Podcast appearances and mentions of duke william

SEASON 7: All Roads Lead to ClermontMiniseries: Southern Italy and Sicily, 1085 - 1095EPISODE 158: Rebellions & Conquests: Hauteville Edition, Pt1Roger Borsa may have inherited dad's domains, but Bohemond wasn't going to sit idly by and be left with nothing. The Balkans should've been his, so if they would one day be under his control he would have to begin by carving out a base of his own. All the while, Uncle Roger was closing in on his dream of conquest over all of Sicily…all while playing referee to his two troublesome nephews. Members-Only Series on Patreon:For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast. Social Media:YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel PodcastFacebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3 Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

SEASON 7: All Roads Lead to ClermontEPISODE 157: Catholic Corridors to the EastVenice and Hungary don't seem to have much in common, but they would pave the way for crusaders to make the long, treacherous journey to the Holy Land, whether by land or by sea. Members-Only Series on Patreon:For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast. Social Media:YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel PodcastFacebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3 Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

PHILOSOPHY SERIES 1: Foundations of Western ThoughtEPISODE 003: Socrates: Ideas Worth Dying ForAfter taking a look at the world of Socrates on the last episode — the Athenian Golden Age, Pericles, the Plague of Athens, the Peloponnesian War — we dive into Socrates' philosophy! Using a handful of Plato's Dialogues — Euthyphro, Meno, Gorgias, Theaetetus, Symposium, and Phaedo — we will find some of the foundational concepts in Western philosophy, foundations that will directly impact not only the Classical Age, but also the beginnings of Christianity, medieval philosophy, and onto today!Members-Only Series on Patreon:For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast. Social Media:YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel PodcastFacebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3 Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

PHILOSOPHY SERIES 1: Foundations of Western ThoughtEPISODE 001: Socrates In ContextOn this episode, we take a few minutes to outline why Socrates was the way he was and why his life ended the way it did. Philosophy, to some degree, is a reflection on one's world, one's circumstances, and if I try to preach anything it's context matters. We won't always do a “history episode” in this philosophy series, but I just strongly feel that one cannot truly understand the monumental thinking of Socrates without understanding his monumentally important world. Members-Only Series on Patreon:For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast. Social Media:YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel PodcastFacebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3 Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

PHILOSOPHY SERIES 1: Foundations of Western ThoughtEPISODE 001: Foundations: The Pre-SocraticsOn this episode, we begin, well, at the beginning…all of those amazing thinkers and tinkerers before Socrates. We call them the Pre-Socratics.Members-Only Series on Patreon:For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast. Social Media:YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel PodcastFacebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3 Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

ClosingSEASON 7: All Roads Lead to ClermontMiniseries: Iberia on the Eve of CrusadeEPISODE 156: Beginning of the ReconquistaKing Alfonso VI of Leon-Castile, leading up to the pivotal year of 1095, needed to change the face of the Almoravid Conquest happening in Iberia. The Almoravid War Machine was formidable, but that wouldn't draw people to Iberia to help fight against it. He needed to get people to invest in what was happening. But what he did, coupled with outside events at the same time, actually helped inspire something completely different than what he was hoping for. The Beginning of the Reconquista also marks the beginning of the First Crusade.Members-Only Series on Patreon:For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast. Social Media:YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel PodcastFacebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3 Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

SEASON 7: All Roads Lead to ClermontMiniseries: Iberia on the Eve of CrusadeEPISODE 155: End of the Taifa EraWhen eras end and kingdoms fall, one would be entirely justified in assuming that said “end” would come from some external source. But that's not always the case. Members-Only Series on Patreon:For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast. Social Media:YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel PodcastFacebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3 Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

SEASON 7: All Roads Lead to ClermontMiniseries: A Tale of Three BrothersEPISODE 154: Fingers In the DamThings have been going pretty great in England for a few years, but that may have only been people's wishful thinking. As 1093 drew to an end, the king had been growing ever more unpredictable and volatile, and no one, not even Archbishop Anselm, could rein the king in. It seems the dam holding back a tyrant was beginning to show cracks in its facade.St. Anselm's Letters to Gunnhilde:1st Letter from Anselm to Gunnhild2nd Letter from Anselm to GunnhildMembers-Only Series on Patreon:For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast. Social Media:YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel PodcastFacebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3 Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

SEASON 7: Miniseries: A Tale of Three BrothersEPISODE 153: The Henry FactorSome people have it — whatever it is. William Rufus was a force of personality, a courageous warrior, and an effective ruler. Robert Curthose was generous and also a courageous warrior. But Henry…? What did Henry have to offer? Well, they didn't call him Beauclerc for nothing, did they?Members-Only Series on Patreon:For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast. Social Media:YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel PodcastFacebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3 Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

