Podcasts about isotropic

Microreactors are a class of very small modular reactors targeted for non-conventional nuclear markets. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) supports a variety of advanced reactor designs, including gas, liquid-metal, molten-salt, and heat-pipe-cooled concepts. In the U.S., microreactor developers are currently focused on designs that could be deployed as early as the mid-2020s. The key features of microreactors that distinguish them from other reactor types mainly revolve around their size. Microreactors typically produce less than 20 MW of thermal output. The size obviously allows a much smaller footprint than traditional nuclear power reactors. It also allows for factory fabrication and easier transportability. Among other unique aspects are their self-regulating capability, which could enable remote and semi-autonomous microreactor operation. Their rapid deployability (weeks or months rather than many years) is a huge benefit, too, allowing units to be used in emergency response and other time-sensitive situations. Furthermore, some designs are expected to operate for up to 10 years or more without refueling or significant maintenance, which could be a big benefit in remote locations. A lot of microreactor development work is being done at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). John H. Jackson, National Technical Director for the DOE's Office of Nuclear Energy Microreactor program at INL, was a recent guest on The POWER Podcast. On the show, he noted some of the programs and facilities INL has available to assist in proving microreactor concepts. “I like to say it starts with my program, because I'm overtly focused on enabling and accelerating commercial development and deployment of microreactor technology,” Jackson said. “But there are certainly the entities like the National Reactor Innovation Center, or NRIC, which is heavily focused on deployment and enabling deployment of microreactor technology, as well as small modular reactor technology.” POWER has reported extensively on the Pele and MARVEL microreactor projects. Project Pele is a Department of Defense (DOD) project that recently broke ground at INL. Meanwhile, MARVEL, which stands for Microreactor Applications Research Validation and EvaLuation, is funded through the DOE by the Office of Nuclear Energy's Microreactor program. Project Pele aims to build and demonstrate a high-temperature gas-cooled mobile microreactor manufactured by Lynchburg, Virginia–headquartered BWXT Advanced Technologies. Fueled with TRI-structural ISOtropic particle fuel, Project Pele will produce 1 MWe to 5 MWe for INL's Critical Infrastructure Test Range Complex (CITRC) electrical test grid. The DOD noted last month that assembly of the final Pele reactor is scheduled to begin in February 2025, and the current plan is to transport the fully assembled reactor to INL in 2026. The MARVEL design is a sodium-potassium-cooled microreactor that will be built inside the Transient Reactor Test (TREAT) facility at INL. It will generate 85 kW of thermal energy and about 20 kW of electrical output. It is not intended to be a commercial design, but the experience of constructing and operating the unit could be crucial for future microreactor developers and microgrid designers, as future plans are to connect it to a microgrid. “The MARVEL reactor is one of the top priorities, if not the top priority, at the Idaho National Laboratory, along with the project Pele,” Jackson said. “One or the other—Pele or MARVEL—will be the first reactor built at Idaho National Laboratory in over 50 years.” Still, Jackson was cautious when it came to predicting when the first microreactor might begin operation. “I cringe sometimes when people get a little ahead of themselves and start making bold declarations, like, ‘We're going to have a microreactor next year,' for instance. I think it's important to be excited, but it's also important to stay realistic with respect to timeframes for deployment,” he said.

