Podcasts about scott j

High in fats and low in carbs, ketogenic diets were originally developed in the 1920s to treat children with epilepsy. Now, they've gained popularity for weight loss, and even improved cognitive function. But how much truth is there in the purported brain health benefits we see on social media? In this episode of ‘Your Brain On...', we separate the facts from the fads, and discuss: • What one might eat on a typical ketogenic diet • How ketogenic diets affect brain metabolism • The different ways your brain uses sources of energy — glucose vs. ketones • The latest data on ketogenic diet in Alzheimer's disease patients • What we know about how ketogenic diets and treatment of Alzheimer's • The outcome differences between ketogenic diets and ketone supplements in Alzheimer's • Other evidence-based nutritional approaches for brain health  For this episode, we welcome two world-renowned professionals in the field of nutrition and neuroscience: DR. MATTHEW TAYLOR, PhD, RD, Assistant Professor, Dietetics and Nutrition, Kansas University Medical Center DR. RUSSELL SWERDLOW, MD, Gene and Marge Sweeney Professor of Neurology; Director, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas University Medical Center This is... Your Brain On Ketogenic Diets. ‘Your Brain On' is hosted by neurologists, scientists and public health advocates Ayesha and Dean Sherzai. ‘Your Brain On... Ketogenic Diets' • SEASON 4 • EPISODE 4   FOLLOW US Instagram: @thebraindocs Website: TheBrainDocs.com More info and episodes: TheBrainDocs.com/Podcast   REFERENCES 1. Wheless, James W. "History of the ketogenic diet." Epilepsia 49 (2008): 3-5. 2. Krolak-Salmon, Pierre, Russell H. Swerdlow, Thibault Mastain, Catherine Dive-Pouletty, Nick Pooley, and Masoumeh Kisomi. "Efficacy and Safety of Exogenous Ketones in People with Mild Neurocognitive Disorder and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Literature Review." Nutrition Reviews (2024): nuae098. 3. Taylor, Matthew K., Debra K. Sullivan, Jonathan D. Mahnken, Jeffrey M. Burns, and Russell H. Swerdlow. "Feasibility and efficacy data from a ketogenic diet intervention in Alzheimer's disease." Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions 4 (2018): 28-36. 4. Taylor, Matthew K., Russell H. Swerdlow, and Debra K. Sullivan. "Dietary neuroketotherapeutics for Alzheimer's disease: an evidence update and the potential role for diet quality." Nutrients 11, no. 8 (2019): 1910. 5. Koppel, Scott J., and Russell H. Swerdlow. "Neuroketotherapeutics: a modern review of a century-old therapy." Neurochemistry international 117 (2018): 114-125. 6. O'Neill, Blair, and Paolo Raggi. "The ketogenic diet: Pros and cons." Atherosclerosis 292 (2020): 119-126. 7. Crosby, Lee, Brenda Davis, Shivam Joshi, Meghan Jardine, Jennifer Paul, Maggie Neola, and Neal D. Barnard. "Ketogenic diets and chronic disease: weighing the benefits against the risks." Frontiers in nutrition 8 (2021): 702802.

Prunk - Heat (Scott Judge Remix) by Scott J

Tribe-state relations are a foundational element of authoritarian bargains in the Middle East, and in particular in the Gulf States. However, the structures of governance built upon that foundation exhibit wide differences. What explains this variation in the salience of kinship authority?  Through a case comparison of Kuwait, Qatar and Oman, in Kinship, State Formation and Governance in the Arab Gulf States (Edinburgh University Press, 2022) Dr. Scott Weiner shows that variation in tribal access to limited resources before state building can account for these differences. Its conclusions are based on seven months of archival research and interviews in Arabic and English, and reveal new details about state formation on the Arabian Peninsula. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Tribe-state relations are a foundational element of authoritarian bargains in the Middle East, and in particular in the Gulf States. However, the structures of governance built upon that foundation exhibit wide differences. What explains this variation in the salience of kinship authority?  Through a case comparison of Kuwait, Qatar and Oman, in Kinship, State Formation and Governance in the Arab Gulf States (Edinburgh University Press, 2022) Dr. Scott Weiner shows that variation in tribal access to limited resources before state building can account for these differences. Its conclusions are based on seven months of archival research and interviews in Arabic and English, and reveal new details about state formation on the Arabian Peninsula. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/political-science

Tribe-state relations are a foundational element of authoritarian bargains in the Middle East, and in particular in the Gulf States. However, the structures of governance built upon that foundation exhibit wide differences. What explains this variation in the salience of kinship authority?  Through a case comparison of Kuwait, Qatar and Oman, in Kinship, State Formation and Governance in the Arab Gulf States (Edinburgh University Press, 2022) Dr. Scott Weiner shows that variation in tribal access to limited resources before state building can account for these differences. Its conclusions are based on seven months of archival research and interviews in Arabic and English, and reveal new details about state formation on the Arabian Peninsula. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/middle-eastern-studies

Tribe-state relations are a foundational element of authoritarian bargains in the Middle East, and in particular in the Gulf States. However, the structures of governance built upon that foundation exhibit wide differences. What explains this variation in the salience of kinship authority?  Through a case comparison of Kuwait, Qatar and Oman, in Kinship, State Formation and Governance in the Arab Gulf States (Edinburgh University Press, 2022) Dr. Scott Weiner shows that variation in tribal access to limited resources before state building can account for these differences. Its conclusions are based on seven months of archival research and interviews in Arabic and English, and reveal new details about state formation on the Arabian Peninsula. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/anthropology

Tribe-state relations are a foundational element of authoritarian bargains in the Middle East, and in particular in the Gulf States. However, the structures of governance built upon that foundation exhibit wide differences. What explains this variation in the salience of kinship authority?  Through a case comparison of Kuwait, Qatar and Oman, in Kinship, State Formation and Governance in the Arab Gulf States (Edinburgh University Press, 2022) Dr. Scott Weiner shows that variation in tribal access to limited resources before state building can account for these differences. Its conclusions are based on seven months of archival research and interviews in Arabic and English, and reveal new details about state formation on the Arabian Peninsula. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/sociology

Hear from a 30-Year National Park Service Veteran: From Yellowstone and the Oklahoma National Memorial to George Washington Carver National Monument, Now Leading River Raisin National Battlefield Park in Monroe MI.Scott J. Bentley is the first Superintendent of River Raisin National Battlefield Park in Monroe. Bentley, a 30-plus year National Park Service (NPS) veteran, started at the Battlefield in 2011 after transferring from San Antonio Missions National Historical Park where he was the Superintendent. River Raisin NBP preserves, commemorates, and interprets the January 1813 battles of the War of 1812 and their aftermath. 