Send us a textThis is the second of our two part series on the Norman Conquest. In it Jenny and I discuss the military challenges faced by King Harold Godwinson and Duke William of Normandy and the battles of Fulford Gate and Stamford Bridge, before turning to look closely at the Battle of Hastings (which did not actually take place at Hastings). I hope you will join us.There is a host of books on the Battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest, both academic and popular. I would glad to recommend some. Feel free to email me. Meanwhile, I'd recommend a couple of good collections of primary and secondary sources:Stephen Morillo, ed., The Battle of Hastings: Sources and Interpretations (The Boydell Press, 1996).R. Allen Brown, ed., The Norman Conquest. Documents of Medieval History 5 (Edward Arnold, 1984).The magazine "Medieval Warfare" devoted a special edition in 2017 to "1066: The Battle of Hastings." I highly recommend it for those interested in the military aspects of the battle.Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander NakaradaIf you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com

SEASON 7: Miniseries: A Tale of Three BrothersEPISODE 152: Rufus's New ArchbishopOn his deathbed, William Rufus has a change of heart regarding England's Church.Members-Only Series on Patreon:For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member! Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you:https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast. Social Media:YouTube Page:Fortune's Wheel PodcastFacebook Page:https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3 Twitter Page:https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

Send us a textThis is the first half of a two part series on the Norman Conquest of England. My cohost for both parts is a veteran of this podcast, Dr. Jennifer Paxton of the Catholic University of America. Jenny is one of the very best historians of Anglo-Norman England, so this is a subject right up her alley. In this episode we explore the historical background leading up to the Norman Conquest and the claims of the three rivals who fought for the English throne in 1066: Earl Harold Godwinson, King Harald Hardrada of Norway, and Duke William of Normandy. This is an episode that cries out for genealogical tables connecting the main claimants to the English throne in 1066. Fortunately, there are a number of useful and reliable ones online:For the family relations of the main claimants to the English throne in 1066, seehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror#/media/File:Tree_of_William's_struggle_for_England.svgThere is a nice table of the family of Earl Godwin at: https://achallengeforthethronebygeorgina.weebly.com/harold-godwinson.htmlAnd for Harald Hardrada, check out:https://www.medievalists.net/2021/08/harald-hardrada-exemplar-age/I'm pleased to say that 'Tis But A Scratch recently was recognized by Feedspot as one of the 25 best Viking Age Podcasts and one of the top 100 podcasts on the history of Europe:https://podcast.feedspot.com/viking_age_podcasts/https://podcast.feedspot.com/europe_podcasts/This episode includes an audio clip from Walt Disney's animated "Alice in Wonderland." To understand why, you will just have to listen to the episode.Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander NakaradaIf you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com

This episode outlines one of William Rufus's most enduring contributions to England's long and storied past: the border with the kingdom's northern neighbor, Scotland. SEASON 7: Miniseries: A Tale of Three Brothers EPISODE 151: Rufus & The Northern Border Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

SEASON 7: Miniseries: A Tale of Three Brothers EPISODE 150: A Brother Rejected This episode spans the entire duchy of Normandy, from one end to the other, and, symbolically, is the first shot in a decade-long struggle between the brothers that will see but one winner when it's all said and done. Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

SEASON 7: Miniseries: A Tale of Three Brothers EPISODE 149: The Price of Rebellion Examples need to be made and people need to be paid after Odo's rebellion against King William II of England. Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

As Edward the Confessor lay dying, he sprang from a deep sleep and told of a dream he had involving a green tree. Could he have glimpsed a prophecy of the future of England? And would that prophecy come to fruition in the earliest days of the reign of King William II Rufus? SEASON 7: Miniseries: A Tale of Three Brothers EPISODE 147: The Green Tree Prophecy, Part 1 Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

The Rebellion of 1088 was a markedly important moment in English history in which the fate of the kingdom — the promise all of those glorious centuries to come — hung in the balance. Would the battered and beaten English choose to remain rebellious against the sons of The Conqueror, or would they choose a new path forward? SEASON 7: Miniseries: A Tale of Three Brothers EPISODE 148: The Green Tree Prophecy, Part 2 Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

SEASON 7: Miniseries: A Tale of Three Brothers EPISODE 146: Inheritance & Division England, 1087: William the Conqueror was dead. His sons, Robert Curthose, William Rufus, and Henry Beauclerc were left to clean up the mess. Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

On the 14th October 1066 two armies faced each other on the south coast of England. One, under Harold Godwinson was tired after marching from the north but had the high ground. The other was a foreign force led by Duke William of Normandy. The result of this battle, not far from Hastings, would have major ramifications for European and world history. Joining me are two writers to discuss the events leading up to Hastings, the claims on the English throne, the battles beforehand and the characters involved. Adam Staten and Paul Bernardi are the authors of series set during the Norman invasion. Episode Links Honour Bound: Blood Debt & Oath Breaker, by Adam Staten The Huscarl Chronicles: Thurkill's Revenge, Thurkill's Battle, Thurkill's Rebellion; Blood Feud, by Paul Bernardi Aspects of History Links Latest Issue out - Annual Subscription to Aspects of History Magazine only $9.99/£9.99 Ollie on X Aspects of History on Instagram Get in touch: history@aspectsofhistory.com Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Fortune's Wheel is embarking on a new chapter in our shared medieval history. Thank you for listening and thank you for your support.  SEASON 7: Drums of War EPISODE 145: The Next Turn of the Wheel Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