This is my first interview with a real US Military General and I am honored that he took the time to meet with me. I am not worthy!   John Kem is in the civilian sector now and is the President of American Battery Factory! In this podcast we discuss their huge Gigafactory, which they are building in Arizona and which will go online towards the end of 2025 making made in the USA lithium iron phosphate (LFP) lithium-ion batteries. They are working on prismatic battery cells, which are as big as 1kWh each! In the podcast we talk about the manufacturing processes and how the battery materials are put together in a factory that can produce 4GWh per year of battery cells.   Topics covered: American Battery Factory Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)IRA = Inflation Reduction Act Army Corps of Engineers Civil WorksMining Battery cell production and safety Investment and manufacturing scale of American Battery Factory The process and challenges of battery cell manufacturing Battery factory American Lithium Mining Cobalt in the Congo  Gigafactory Abundance and toxicity of Lithium, Iron and Phosphorous Big Battery Cell Folding Cells Prismatic Battery Cell 314 Ah cells x 3.2V = 1kWh/cell Half of a shoebox size cell Bigger is better Pouch and cylindrical battery cell comparison Prismatic folding speed increased Longer cycle life Fiji Water bottle shape comparison Chemical Mixing Anode and Cathode layers Thin coating  Isotropic graphite = consistent shape Narrow film LFP is the cathode LFP mix in vats Absorption capacity for ions to flow Buy pre-mixed LFP Separator between anode and cathode Foils Cans - Aluminum Food can people making battery can for prismatic battery (cell casing) Stationary Energy Storage Systems Smart grid Underground mining operations Drag racing and LFP Range anxiety Home to GWh ESS Tax credit survival vs. competitive manufacturing Made in America with Chinese parts Smartest people in the world come to America Energy storage is required for net zero Investing and buying American Battery Factory Privately held now Series A and Series B funding defined Accredited investors and venture capital   Check out the American Battery Factory website: www.americanbatteryfactory.com   For good luck, give this podcast 5️s   Learn more at www.solarSEAN.com and be sure to get NABCEP certified by taking Sean's classes at www.heatspring.com/sean

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.12.548636v1?rss=1 Authors: Lu, C., Chen, K., Qiu, H., Chen, X., Chen, G., Qi, X., Jiang, H. Abstract: Electron microscopy (EM) revolutionized the way to visualize cellular ultrastructure. Volume EM (vEM) has further broadened its three-dimensional nanoscale imaging capacity. However, intrinsic trade-offs between imaging speed and quality of EM restrict the attainable imaging area and volume. Isotropic imaging with vEM for large biological volumes remains unachievable. Here we developed EMDiffuse, a suite of algorithms designed to enhance EM and vEM capabilities, leveraging the cutting-edge image generation diffusion model. EMDiffuse demonstrates outstanding denoising and super-resolution performance, generates realistic predictions without unwarranted smoothness, improves prediction resolution by ~30%, and exhibits excellent transferability by taking only one pair of images to fine-tune. EMDiffuse also pioneers the isotropic vEM reconstruction task, generating isotropic volume similar to that obtained using advanced FIB-SEM even in the absence of isotropic training data. We demonstrated the robustness of EMDiffuse by generating isotropic volumes from six public datasets obtained from different vEM techniques and instruments. The generated isotropic volume enables accurate organelle reconstruction, making 3D nanoscale ultrastructure analysis faster and more accessible and extending such capability to larger volumes. More importantly, EMDiffuse features self-assessment functionalities and guarantees reliable predictions for all tasks. We envision EMDiffuse to pave the way for more in-depth investigations into the intricate subcellular nanoscale structures within large areas and volumes of biological systems. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Sunlight is yellow parallel rays plus blue isotropic light, published by Thomas Kehrenberg on March 1, 2023 on LessWrong. When you look up the color temperature of daylight, most sources will say 6500K, but if you buy an LED with that color temperature, it will not look like the sun in the sky. It will seem bluer (or, less yellow-y). Yet, 6500K is arguably the correct number. What is going on? The answer is Rayleigh scattering. What we perceive as sun rays on the Earth's surface has traveled through a lot of atmosphere, whereby a lot of the blue light has been scattered away, such that the sun rays look a bit yellowish. But the blue light isn't all lost! A lot of it does arrive on the surface eventually, but it does so as diffuse light – light that seems to come from the whole sky. Which is of course why the sky looks blue (if it isn't blocked by clouds). The result is that the parallel rays that come from the bright spot in the sky (aka, the sun) are (slightly) yellow, but as they mix with the diffuse blue light from the sky, they form white light with a color temperature of about 6500K. More specifically, the daylight standard D65 is defined as the average midday light in Western Europe, comprising both direct sunlight and the light diffused by a clear sky. And that's where we get the 6500K color temperature. (The sun as seen from space actually has a color temperature of 5800K to 5900K. I haven't looked into why these numbers are different but I assume it's because of absorption in the atmosphere.) But most of the time, not everything is illuminated evenly. The parallel rays from the sun produce shadows and they are blue: (Source. This picture was not taken at midday, so the sun is extra yellow, but this allows us to clearly see the blue shadows.) So, in order to imitate daylight more faithfully indoors, I think you should separate the components of the light as our atmosphere does. So, use spotlights of yellowish light together with diffuse color-of-the-sky blue light that seems to come from everywhere, to produce blueish shadows. Here is a video of someone doing this the hard way with actual Rayleigh scattering – to very impressive results – but I think you could just buy yellowish LED spotlights (with color temperature of 3500–4500K or so? I tried to find the color temperature of just the sun rays without the skylight, but couldn't find anything) and blue LED strips mounted on all walls close to the ceiling. And of course, the lights should be very very bright in order to imitate the sun. I suspect that the blueish shadows will make any white light feel much more pleasant. I intend to do this myself for my office, but it will take some re-configuration of the lights, so it might take a while and I wanted to get this post out early. If someone manages to try this out before me, I would be very interested to hear about their experiences. Thanks for listening. To help us out with The Nonlinear Library or to learn more, please visit nonlinear.org.