How do gravitational lenses work? Where would a spacecraft need to be to use the Sun's gravity as a telescope? What could we learn about exoplanets with this on weird trick? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman! This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month! Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey Davoll, stargazer, Robert B, Naila, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Denis A, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, Couzy, Kevin B, Tim R, Mark R, Alan B, Craig B, Mark F, Richard K, Stace J, Stephen S, Stephen J, Joe R, David P, Sean M, Tracy F, Sarah K, Ryan L, Ella F, Thomas K, James C, Syamkumar M, Homer V, Mark D, Bruce A, Steven M, Bill E, Tim Z, Linda C, The Tired Jedi, Farshad A, Gary K, David W, dhr18, Lode D, Bob C, Red B, Herb G, Stephen A, James R, Robert O, Lynn D, Jeffrey C, Allen E, Michael S, Reinaldo A, Jessica M, Sheryl, David W, Sue T, Josephine K, Chris, P. Sprout, Michael S, Erlend A, James D, Larry D, Matt K, Charles, Karl W, Den K, and George B! Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.

How do gravitational lenses work? Where would a spacecraft need to be to use the Sun's gravity as a telescope? What could we learn about exoplanets with this on weird trick? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman!   This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month!   Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book   Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!   Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey Davoll, stargazer, Robert B, Naila, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Denis A, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, Couzy, Kevin B, Tim R, Mark R, Alan B, Craig B, Mark F, Richard K, Stace J, Stephen S, Stephen J, Joe R, David P, Sean M, Tracy F, Sarah K, Ryan L, Ella F, Thomas K, James C, Syamkumar M, Homer V, Mark D, Bruce A, Steven M, Bill E, Tim Z, Linda C, The Tired Jedi, Farshad A, Gary K, David W, dhr18, Lode D, Bob C, Red B, Herb G, Stephen A, James R, Robert O, Lynn D, Jeffrey C, Allen E, Michael S, Reinaldo A, Jessica M, Sheryl, David W, Sue T, Josephine K, Chris, P. Sprout, Michael S, Erlend A, James D, Larry D, Matt K, Charles, Karl W, Den K, and George B!   Hosted by Dr. Paul M. Sutter.   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs.  Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too!  Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://www.redbubble.com/people/CosmoQuestX/shop for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations.  Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) ------------------------------------ The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. http://www.psi.edu Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

What's behind the Martian Methane Mystery? Is it a sign of life, or just some strange chemical process? Or are we just fooling ourselves? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman! This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month! Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey Davoll, stargazer, Robert B, Naila, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Denis A, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, Couzy, Kevin B, Tim R, Mark R, Alan B, Craig B, Mark F, Richard K, Stace J, Stephen S, Stephen J, Joe R, David P, Sean M, Tracy F, Sarah K, Ryan L, Ella F, Thomas K, James C, Syamkumar M, Homer V, Mark D, Bruce A, Steven M, Bill E, Tim Z, Linda C, The Tired Jedi, Farshad A, Gary K, David W, dhr18, Lode D, Bob C, Red B, Herb G, Stephen A, James R, Robert O, Lynn D, Jeffrey C, Allen E, Michael S, Reinaldo A, Jessica M, Sheryl, David W, Sue T, Josephine K, Chris, P. Sprout, Michael S, Erlend A, James D, Larry D, Matt K, Charles, Karl W, Den K, and George B! Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.

What's behind the Martian Methane Mystery? Is it a sign of life, or just some strange chemical process? Or are we just fooling ourselves? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman!   This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month!   Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book   Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!   Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey Davoll, stargazer, Robert B, Naila, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Denis A, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, Couzy, Kevin B, Tim R, Mark R, Alan B, Craig B, Mark F, Richard K, Stace J, Stephen S, Stephen J, Joe R, David P, Sean M, Tracy F, Sarah K, Ryan L, Ella F, Thomas K, James C, Syamkumar M, Homer V, Mark D, Bruce A, Steven M, Bill E, Tim Z, Linda C, The Tired Jedi, Farshad A, Gary K, David W, dhr18, Lode D, Bob C, Red B, Herb G, Stephen A, James R, Robert O, Lynn D, Jeffrey C, Allen E, Michael S, Reinaldo A, Jessica M, Sheryl, David W, Sue T, Josephine K, Chris, P. Sprout, Michael S, Erlend A, James D, Larry D, Matt K, Charles, Karl W, Den K, and George B!   Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs.  Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too!  Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://www.redbubble.com/people/CosmoQuestX/shop for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations.  Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) ------------------------------------ The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. http://www.psi.edu Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

ARTEMESIA - BIT'S & PIECES (SCOTT JUDGE REMIX) by Scott J

Why are private space companies pushing tourism? Is there a future for tourism in space? Is this an overall good thing for space exploration, or just a distraction? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman! This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month! Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, lothian53, Barbara K, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, BikeSanta, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Valerie H, Demethius J, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Angelo's L, William W, Scott R, Dean C, Miguel, Bbjj108, barylwires, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, Nathan, and wahtwahtbird! Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.

Paul Sutter's personal hot take: “Meh. I find space tourism kinda interesting... Space tourism isn't moving the needle much in any direction.”   This episode is sponsored by Factor meals. 35 different restaurant-quality meals with premium ingredients and 60 different add-ons! Visit FactorMeals.com/spaceman50 and use code spaceman50 for 50% off your first box and 20% of your next month!   This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month!   Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book   Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!   Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, lothian53, Barbara K, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, BikeSanta, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Valerie H, Demethius J, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Angelo L, William W, Scott R, Dean C, Miguel, Bbjj108, barylwires, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, Nathan, wahtwahtbird!   Hosted by Dr. Paul M. Sutter.   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs.  Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too!  Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://www.redbubble.com/people/CosmoQuestX/shop for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations.  Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) ------------------------------------ The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. http://www.psi.edu Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

Where do we live within the galaxy? What shapes the local bubble? How long will we be inside it? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman! This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month! Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, lothian53, Barbara K, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, BikeSanta, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Valerie H, Demethius J, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Angelo's L, William W, Scott R, Dean C, Miguel, Bbjj108, barylwires, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, Nathan, wahtwahtbird! Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.

Where do we live within the galaxy? What shapes the local bubble? How long will we be inside it? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman!   This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month!   Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book   Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!   Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, lothian53, Barbara K, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, BikeSanta, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Valerie H, Demethius J, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Angelo's L, William W, Scott R, Dean C, Miguel, Bbjj108, barylwires, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, Nathan, wahtwahtbird!   Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs.  Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too!  Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://www.redbubble.com/people/CosmoQuestX/shop for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations.  Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) ------------------------------------ The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. http://www.psi.edu Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

How do galaxies form and evolve? Is the universe still making new ones? What will happen to the current galaxies in the universe? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman! This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month! Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert Beaty, Tom G, Naila, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Denis A, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, Couzy! Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.

How do galaxies form and evolve? Is the universe still making new ones? What will happen to the current galaxies in the Universe? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman!   This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month!   Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book   Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!   Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert Beaty, Tom G, Naila, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Denis A, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, Couzy!   Hosted by Dr. Paul M. Sutter.   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs.  Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too!  Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://www.redbubble.com/people/CosmoQuestX/shop for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations.  Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) ------------------------------------ The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. http://www.psi.edu Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

What has the James Webb Space Telescope learned so far? Is it finding galaxies that “break” cosmology? What will we learn next? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman! This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month! Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert Beaty, Tom G, Naila, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Denis A, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, Couzy! Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.