SEASON 6 FINALE!!! Dilexi iustitiam et odivi iniquitatem, propterea morior in exilio. I hope you are sitting down for this one. I have one more bit of news to share with you all. The question is…how will the Countess take the news? Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

Hic Terror Mundi, Guiscardo. It's one of the most powerful epitaphs in world history. Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

One of the most devastating events in the Middle Ages occurs on this episode. The fact that it isn't talked about more is, frankly, criminal. And of all of our protagonists and antagonists in this season of the podcast, you may be surprised who it affects the most.  Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

Robert Guiscard returns to Apulia, Count Roger deals with his own issues back in Sicily, and Pope Gregory VII is driven into hiding. The period of 1082 - 1084 is a rollercoaster. Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast 

Pope Gregory VII is stuck in Rome awaiting his knight in shining armor, Duke Robert Guiscard, who just returned to quell the uprisings in Apulia and Calabria. Henry IV is within reach of his life's ambition, and Emperor Alexios is broken but not finished. And there is one place that is at the center of it all: Castel Sant'Angelo. Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

This is an addendum episode. I realized that in the course of narrating some pretty exciting and fast-paced events in 1081, I regretfully felt that there were a few crucial explanations I failed to fully explain. These are very important to understand the entire context, and I felt it necessary to fill in the gaps before moving forward. But this is the process of understanding history, isn't it? If you get something wrong or fail to include something, it's better to take the time and fix the oversight rather than ignore it. Thanks for understanding, everyone. Studying history isn't as linear and simple as those textbooks make it out to be, is it?  Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

Emperor Alexios I Komnenos is on the run, blood dripping from a fresh wound to his cheek. Does he escape to safety? Or is he captured? What exactly occurred in the immediate aftermath of the epic Battle of Durazzo in 1081? Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast 

Alexios Komnenos versus Robert Guiscard in a clash for the ages: The Battle of Durazzo. Is Guiscard's invasion of Eastern Rome even feasible? Without Durazzo, it's not. Durazzo is a must-win situation for both sides. Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

Spring, summer and fall of 1081 — There is so much happening on both sides of the Adriatic during this time period. On this episode, we will keep up to date on it all. You won't want to miss it! Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

Norman versus Eastern Roman. Robert Guiscard versus Alexios Komnenos. The war begins, but Guiscard gets an unexpected surprise before the Battle of Durazzo. Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

What were the reasons — besides the flimsy “deposed emperor turned up randomly in my court 600 miles away to ask for help in getting his throne back” — for Robert Guiscard's invasion of the Balkans and attempt on the crown of Eastern Rome? Beyond that, what was the first step in that invasion and why? Members-Only Series on Patreon: For only a dollar per month, you can hear multiple varying stories and storylines so far through the 11th century, including but not limited to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland, what's happening on the Continent while Duke William is conquering England, and, currently, our series called “The Book of Alexios” detailing all those details of the monumental medieval emperor, Alexios Komnenos, that didn't make it into the public podcast. Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member!  Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

Schemes, preparations, and solidifications…oh my! Here is another chapter in our tale of a pope and his vassals, which, after a three-episode peek into Eastern Roman history, will directly set up something huge that's about to happen. We're turning another corner here as the narratives begin to take a wider view of European politics, but keep an eye on Duke Robert, the Old Fox, as he prepares for his most ambitious conquest to date! Members-Only Series on Patreon: With subscriptions starting at just one dollar per month, consider joining our Supporting Listeners Patreon group where you can experience whole series not available on the public podcast, including but not limited to Poland's 11th century, the background information of what's happening on the Continent during Duke William's Conquest of England, the papacy of Alexander II, and so much more. Currently, we are on the series entitled “The Book of Alexios” detailing Alexios Komnenos's rise to power and it will extend through his entire reign as emperor, providing a crucial backdrop to the Crusades. https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast.  Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

On this episode, Alexios Komnenos storms Constantinople in a bid to take the crown of Eastern Rome for himself.  Patreon: With subscriptions starting at just one dollar per month, consider joining our Supporting Listeners Patreon group where you can experience whole series not available on the public podcast, including but not limited to Poland's 11th century, the background information of what's happening on the Continent during Duke William's Conquest of England, the papacy of Alexander II, and so much more. Currently, we are on the series entitled “The Book of Alexios” detailing Alexios Komnenos's rise to power and it will extend through his entire reign as emperor, providing a crucial backdrop to the Crusades. Patreon Series 4: The Book of AlexiosBackground for this series can be found between episodes 104 and 106. This series fits between public episodes 119 and 133. Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3 Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

