie Jean Guerrero at bjguerrero@plpt.nsn.usDonate to the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe. Stop by the Pyramid Lake Museum and Visitor Center. You can donate in person! Gifting! You can also write to the Tribal Secretary at tribalsecretary@plpt.nsn.us with which program, department, or tribal office you'd like to direct your donation. LIVE.BURNINGMAN.ORG
Fremont goes from exploring and genocide to actual war (genocide). How The West Was Fucked | Podcast | Patreon #howthewestwasfucked #htwwf #americanhistory #oldwest #wildwest
More on moron John C. Fremont. T-Shirts by How the West was Fucked Podcast | TeePublic How The West Was Fucked | Podcast | Patreon #howthewestwasfucked #htwwf #americanhistor y#oldwest #wildwest #kitcarson #lakeabertshrimp #thomashartbenton #supervan
Fremont opened the west for settlement...aka fuckery. T-Shirts by How the West was Fucked Podcast | TeePublic #howthewestwasfucked #htwwf #americanhistory #oldwest #wildwest #kitcarson #pathfinder
Former CIA officer writes a spy thriller, and NPR Morning Edition host Steve Inskeep describes the role of John C. Fremont's wife.
Today's episode features: John C. Fremont, Explorer, Officer, and Politician Sponsored by 2 Complicated 4 History Produced by Primary Source Media
Ornery, cantankerous, unwashed and a master trapper. Captured by Apaches, they took all his belongings and turned him loose to walk over two hundred miles barefoot. Usually very cautious, he made the mistake of agreeing to be a guide for John C. Fremont. The expedition was a disaster that ended with the death of Old Bill. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices
Kit Carson becomes the steady and reliable guide for John C. Fremont's historic expeditions to California. The first two are relatively routine, but the third takes an unexpected and consequential twist. The exploratory expedition turns into a military campaign to battle Native American tribes and to take California from Mexico. Join Black Barrel+ for ad-free episodes and bingeable seasons: blackbarrel.supportingcast.fm/join Apple users join Noiser+ for ad-free episodes and bingeable seasons. Click the Noiser+ banner on Apple or go to noiser.com/subscriptions to get started with a 7-day free trial. For more details, visit our website www.blackbarrelmedia.com and check out our social media pages. We're @OldWestPodcast on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Christopher “Kit” Carson is born in Kentucky, grows up in Missouri, and then heads west in search of adventure. He becomes a Mountain Man in the early years of exploration of the West. He marries and begins a family, and then has a fateful meeting with the man who will change his life in more ways than one: John C. Fremont. Join Black Barrel+ for ad-free episodes and bingeable seasons: blackbarrel.supportingcast.fm/join Apple users join Noiser+ for ad-free episodes and bingeable seasons. Click the Noiser+ banner on Apple or go to noiser.com/subscriptions to get started with a 7-day free trial. For more details, visit our website www.blackbarrelmedia.com and check out our social media pages. We're @OldWestPodcast on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. On YouTube, subscribe to LEGENDS+ for ad-free episodes and bingeable seasons: hit “Join” on the Legends YouTube homepage. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
John C. Fremont was a man who had a ton of things named after him for a multitude of reasons. He liked to do things his way. Listen to the resident atlas beer guys as they talk about his adventures and sip on this 13% ABV beer from Fremont Brewing Company.
War has officially broken out between the U.S. and Mexico and guess who's right in the middle of it all? Edward F. Beale. This episode also introduces a new character, those who follow Tejon Ranch and California history will surely know: John C. Fremont. Listen and learn more!
Wagon's West- FrontierFigther-1935-John C Fremont http://oldtimeradiodvd.com or Nostalgia USA PRIME Roku Channel
Garbled Twistory: A US History Podcast told through elections!
The second-to-last Prezzy Wezzy Candle Date for 1856 is unarguably one of the most influential figures of his day. A groundbreaking frontiersman-and-mass-murderer-and-abolitionist-sympathizer?! Yeah, this guy's a weirdo. Become a Patron!