What has the James Webb Space Telescope learned so far? Is it finding galaxies that “break” cosmology? What will we learn next? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman!   This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month!   Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book   Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!   Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert Beaty, Tom G, Naila, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Denis A, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, Couzy!   Hosted by Dr. Paul M. Sutter.   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs.  Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too!  Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://www.redbubble.com/people/CosmoQuestX/shop for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations.  Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) ------------------------------------ The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. http://www.psi.edu Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

Vanguard Hosts Brad Wright and Chris Boyd are joined by Ted Dinucci, an investment strategist with Vanguard's Investment Advisory Research Center, the team tasked with creating thought leadership for their intermediary advisory partners across a range of investment, wealth management, and financial planning topics. They discuss: -Individual bonds vs bond funds - How to utilize each for income during retirement -Which is better during a falling interest rate environment Learn more at: https://advisors.vanguard.com/advisors-home Join Vanguard at the following New England locations: -Vanguard RIA Social:  Envio on the Rooftop – Portsmouth, NH:  Wed Aug 21 st   4:30pm –7:30pm   PLEASE RSVP -Vanguard RIA Social:  Granary Tavern – Boston (Financial), MA:  Thurs Aug 22 nd 4:30pm-7:30pm   PLEASE RSVP -Vanguard RIA Meet & Connect Luncheon – Riverbend (Marriott) Newton, MA:  Thurs Aug 22 nd  12pm-2pm PLEASE RSVP - Vanguard Symposium - Marriott Long Wharf – Boston, MA:  Thurs, Oct 24 th  9:30am–3pm:   RESERVE A SPOT NOW and you'll receive an email invite. Additional details to follow. Or at the FPA-NE NexGen event: - FPA NE NexGen Presents Build Your Client Service Team (formally Cross Industry Networking): Lily's Boston (Financial) Thus, Aug 8 th  5pm – 7pm - one of FPA's most popular events of the season! https://lp.constantcontactpages.com/ev/reg/t3jvpz5 [lp.constantcontactpages.com]   Investment Advisory Research Center OCTOBER 2022 Individual bonds versus bond funds: Our thoughts on the advisory practice and client outcomes Key takeaways • Forecasting markets accurately is difficult. A much more reliable prediction to make: What questions clients will ask during periods of rising interest rates. Inevitably, rising rates environments prompt a flood of inquiries about whether advisors and their clients are better off purchasing individual bonds or pooled products, such as mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). These questions stem directly from the “principal at maturity” myth, which argues that bond funds will sell bonds at a loss when rates rise, while portfolios of individual bonds can be held to maturity and avoid losses. • Ultimately, bond funds operate the same way as portfolios of individual bonds when cash flows are being reinvested. However, the former generally offer greater return opportunities, lower transaction costs, and higher liquidity—as well as time savings for your practice—than comparable portfolios of individual bonds. Thus, advisors pursuing portfolios of individual bonds should expect to pay greater direct and indirect costs for maintaining complete control of client bond portfolios. The price tag for this control is higher for buyers of municipal and corporate bonds than for buyers of U.S. Treasuries. • Given the higher risks and costs associated with portfolios of individual bonds, and the time they take to manage, most advisors are better served by low-cost mutual funds and ETFs. Particularly in the case of municipal and corporate bonds, it is likely that only clients with enough resources to build a portfolio of comparable scale to a mutual fund (or ETF) can afford to pay the costs for these control advantages. • Consider this report as a resource to inform your client discussions—either for proactive conversations about fixed income portfolio decisions, or to satisfy questions and concerns clients bring to you. For clients who may be partial to holding individual bonds for emotional reasons, the following analysis provides you with empirical data points that could guide them to a more beneficial approach. We also believe the strategies outlined herein can ultimately empower you with more time for higher-value activities, such as deepening client relationships. Authors: Ted Dinucci, CFA | Chris Tidmore, CFA, CPA | Chris Pettit, CFA Acknowledgments: The authors extend our thanks to Elizabeth Muirhead, CFA, and Edward Saracino for their contributions to this report, and to Donald G. Bennyhoff, CFA, and Scott J. Donaldson, CFA, for their prior research, which greatly informed this paper. 2 Introduction The market and economic backdrop today appear highly uncertain, with the highest inflation in 40 years, a series of large rate hikes from the Federal Reserve, and Russia's war in Ukraine, to name a few factors. Understandably, the confluence of these events has led to significant market volatility. It's also led some investors to question the merits of pooled bond vehicles and to ask whether they may be better served by directly owning a portfolio of individual bonds. In some cases, there can be benefits to owning individual bonds, for instance, a nominal immunization strategy where the goal is matching portfolio cash flows to liabilities. However, for the vast majority of advisors and the investors they serve, the likely appeal of individual bonds is largely based on the principal at maturity myth, and embracing it is likely to diminish returns, diversification, and return on your time. This paper offers our perspective on the primary advantages bond funds have over portfolios of individual bonds in the three key regards of returns, diversification, and return on your time (in exchange for less control over individual securities).1 More important, for the vast majority, accessing fixed income via low- cost active or passive funds is likely to provide better outcomes than the direct ownership of individual bonds—even with the hurdle of ongoing management fees. However, we'll first address the flaws in the principal at maturity myth, since this misconception is what generates so much interest in the topic. FIGURE 1. Benefits of choosing either a bond fund or individual bond BOND FUNDS INDIVIDUAL BONDS INCREASED CONTROL ✓ INCREASED DIVERSIFICATION ✓ INCREASED RETURN OPPORTUNITIES ✓ LOWER TRANSACTION COSTS ✓ 1 Vanguard 2017. 3 FIGURE 1. Benefits of choosing either a bond fund or individual bond BOND FUNDS INDIVIDUAL BONDS INCREASED CONTROL ✓ INCREASED DIVERSIFICATION ✓ INCREASED RETURN OPPORTUNITIES ✓ LOWER TRANSACTION COSTS ✓ The principal at maturity myth Holding an individual bond to maturity offers little to no financial benefit to you or your clients versus a pooled product when cash flows are reinvested, as often occurs in laddered individual bond strategies.2 Both portfolios operate in a similar way, but the laddered portfolio is likely to incur greater trading costs and have less diversification. The way that advisors account for laddered bonds in their client statements—by not marking the bonds to their current value, in order to avoid recognizing a paper loss—helps to reinforce the behavioral bias and may mitigate business risk for the advisor. Ultimately, bond prices are inversely related to changes in interest rates: When interest rates rise, the bond's price falls, and vice versa. This is because a bond's coupon payments are typically fixed at issuance, leaving price as the only variable that can be adjusted to make the bond's yield competitive with that of newly issued bonds of similar risk and maturity. This is illustrated in Figure 2. If 10-year bonds are currently yielding 4%, the price of a 2% coupon bond—to be competitive—must decline to a level that results in a 4% yield-to-maturity. In this example, that price is 83.65% of the face value (or $836.50 per $1,000 face value). The 2% bond would provide the same return as the 4% coupon bond trading at par, but some of the return would come from the bond's appreciation from $836.50 to its $1,000 value at maturity, as opposed to the coupon payments. This price adjustment punctures the common myth that holding an individual bond to maturity will provide a financial benefit to your clients. Absent transaction costs, when interest rates change, prices adjust so that total returns will be equal from that point forward, regardless of whether the bond is held to maturity or sold at the prevailing market price with the proceeds reinvested. FIGURE 2. How bond prices adjust to keep yields-to-maturity the same A comparison of hypothetical bonds with 10 years to maturity Coupon (annual interest payment) 6% 4% 2% Market price as a percentage of face value 116.35% 100% 83.65% Yield to maturity 4% 4% 4% Source: Vanguard. This hypothetical illustration does not represent any particular investment and the rate