For three decades, Wisconsin-based Isotropic Networks has moved the satellite communications industry forward, pushing the speed limits of single and hybrid networks and showing the industry what network uptime should be. Today, it is deploying the most advanced network monitoring and throughput management platform around. In a complex world, where broadband has become an essential utility, they solve the complex satellite communications problems other companies cannot or will not. In this third episode of Bridging the Broadband Gap, we hear from Hank Zbierski, CEO and Chief Catalyst of Isotropic Networks, who co-founded the company in 1992. Hank tells us a bit about Isotropic's vision of what the satellite industry can be and what the company is doing to create more robust hybrid networks to help provide broadband everywhere. 

Is it time to update the constellations? On this episode, Neil deGrasse Tyson and comic co-host Matt Kirshen dive into astrophysics, folklore, and our ancient connection to the stars with astrophysicist Moiya McTier, Ph.D. NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can listen to this entire episode commercial-free.Thanks to our Patrons Viny Adomonis, Thomas Blankenhorn, Weston Daniel L., Lauren Scott, and Aaryan Kukar for supporting us this week.Photo Credit: ESO/Y. Beletsky, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.23.517748v1?rss=1 Authors: Newman, B. T., Patrie, J. T., Druzgal, T. J. Abstract: Puberty is a key event in adolescent development that involves significant, hormone-driven changes to many aspects of physiology including the brain. Understanding how the brain responds during this time period is important for evaluating neuronal developments that affect mental health throughout adolescence and the adult lifespan. This study examines diffusion MRI scans from the cross-sectional ABCD Study baseline cohort, a large multi-site study containing thousands of participants, to describe the relationship between pubertal development and brain microstructure. Using advanced, 3-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution methods, this study is able to describe multiple tissue compartments beyond only white matter (WM) axonal qualities. After controlling for age, sex, brain volume, subject handedness, scanning site, and sibling relationships, we observe a positive relationship between an isotropic, intracellular diffusion signal fraction and pubertal development across a majority of regions of interest (ROIs) in the WM skeleton. We also observe regional effects from an intracellular anisotropic signal fraction compartment and extracellular isotropic free water-like compartment in several ROIs. This work suggests that changes during pubertal development elicit a complex response from brain tissue that cannot be completely described by traditional methods focusing only on WM axonal properties. This work brings in vivo human neuroimaging studies more into line with work performed on animal models, which describe an interaction between increased myelination, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and glial cell proliferation in response to pubertal hormones. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Born this way: thin disc, thick disc, and isotropic spheroid formation in FIRE-2 Milky-Way-mass galaxy simulations by Sijie Yu et al. on Monday 10 October We investigate the formation of Milky-Way-mass galaxies using FIRE-2 LCDM cosmological zoom-in simulations by studying the orbital evolution of stars formed in the main progenitor of the galaxy, from birth to the present day. We classify in situ stars as isotropic spheroid, thick-disc, and thin-disc according to their orbital circularities and show that these components are assembled in a time-ordered sequence from early to late times, respectively. All simulated galaxies experience an early phase of bursty star formation that transitions to a late-time steady phase. This transition coincides with the time that the inner CGM virializes. During the early bursty phase, galaxies have irregular morphologies and new stars are born on radial orbits; these stars evolve into an isotropic spheroidal population today. The bulk of thick-disc stars form at intermediate times, during a clumpy-disc ``spin-up'' phase, slightly later than the peak of spheroid formation. At late times, once the CGM virializes and star formation ``cools down," stars are born on circular orbits within a narrow plane. Those stars mostly inhabit thin discs today. Broadly speaking, stars with disc-like or spheroid-like orbits today were born that way. Mergers onto discs and secular processes do affect kinematics in our simulations, but play only secondary roles in populating thick-disc and in situ spheroid populations at z=0. The age distributions of spheroid, thick disc, and thin disc populations scale self-similarly with the steady-phase transition time, which suggests that morphological age dating can be linked to the CGM virialization time in galaxies. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03845v1