On this episode, we iron out all the details leading up to Alexios Komnenos's taking of the crown of Eastern Rome. Patreon: With subscriptions starting at just one dollar per month, consider joining our Supporting Listeners Patreon group where you can experience whole series not available on the public podcast, including but not limited to Poland's 11th century, the background information of what's happening on the Continent during Duke William's Conquest of England, the papacy of Alexander II, and so much more. Currently, we are on the series entitled “The Book of Alexios” detailing Alexios Komnenos's rise to power and it will extend through his entire reign as emperor, providing a crucial backdrop to the Crusades. Patreon Series 4: The Book of AlexiosBackground for this series can be found between episodes 104 and 106. This series fits between public episodes 119 and 132. Social Media: YouTube Page: Fortune's Wheel Podcast Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3  Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast

When his cousin King Edward the Confessor died childless, Duke William of Normandy saw the throne of England as his birthright. But one man stood in his way, Harold Godwinson, whom Edward had named as king on his deathbed.In the third episode of our special series examining the build-up to the Battle of Hastings, Dr. Eleanor Janega is joined by Professor Judith A. Green to find out more about the man who would change the course of British and European history.This episode was edited by Ella Blaxill and produced by Rob Weinberg.Discover the past with exclusive history documentaries and ad-free podcasts presented by world-renowned historians from History Hit. Watch them on your smart TV or on the go with your mobile device. Get 50% off your first 3 months with code MEDIEVAL sign up now for your 14-day free trial >You can take part in our listener survey here.

We talk haunted pubs again with child spirits, ghosts in the toilet and tall, top hatted men spirits. We then go over to the Bates Hall that is home to over 14 spirits and one called Richard who wants to kill the landlord.www.linktree.com/pursuitoftheparanormal

1066 was the year that England's destiny was decided. In this superbly analysed episode, the author Don Hollway takes us back to the scenes of the three great battles that changed the course of history: Fulford, Stamford Bridge and Hastings. *** The drama of 1066 began in its very first week, with the death of the old king, Edward the Confessor, on 5 January. The following day the powerful earl Harold Godwinson was crowned in Westminster Abbey and the dynamic was set for the clash that followed. Harold's claim to the throne was famously put down to a deathbed wish from Edward. But this was complicated by an earlier promise Edward had seemingly to Duke William of Normandy. While King Harold looked nervously towards the Channel that summer, for signs of a Norman invasion, another grave threat was developing in the north. In September 1066 the news reached London that Harald ‘Hardrada' the Viking king had landed with a great army of invasion near York. The month that followed would be one of the most dramatic and decisive in English history as a trio of battles were fought in the north and south. In this episode, Don Hollway, the author of The Last Viking: The True Story of King Harald Hardrada takes us back to these three battles. While they were fought on different terrain and in different parts of the country, he points out, they all had one key point in common: the failure of a shield wall. For more, as ever, visit our website: tttpodcast.com. Show notes Scene One: 20 September 1066. The Battle of Fulford, just south of York in the north of England. Scene Two: 25 September 25 1066. Stamford Bridge, east of York. Scene Three: 14 October 1066. Hastings on the south coast, or more precisely Senlac Hill, a few miles inland. Memento: Harald Hardrada's raven flag or Harold Godwinson's ‘fighting man' flag. People/Social Presenter: Peter Moore Guest: Don Hollway Production: Maria Nolan Podcast partner: Ace Cultural Tours Theme music: ‘Love Token' from the album ‘This Is Us' By Slava and Leonard Grigoryan Follow us on Twitter: @tttpodcast_ See where 1066 BC fits on our Timeline

In this five part series, we examine the events of 1066 during which Duke William sets sail from the shores of Normandy, France in order to conquer England.  This episode first examines the treachery of Tostig before examining the first major battle of 1066 - the battle of Stamford Bridge.  We then attempt to understanding Harold's decision making as he rushes to his second major engagement - this time with William at the Battle of Hastings.   Contact the show at resourcesbylowery@gmail.com  If you would like to financially support the show, please use the following paypal link.  Any support is greatly appreciated and will be used to make future episodes of the show even better.   Expect new shows to drop on Wednesday morning except for during the Winter Break period and Summer. Music is licensed through Epidemic Sound

In this five part series, we examine the events of 1066 where Duke William sets sail from the shores of Normandy France to conquer England.  This episode focuses on William himself as he consolidates his control over Normandy in preparation for his cross-channel invasion. We go in-depth on whether or not William's claim to the throne had any merit or not and look at his interactions with both Edward and Harold Godwinson of England.  Contact the show at resourcesbylowery@gmail.com  If you would like to financially support the show, please use the following paypal link.  Any support is greatly appreciated and will be used to make future episodes of the show even better.   Expect new shows to drop on Wednesday morning except for during the Winter Break period and Summer. Music is licensed through Epidemic Sound