is not guaranteed. FIGURE 3. Total returns closely match starting yields, regardless of whether prices are above (or below) par 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 Forward annualized return versus starting yield Starting yield Forward annualized return when starting price is above par Forward annualized return when starting price is below par Figure 3 demonstrates this point by comparing the forward annualized return for the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index, adjusted for duration, with its starting yield. Here, it is readily apparent that future returns closely track starting yields. Moreover, the narrative doesn't change whether the index is trading above or below par. Therefore, when evaluating bonds with the same characteristics but with different coupon payments, it is always best to compare their yields to maturity.3 Notes: Returns represent the annualized return on the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index using monthly data for the period that aligns with the index's starting modified adjusted duration, rounded to the nearest month. For instance, if on December 31, 2005, the duration on the index was 5 years, the forward annualized return would be from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2010. Yields represent the index's yield to worst (YTW) at the start of each calculation period. YTW is a measure for the lowest possible yield that may be earned on a bond absent the issuer defaulting. The last observation in the figure is September 30, 2015, because after that date the index's starting duration is longer than the time series. Past performance is no guarantee of future returns. The performance of an index is not an exact representation of any particular investment, as you cannot invest directly in an index. Sources: Vanguard analysis of Bloomberg data, as of March 2022. 2 Laddering refers to building a portfolio of bonds with a range of maturities. 3 Yield-to-maturity is the percentage rate of return on a bond, assuming that the bond is held to maturity. For bonds that may be called prior to their stated maturity, yield-to-worst is a preferable measure, as it accounts for the bond's call feature and represents the lowest possible yield that may be earned assuming no default. 4 As mentioned, this principal at maturity myth typically surfaces only when interest rates rise or are expected to rise. If rising rates mean there is a financial benefit to holding bonds to maturity, then falling rates should mean there is a benefit to selling them and reinvesting the proceeds in new bonds. Thus, an active trading strategy would be preferred over a simple buy-and-hold, laddered bond portfolio to take advantage of the market inefficiency. Ironically, this environment has been the norm for the past 20-plus years, yet the trading concept has not been endorsed by the investment community. One doesn't hear that when interest rates are falling, an open-end mutual fund or ETF with no set maturity date is the preferred structure. Thus, the appeal of holding a bond to maturity is likely emotional, as by not selling a bond at a discount to par, your clients are able to avoid the mental roadblock of “recognizing” a loss. Rather than let this behavioral bias win, advisors can seize this as an opportunity to flex their coaching muscles and leverage the trust they've built with clients to help produce better outcomes. Consider this analogy: Just because you chose not to sell your house when prices dipped does not mean it's worth more than the home of your neighbors, who did sell. The same logic applies to fixed income—whether the bonds are held individually, in a bond fund, or in a separately managed account (SMA).4 Diversification can mean higher returns for similar levels of risk In fixed income investing, diversification among issuers, credit qualities, and term structures is a primary consideration for municipal and corporate bonds. For laddered bond portfolios, issuance calendars do not offer consistent access to all types of bonds. On the contrary, with bond funds, greater diversification is possible because of the larger pool of investable assets and the continuous investment in new offerings. This, coupled with the professional staff needed to conduct risk, trade, and credit analysis allows funds to seek return opportunities farther out on the credit quality spectrum than is possible for an advisor. In the case of the latter, their clients may be seriously affected if even one issuer in their (much smaller) portfolio encounters problems. In the case of corporate bonds (and munis), the dynamic nature of credit risk makes it essential to diversify issuer- specific risk. The price volatility that results from a change in an issuer's credit rating is typically asymmetrical: When a credit downgrade occurs, a bond usually will drop much further in price than it would rise on news of an upgrade. This means that for holders of individual corporate bonds, the penalty for choosing a bond that is downgraded is usually greater than the reward for choosing one that gets upgraded. Professional fund managers who are fully focused on credit analysis may be better suited to spot these trends sooner and avoid the negative effects of downgrades and defaults. FIGURE 4. Incremental pickups in yields available relative to AA rated corporates Average option-adjusted spread Average cumulative defaults 0.0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.0% 1.2% 1.4% 1.6% 0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% AA rated Broad investment-grade Credit quality 0.98% 0.55% As a result, many individual bond portfolios exhibit a higher-quality bias relative to bond funds because of the inability to fully benefit from diversification. As shown in Figure 4, higher return opportunities, in terms of incremental yield, are available beyond AA rated corporates to compensate for the low, but always possible, risk of default—even when staying within the corporate investment-grade universe. A more diversified approach that spans the spectrum of investment-grade corporates can translate into a meaningful increase in yield without sacrificing the primary role of high-quality fixed income in a portfolio—acting as a ballast to risk assets. It should be noted that diversification of credit quality can also be achieved through passive exposure. Notes: Average option-adjusted spreads (OAS) cover the period of January 1997 to April 2022. AA rated as represented by ICE BofA US Corporate Index Option-Adjusted Spread; and broad investment-grade as represented by ICE BofA US Corporate Index Option-Adjusted Spread. OAS is a measure of the difference in yield of a bond and the comparable risk-free rate, adjusted to account for any embedded option. Analysis begins with AA rated corporates, as there are only two AAA rated corporate issuers. Average cumulative defaults are calculated by FitchRatings and represent the 10-year average cumulative defaults for the period of January 1990 to December 2021. Default rates are calculated on an issuer or security basis as opposed to dollar amounts. Sources: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, FitchRatings, and Vanguard analysis, as of April 2022. 4 Separately managed accounts are investment portfolios that are directly owned by an investor and managed by a professional investment firm. 5 FIGURE 5. Growth of hypothetical $1 million initial investment from January 1997 Ending wealth in (million USD) $3.2 $3.3 $3.4 $3.5 $3.6 $3.7 $3.8 $3.9 $4.0 AA corporates Broad I-G corporates $4.1 $4.2 Ending wealth with AA corporates Excess wealth with lower quality Figure 5 translates the lost return opportunities in Figure 3 into actual excess wealth created by expanding the investment opportunity set beyond AA rated bonds.5 For a long-term investor, being broadly invested in investment-grade corporates would have produced an additional $400,000 of nominal wealth, given a hypothetical, initial $1 million investment in 1997, relative to the same investment in AA rated corporates. Moreover, through broad diversification, as an advisor, you would be able to increase your client's long-term expected returns for their fixed income holdings, while significantly reducing single-issuer risk and still maintain high overall credit quality. Notes: Figure assumes a hypothetical initial $1 million investment on January 1, 1997, and held until April 30, 2022. AA corporates as represented by ICE BofA 5–10 Year AA US Corporate Index; and broad I-G corporates as represented by ICE BofA 5–10 Year US Corporate Index. Sources: Vanguard analysis of Morningstar data, as of April 2022. Past performance is no guarantee of future returns. The performance of an index is not an exact representation of any particular investment, as you cannot invest directly in an index. Transaction costs are real, but often go overlooked All bond portfolios incur costs. Though the management cost component often receives the lion's share of attention because it is readily apparent and known in advance, it also represents only one part of the equation. Less scrutinized, but similarly detrimental to long-term financial outcomes are transaction costs (e.g., bid-ask spreads). Ultimately, bid-ask spreads tend to vary by trade size and bond sector, and the size of the spread is typically larger for small transactions. Bond mutual funds and ETFs