Isotropic cosmic birefringence from early dark energy by Kai Murai et al. on Sunday 18 September A tantalizing hint of isotropic cosmic birefringence has been found in the $E B$ cross-power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization data with a statistical significance of $3sigma$. A pseudoscalar field coupled to the CMB photons via the Chern-Simons term can explain this observation. The same field may also be responsible for early dark energy (EDE), which alleviates the so-called Hubble tension. Since the EDE field evolves significantly during the recombination epoch, the conventional formula that relates $E B$ to the difference between the $E$- and $B$-mode auto-power spectra is no longer valid. Solving the Boltzmann equation for polarized photons and the dynamics of the EDE field consistently, we find that currently favored parameter space of the EDE model yields a variety of shapes of the $EB$ spectrum, which can be tested by CMB experiments. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07804v1

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Research summary: brain cell counts in Black Soldier Flies (Hermetia illucens; Diptera: Stratiomyidae), published by Rachel Norman on August 15, 2022 on The Effective Altruism Forum. Summary An organism's number of brain cells (e.g., neural processing power) may be a relevant proxy in assessing its likelihood of being sentient and, consequently, its capacity for welfare. In addition, quantitative proxies like brain cell numbers allow for more objective comparisons of moral weight across species, or across developmental stages within the same species. Isotropic fractionation (IF), a technique recently pioneered for application in insects by Godfrey et al. 2021, allows for insect brain cells to be quickly and reliably counted. IF can be used to determine the number of brain cells in insects, such as the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens). Billions of BSFs are farmed annually across the globe, mainly to be used as animal feed, and the industry is growing. Understanding the likelihood of sentience in BSFs is important due to the massive scale of this new agricultural sector. My study co-authors and I determined the number of brain cells in adult male and female BSFs as well as L1, L4, and L6 stage larvae. As shown in the paper (preprint here), larvae produced a 9-fold increase in brain cell numbers across larval development; pupation caused a 16-fold increase in brain cell numbers for adults. Adult BSFs had an average of ~331,000 brain cells; males and females differed in the number of cells in their brains, due to differences in the optic lobes (peripheral processing regions responsible for the input of visual information). In the central brain, BSF adults had ~42,000 CB cells irrespective of sex. These data allow for BSF (at multiple developmental stages) to be included in interspecific welfare comparisons that use brain cells as a relevant measure of capacity for welfare. Caveats This post assumes sentience in insects is possible, but does not attempt to assess how probable it is based on the data gathered. In addition, it assumes cognitive capacity may be considered a proxy for sentience. Brain cell counts by themselves provide limited evidence for cognitive capacity, and should be used in conjunction with other behavioral and anatomical data. With insects there is often very little data on these other features (recently reviewed here); brain cell counts may represent an initial foray, then, into understanding a species' cognitive complexity. Thus, this research does not assess cognitive sophistication, nor the capacity for welfare in BSF, but may still be of interest to those working to understand BSF sentience. This post is not meant to examine the utility, or pros/cons, of brain cell numbers as a proxy for cognitive capacity, sentience, or moral weight. The data reported herein are for total brain cell numbers, which includes non-neuronal cell populations. Data from other Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, etc.) suggest neurons may make up ~90% of all brain cells (Raji & Potter 2021). Introduction Between 200 and 300 billion individual black soldier flies (BSFs) are estimated to be farmed annually to be used as animal feed, and the industry is expected to grow (Rowe 2020). The vast majority of farmed BSFs are killed as larvae. Larvae have excellent biomass conversion abilities (Cicková et al. 2015, Lalander et al. 2015), and exchange any waste products they may consume into nutrition for livestock and exotic pets (among other products; Lee et al. 2021, Hopkins et al. 2021, de Souza Vilela et al. 2021). BSFs belong to the order Diptera, family Stratiomyidae; they are in the same order as the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster (though D. melanogaster belongs to a different family, Drosophilidae). BSFs are native to the Neotropics, but due to globalization have...