In this five part series, we examine the events of 1066 where Duke William sets sail from the shores of Normandy France to conquer England.  This episode focuses on Harald Hardrada, the Viking King of Norway, who fought Harold Godwinson at Stamford Bridge in 1066.  We examine the mythological stories at the core of the Viking identify, Harald's exile to Kiev and subsequent service to the Byzantine Empire.  Finally, we look at his rise and reign as the King of Norway before Tostig Godwinson lures him across the sea to reclaim Cnut's England.   Contact the show at resourcesbylowery@gmail.com  If you would like to financially support the show, please use the following paypal link.  Any support is greatly appreciated and will be used to make future episodes of the show even better.   Expect new shows to drop on Wednesday morning except for during the Winter Break period and Summer. Music is licensed through Epidemic Sound

In this five part series, we examine the events of 1066 where Duke William sets sail from the shores of Normandy France to conquer England.  This episode focuses on the Viking history of England beneath the rule of Cnut the Great, Edward the Confessor's reign, and the rise of Harold Godwinson - the man who would square off against William at the decisive battle of Hastings. Contact the show at resourcesbylowery@gmail.com  If you would like to financially support the show, please use the following paypal link.  Any support is greatly appreciated and will be used to make future episodes of the show even better.   Expect new shows to drop on Wednesday morning except for during the Winter Break period and Summer. Music is licensed through Epidemic Sound

HAHA Part 17 The Papacy at its Height Today we look at the papacy at the height of its power… After Charlemagne, the church declined rapidly into its lowest point - immorality, corruption, simony (buying positions in the Church). However that was soon to change! Throughout Europe, civil authorities sought power over the church and endeavoured to limit the power of the Pope. However, reform was coming and the church started to get its own house in order. The Cluniac Monastic Movement -  This as a reform movement started by Duke William 1 in the year 910, in a monastery in Cluny, France to purify the monastic movement. Most of the needed reforms were undertaken by Odo and quickly spread throughout France, England, Spain and Italy. The catalyst for this reform was the large scale corruption with the church. Simony and concubinage were rife and resulted from secular interference and the Church's strict integration with the ruling systems. The reforms set in place, quickly spread quickly, to over 350 houses in the 10th century. This produced many prominent leaders who set out to reform the Church. We will see more of those leaders in coming episodes of this series. In 1059, the papacy was removed from interference from secular powers. The creation of the College of Cardinals was formed to elect new Popes. Hildebrand – He is also known as Pope Gregory VII. Before he came to power, he was an archdeacon. He strongly advocated the celibacy of the clergy and attacked simony and corruption. Hildebrand fought for freedom of the church from the state. He claimed everyone was to be subject primarily to the Pope, before they were subject to the civil authorities. He had a long battle with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, and was eventually placed in exile. He did perpetuate the thought that pope was the visible head of the church and the presence of Peter in all bishops of Rome, the Pope. The church attained a state of power and authority over the lives of all people and sought to influence every aspect of their lives. The Crusades (1095 - 1270) - These were religious wars fought by the Western empire to recover Holy Land from Islam and to protect Constantinople. There were 7-8 major crusades, although this was a continual flow of people. People were offered incentives to join - miraculous provision; no tax; free from purgatory etc. Thousands died on the long journeys. Only the 1st crusade was successful in regaining Jerusalem. They arrived in 1099, and subsequently lost it in 1150, and it was never regained. The remaining crusades achieved very little despite the great efforts. Chief behind these crusades was Pope Innocent III. Innocent III (1198 - 1216) - Pope Innocent III humiliated the kings of England and France, and forced them to be obedient to himself and his whims. This shows that he had great power and control over nearly all Christian kings in Europe. Innocent III had the same policies as Hildebrande, but carried them out to a greater success rate He presided over the 4th Lateran Council - one of the Roman Catholic churches greatest councils. 4th Lateran Council - This Council called by Pope Innocent III and began November 11, 1215 in Rome's Lateran Palace. It is also sometimes called the General Council of Lateran with over 1400 participants from the breadth of the church clergy, as well as representatives of several monarchies. Innocent III presented 71 decrees over the course of the Council. This included the decree to free the holy Land from Islam rule, which was part of the Crusades. Those decrees were ratified with little discussion and enacted upon. Some of the things ratified at the Council included: Procedures to penalise heretics and their protectors Great encouragement to the Orthodox church to reunite with the Roman Church and accept its decrees, that there may visibly be only one church. The decree Omnis Utriusque Sexus, whereby all Christians were to confess their sins at least once a year to their own priest. This was ratification of earlier decrees, therefore making confession before a priest a sacramental obligation. Jews and Muslim peoples were to wear special clothing in order to distinguish them from Christians. Christian authorities were to take action against blasphemous behaviour. That's it for this time! Next time in our series we will start to look at the Church in the Middle Ages. Thanks for listening! Come back to Partakers, where every day there is something new to encourage your walk as a Christian in the 21st century. Tap or click here to save this as an audio mp3 file