buy and sell large quantities of bonds, and these large transactions can command higher prices for sales and lower prices for buys. So long as the size of the spreads paid or received are inversely related to purchase lot size, bond funds have a transaction cost advantage over individual bond portfolios. The benefits of scale are most significant in the municipal bond market, but still relevant and tell a similar story to that of corporates. Figure 6 illustrates this point. It shows that in the municipal bond market, the spread for a retail trade (less than $100,000 per bond) on average has been consistently higher than that for an institutional trade. Specifically, between January 2019 and April 2021 the effective spread for transactions with a par value between $25,001 and $100,000 averaged 56.4 basis points (bps), while transactions with a par value of over $1 million averaged 20.2 bps. This differential translates to lower total return for clients who are not able to transact at scale.6 Additionally, large firms, such as Vanguard, are able to get the broadest access to bonds in the primary market, so it's not only about the size of the trade and lower costs, but also what bonds one gets to purchase. This is especially important as there tends to be a drop-off in liquidity as time passes from issuance. FIGURE 6. Spreads are significantly wider for retail trades relative to institutional trades (bps) $10,000 or less $10,001- $25,000 $25,001- $100,000 $100,001- $1 million $1 million+ 20.2 56.4 35.5 63.6 81.9 In the end, higher spreads translate into lower returns. Whether creating a taxable or tax-exempt bond portfolio for a client, the basic decision comes down to this: Does the fund expense ratio detract less from the portfolio's total return than (1) the return surrendered by a higher credit-quality bias, if one exists, (2) the default risk, if there is no quality bias, or (3) the additional transaction costs? It would be rare for the fund expense ratio (particularly in the case of a lower-cost bond fund) to be larger than the other costs. Notes: The above figure shows the average effective spread for municipal bond transactions of various sizes from January 2019 to April 2021. Effective spread is a measure of customer transaction costs and is computed daily for each bond as the difference between the volume-weighted average dealer-to-customer buy and sell price, and is then averaged across bonds using equal weighting. Sources: MSRB data and Vanguard analysis. 5 Though an advised client's fixed income portfolio is unlikely to be comprised of only intermediate-term (5- to 10-year maturity) U.S. corporate bonds. 6 As a simple example, if constructing an initial bond portfolio with an average duration of five years and transaction costs of 50 bps, it would translate to 10 bps per year. 6 Control of the portfolio One, or perhaps the only, advantage of self-directed individual bond portfolios and, to some extent, SMAs over pooled vehicles is the owner's ability to influence portfolio decisions. The motivation for maintaining control generally falls into three camps: strict portfolio guidelines that place firm restrictions on portfolio characteristics, such as credit-quality (e.g., all-AA portfolio) or limits on derivatives usage; matching portfolio cash-flows with specific liabilities (e.g., cash-flow matching); and tax concerns. Given the inflexibility of the first, and presumably, high-level of certainty of the second, we'll focus on the potential tax considerations, as certain common beliefs may be overstated and therefore warrant a discussion. Regarding taxes: Because clients directly own the bonds in an SMA or a laddered bond portfolio, as their advisor you can use any net losses from individual bond positions for tax purposes to partially offset your client's earned income or to offset realized capital gain liabilities from other investments. A mutual fund or ETF, on the other hand, cannot pass through realized losses to its shareholders. Instead, the fund uses realized losses against realized gains, and carries forward any excess losses to be used against future gains. Although this may defer the pass-through of losses, it provides long-term tax efficiency to the pooled structure. In addition, as the advisor, you have a further option: You can sell your clients' fund shares to realize a loss where applicable. Regarding individual bond portfolios or SMAs, another factor to consider is that to take advantage of losses in these accounts, you will incur transaction costs for your clients on both the sale of the current bond and the purchase of the new bond. Though all the above applies to both taxable and tax- exempt bonds, in terms of the latter, there is often the additional consideration of alternative minimum taxes (AMT). With an individual bond portfolio or SMA, the portfolio can be tailored to bonds that are exempt from AMT or specific to issues from your client's home state. While this is true, it is important to acknowledge that there are currently a number of state-specific vehicles available for your clients—particularly in states with high tax rates. Also, though it's sometimes forgotten, the key point that advisors should be concerned with is seeking to maximize client after-tax returns, rather than with minimizing taxes. Bonds issued outside a client's home state and bonds subject to AMT often carry higher yields to maturity. As a result, your clients may well get higher after- tax returns from a portfolio including such bonds. In addition, clients gain from increased diversification—an important benefit. With the preceding considerations in mind, it may be impractical to transition clients from their existing SMA solutions or portfolios of individual bonds into a primarily fund-aligned strategy. For advisors that already utilize an SMA or construct their own bond sleeves, a bond fund can serve as a strong complement—by providing some additional liquidity to the portfolio and a solution for reinvesting periodic cash flows from their individual bond holdings (or SMAs) to reduce potential cash drag. Conclusion For the reasons described in this paper, the vast majority of advisors who invest for their clients are best served through low-cost bond funds. Only those advised clients with the resources to achieve scale comparable to that of a mutual fund should consider putting certain control features ahead of the benefits that a pooled investment vehicle offers. Funds generally provide better diversification, greater return opportunities, lower transaction costs, and higher liquidity for your clients. For advisors, the time savings from outsourcing the day-to-day portfolio management can be reinvested in higher returning opportunities, such as deepening client relationships and growing your practice. Although bonds that are held directly can provide certain advantages over bond mutual funds—primarily related to control over security-specific decisions—such control comes at a cost. To construct an individual bond portfolio, an advisor must assign a very high value to the control benefits to justify the higher costs and additional risks involved. 6 7 References Bennyhoff, Donald, Scott Donaldson, Jamese Dunlap, and Daren Roberts, 2017. A topic of current interest: Bonds or bond funds? Valley Forge, Pa.: The Vanguard Group. Bennyhoff, Donald G., 2009. Municipal bond funds and individual bonds. Valley Forge, Pa.: The Vanguard Group. Donaldson, Scott J., 2009. Taxable bond investing: bond funds or individual bonds? Valley Forge, Pa.: The Vanguard Group. Li, David, Charlotte L. Needham, and Jake Han, 2022. 2021 Transition and Default Studies. FitchRatings. Wu, Simon Z., and Nicholas J. Ostroy, 2021. Transaction Costs During the COVID-19 Crisis: A Comparison between Municipal Securities and Corporate Bond Markets. Washington, D.C., Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board. Connect with Vanguard® advisors.vanguard.com • 800-997-2798 All investing is subject to risk, including the possible loss of the money you invest. Be aware that fluctuations in the financial markets and other factors may cause declines in the value of your account. There is no guarantee that any particular asset allocation or mix of funds will meet your investment objectives or provide you with a given level of income. Bond funds are subject to the risk that an issuer will fail to make payments on time and that bond prices will decline because of rising interest rates or negative perceptions of an issuer's ability to make payments. Investments in bonds are subject to interest rate, credit, and inflation risk. Although the income from municipal bonds held by a fund is exempt from federal tax, you may owe taxes on any capital gains realized through the fund's trading or through your own redemption of shares. For some investors, a portion of the fund's income may be subject to state and local taxes, as well as to the federal Alternative Minimum Tax. Diversification does not ensure a profit or protect against a loss. CFA® and Chartered Financial Analyst® are registered trademarks owned by CFA Institute. We recommend that you consult a tax or financial advisor about your individual situation. Vanguard is investor-owned, meaning the fund shareholders own the funds, which in turn own Vanguard. © 2022 The Vanguard Group, Inc. All rights reserved. U.S. Patent No. 6,879,964. FAIBVBF 112022