A long line of out-of-state interests have fallen in love with Cuchara, the scenic mountain enclave in southern Colorado, over the years. They saw a chance to build a ski getaway and make a score with attached real estate. But unreliable snow and blustery winds doomed them to failure. Decades later, another out-of-state interest arrived with another vision for the area. But a very different kind of vision. The Sun's Jason Blevins joined colleague Kevin Simpson to talk about Cuchara's disappointing past -- and why locals nonetheless have high hopes for success this time around. Learn more at coloradosun.com See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
They say commitment is necessary to find success at the highest level — athletics, business, playing an instrument, whatever. And serving Jesus may be the best example of all. It's all or nothing; the more we push back against that, the more we doom ourselves to failure.This week we will discuss Jesus' remarkably candid approach to discipleship, John C. Fremont's disastrous ego trip through the Rockies, the series of political debacles at the Olympics, and the best game we ever threw in the garbage. Hal Hammons is the preacher for the Lakewoods Drive church of Christ in Georgetown, Texas. He is the host of the Citizen of Heaven podcast. You are encouraged to seek him and the Lakewoods Drive church through Facebook and other social media. Lakewoods Drive is an autonomous group of Christians dedicated to praising God, teaching the gospel to all who will hear, training Christians in righteousness, and serving our God and one another faithfully. We believe the Bible is God's word, that Jesus died on the cross for our sins, that heaven is our home, and that we have work to do here while we wait. Regular topics of discussion and conversation include: Christians, Jesus, obedience, faith, grace, baptism, New Testament, Old Testament, authority, gospel, fellowship, justice, mercy, faithfulness, forgiveness, Twenty Pages a Week, Bible reading, heaven, hell, virtues, character, denominations, submission, service, character, COVID-19, assembly, Lord's Supper, online, social media, YouTube, Facebook. Key words, commitment, endure, committed, commit, Matthew 10:38-39, Revelation 2:10, discipleship, disciples, costly, hard, Matthew 10:21-22, Luke 14:25-33, parables, A Newer World, David Roberts, John C. Fremont, Kit Carson, explore, prize, 1 Corinthians 9:24, 1 Corinthians 15:19, success, self-interest, Philippians 2:3-4, Luke 16:13, relationships, Ephesians 5:21, Charterstone, Ephesians 5:10, 2 John 9, priority, priorities, Lot's wife, Luke 17:32-33,
My guests this week are brothers in Christ, brothers in labor, and brothers-in-law. Emerson Brown is the preacher for the Westfield church of Christ in Westfield, Indiana. Jeff O'Rear preaches for the Judson Road church of Christ in Longview, Texas. Together they host the Working in the Word podcast, an excellent resource for Christians who want to learn how to study the Bible better. We discuss being unequally yoked, cooperation in disagreement, and the possibility and/or desirability of reading one another's minds. I've been preaching about 2 Corinthians 6:14. The idea of being “unequally yoked” has generally been applied to marriage. But it seems to me that any partnership requires commonality, both in nature and in purpose. How can we find the “true yokefellow” to whom Paul refers in Philippians 4:3? And what should we expect when we attach ourselves to someone else instead?I've been reading “A Newer World” by David Roberts. He tells the story of how John C. Fremont and Kit Carson teamed up to open the Western frontier for the United States of America in the mid-19th Century. Sometimes they worked in different ventures, sometimes they disagreed, but they were always united in purpose. It gives me a bit of a Paul and Barnabas vibe. Partners in the work don't always work together. But with mutual faith in God and respect for one another, the work can still progress. How big of a deal is it when brethren don't get along? And does every brotherhood problem have a solution?I've been playing The Mind. The concept could not be simpler. Everyone at the table has a hand of cards numbered between 1 and 99. The job of the group is to play the cards in order. There are two complications. One, not every number is represented. And two, the players are not allowed to speak. The idea is, through nonverbal communication, the players get in one another's heads and begin to intuit when to play a card and when to stubbornly insist that someone else play instead. Personally, I don't like The Mind. I don't find confusion amusing. I'm a straight to the point kind of guy. When you leave important information unspoken, you set yourself up for problems. What does good communication look like in a functioning partnership? And when if ever can we start taking one another for granted? Hal Hammons is the preacher for the Lakewoods Drive church of Christ in Georgetown, Texas. He is the host of the Citizen of Heaven podcast. You are encouraged to seek him and the Lakewoods Drive church through Facebook and other social media. Lakewoods Drive is an autonomous group of Christians dedicated to praising God, teaching the gospel to all who will hear, training Christians in righteousness, and serving our God and one another faithfully. We believe the Bible is God's word, that Jesus died on the cross for our sins, that heaven is our home, and that we have work to do here while we wait. Regular topics of discussion and conversation include: Christians, Jesus, obedience, faith, grace, baptism, New Testament, Old Testament, authority, gospel, fellowship, justice, mercy, faithfulness, forgiveness, Twenty Pages a Week, Bible reading, heaven, hell, virtues, character, denominations, submission, service, character, COVID-19, assembly, Lord's Supper, online, social media, YouTube, Facebook. Key words, partners, partnerships, partnership, Paul, Barnabas, Saul of Tarsus, 2 Corinthians 6:14, yoke, unequal, unequally yoked, "A Newer World", David Roberts, The Mind, John C. Fremont, Kit Carson, The Mind, relationships, marriage,