What if our Synergetic eligion's new world education not only supplants infinitely extendible superficially limited old world religion's inaccurate premises but also provides a modular system of measurement so that the inherent resolutions are contrary to those beliefs?  The old world religion's beliefs are projected to the up of heaven and the down of hell.  The new world eligion's experiential experimental education describes differently anticipated realities none of which prescribe preordained decree or determination in advance especially in respect to the punitory mindsets. Such premeditated, predetermination is planned in advance and perpetuates all degrees of the re enactments at random occurrences everywhere on Earth even though this is unbeknownst to us for the most part.PLEASE READ THE ENTIRE ‘TRANSCRIPT' of this podcast ON MY WEBSITE sagesynergeticage.com/ Relevant links are provided for your researching interest in SEEEEC Synergetic Eligion's Experiential Experimental Education Complex

Rock-paper-scissors for outflows in AGN sounds like CND-BH-outflow speed. Who rules the outflow? Check out the paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.06606

"My first job out of college was at NASA"...what an answer to our first question to get the story started!! This week, Toni Lee Rudnicki, current CMO of Isotropic Networks, formerly CMO at iDirect and VP Marketing at Speedcast joined Laurie and me for a fabulous conversation about her journey through the world of satellite communications. Toni Lee is a veteran of the industry and knows the market inside out, so getting her take on all things past, current and future was fascinating. From discussing the future of communications and the part mega LEO constellations will play, through to 5G and her view as a marketer on the future of tradeshows, this is a great listen. Toni Lee speaks with such passion and excitement for the industry, it's no wonder that having started in it all those years ago, she's still so drawn to it.

Joshuah Wolper "How To Simulate Anisotropic and Isotropic Soft Material in Material Point Method?" You can listen to the full episode here: https://soundcloud.com/ieeeras-softrobotics/joshuah-wolper-which-simulation-techniques-are-reliable-for-simulating-continuum-soft-robots