Can galaxies ever get destroyed? What happens to their stars? Do galaxies ever die? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman! This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month! Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Denis A, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, William W, Scott R, Bbjj108, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, and Couzy! Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.

Can galaxies ever get destroyed? What happens to their stars? Do galaxies ever die? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman!   This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month!   Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book   Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!   Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Denis A, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, William W, Scott R, Bbjj108, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, and Couzy!   Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs.  Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too!  Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://www.redbubble.com/people/CosmoQuestX/shop for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations.  Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) ------------------------------------ The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. http://www.psi.edu Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

The Mighty OOOSSSHHH - Live 14th July 2024.WAV by Scott J

What does it mean for the universe to have a center? Could we ever travel to ours? What is a singularity? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman! This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month! Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Denis A, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, William W, Scott R, Bbjj108, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, and Couzy! Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.

What does it mean for the Universe to have a center? Could we ever travel to ours? What is a singularity? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman!   This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month!   Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book   Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!   Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Denis A, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, William W, Scott R, Bbjj108, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, and Couzy!   Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs.  Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too!  Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://www.redbubble.com/people/CosmoQuestX/shop for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations.  Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) ------------------------------------ The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. http://www.psi.edu Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

How does length contraction work in relativity? Do moving objects really get shorter? What about from their perspective? How are we supposed to make sense of any measurement? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman! This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month! Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, BikeSanta, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Demethius J, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Bbjj108, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, and Couzy! Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.

How does length contraction work in relativity? Do moving objects really get shorter? What about from their perspective? How are we supposed to make sense of any measurement? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman!   This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month!   Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book   Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!   Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, BikeSanta, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Demethius J, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Bbjj108, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, and Couzy! Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs.  Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too!  Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://www.redbubble.com/people/CosmoQuestX/shop for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations.  Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) ------------------------------------ The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. http://www.psi.edu Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

What is the “cold spot” on the cosmic microwave background? Why shouldn't it exist? What are some possible explanations for it, and why are they unsatisfying? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman! This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month! Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, BikeSanta, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Demethius J, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Bbjj108, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, Couzy, Tim R, Mark R, Alan B, Craig B, Mark F, Richard K, Maureen R, Stace J, Stephen S, Stephen J, Joe R, David P, Sean M, Tracy F, Sarah K, Ryan L, Ella F, Thomas K, James C, Syamkumar M, Homer V, Mark D, Bruce A, Steven M, Bill E, Tim Z, Linda C, The Tired Jedi, Farshad A, Kenneth D, David W, dhr18, Lode D, Alyssa K, Bob C, Simon G, Red B, Herb G, Stephen A, James R, Robert O, Lynn D, Jeffrey C, Allen E, Michael S, Reinaldo A, Jessica M, Patrick M, Amy Z, Sheryl, John G, David W, Jonathan S, Sue T, Josephine K, Chris, P. Sprout, Michael S, Erlend A, James D, Larry D, Matt K, Charles, Jonathan S, and Karl W! Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.

Hosted by Paul M. Sutter. What is the “cold spot” on the cosmic microwave background? Why shouldn't it exist? What are some possible explanations for it, and why are they unsatisfying? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman!   This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month!   Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book   Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!   Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, BikeSanta, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Demethius J, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Bbjj108, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, Couzy, Tim R, Mark R, Alan B, Craig B, Mark F, Richard K, Maureen R, Stace J, Stephen S, Stephen J, Joe R, David P, Sean M, Tracy F, Sarah K, Ryan L, Ella F, Thomas K, James C, Syamkumar M, Homer V, Mark D, Bruce A, Steven M, Bill E, Tim Z, Linda C, The Tired Jedi, Farshad A, Kenneth D, David W, dhr18, Lode D, Alyssa K, Bob C, Simon G, Red B, Herb G, Stephen A, James R, Robert O, Lynn D, Jeffrey C, Allen E, Michael S, Reinaldo A, Jessica M, Patrick M, Amy Z, Sheryl, John G, David W, Jonathan S, Sue T, Josephine K, Chris, P. Sprout, Michael S, Erlend A, James D, Larry D, Matt K, Charles, Jonathan S, and Karl W!   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs.  Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too!  Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://www.redbubble.com/people/CosmoQuestX/shop for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations.  Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) ------------------------------------ The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. http://www.psi.edu Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

How do planets get tidally locked? What are these systems typically like? Can life find a home in such a challenging environment? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman! This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month! Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, BikeSanta, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Demethius J, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Bbjj108, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, Couzy, Tim R, Mark R, Alan B, Craig B, Mark F, Richard K, Maureen R, Stace J, Stephen S, Stephen J, Joe R, David P, Sean M, Tracy F, Sarah K, Ryan L, Ella F, Thomas K, James C, Syamkumar M, Homer V, Mark D, Bruce A, Steven M, Bill E, Tim Z, Linda C, The Tired Jedi, Farshad A, Kenneth D, David W, dhr18, Lode D, Alyssa K, Bob C, Simon G, Red B, Herb G, Stephen A, James R, Robert O, Lynn D, Jeffrey C, Allen E, Michael S, Reinaldo A, Jessica M, Patrick M, Amy Z, Sheryl, John G, David W, Jonathan S, Sue T, Josephine K, Chris, P. Sprout, Michael S, Erlend A, James D, Larry D, Matt K, Charles, Jonathan S, and Karl W! Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.

Life on the line! How do planets get tidally locked? What are these systems typically like? Can life find a home in such a challenging environment? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman!   This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month!   Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book   Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!   Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, BikeSanta, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Demethius J, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Bbjj108, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, Couzy, Tim R, Mark R, Alan B, Craig B, Mark F, Richard K, Maureen R, Stace J, Stephen S, Stephen J, Joe R, David P, Sean M, Tracy F, Sarah K, Ryan L, Ella F, Thomas K, James C, Syamkumar M, Homer V, Mark D, Bruce A, Steven M, Bill E, Tim Z, Linda C, The Tired Jedi, Farshad A, Kenneth D, David W, dhr18, Lode D, Alyssa K, Bob C, Simon G, Red B, Herb G, Stephen A, James R, Robert O, Lynn D, Jeffrey C, Allen E, Michael S, Reinaldo A, Jessica M, Patrick M, Amy Z, Sheryl, John G, David W, Jonathan S, Sue T, Josephine K, Chris, P. Sprout, Michael S, Erlend A, James D, Larry D, Matt K, Charles, Jonathan S, and Karl W!   Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs.  Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too!  Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://www.redbubble.com/people/CosmoQuestX/shop for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations.  Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) ------------------------------------ The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. http://www.psi.edu Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

If we went to the Moon already, why can't we go back so easily? What technology have we lost? What are we trying to do differently? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman! This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month! Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, BikeSanta, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Demethius J, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Bbjj108, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, Couzy! Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.