Good Morning, Colorado, you're listening to the Daily Sun-Up with the Colorado Sun. It's Friday July 9th, Today - What is the front range trail and why has one particular 5 mile section taken so long to finish? But before we begin, let's go back in time with some Colorado history adapted from historian Derek R Everett's book “Colorado Day by Day”: Today, we take you back to July 9th, 1842 when Several prominent individuals in western US history met each other along the south platte river. This series of remarkable interactions was prompted by Lieutenant John C. Fremont, a prolific US adventurer. He encountered a party led by James Beckwourth and also Jean-Baptiste Charbonneau just a few miles later. Now, our feature story. Trail enthusiasts are about 30 years into the process of realizing one of their biggest dreams: The Front Range Trail. With a particular section of this nearly 900-mile cycling, hiking and walking trail nearing completion in Castle Rock, Michael Booth looked at the origins of the trail, including why it's taking so long to finish. The Sun's Eric Lubbers, co-author of The Sunriser newsletter, talks with Mike. To read Mike's story and see a detailed map of the entire Front Range Trail, head to coloradosun.com. And Before we go, here are a few stories that you should know about today: Public health officials in southwest Colorado say they think a person has died because of plague. If the La Plata County death reported Wednesday is confirmed, it will be the first human death from plague in Colorado in six years. Plague is common in the American West. It's a bacterial infection that can be transmitted to humans through the bites of infected fleas and is often detected in prairie dogs and ground squirrels. Almost half of the animal plague cases logged in Colorado from 2005 to 2020 occurred in La Plata County. At least $50 million will flow to Colorado from a settlement deal in the Purdue Pharma bankruptcy case, attorney general Phil Weiser said Thursday. That money will come directly from wealthy members of the Sackler Family who own the company that makes the powerful painkiller OxyContin. The sum is expected to increase when the company's share of the settlement is factored in. Weiser said the money will be distributed to local governments to spend on opioid misuse recovery, treatment, education and prevention. Colorado is one of 15 states to sign off on the deal. Colorado Governor Jared Polis has lifted many of the emergency health orders that have been in effect since COVID-19 arrived in the state. At the same time, he signed a “recovery” executive order to support the state's economic revival and kept in place a COVID-19 health safety net that maintains the state's access to federal funding. Colorado also remains under a disaster emergency declaration, which is what gives Polis the power to issue the recovery executive order. The governor's decision on Thursday will not affect people's access to vaccines, and unemployment and rental assistance programs will remain unchanged. For more information on all of these stories, visit our website, www.coloradosun.com. And don't forget to tune in again tomorrow for a special holiday episode. Now, a quick message from our editor. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
The 1856 presidential race was the most violent peacetime election in American history. War between proslavery and antislavery settlers raged in Kansas; a congressman shot an Irish immigrant at a Washington hotel; and another congressman beat a US senator senseless on the floor of the Senate. But amid all the violence, the campaign of the new Republican Party, headed by famed explorer John C. Frémont, offered a ray of hope: a major party dedicated to limiting the spread of slavery. For the first time, women and African Americans actively engaged in a presidential contest, and the candidate's wife, Jessie Benton Frémont, played a central role in both planning and executing strategy, and was a public face of the campaign. Even enslaved blacks in the South took hope from Frémont's crusade.The 1856 campaign was also run against the backdrop of a country on the move, with settlers continuing to spread westward-facing unimagined horrors, a terrible natural disaster that took hundreds of lives in the South, and one of the most famous Supreme Court cases in history, which set the stage for the Civil War. Frémont lost, but his strong showing in the North proved that a sectional party could win a national election, blazing the trail for Abraham Lincoln's victory four years later.-John Bicknell is the author of America 1844: Religious Fervor, Westward Expansion, and the Presidential Election that Transformed the Nation. He has written and edited for Watchdog.org, Congressional Quarterly, and Roll Call, and was senior editor of 2016 and 2018 Almanac of American Politics. He lives in Virginia.