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.05.327395v1?rss=1 Authors: Wang, F., Dong, Z., Tian, Q., Liao, C., Fan, Q., Hoge, W. S., Keil, B., Polimeni, J. R., Wald, L. L., Huang, S. Y., Setsompop, K. Abstract: We present a whole-brain in vivo diffusion MRI (dMRI) dataset acquired at 760 m isotropic resolution and sampled at 1260 q-space points across 9 two-hour sessions on a single healthy subject. The creation of this benchmark dataset is possible through the synergistic use of advanced acquisition hardware and software including the high-gradient-strength Connectom scanner, a custom-built 64-channel phased-array coil, a personalized motion-robust head stabilizer, a recently developed SNR-efficient dMRI acquisition method, and parallel imaging reconstruction with advanced ghost reduction algorithm. With its unprecedented resolution, SNR and image quality, we envision that this dataset will have a broad range of investigational, educational, and clinical applications that will advance the understanding of human brain structures and connectivity. This comprehensive dataset can also be used as a test bed for new modeling, sub-sampling strategies, denoising and processing algorithms, potentially providing a common testing platform for further development of in vivo high resolution dMRI techniques. Whole brain anatomical T1-weighted and T2-weighted images at submillimeter scale along with field maps are also made available. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

REFERENCE:• Synergetics 223.66  http://www.rwgrayprojects.com/synergetics/s02/p2300.html#223.60• Synergetics 240http://www.rwgrayprojects.com/synergetics/s02/p4000.html• Synergetics 201.11http://www.rwgrayprojects.com/synergetics/s02/p0000.html#201.10• Synergetics 800.00http://www.rwgrayprojects.com/synergetics/s08/toc08.html• Synergetics 1003.11http://www.rwgrayprojects.com/synergetics/s10/p0000.html#1003.10• OMNISCIENT UNIVERSE CHURCH  A Synergetics Podcast ♡® Episode 97 June 13-14, 2020   Getting Nature Into A Cornerhttps://omniscient-universe-church-a-synergetics-podcast.simplecast.com/episodes/97-getting-nature-into-a-corner• Master List of Names for God From World's Religionshttps://www.universespirit.org/god-names-master-list-of-names-for-god-from-worlds-religions• Resetting the World Stage.org  http://resettingtheworldstage.org/ 

We are honored to host C-COM's long-time friends and partners, Hank, Lynn and Ryan from Isotropic Networks, to talk about the Satcom life during the COVID pandemic. Isotropic is a global leading service provider based out of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, USA. More information is available at www.isotropic.network

We met with Hank Zbierski, a first generation American who owns a company called Isotropic that specializes in communication specifically through satellites that they control. Isotropic is not your conventional reseller of satellite communication. They control everything from start to finish, beginning with encoding the data themselves. With locations in Wisconsin, Virginia, and Poland, they are able to manage coverage ranging from the Pacific to Asia. If you want to learn more about what they do, click the link here: https://isotropic.network/

In episode two of the Glow Journal podcast, host Gemma Watts sits down with founder and director of Rationale, Richard Parker. The creator of the world’s first AHA/BHA serum, the pioneer behind the world’s first Skin DNA test and the champion of Skin Identical ingredients, Richard’s formulations are recommended by upwards of 100 dermatologists, plastic surgeons and medical professions in Australia alone.Having launched Rationale in 1992, Richard remains at the helm of the business as the company’s Director of Research and Development, citing human skin as the inspiration behind each and every Rationale formula.In this conversation, Gemma and Richard discuss the power of Isotropic formulations, precisely what the sun is doing to our skin and how epigenetic testing is changing the face of skincare as we know it.You can read this interview now at: glowjournal.com/interview-richard-parker-rationaleFollow Rationale on Instagram at @rationaleDiscover more about Rationale at: rationale.comStay up to date with Gemma on Instagram at @gemkwatts and @glow.journal, or get in touch at hello@gemkwatts.com See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

This is a golden age of technology for the satellite industry-HTS satellites, LEO constellations, reusable rocket boosters…and now a potential breakthrough in satellite ground stations. Will isotropic antennas technology leap-frog phased array antennas and upend antenna economics with a massive pricing differential? Listen to David Geen, Chief Operating Officer of Isotropic Systems as he explains the unique technology driving the development of isotropic antennas during this podcast.