Today, we have a lot of questions following the death of King Harold II Godwinson. What was the battlefield like the next day? Who was still left in England to put up a resistance against Duke William? And, most importantly, who was king of England in late-October of 1066? Useful Links Mentioned in the Episode: Injuries From Medieval Arrows Just As Horrific As Gunshot Wounds. Heritage Daily. (2020, May 7). Retrieved July 13, 2022, from https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/05/injuries-from-medieval-arrows-just-as-horrific-as-gunshot-wounds/128492 Martin Foys | Published in History Today Volume 66 Issue 10 October 2016. (2016, October 10). Shot through the eye and who's to blame? History Today. Retrieved July 13, 2022, from https://www.historytoday.com/shot-through-eye-and-who%E2%80%99s-blame Members-Only Series on Patreon: Don't forget to head over to Patreon, as well, to hear an entirely new series on the rise of Poland during the 10th and 11th centuries! For only a few bucks per month, you can hear this fascinating tale of how a small group of Slavs transformed into the formidable Polish people who will one day direct European politics for over a century! Every dime donated will be put directly back into the show, so I hope you consider becoming a Patreon member! Just follow this link to our Patreon page to peruse the right “subscription” for you: https://www.patreon.com/FortunesWheelPodcast. Social Media: Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/fortunes.wheel.3 Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/WheelPodcast Music: Music for this episode is called “Psycho” by Alex Besss (not a typo on the last name). Check him out at https://uppbeat.io/t/alex-besss/psycho [License code: Z56NEGWX66PXWD2G] --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/fortuneswheelpodcast/support

Duke William was experienced at wielding terror.  Whether he was at home or on campaign, William often employed terror tactics. The people of France were well aware of this, and now the English were learning his skill first hand. 

Judith Green reveals how there is much more to the Norman story than the events of the 1066 Conquest We all know the story of the Norman Conquest, when Duke William of Normandy led his troops across the Channel and took the crown of England. However, as Professor Judith Green tells David Musgrove, there is a lot more to the history of the Normans than the events of 1066. (Ad) Judith Green is the author of The Normans: Power, Conquest and Culture in the 11th Century Europe (Yale University Press, 2022). Buy it now from Amazon:https://go.skimresources.com?id=71026X1535947&xcust=historyextra-social-Histboty&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FNormans-Conquest-Culture-Century-Europe%2Fdp%2F0300180330 See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Harold was killed on the battlefield and, although his exact cause of death isn't known, it signalled the collapse of the ...

Harold Godwinson discovers that his challenger from across the channel, Duke William of Normandy, has secured a papal censure from Rome, rallying his countrymen invade England and seize the throne.Music by Philip D. Adams

The guys debate the legalization of marijuana, Hound Dog and Buck make fun of Slo Rides pink notebook, and the Duke of Wynewood, William Houndstooth makes a guest appearance. Officer Bruce Moore of the Sylva NC Police Department send the podcast a nice gift. All while enjoying and rating Bulleit Bourbon.

On 14 October 1066, Norman invaders led by Duke William of Normandy won a decisive victory over the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson. But why did William have a claim on the English throne? How did the Battle of Hastings unfold? And how did William the Conqueror change England forever? To answer the big questions about this decisive battle, Rob Weinberg talks to Professor Virginia Davis, of Queen Mary University of London. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

On 14 October 1066, Norman invaders led by Duke William of Normandy won a decisive victory over the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson. But why did William have a claim on the English throne? How did the Battle of Hastings unfold? And how did William the Conqueror change England forever? To answer the big questions about this decisive battle, Rob Weinberg talks to Professor Virginia Davis, of Queen Mary University of London. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

On 14 October 1066, Norman invaders led by Duke William of Normandy won a decisive victory over the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson. But why did William have a claim on the English throne? How did the Battle of Hastings unfold? And how did William the Conqueror change England forever? To answer the big questions about this decisive battle, Rob Weinberg talks to Professor Virginia Davis, of Queen Mary University of London. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

  Season 1, Episode 16 For Monday, May 4, 2015 “The Newest Princess” HOST:  Emily Hatfield     Show Notes: It’s an exciting time in the British Royal Family! On Saturday, Her Royal Highness, Princess of Cambridge was born to excited parents Duke William and Duchess Catherine of Cambridge. This little girl is already the most […]

After 15 episodes we finally come to the most famous year in English history. Harold Godwinson has taken the throne to become Harold II, but he is facing invasion from two powerful rivals. In Normandy, Duke William is massing an invasion force to take the crown promised to him by Edward the Confessor. Meanwhile, the fearsome Viking Harald Hardrada, backed by Tostig Godwinson, is planning to press his own tenuous claim. Three men, three battles - one year, one victor. It's 1066!

The young Duke William seemed destined not to survive his childhood. Orphaned before he was ten, he became a plaything of powerful nobles as one by one his guardians were killed off. Normandy descended into chaos as central authority disappeared and ambitious knights began to carve out their own independent kingdoms. The king of France, looking to exploit the situation, invaded the Duchy seizing castles and encouraging a general revolt. But against all these odds, William somehow triumphed, defying both king and nobility and stamping his authority over his Duchy as few others would. Join Lars Brownworth as he looks at the early career of Normandy's most famous Duke.