The history story of John C. Fremont, the pathfinder of the Rocky Mountains. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app
The party quickly built support and by 1856 it proved to be the dominant political force in the North when John C. Fremont, the first Republican presidential candidate, won 11 of the 16 Northern ...
Residents and staff of the long-term nursing home at the John C. Fremont Hospital in Mariposa County received their first round of the COVID-19 vaccine on December 17th. As they wait for the second round, many people in the facility say they are thrilled to have the protection they need to fight the virus. The facility is home to 17 residents over 70 years old making them high risk candidates for contracting COVID-19. 73 year old Patricia Wildt says it feels like a privilege to be one of the first in the county to get the vaccine. “I’m just so excited,” she said. “I can’t wait to get the second.” The facility received 43 doses of the vaccine from the county’s health department according to Director Katrina Anderson. Despite the nursing home being inside the John C. Fremont Hospital where COVID-19 patients are being treated, Anderson said the facility has not had a single positive case since the start of the pandemic. “We’ve done everything we need to do to protect the residents but you
John C. Fremont named the entrance to San Francisco Bay "the Golden Gate to the Orient." What has happened when ships crossed it to build their empire on the other side of the ocean? This episode examines a chapter of history that led to the United States expanding into Asia -- and brought Filipinos to California believing a distinct version of the American Dream.
John C. Fremont was instrumental in California becoming a state. He was one of the first two senators. He was the first Republican candidate for president in 1856. And he and his wife Jessie were one of America’s first celebrity couples.
Paul Vasquez, the colorful character behind the viral “double rainbow” video, has died. Vasquez, 57, died Saturday in the emergency unit at the John C. Fremont Hospital in Mariposa, California, a spokesperson for the Mariposa County Sheriff’s Office confirmed to Gizmodo. The spokesperson did not comment on Vasquez’s cause of death; however, Vasquez posted on Facebook late last week that he was being tested for covid-19.
Lewis and Clark set off on their exploration of the West from Missouri. A St. Louis man is also noted as one of the most famous explorers of the American West.He made a name for himself in many ways, as a military officer, as an explorer of the West and even a presidential candidate. But, it was during his time in St. Louis that John C. Fremont went from being famous to being infamous."In 1861 he was appointed commander of the Western department which included St. Louis and everything Wes. It was a major military command in a real hot spot during the early years of the Civil War." said Dr. Robert Archibald of the Missouri History Museum.Fremont lost points with the public when he moved into this mansion on Chouteau avenue at a time of despair for so many. What got Fremont into the most trouble was his decision to impose martial law in Missouri. He threatened to free the slaves of anyone with Confederate sympathies."He jumped the gun a little bit because Lincoln was very concerned about holding the border states as loyal to the union. The idea that in a border state Fremont would threaten to emancipate the slaves of anybody he suspected of being disloyal to the union threatened to unhinge Lincoln's program of trying to keep the border states loyal in the union." said Dr. Robert Archibald.Fremont's decision would turn out to be a career changer. Lincoln suggested to Fremont that maybe he had gone a bit too far and Fremont refused to back down. At that point Lincoln gave him a written order which of course he had to follow and then a short time later removed him from command.From St. Louis, Fremont went on to become governor of Arizona. Only to end up moving back East to New York where he lost almost everything he had gambling on mining.It seems only appropriate that the road running through the middle of the oldest part of the Las Vegas strip is named in his honor. Although the locals pronounce it "Free-Mont" street.