If we went to the Moon already, why can't we go back so easily? What technology have we lost? What are we trying to do differently? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman!   This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at:  betterhelp.com/spaceman  and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month!   Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book   Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!   Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Corey D, stargazer, Robert B, Tom G, Naila, BikeSanta, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Demethius J, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, David S, Scott R, Bbjj108, Heather, Mike S, Michele R, Pete H, Steve S, wahtwahtbird, Lisa R, Couzy!   Hosted by Dr. Paul M. Sutter.   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs.  Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too!  Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://www.redbubble.com/people/CosmoQuestX/shop for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations.  Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) ------------------------------------ The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. http://www.psi.edu Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

What's the most distant thing we can see with the naked eye? What about with a telescope? What about at other wavelengths? Is there anything more to see? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman! This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month! Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Barbara K, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey D, Tom G, Naila, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, David L, Rob W, Valerie H, Demethius J, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, Lewis I, Peter E, David S, Paul L, Jon-Boy, Scott R, Tim R, Mark R, Alan B, Craig B, Mark F, Richard K, Maureen R, Stace J, Stephen S, Stephen J, Joe R, David P, robert b, Sean M, Tracy F, Sarah K, Ryan L, Ella F, Sarah K, Richard S, Sam R, Thomas K, James C, Syamkumar M, Homer v, Mark D, Bruce A, Steven M, Bill E, Tim Z, Linda C, Scott M, Avery P, Farshad A, Kenneth D, Gary K, Paul G, David W, dhr18, Lode S, Alyssa K, Bob C, Simon G, Red B, Herb G, Stephen A, James R, Robert O, Lynn D, Jeffrey C, Allen E, Michael S, Reinaldo A, Jessica M, Patrick M, Amy Z, Sheryl, John G, David W, Jonathan S, Sue T, Josephine K, Chris, P. S, Michael S, Erlend A, James D, Larry D, Matt K, and Charles! Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.

What's the most distant thing we can see with the naked eye? What about with a telescope? What about at other wavelengths? Is there anything more to see? I discuss these questions and more in today's Ask a Spaceman!   This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/spaceman and get on your way to being your best self. Visit BetterHelp to get 10% off your first month!   Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Read a book: http://www.pmsutter/book   Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!   Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G, Chris L, Barbara K, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey D, Tom G, Naila, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, David L, Rob W, Valerie H, Demethius J, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, Scott J, Lewis I, Peter E, David S, Paul L, Jon-Boy,  Scott R,  Tim R, Mark R, Alan B, Craig B, Mark F, Richard K, Maureen R, Stace J, Stephen S, Stephen J, Joe R, David P, robert b, Sean M, Tracy F, Sarah K, Ryan L, Ella F, Sarah K, Richard S, Sam R, Thomas K, James C, Syamkumar M, Homer v, Mark D, Bruce A, Steven M, Bill E, Tim Z, Linda C, Scott M, Avery P, Farshad A, Kenneth D, Gary K, Paul G, David W, dhr18, Lode S, Alyssa K, Bob C, Simon G, Red B, Herb G, Stephen A, James R, Robert O, Lynn D, Jeffrey C, Allen E, Michael S, Reinaldo A, Jessica M, Patrick M, Amy Z, Sheryl, John G, David W, Jonathan S, Sue T, Josephine K, Chris, P. S, Michael S, Erlend A, James D, Larry D, Matt K, and Charles!   Hosted by Paul M. Sutter.   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs.  Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too!  Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://www.redbubble.com/people/CosmoQuestX/shop for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations.  Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) ------------------------------------ The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. http://www.psi.edu Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

Welcome to Alternative Dog Moms - a podcast about what's happening in the fresh food community and the pet industry.   Kimberly Gauthier is the blogger behind Keep the Tail Wagging, and Erin Scott hosts the Believe in Dog podcast.CHAPTERS:Origin Stories: How Scott started raw feeding; How Kimberly & Scott met; Why did Scott want to start helping others with raw feeding (0:54)The "secret sauce" of the Raw Feeding 101 Facebook Group (14:40)Scott's advice for how to choose a canine nutritionist and how he thinks about meal plans (21:41)The types of pet parents that Scott most commonly works with and the mistakes and concerns he most commonly sees (35:34)Is it really cheaper to do DIY versus premade? (49:58)Trigger Warning: organs, heads and other gross parts of raw feeding (57:02)The recent growing interest in raw feeding (1:07:52)What Scott is looking forward to in 2024 and the future of raw feeding (1:17:27)LINKS DISCUSSED:https://www.rawfeeding101.com/Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/rawfeeding101learntofeedrawOUR BLOG/PODCASTS...Kimberly: Keep the Tail Wagging, KeepTheTailWagging.comErin Scott: Believe in Dog podcast, BelieveInDogPodcast.comFACEBOOK...Keep the Tail Wagging, Facebook.com/KeepTheTailWaggingBelieve in Dog Podcast, Facebook.com/BelieveInDogPodcastINSTAGRAM...Keep the Tail Wagging, Instagram.com/RawFeederLifeBelieve in Dog Podcast, Instagram.com/Erin_The_Dog_MomThanks for listening to our podcast. You can learn more about Erin Scott's first podcast at BelieveInDogPodcast.com. And you can learn more about raw feeding, raising dogs naturally, and Kimberly's dogs at KeepTheTailWagging.com. And don't forget to subscribe to The Alternative Dog Moms.

Tune in to this special spotlight episode of Left Field Investors as we shine a light on current economic conditions with J Scott, co-owner of Bar Down Investments. In this spotlight episode, J Scott shares his expertise on the current economic outlook and how it impacts limited partner investors. He also offers valuable insights into upcoming trends that could influence the economy and investments. Join us and gain exclusive knowledge to enhance your passive investing strategy. Don't miss out on this thought-provoking conversation!   About J. Scott  J. Scott is a keen observer of economic trends, adept at analyzing data to discern patterns at the macro level. His approach to the economy is twofold: he not only relies on hard numbers and government-released data to gauge the state of affairs but also places significant emphasis on the sentiments and experiences of individuals. Scott recognizes the discrepancies that can arise between empirical data and public perception. He is currently focused on navigating a situation where such a divergence is particularly striking, highlighting his ability to synthesize different sources of information to understand complex economic realities.   Here are some power takeaways from today's conversation:3:05 Economic Outlook8:59 Sentiment vs data15:29 Where can you put your cash today for the future?17:12 Pay attention to this in the economy22:55 AI and the economy23:27 Thank you  This show is for entertainment purposes only. Nothing said on the show should be considered financial advice. Before making any decisions, consult a professional. This show is copyrighted by Passive Investing from Left Field and Left Field Investors. Written permissions must be granted before syndication or rebroadcasting.       Resources Mentioned:Website: www.JScott.comInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/jscottinvestor/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/jscottinvestorLinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jscottinvestor/Avoiding Rookie Errors as a Left Field Investor: 20 Lessons Learned From 14 Years of Passive Investing in Private Syndications by Steve Suh -  https://www.leftfieldinvestors.com/books/Advertising Partners:Left Field Investors - BEC - https://www.leftfieldinvestors.com/bec/Tribevest - https://www.tribevest.com/Rise48 - https://rise48.com/Vyzer - https://vyzer.co/