This episode is titled – The Great Recession.I usually leave house-keeping comments for CS to the end of each episode but wanted to begin this by saying thanks to all who subscribe, listen regularly, and have turned others on to the podcast.Website stats tell us we have a lot of visitors & subscribers. Far more than you faithful ones who've checked in on the Facebook page & hit the “like” button. Can I ask those of you who haven't yet to do so?Then, if you're one of the many who accesses the podcast via iTunes, you probably know how difficult it can be to find what you're looking for there. Millions use iTunes as their podcast portal yet the search feature is clunky. So tracking down what you want can be a challenge. What helps people find content on iTunes is reviews. So, if you're an iTunes user and like CS, you could be a great asset by writing a brief review for the podcast. Thanks ahead of time.Okay, enough shameless self-promotion . . .Christianity more than proved its vitality by enduring waves of persecution prior to Constantine the Great. When persecution was withdrawn & the Faith climbed out of the catacombs to become the darling of the State, the question was whether it would survive the corruption political power inevitably brings. While many thousands of pagans professed faith because it was the politically expedient thing to do, some sincere believers marked the moral corruption that took place in the church & forsook society to practice a purer faith in monasteries, as we saw in our last episode.The institutional Church, on the other hand, organized itself in a manner that resembled the old Roman Imperial system. When the Empire crumbled under the weight of its own corruption, that fall accelerated by barbarian invasions, the question was, would Christianity fall with it?The story of Christianity in the West is a remarkable tale of survival. So often in history, when a culture is swept away, so is its religion. Christianity has proven an exception. As often as not it endured when the culture changed. Such was the case in Europe and the events that followed the Fall of Rome at the end of the 5th Century.When the Gospel first came to those urban centers which were the cultural heart of the Roman Empire in the late 1st & early 2nd Centuries, it was regarded as a Jewish reform movement. Its first converts were Jews scattered around the Empire and those Gentiles who'd attached themselves to the Jewish synagogues. But once these God-fearing Gentiles came to faith, they evangelized their Gentile friends. Following Paul's example in speaking to the philosophers on Mars Hill, these Gentile Christians recast the Gospel in Greco-Roman terms, using ideas & values familiar to the pagan mind.When I say “pagan” don't think of it as the insult it is in our modern vernacular; someone void of moral virtue. By pagan, I mean those who practiced the religion of the Greeks & Romans with its pantheon of gods. In that sense, Plato & Aristotle were pagans. Zeno, the philosopher who developed Stoicism, was a pagan. These were all men who developed the philosophical framework that shaped the worldview of Greco-Roman culture & society. They asked some penetrating questions that provided the intellectual backdrop of the 1st & 2nd Centuries. Gentile Christians picked up these questions & used them to say they'd found their answers in Christ. Many other pagans found these arguments convincing & were won to faith. Some of the Early Church Fathers even appealed to the ancient philosophers in the formal letters they wrote to the Emperors on why persecution of Christians was bad policy. They argued for a promotion of the Faith as a boon to the health of culture, not a harm to it. Their defense of the Faith was couched in terms the Emperors were familiar with because they shared the same philosophical language.My point here is that Christianity made an appeal to the Greco-Roman worldview it was growing in the midst of. So, what would happen when that society fell?Also, the Church's organizational structure increasingly came to resemble the Imperial structure. What would happen when that was dismantled? Would the Faith survive? Had Christianity grown too close to the culture?The answer is à Yes & no. The Empire's demise did pose a set-back to the Church. But we might ask if maybe that was good. The institutional Church had in many ways deviated from its purpose & calling. Not a few bishops were far more concerned for their political power than for their role as spiritual shepherds. In many minds, spiritual & earthly power had merged into the same thing.Rome's fall allowed the Faith to break away from the political attachments that had corrupted it for a century & a half.  But there's little doubt that from the 6th through 9th Centuries, Christianity suffered a kind of spiritual declension. Over that 400 years, the total number of people who claimed be Christians dropped, fresh movements of renewal declined, & moral & spiritual vigor flagged.  While there were exceptions, overall, Christianity lost ground, giving this period of time in Church history the title, as Kenneth Scott Latourette calls it, the Great Recession.Following the timeline of Church history at this point becomes difficult because so much was going on in various places. So for the balance of this episode, I want to give a quick sketch of both the many reversals & few advances Christianity saw from the 6th thru 9th Centuries.When the Goths, Visigoths, & Ostrogoths moved in to pick clean the bones of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th Century, something remarkable happened. While they helped themselves to the wealth of the Empire, they also adopted some of the Roman customs they admired. But nothing was so surprising as their embrace of Christianity. In truth, these barbarians were already what we'd have to describe as nominally Christian. Their invasion of & settling into Roman lands greatly furthered their identification with the Faith.Remember that in the ancient world, war was more than just an attempt to take land & plunder; it was a contest of faiths. The ancients believed armed conflict was a kind of spiritual tug of war. The mightiest god gave his or her people victory. This is why when one people defeated another, the loser's religion was often wiped out.But the Germanic barbarians tended to embrace Christianity rather than destroy it. There was something different in the message of Christ from their ancient folk faiths that drew and converted them. So when they took down the Roman Imperial structure, they left the churches intact. Bishops continued to exercise oversight in their flocks.Unlike other religions, Christianity was super-cultural. It wasn't just the faith of one group; it potentially embraced all. Even those who rejected the Gospel recognized it wasn't merely the spirituality of a specific ethnic group. Its message transcended culture to encompass all humanity.That was the situation on the north & northeastern borders of the Empire. The situation in the south was very different.  