Award-winning military historian and author Mike Guardia discusses the military and political career of John C. Fremont (January 21, 1813 – July 13, 1890), who was American explorer, politician, and soldier. Known as “The Pathfinder”, he led five expeditions into the American West during the 1840s. Keep up with Mike Guardia: https://mikeguardia.com/Featured music is "Wheel of Destiny" by www.JamesSaundersMusician.com
Join hosts Nancy Reid & Lisa Smith, the mother-daughter travel team and publishers of Big Blend Radio & TV Magazine and Park & Travel Magazine, for Big Blend Radio’s special Love Your Parks Tour how airing live from Florence, Colorado. On This Episode: - Following Fremont - Award-winning military historian and author Mike Guardia discusses the military and political career of John C. Fremont (Jan. 21, 1813 – July 13, 1890), who was explorer, politician, and soldier. Known as “The Pathfinder”, he led five expeditions into the American West during the 1840s. The Love Your Park Tour will be following in his this summer. - Following the Pony Express Trail - Melinda Taylor and Greg Ward of Yerington Inn and Coffee Slingers share an overview of historic Yerington, Nevada, a destination on the Pony Express and California National Historic Trail. Plus, they send Nancy and Lisa on a Mission Possible story assignment to visit and document the various stops along the Pony Express Trail such as Fort Churchill and Buckland Station located just outside Yerington. - Featured music is “Wheel of Destiny” by James Saunders, and “Alpenglow” by Evren Ozan.
SOAP ROOT & STAR LILY Two look-alike plants circuitously lead to a Wild West tale of John C. Fremont and Kit Carson—and how a glimpse of Mount Diablo may have saved their lives. Presented by Mount Diablo Interpretive Association, in partnership with Save Mount Diablo. Featuring naturalist Ken Lavin.
(http://theamericanhistorypodcast.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/CaminoRealAdentro.png) (http://theamericanhistorypodcast.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Stephen_W._Kearny.jpg) General Kearny(http://theamericanhistorypodcast.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/1024px-Palace_of_the_Governors_Santa_Fe.jpg) Palace of the Governors, Santa Fe(http://theamericanhistorypodcast.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/John_Charles_Fremont.jpg) John C. Fremont(http://theamericanhistorypodcast.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Monterey_California_-_Cathedral_of_San_Carlos_Borromeo_Royal_Presidio_Chapel_-_panoramio.jpg)
Many people ask who the dude on the album cover of the podcast is, and honestly I love talking to them about the man who was John C. Fremont, the first Republican to run for president of the United States. From abolishing slavery to defeating communism, Republicans have pledged to be the party of Freedom, but with the likes of many bad apples, the cart has been spoiled. Now, the GOP has to decide what it will be in the age of Trump. In this episode I spoke with Shaun Kenney, the head honcho at The Republican Standard to discuss what it means to be a Republican and whether that identity is in crisis. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/the-remso-martinez-experience/support
Professor Blight continues his march through the political events of the 1850s. He continues his description of the aftermath of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, describing the guerilla war that reigned in the territory of Kansas for much of 1856. The lecture continues, describing the caning of Senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the US Senate and the birth of the Republican party. The lecture concludes with the near-victory of Republican candidate John C. Fremont in the presidential election of 1856, and the passage of the Dred Scott decision in 1857. TranscriptLecture Page
He explored most of the West, fought in the Mexican and Civil wars, discovered gold, ran for President and died poor. One of the West's greatest explorers. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Remso brings dead history to life by talking about John C. Fremont- one of the most ignored and controversial figures in political history. A soldier, adventurer, and politician, Fremont was a man whose decisions caused Abraham Lincoln to make one of the most decisive decisions in America's history...Unwillingly. Learn more about "Homeless History" in this episode! --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/the-remso-martinez-experience/support
join comic historian Thom Woodley as he discusses the losers of the presidential elections of the past, and debates what kind of president said loser would have made. In this episode, the 1856 election and the first Republican candidate, John C. Fremont.
In which we look at John C. Fremont's tenure as commander of the Federal's Western Department in 1861 and see how troubled Missouri proved to be his downfall.
From Robert La Salle's navigation of the Mississippi River, to Lewis and Clark's dauntless challenge of reaching the West Coast of North America, Frontier Fighters takes you on a historical voyage that pits you in the middle of the taming of the West. So, if it you're following John C. Fremont on his legendary "Oregon trail" or helping Zebulon Pike verify the true source of the mighty Mississippi river, Frontier Fighters will transport you to a time where American history is unfolding before your very own ears!http://oldtimeradiodvd.com
Professor Blight continues his march through the political events of the 1850s. He continues his description of the aftermath of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, describing the guerilla war that reigned in the territory of Kansas for much of 1856. The lecture continues, describing the caning of Senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the US Senate and the birth of the Republican party. The lecture concludes with the near-victory of Republican candidate John C. Fremont in the presidential election of 1856, and the passage of the Dred Scott decision in 1857.