Bolthausen, E (Universität Zürich) Monday 22 June 2015, 11:30-12:30

What use is an F-call? You've come across the term dB, or Decibel. Likely you've heard of dBi as well. These terms are all related to Decibels, but mean completely different things. A decibel, named after Alexander Graham Bell, is a RELATIVE measure of two different power levels, that is, one power level compared to another power level. 3dB is about twice as much power, 6db is about four times as much, and 10dB is exactly 10 times as much power. This means that you can say that a feedline has 6dB loss, that is, you need to put 20 Watt in at one end to get 5 Watt out at the other. In short, a dB is a ratio between two levels of power, in the feedline case, the power in vs. the power out the other end. In antenna land, you'll have heard dBi as the measure of the amazingness of an antenna. A dBi is a measure of gain of an antenna when compared to an ISOTROPIC source. This is a theoretical reference, that cannot actually exist in nature, but at least it's always the same, which allows you to compare two antennas to each other when their gain is both expressed in dBi. You might also come across a dBd, or antenna gain when compared with a dipole. A dipole in itself can be compared to an Isotrope. Its gain is 2.41 dBi or 0dBd. Which incidentally goes to why many antenna manufactureres play silly games with dBi and dBd. An antenna described as 24 dB should send you back to the manufacturer to ask them, 24 compared to what? If it's 24 dBi, it's compared to an isotrope, if it's 24 dBd, it's compared to a dipole. This means that there could be a 4.81 dB difference between two incorrectly named "24 dB" antennas. There's more than this, think about dBW, dBV, dBu, dBmV, dBA, dBZ and many, many more. The thing to take away is that a dB is a relative term. One compared to another. If only one's specified, you don't nessicarily know compared to what? dBi references it to an Isotrope and dBd references it to a dipole. I'm Onno VK6FLAB

Lazo-Martinez, I (Kent State University) Friday 05 July 2013, 12:00-12:15

Lazo-Martinez, I (Kent State University) Friday 05 July 2013, 12:00-12:15

Pat and Dan recap an old Isotropic game and discuss the first five cards from the new Guilds expansion. Dan’s Game Log Dan’s Kingdom  

Schoen, M (Technische Universität Berlin) Thursday 21 March 2013, 09:50-10:40

(03/13/2012) Does an infinite multiverse explain away God? What is driving the acceleration of cosmic expansion? The universe's homogeneous and isotropic appearance; Anti-matter decay rate

Transcript: A very basic assumption about the universe which forms the basis for modern cosmology is called the cosmological principle, that the universe is isotropic and homogeneous. Isotropic means the same in all directions. This means that in any direction we look we tend to see the same structures and numbers of galaxies, and that is in fact confirmed by observation. It also means that the Hubble expansion is the same in every direction we look, that the expansion rate is smooth and not faster in one direction of the sky than in another direction, and this is also confirmed by observations. The second part of the cosmological principle, the homogeneity of space, is much more difficult to test because as we look out in space we look back in time. So when we view distant parts of the universe we are viewing parts of the universe as they were earlier when the universe was smaller, but we can basically test the idea by showing that the universe contains more or less the same structures everywhere we look and that on the largest scales, over a hundred megaparsecs or three hundred million light years, the average amount of material in any volume of space from one direction to the other is about the same. So the universe is indeed smooth on the very largest scales.

We derive the wave equation in isotropic materials from Maxwell's laws and we introduce phasor notation as a method for simplifying calculations.

Ultrafast energy-transfer processes in allophycocyanin (APC) trimers from Mastigocladus laminosus have been examined by a femtosecond absorption technique. Isotropic absorption recovery kinetics with τ=440±30 fs were observed in APC trimers at 615 nm. In APC monomers such a fast process was not observed. The anisotropy in both samples was constant and close to 0.4 during the first few picoseconds. The results are consistent with a model of the APC trimer in which the two APC chromophores have different absorption spectra with maxima about 600 and 650 nm. The transfer of energy from the 600 nm chromophore to the 650 nm chromophore occurs in 440 fs and is dominated by the Förster dipole—dipole energy-transfer mechanism.