Sometimes, I stand at the intersection of history and personal narrative, feeling the weight of our collective past as it whispers to the present. In this episode, we're diving into the heart of post-war Austria, exploring the silent stories and untold legacies left in the wake of the nation's history with Nazism.As my partner is elsewhere, I stay behind in Vienna, balancing my roles as a partner, protector, and an individual wrestling with societal biases. This isn't just any episode; it's a revelation of the dichotomy between public confession and private sorrow, highlighted by our approaching tenth anniversary together.In This Episode:The silent narratives of Austria's past and its relationship with Nazism.An open conversation about the subtle racism and microaggressions experienced outside the familiarity of Vienna.The delicate ethics of master-slave relationships, advocating for emotional health within these complex dynamics.Reflections on coping with social anxiety and finding strength in community havens like The Crucible.So, make yourself comfortable; this episode is a journey. Whether you're working through your own struggles or seeking a moment of connection, we're in this together. Let's dive in.* * * * *

Hello new peeps that heard Part 1 of our conversation on Dixie's podcast!

When the two of us get together, you know it's about to get rowdy. Today I welcome one of my favorite people in the whole multiverse, the Prime Minister of Storytelling (I coined that), The Empress of Tea, the one and only, Dixie De La Tour. As you'll see in this episode, she is quite the storyteller. In fact, that's her whole life—you can check out her work (and podcast) at bawdystorytelling.com.On this episode, though, we talk about the wonderful, crazy world of Craigslist Casual Encounters (RIP). You'll hear about Dave the Ass Eater, 9/11, the Phive Page Phallus Portfolio, the "doctor bag", why Casual Encounters was good for women, the time I used a guy's card to extend my stay at a hotel (alone)....suffice it to say, this is a hell of an episode.  Links and Resources: kinkdoula.comPatreonMore from Dixie De La Tour  Thank you so much to my loyal Patrons who make this show possible!

Ever been in a room where it feels like everyone's judging you, even when you're just being yourself? In this episode, I open up about the emotional turbulence that hit me after attending a leather contest over Labor Day weekend. While I've worn many titles—from Miss San Francisco Leather to International Miss Leather—I've always strived to remain authentic. But what happens when our authenticity is met with superficiality? Dive in as I, along with my Spouse Meister, navigate the stormy seas of a community we once called home. In This Episode: My emotional unease after a month-long hiatus and the backstory behind it.The glitz and glam of leather contests and the weight of the titles.My Spouse Meister's inspiration to dive into the Master Slave contest.Unpacking a past feud with Taino and how it cast a shadow over the recent event.Reliving past grievances: the unpaid airfare and a social media debacle.Navigating negative energies and feeling like outsiders in a community we love.The significance of "dressage" and why a genuine Master-Slave relationship goes beyond mere display.Reflecting on self-worth, authenticity, and the lessons from my leather mom, Vi.A rejuvenating retreat in upstate New York with Barbara Carellas.A shoutout to the Carter Johnson leather library and the need to document our histories.  Thank you so much to my loyal Patrons who make this show possible!

**Oh, before you dive into this treasure trove of wisdom and whimsy, I must warn you about a little hiccup in the audio quality. Yep, our tech gremlins were out to play!

In this episode, we travel through personal reflections, pop culture delights, and the hard truths of controversy. Ever felt heartbroken over a cartoon or a song? Ever stood at the crossroads of your personal experiences and a high-profile celebrity scandal? Grab your favorite comfort item and join me as we explore it all together.I share with you the exhaustion and privilege of travel, my teaching experiences in Vienna, decisions in the kink community, and how the essence of home resides in relationships. We'll also delve into relationship appreciation, our love for "Steven Universe," and a very personal take on the current Lizzo controversy. Wrapping up with hope for Lizzo, the joy of creation, and a love-filled message of self-care and connection, complete with hydration reminders and emotive love sent your way.

Ever wondered how the worlds of spirituality, sexuality, and the corporate landscape might intertwine? Join us as we journey into the "Summer of Love" season!In this invigorating episode, we delve into the profound, exploring Rebecca's transformative experiences intertwining spirituality and sexuality. As for me, I dive into the heartwarming tale of how I came to be known as the "Kink Doula", offering healing and sensation rediscovery, after an epiphany during an Urban Tantra event in London.From drawing wisdom from kink and sexuality to pondering the impact of our love languages—both in personal relationships and the corporate world—our dialogue is both enlightening and relatable. Rebecca poses the soul-searching question, "Who are you being?", urging us to contemplate the essence of our beings beyond mere professions.As we introspect on our professional journeys and personal growth, we cannot help but delve deep into the importance of genuine relationships and self-awareness.Curious to learn more? You can connect with the insightful Rebecca via her websites rebeccalowrie.com and sexualalchemy.com or on social media as @rebeccalowrie.  Links and Resources: Rebecca Lowrie's website: Sexual AlchemyBook Mention: "Body Mind" by Ken DychwaldKink Doula Consultation********   Massive thanks to my loyal Patrons who make these heart-to-heart talks possible!

I'm here at the Birmingham Bizarre Bazaar in yet another lecture—this time about taboo play. What does "taboo" even mean? How can we discover our limits—and those of our partners? How can exploring what scares or unsettles us help us learn about ourselves? Listen to this episode for all this and more.   Massive thanks to my Patrons for making this show possible!

In today's episode, we're embarking on part 2 of my third lecture in my riveting lecture series, "Shy Freaks: BDSM for the Introvert." So, buckle up as we continue our deep dive into the intimate world of introverts in BDSM. Make sure to listen to part 1!Join me in redefining the narrative around our social anxieties, shifting from fear to self-awareness, and celebrating the beauty of our authentic selves in the journey of love and acceptance. ********************* Massive thanks to my Patrons for making this show possible!

In today's episode, we're embarking on part 1 of my third lecture in my riveting lecture series, "Shy Freaks: BDSM for the Introvert." So, buckle up as we continue our deep dive into the intimate world of introverts in BDSM.Join me in redefining the narrative around our social anxieties, shifting from fear to self-awareness, and celebrating the beauty of our authentic selves in the journey of love and acceptance. *************** Massive thanks to my Patrons for making this show possible!

Welcome back!In today's episode, we're embarking on part two of the riveting lecture series, "Shy Freaks: BDSM for the Introvert." So, buckle up as we continue our deep dive into the intimate world of introverts in BDSM. Make sure to listen to part 1!Join me in redefining the narrative around our social anxieties, shifting from fear to self-awareness, and celebrating the beauty of our authentic selves in the journey of love and acceptance.  Massive thanks to my Patrons for making this show possible!