In the 7th Century, Islam swept out of Arabia to conquer the Middle East & North Africa. The Muslims managed to get a foothold in Spain before the armies of Charles Martel stopped them pushing any further North in 732. Where Islam conquered, it replaced native religions. Enclaves of determined Jews & Christians eked out an existence but by & large, the Crescent replaced the Cross throughout the Middle East & North Africa.While there's no specific date or event that marked the onset of the Great Recession, we'll set the year 500 as the starting point.  Here's why …In 476 the last Roman Emperor was deposed by the Goth leader Odoacer. This marks the end of the Western Roman Empire. The capital then shifted undisputedly to Constantinople in the East.20 years later, in 496, the Frank king Clovis was baptized. This marked a new era in which Germanic rulers became the standard-bearers of the Faith instead of Romans.Then in 529, the Eastern Emperor Justinian closed the Schools of Athens. These academies were the last official symbols of Greco-Roman paganism. Justinian ordered them closed to signal the final triumph of Christianity over paganism.In that same year, 529, Benedict built his monastery on Monte Cassino as we saw in our last episode. The Benedictine Rule was to have a huge impact on the course of the Faith in the West.While Christianity seemed to stumble in many of the places where it had been installed 3 & 400 years before, it continued its relentless spread into new territory. It was during the early 6th Century that the Faith went up the Nile into Sudan. In the latter part of that century, Pope Gregory sent missionaries to Britain and in the early 7th Century the Gospel reached China.But the 7th Century was when the Arab conquests began. In less than 20 years after Mohammed's death, Islam had raised its banner over, Israel, Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, & Egypt. Before the end of the Century they'd conquered all North Africa, including the capital at Carthage and by 715 had taken Spain.If you've been listening from the earliest episodes, you know that these lands the Arabs conquered had a rich Christian history, especially in North Africa. Alexandria & Carthage were home to some of the most prominent Christian leaders & theologians – Athanasius & Arius, Alexander, Cyril, & Augustine, to name a few.At the same time, the Arabs were spreading Islam across Christian lands, up in the Balkan peninsula & Greece, pagan Slavs moved in. In 680, Asians called Bulgars crossed the Danube River & set up a kingdom in what had been the Eastern frontier of the Empire.Between these losses to the Arabs in the South & the Slavs & Bulgars in the East, about half the total land area that had been Christian territory was lost.The 8th Century saw large numbers of German tribes come to Faith. But the 9th & 10th Centuries were marked by repeated invasions of pagans from the distant north. These  Scandinavians raided the shores of northern Europe, Britain, and all the way to Russia. They delighted in looting the many defenseless churches & monasteries they included in their conquests.These Scandinavian raids helped shatter the fragile unity the Carolingians had pulled together in Europe. As society broke apart into minor political regions, the quality of spirituality in the churches declined.  Discipline in the monasteries grew lax. Bishops focused more on secular than spiritual matters. The clergy grew corrupt. The Roman Papacy became a political football.The Eastern church of the 8th & 9th Centuries was rent by a theological controversy over the use of images. In the 9th Century, Muslims conquered Sicily & Crete, & established a beachhead in southern Italy.In China of the mid 9th Century, Christianity experienced a wave of fierce persecution. This was due to the Faith having been too closely identified with the previous dynasty.As we come to the dawn of the 10th Century, there were several positive signs the Faith was growing again in the regions where it had declined. Churches were planted among the Slavs & Bulgars. The Faith extended its reach into Russia & there are indications the Church in India grew during this time.One sign of a positive spiritual turn took place in Eastern France in a place called Cluny. In 910, Duke William of Aquitania founded a monastery on the Rule of St. Benedict. The abbots selected to lead it were men of tremendous character & piety. They were determined to correct the lax moral attitudes that had become all too common in monastery life.The Clunaic reforms not only reinvigorated monastic life, they established a new hierarchy for monasteries. Prior to Cluny, monasteries were connected to & in a sense answerable to local bishops & nobility. Cluny and the monasteries that came from it were directly answerable to the Pope.  This became an important element of church life when during the 11th Century, the popes tried to un-tie the Church from secular powers.While the monastic life may seem strange & at the same time stereo-typical of the romanticized view of Medieval life we have today, monasteries acted as repositories of the wisdom & learning of previous generations. As wave after wave of invaders washed over Europe, and society was shattered into a thousand bits, monasteries remained cultural lighthouses.